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Using bioresources to produce renewable fuels is one of the most promising ways to meet the world's energy needs and develop a circular bioeconomy. But, relying on a single renewable energy source has drawbacks and challenges for sustainability, i.e., erratic supply, poor energy density, and power derating in engines. Therefore, the present study aims to use tri-fuel as producer gas, Biogas and Hydrogen in SI engines to promote a hybrid renewable energy system and advance the SI engine's performance (power, efficiency, emission). A two-zone, thermodynamic quasi-dimensional turbulent combustion model was used and validated to predict the performance of a triple-fuelled SI engine. The validated model was applied to investigate the performance of SI engines with an operating setting of late inlet valve closing, start of ignition timing, and equivalence ratio. The novelty of this work is to determine the effect of these operating settings on engine performance, and determine the optimal operating condition for the best response of power-efficiency-fuel consumption and emissions. Response surface methodology was used to optimize operating and response results. The optimized operating parameters of 70.06⁰ aBDC-late inlet valve closing, 22.62⁰ SOI-bTDC, and 0.81 equivalence ratio achieved the most optimum output response. The predicted optimized output response of brake power, Brake specific fuel consumption, Brake thermal efficiency, CO, and NO showed 1.096 kW, 0.8518 kg/kW-hr, 22.24%, 00.063 vol%, 407.35 ppm respectively. The maximum R2 values of ANOVA models were 0.9996. This study concludes that a modeling and optimization are useful for estimating the overall performance of triple-fuelled SI engines. [Display omitted] • Simulated SI engine performance using fuel blends of H 2 -Biogas-producer gas • FORTRAN based simulation were designed using DoE on RSM • Overall desirability of the RSM model was found to be 0.8 • Optimized results are 0.81 ER, spark 22.62⁰ bTDC and 76⁰ aBDC-IVC timing [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work optimizes the geometric parameters of glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) laminated pin joints under fatigue loading conditions using response surface methodology (RSM). RSM is utilized to construct polynomial functions that optimally capture the behavior of experimental data, intending to make statistical inferences. Key geometric parameters, that is the edge and width dimensions were studied in pursuit of enhanced performance under fatigue loading of pin joints. The study aimed to validate the effectiveness of the optimized parameters, particularly for attaining load‐bearing capacity, fatigue life, and failure mode using numerical and experimental approaches. Optimal configurations were achieved, that is edge and width equal to 16 mm at which the failure mode shifts to bearing mode. Another configuration with an edge of 20 mm and a width of 22 mm was achieved for optimized fatigue life. These findings underscore the practical implications of the optimization process, with the potential for substantial gains in fatigue life and strength of GFRP laminated pin joints in engineering applications. The identified optimal configurations exhibited a non‐catastrophic bearing failure mode, emphasizing a crucial characteristic that provides prior‐warning before the occurrence of final failure. The experimental results align well with the numerical outcomes regarding fatigue life and the mode of failure. Highlights: Parametric optimization of GFRP pin joint under cyclic loading.Optimization of GFRP pin joints via RSM for cyclic loading.Validation through numerical and experimental approaches.Comparison of fatigue life at optimum design points.Depiction of the failure modes using damage pattern under fatigue loading. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to optimize the critical parameters of the directed energy deposition (DED) process using the response surface methodology (RSM) and central composite design (CCD). The experiments investigate the influence of three key process factors, namely laser power, powder feed rate, and scanning speed, on deposition efficiency, deposition rate (DR), and porosity. Additionally, through analysis of variance (ANOVA), the significant factors and interaction effects are identified, and predictive models are developed for quality prediction. The research successfully optimizes the process parameters, which are validated through the fabrication of geometric components, specifically thin-walled nozzles. The study introduces innovative approaches such as "plunge-cutting toolpath" and "hybrid laser head lift height (Z-offset) method" to address the challenges associated with complex geometries. Additionally, the reliability and practicality of the optimized process parameters are confirmed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary Brown stain is a major problem for tuna during storage. This study aimed to investigate the impact of antioxidants on myoglobin oxidation and the promotion of metmyoglobin (MetMb) reduction in tuna slices. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimise the formula of the compound antioxidant in yellowfin tuna (YFT) slices, with the percentage of MetMb as the response value. The ratios of ε‐polylysine, sodium lactate and D‐sodium ascorbate were 0.43%, 2.21% and 2.71%, respectively. The interactions between sodium lactate and D‐sodium ascorbate had a greater impact on the percentage of MetMb. Then, verification experiments were conducted, and the results revealed that the samples treated with compound antioxidants had higher a* values, total sulfhydryl content, Ca2+‐ATPase activity, total reducing activity (TRA) and MetMb‐reducing activity (MRA) and lower percentages of MetMb and carbonyl contents than did the control samples. It also helps to maintain the stability of the NADH/NAD+ ratio, which contributes to facilitating MetMb reduction. The results showed that the compound antioxidant significantly inhibited myoglobin oxidation, promoted the reduction of MetMb in tuna slices and significantly enhanced the myoglobin stability of refrigerated YFT slices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanoemulsions are colloidal dispersion systems that consist of oil, water, emulsifier, and co-emulsifier. They are isotropic and thermodynamically stable and possess either transparent or translucent properties. In this paper, a one-way test was employed to determine the experimental ranges of temperature, emulsifier dosage, and silicone monomer dosage for the polymerization reaction of silicone-modified acrylate nanoemulsions. The Box–Behnken central combination experimental design principle was utilized for response surface optimization tests. The results revealed that the optimal experimental conditions were found to be a reaction temperature of 80 °C, an emulsifier dosage of 3.7%, and an organosilicon content of 5.1%. Experimental verification demonstrated a conversion rate of 95.49% for acrylate nanoemulsion, with a gelation rate of 0.067%, aligning closely with the extrapolated results from the model. These findings highlight the efficacy of the interfacial response surface method in optimizing the preparation process of silicone-modified acrylate nanoemulsions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adsorption process plays an important role in the remediation of heavy metals (HMs) from wastewater. A laboratory trial was conducted to investigate effective parameters for improving the bio-adsorption removal of HMs. SEM, EDX, BET, and FTIR techniques were applied to characterize the calcined layer double hydroxide (Cal-LDH), pectin (PC), and Cal-LDH-PC composite prepared from Licorice pomace. The adsorption of zinc (Zn) cadmium, nickel (Ni) and lead (Pb) onto the most efficient sorbent was investigated using RSM methodology with operational factors such as concentration, reaction time, sorbent dose, and pH. The results related to FTIR showed that Cal-LDH-PC had the highest number of functional groups. Based on the SEM results Cal-LDH had a low surface area (9.36 m2 g-1) and a small pore size (9.22 nm). After the modification process (Cal-LDH-PC), the values of surface area and pore size increased by 13-fold (120 m2 g-1) and 1.5-fold (18 nm), respectively. Cal-LDH had high adsorption performance, more cavities, stability, various functional groups, and excessive carbon and oxygen content, which make it efficient and powerful in removing HMs from wastewater. The optimal condition for achieving the removal efficiency (RE%) values of metals was determined to be 80.79 mg L−1, 100 min, 0.167 g L−1, and 9 for concentration, reaction time, sorbent dose, and pH, respectively. Maximum adsorption capacity and RE (%) were 300 mg g−1 and 99% for Zn. According to the results concentration had a major impact on RE% (except for Ni), while for Ni, adsorbent dose had the most significant impact. The present study introduced Cal-LDH-PC prepared from Licorice pomace as a capable, useful and economical sorbent for HMs removal from polluted environments. Taguchi's statistical method is distinguished as an economic method with easier interpretation, while the RSM approach is more accurate, and it can also check the interaction of parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hydrosilylation reaction is a suitable route to prepare efficient, transparent, and low‐viscose silicone surfactants with low surface tension. Initial materials, the catalyst used, and experimental conditions are highly effective variables to achieve the maximum efficiency of the reaction, reduce the consumption of the catalyst, and prevent side reactions. To draw a comprehensive conclusion on the effect of these variables, a series of trimethylsiloxy‐terminated poly (methylhydro‐dimethyl)siloxanes copolymer (abbreviated as RSiH with different preceding numbers) and two unsaturated polyethylene glycols (UPEG200 and UPEG400) were selected, and the reactions in the presence of two platinum‐based catalysts, namely, hexachloroplatinic acid and ammonium hexachloroplatinate, were statistically studied by Design of Experiment. After initial pre‐investigations, the amounts of reactant and catalyst were subjected to analysis of variance using response surface methodology (RSM). Based on the results, low‐viscose and low‐surface tension silicone surfactants were obtained using UPEG400, RSiH105, and (NH4)2PtCl6 as catalysts, at temperatures over 170 °C. The best results were obtained with a relatively low concentration of the catalyst between 2.57 × 10−6 and 2.72 × 10−6 equivalent catalyst per UPEG. The relative equivalent ratio of [UPEG]/[RSiH] at the optimum condition was 1.6, which provided a surface tension below 21 mN/m together with a minimum amount of unreacted RSiH (less than 3%). The silicone surfactant was characterized as a pure product by a series of spectroscopic methods, such as FT‐IR and 1H NMR spectroscopies, as well as bromine number index. These excellent properties make this compound a new alternative in various industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research was carried out to optimize the extraction process of proteins from pomegranate seeds and characterize their in vitro digestibility as well as their thermal and functional properties. For this purpose, the study screened five parameters (liquid/solid ratio, pH, temperature, NaCl concentration, and time) that could potentially influence the extraction process. This screening was conducted using a two‐level Placket–Burman design (PBD). The significant parameters (pH and NaCl concentration) were subsequently optimized using a three‐level face‐centered central composite design (FCCD) to determine the optimum extraction conditions. A maximum protein recovery of 83.8% was obtained at pH 11.0 and NaCl concentration of 0.0 M. Pomegranate seed protein isolate (PSPI) with a protein content of 92.4% (w/w) was obtained through the isoelectric precipitation of pomegranate seed protein extracted under the optimized conditions. An emulsifying activity index of 14.1 m2 g−1 was observed at the isoelectric pH, where the emulsion stability index was at 8.2%. PSPI also showed high water‐ and oil‐holding capacities (3.7 and 4.3 g g−1, respectively). The essential amino acid levels in PSPI (except for valine and isoleucine) exceeded the recommended amounts set by WHO/FAO/UNU for adults, highlighting its high nutritional value. Based on thermal analysis data, denaturation of PSPI could occur at 89.5°C. The in vitro digestibility of PSPI was found to be 74.3%. PSPI shows a potential as a novel ingredient for substituting animal‐based proteins in various food applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, excessive amounts of drugs such as antibiotics have been used to combat COVID-19 and newly discovered viruses. This has led to the production and release of significant amounts of drugs and their metabolites as toxic pollutants in aquatic systems. Therefore, pharmaceutical wastes must be removed efficiently before entering the environment and entering water sources. In this research, Ni/Al-LDH@ZIF-8 nanocomposite was synthesized from layered double hydroxides and metal-organic frameworks and used to remove the antibiotic sarafloxacin (SRF) in the aqueous medium. The work aimed to develop the performance and combine the features of the adsorbent compounds such as high surface area, adjustable porosity, and low-density structure. Different methods implemented to analyze the nanocomposite, such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The experiment utilized the central composite design to evaluate statistics and the response level method to optimize the factors affecting the absorption process. The initial concentration of SRF, adsorbent dose, pH, and contact time were considered in this experiment. The results showed an increase in the removal efficiency of SRF to 97%. Statistical studies showed that the optimal adsorption conditions are as follows: initial concentration of SRF 40 mg·L–1, pH 6.3, adsorbent dose of Ni/Al-LDH@ZIF-8 49 mg, and contact time of 44 min. According to the model of isotherms parameters, the adsorption process is more consistence with the Freundlich model with the absorption capacity of 79.7 mg·g−1. The pseudo-second-order model described the adsorption kinetics data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today, the excessive and increasing use of phenoxy family herbicides such as 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (MCPA) and (2,4- dichlorophenoxy) acetic acid (2,4-DCPA) for reasons such as indestructibility and pollution of groundwater resources is one of the most important environmental problems. Pesticide adsorbents like layered double hydroxides (LDHs) are commonly utilized due to their straightforward synthesis, substantial specific surface area resulting from their layered structure, and the potential for surface modification. These natural minerals serve as effective options for adsorption. In this study, a co-precipitation approach was used to create an MgAl-LDH@Fe3O4 magnetic adsorbent for the simultaneous removal of MCPA and 2,4-DCPA herbicides from aqueous solution. Using different techniques such as TGA, XRD, FESEM, EDS and zeta potential, we investigated the properties of the prepared adsorbent. The partial least squares method measures the concentration of each herbicide in their mixture. The optimization of MCPA and 2,4-DCPA simultaneous adsorption by LDH was achieved through Doehlert experimental design and the response surface method. The optimal conditions for absorption were determined to be an adsorbent dose of 40.20 mg L-1, a pH of 6.8, and an initial concentration of 28.35 mg L-1. In this work, the equilibrium, kinetic, and thermodynamic absorption data of the absorption process were studied, and the obtained results were well described by the Freundlich model, and the pseudo-second-order model, respectively, and showed the spontaneity of the absorption process in this research. The highest absorption capacities of MCPA and 2.4-DCPA herbicides on the prepared adsorbent were 134.50 and 131.30 mg g-1, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to optimize the process parameters of the supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of hop cones in terms of their antifungal properties against Fusarium culmorum and Aspergillus niger. The effects of temperature (40–50 °C), pressure (200–300 bar), and CO2 consumption (25–75 kgCO2/kg) on the extraction yield, content of α- and β-acids, as well as pathogens' growth inhibition were investigated. Both pressure and CO2 consumption had a significant effect on antifungal properties. It was observed that the best results for antifungal properties were obtained when hop cones were extracted with pure carbon dioxide at the temperature of 50 °C, under the pressure of 300 bar with CO2 consumption at the level of 75 kgCO2/kg of feed for extraction. The highest antifungal properties of hop cone supercritical carbon dioxide extracts were analyzed as 100% for Fusarium culmorum and 68% for Aspergillus niger, calculated as the growth inhibition of tested pathogens. The aim of the study was to determine the optimum values of extraction parameters to achieve the maximum response and enable us to investigate the interaction of these parameters on the antifungal properties of hop cone extracts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Efficiently managing multiple process parameters is critical for achieving optimal performance in additive manufacturing. This study investigates the relationship between eight key parameters in fused deposition modeling (FDM) and their impact on responses like average surface roughness (Ra), tensile strength (TS), and flexural strength (FS) of carbon fiber-reinforced polyamide 12 (PA 12-CF) material. The study integrates response surface methodology (RSM), grey relational analysis (GRA), and grey wolf optimization (GWO) to achieve this goal. A total of 51 experiments were planned using a definitive screening design (DSD) based on response RSM. The printing process parameters, including layer thickness, infill density, and build orientation, significantly affect Ra, TS, and FS. GRA combines responses into a single measure, grey relational grade (GRG), and a regression model is developed. GWO is then employed to optimize GRG across parameters. Comparison with GRA-optimized parameters demonstrates GWO's ability to discover refined solutions, reducing average surface roughness to 4.63 μm and increasing tensile strength and flexural strength to 88.5 MPa and 103.12 MPa, respectively. Practical implications highlight the significance of GWO in industrial settings, where optimized parameters lead to reduced costs and improved product quality. This integrated approach offers a systematic methodology for optimizing FDM processes, ensuring robustness and efficiency in additive manufacturing applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Manufactured sand (MS) is a promising alternative aggregate to quartz sand (QS) in ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) in the preparation of ultra-high-performance manufactured sand concrete (UHPMC), which possesses the characteristics of high strength, low cost, and environmental friendliness. In this study, the effects of variable compositional characteristics including the water–binder ratio, the stone powder (SP) content, and the MS replacement ratio on the mechanical and flexural strength of UHPMC were compared and analyzed based on response surface methodology (RSM). Meanwhile, the damage characteristics of UHPMC during compressive and flexural stress were monitored and evaluated using acoustic emission (AE) technology. The results reveal that the compressive and flexural strengths of UHPMC are both negatively correlated with the water–binder ratio, while they are positively correlated with the MS replacement rate. They tend to firstly increase and subsequently decrease with the increase in the stone powder content. In the load–displacement curve of concrete with a high MS replacement ratio and a low water–binder ratio, the slope in the elastic stage is steeper, the stiffness is higher, and the bending toughness and ductility are also better. The specimens with a 10% to 0% stone powder content present a steeper elastic phase slope, a slightly higher stiffness, and superior ductility. The specimens with a low MS replacement ratio and a high water–binder ratio display earlier cracking and weaker resistance, and the destruction process is complex and very unstable. The damage mode analysis based on RA-AF shows that an increase in the MS replacement ratio and a decrease in the water–binder ratio can both reduce the tensile cracking of UHPMC specimens under a four-point bending test. Although 10% stone powder can marginally slow down crack growth, the failure mode is not significantly affected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gallic acid is a widely recognized bioactive compound that falls under the category of secondary polyphenolic metabolites and is fairly found in mango fruit waste, specifically in mango seed kernel (MSK). This study aimed to adopt a green extraction approach to extract this valuable compound via ultrasound‐assisted extraction (UAE) without using organic solvents but only water to obtain hazard‐free extracts, and the cost of extraction can be minimal. pH (2–8), solvent ratio (20–60 mL/g), temperature (30–60°C) and time (30–60 min) of extraction were the independent variables used for extraction optimization. Single‐factor experiments to obtain working ranges for selected extraction variables were carried out. A central composite design using response surface methodology was used to determine the optimum condition to obtain the maximum yield of gallic acid from MSK. The optimized extraction conditions were 3.9 pH, 36.25 mL/g solvent ratio, and 39.4°C of extraction temperature for 21.3 min. As a result, the optimized yield was 5.76 ± 0.41 mg/g, which was comparably equal to and/or better than the other solvent extraction systems. The results showed that gallic acid could efficiently be extracted via UAE under these optimal conditions. It is safer than extraction systems involving hazardous solvents that can be feasibly used for its nutraceutical and therapeutic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the photocatalytic degradation of phenol, which is commonly found in industrial wastewater at high rates, was investigated using a zinc oxide (ZnO) catalyst. It is thought that our findings will contribute to the removal of phenol in industrial wastewater. The experimental study was conducted in a batch‐type air‐fed cylindrical photocatalytic reactor, and a central composite design (CCD) was chosen and analyzed using response surface methodology (RSM). The study aimed to explore the effects of initial phenol concentration, catalyst concentration, airflow rate, and degradation time on the photocatalytic degradation of phenol and the removal efficiency of total organic carbon (TOC). A quadratic regression model was developed to establish the relationship between phenol degradation, TOC removal effectiveness, and the four factors mentioned. The validity of the model was assessed through an analysis of variance (ANOVA). A good agreement was observed between the model results and the experimental data. As a result of the experiments carried out under optimized conditions, the degradation percentage of phenol was found to be 77.15 %, and the degradation percentage of TOC was 59.87 %. Additionally, pseudo‐first‐order kinetics were used in the photocatalytic degradation of phenol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, response surface methodology was employed in order to find the most efficient conditions to produce peanut extracts with the highest antioxidative potential (by DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, and ORAC tests) from ultrasound‐assisted (UAE) and microwave‐assisted (MAE) extractions. The optimal conditions for UAE were 75 ml of 30%v/v ethanol as extraction solvent, extraction temperature of 65°C, and 180 min extraction time. Optimal conditions for MAE were 15 ml of 30%v/v ethanol as extraction solvent, extraction temperature of 80°C, and 90 s extraction time. The generated models presented a reliable antioxidative response by showing non‐difference between experimental and predicted values within a 95% confidence level. Characteristics such as antioxidant activities, TPC, resveratrol, and TFC were used to compare the effectiveness of the obtained extracts and the SLE extract from our previous work. The UAE extract displayed higher extraction efficiency than that of MAE in terms of higher levels of all responses (p < 0.05). Slightly lower antioxidant values of MAE might be due to the limited solvent volume used, which was five times less than that of UAE. Moreover, the high efficacy of MAE was confirmed by its extraction time, which was 120 times shorter than that of UAE. Ultimately, the correlation analysis implied that the antioxidant activity of peanut extracts was contributed by TPC rather than resveratrol or TFC, and the revealed TPC in this study was higher than previous reports. This research utilized response surface methodology to determine the optimal conditions for ultrasound‐assisted (UAE) and microwave‐assisted (MAE) extractions of peanut extracts with maximum antioxidative potential. The UAE showed higher extraction efficiency and antioxidant values compared to MAE, with the difference potentially attributed to the difference in solvent volume and extraction time between the two methods. The antioxidant activity was mainly contributed by total phenolic content (TPC), and the TPC observed in this study was higher than previous reports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current research article has investigated the synthesis and characterization of novel iron nanoparticles (INPs) from neem and betel leaves extract combination using response surface methodology–central composite design and coated with chitosan–curcumin (CCINPs) as a biocompatible and contrast agent for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The coating of INPs with chitosan and curcumin (CCINPs) was carried out using a simple, easy, chemical‐free ultrasonication method and characteristics were confirmed by UV–visible (Vis) spectrophotometer (UV–Vis), Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, atomic force microscopy, and vibrating sample magnetometer. The biocompatibility of the particles was ensured by conducting hemolytic and cell viability assays. The nanoparticle was found to be nonhemolytic (<5%) up to 150 μg/mL for both INPs and CCINPs. The cell viability was stable (peripheral blood mononuclear cells‐PBMCs) till 48 h at 150 μg/mL of INPs and CCINPs. Both the test results produced were found to be biocompatible and additionally, an in vitro MRI study of INPs and CCINPs demonstrated the efficiency of the nanoparticle as a negative contrast agent with enhanced contrast nature in CCINPs. Thus, overall results indicate that the green synthesized chemical‐free novel CCINPs could be a potential candidate for a wide range of applications such as MRI, drug delivery, and in magnetic fluid hyperthermia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of incorporating bone china fine aggregate (BCA) in geopolymer concrete (GPC) with recycled coarse aggregate (RCA). A total of 25 experiments were conducted to optimize the mix design of GPC with coarse RCA and fine BCA. The suitability of a response surface model using the central composite design approach and the Taguchi method with an L25 orthogonal array was assessed. Both methods provide valuable insights and recommendations for achieving ideal mix proportions to enhance strength. The resulting model, with a higher coefficient of determination, successfully predicted the mechanical properties of GPC in fresh and hardened states. The findings suggest that GPC with up to 50% RCA and up to 100% BCA demonstrates optimal performance in terms of hardened mechanical properties. Furthermore, a strong correlation was observed between the predicted and actual values, indicating the reliability of the model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present investigation, spray drying independent operating conditions such as the inlet air temperature (A-IAT 130, 150 and 170 °C), outlet air temperature (B-OAT 60, 70 and 80 °C), needle speed (C-NS 3S, 4S, 5S), maltodextrin concentration (D-MD 10, 15, 20 %), pump speed (E-PS 5, 10, 15 mL/min) and water/grape pomace ratio (F-W/GP ratio 10, 15, 20) were optimized to develop the spray-dried grape pomace powder (SDGPP) with maximum yield. The impact of these conditions on total phenolic contents (TPC), total flavonoid contents (TFC), and antioxidant activity (DPPH· values) of SDGPP samples were analyzed. The independent spray drying factors (IAT, OAT, NS, MD, PS, and W/GP ratio) impart a strong direct effect (p ≤ 0.05) on powder yield, TPC, TFC, and DPPH· values. The interaction effects (A × B, A × C, A × D, A × E, A × F, B × C, B × D, B × E, B × F, C × D, C × E, C × F, D × E, D × F, and E × F) of independent variables were noted non-significant (p ≥ 0.05) for response values. After validation of the model and verification of results, the independents' variables were found in the range of 170 °C (IAT), 80 °C (OAT), 4S (NS), 15 % (MD), 10 mL/min (PS) and 15 (W/GP ratio) for yield (64.7 ± 1.18 %), TPC (7.66 ± 0.53 mg GAE/g), TFC (3.19 ± 0.30 mg CE/g) and DPPH· 140.3 ± 1.59 (100 µL/mL), respectively. The decrease in TPC, TFC, and DPPH· values of SDGPP samples was noted during 60 days of storage at 25 ± 2 °C and 65 ± 5 % RH (p ≤ 0.05) but not greater than unprocessed samples. It could be concluded that the protection of phenolic contents and retention of antioxidant activity of dried powders can be achieved at optimized spray drying conditions for discerning food and byproduct processing industries. [Display omitted] • Spray drying of phenolics rich grape pomace is a promising method for encapsulation. • Interaction for spray drying independent factors was optimized for pomace powder. • The quality of raw and spray-dried grape pomace was evaluated during storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The narrow band gap and rapid recombination rate of photogenerated carriers in CuBi2O4 limits the photocatalytic performance. Because it possesses unique properties such as up-conversion photoluminescence (PL) and in-plane quantum confinement effect, graphitic carbon nitride quantum dots (CNQDs) have outstanding application prospects in many fields. By combining solid-phase, coprecipitation and reconstruction methods, a new Z-scheme CNQDs/CuBi2O4 photocatalyst was successfully fabricated. The Box–Behnken design was optimized to study the complex interaction between reaction parameters. The CNQDs percentage in the catalyst, reaction time, 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) concentration, catalyst dose, and pH were varied from 0 to 2%, 90 to 120 min, 30 to 40 mg/L, 0.5 to 1.5 g/L, and 2.0 to 7.0, respectively, to maximize the 2,4-D removal efficiency after exposure to visible light. The following reaction parameters led to the highest photocatalytic removal efficiency: 1.0% of CNQDs, 110 min of reaction time, 33.0 mg/L of 2,4-D, 1.0 g/L of CNQDs/CuBi2O4, and a pH of 4.78. The predicted efficiency of 94.34% was very close to the experimental efficiency of 92.35%, which confirmed the accuracy of the design. The excellent activity of the CNQDs(1%)/CuBi2O4 catalyst in the photocatalytic degradation of 2,4-D is due to the enhanced charge separation efficiency and improved light absorption in the Z-scheme heterojunctions. Additionally, CNQDs(1%)/CuBi2O4 can be recycled with outstanding stability over four consecutive cycles. Superoxide radical (•O2−) and photoinduced hole (h+) play major roles, while the hydroxyl radical (OH•) plays a minor role in the photodegradation process. This study demonstrates that the design of the heterojunction is effective in achieving superior photocatalytic performance. The newly-developed Z-scheme CNQDs(1%)/CuBi2O4 photocatalyst is a promising visible-light catalyst for the decomposition of organic pollutants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bacteriophages have emerged as effective antimicrobial agents in combating pathogenic bacteria. To successfully apply phages in real‐life scenarios, it is crucial to optimize their large‐scale production, concentration and purification processes. In this study, our objective was to optimize the phage concentration parameters with a high recovery rate within a shorter time and minimum chemical consumption. We isolated and characterized a specific Erwinia amylovora phage. Subsequently, we employed response surface methodology (RSM) combined with a three‐factor central composite design to optimize the phage recovery. The factors considered were polyethylene glycol (PEG) concentration, NaCl concentration and incubation time. The optimized values for PEG, NaCl and incubation time, which resulted in a maximum recovery rate of 85.37%, were determined as 18%, 2.38 M and 0 h, respectively. This finding indicates that the concentration step, which traditionally took up to 18 h with a recovery rate of 65%, can now be accomplished in a significantly shorter time with an improved recovery rate. Our study demonstrates the effectiveness of RSM to identify the optimum conditions for phage precipitation. This approach allows for the rapid and efficient design of precipitation protocols tailored to specific bacteriophages, resulting in shorter processing times and higher recovery rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The secondary metabolite Monacolin K (MK), derived from Monascus , exhibits potential lipid-lowering and anti-tumor effects. In this study, a mutant strain M. purpureus M400–6 was generated through X-ray treatment, resulting in an average MK production of 181.97 mg/L (a 54.20% increase compared to the parent strain M. purpureus M1) over five successive generations. Furthermore, optimization of medium compositions using response surface methodology led to a further enhancement in MK production by the mutant strain to 266.63 mg/L. Moreover, based on the outcomes of single-factor experiments, the addition of L-citrulline demonstrated a significantly higher level of enhancement in MK production. Therefore, a comparative transcriptome analysis was conducted to unveil the impact of L-citrulline on MK biosynthesis in M. purpureus. The data revealed a significant upregulation of glycolysis pathways, while oxidative phosphorylation including the TCA cycle and the electron transport chain, exhibited significant downregulation. Furthermore, the metabolisms of serine, glycine, threonine, alanine, aspartic acid and glutamate were found to be significantly disturbed. Additionally, the expressions of MPs and MK biosynthetic gene cluster showed a significant downregulation and upregulation respectively. Overall, these findings provide insights into enhancing MK production in submerged fermentation and elucidate the impact of L-citrulline on secondary metabolism. [Display omitted] • M. purpureus M400–6 with high MK production was generated through X-ray treatment. • L-citrulline can significantly enhance the MK production. • Response surface methodology was performed to further increase the MK production. • Transcriptome analysis reveals the impact of L-citrulline on MK biosynthesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the simultaneous effect of leader-member exchange (LMX) and coworker exchange (CWX) on employees' helping behavior. It proposes that the congruence and incongruence of LMX and CWX have both a linear and curvilinear relationship with helping behavior. Hypotheses were tested on a final sample of 881 participants at hospitals in Taiwan. After controlling for relevant variables, results of a polynomial regression and response surface methodology indicate a positive linear relationship between the simultaneous effect of the congruence of LMX and CWX and employees' helping behavior, but do not confirm a curvilinear relationship, whereas the simultaneous effect of the incongruence of LMX and CWX has a curvilinear relationship with employees' helping behavior but not a linear relationship. The theoretical and practical implications, strengths and limitations, and directions for future research are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The proper utilisation of the coating fluid is crucial for ensuring the effectiveness of the wire coating process. Its complexity and importance make it the central focus of the present study. Also, understanding wire coating processes is important for ensuring product performance, cost efficiency, regulatory compliance, customer satisfaction, innovation and environmental sustainability. By optimising the coating processes, manufacturers can produce high-quality wire products that meet market demands while minimising negative impacts on the environment and resources. The objective is to assess the quality and performance of the wire coating process by examining the fluid flow characteristics within the die. Therefore, a mathematical model is devised to study the rheological properties of Sisko fluid with a constant pressure gradient in an unsteady state. The governing equation with oscillating boundary constraints is converted into dimensionless form and solved numerically using the method of lines (MoL) technique. The findings are presented through 2D and 3D plots. Response surface methodology (RSM) is implemented to investigate the statistical significance and sensitivity of the parameters and to optimise the shear stress rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Membrane distillation (MD) is a promising technology for desalination of different water streams. However, treating wastewater with complex compositions remains a challenge. In this study, we adopted the MD process to treat complex and harmful methylene blue (MB) dye-containing textile wastewater. The effect of relevant operating parameters on the MD process performance was investigated. Additionally, the membrane wettability during the MD process was evaluated. The results showed that increasing the temperature difference and feed flow velocity led to an increase in permeate flux (Jp) and a decrease in specific energy consumption (SEC). The Jp and SEC models exhibited good agreement between predicted and experimental values, with an R2 of 98.50% and 86.18%, respectively. During the 22 h of operation, the MD process applied for the treatment of dye wastewater demonstrated a decline of Jp by 71.8% and a slight decrease in dye rejection to attain 95.9%. The decline of the surface contact angle and the liquid entry pressure values and an increase in the permeate water conductivity detected the membrane wettability. The obtained results suggest that the MD process could present an efficient solution for the treatment of MB-dye wastewater. However, upscaling the MD technology requires further improvements on real wastewater treatment for a longer run time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new protic ionic liquid (IL) was synthesized by the neutralization reaction of 1H-benzotriazole (BTA) and bis(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid (HDEHP) and evaluated as a catalyst in the esterification reaction of oleic acid and polyethylene glycol (PEG) 400, as well as an anti-wear and anti-corrosion additive in the synthesized ester. The response surface methodology (RSM) was used to design the experiments and optimization of the esterification reaction, which at the optimum conditions (1 wt% of IL, at the molar ratio of acid/alcohol of 1.55, the reaction temperature of 200 °C for 24 h) the maximum conversion of esterification was achieved (more than 99%). Unlike most ILs, [BTAH][DEHP] was fully miscible in synthesized ester and did not separate from the esterification process. [BTAH][DEHP] IL significantly reduced corrosion of copper, aluminum, and steel strips. Also, tribological evaluations illustrated that the 1, 2.5, 5, and 7.5 wt% of [BTAH][DEHP] IL in the PEG400 Oleate reduced the coefficient of friction to 30, 42, 46, and 59%, respectively. Using inexpensive raw materials, a simple synthesis procedure, and preparing green lubricant without catalyst separating, as well as suitable anti-corrosion and anti-wear and friction-reducing properties, could be addressed as advantages of the proposed method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coffee is a popular drink worldwide, but some people cannot consume it due to its high caffeine content. However, it contains chlorogenic acid, which benefits the human body. To reduce the caffeine content and maintain phenolic compounds, especially chlorogenic acid and its derivatives in green coffee beans, a simultaneous extraction and decaffeination method using hot water was used. Box Behnken Design-Response Surface Methodology was used in this study to determine the optimum simultaneous extraction and decaffeination process for obtaining minimum caffeine and maximum phenolic and antioxidant activity (IC50) of the decaffeinated green coffee bean powder. The Design Expert software was used to analyze and optimize process parameters. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) test was conducted to identify significant parameters. Three independent parameters were used, i.e., extraction time (10 to 30 min), decaffeination time (6 to 10 h), and decaffeination temperature (60 to 80 °C), to observe the 3 responses (caffeine content, phenolic content, and IC50). The result revealed that the extraction and decaffeination parameters affected green coffee bean powder-based beverages' caffeine content, total phenolic, and IC50. The lowest caffeine, the highest phenolic, and IC50 were predicted at an extraction time of 10 min, decaffeination time of 8.05 h, and decaffeination temperature of 60 °C with a caffeine content of 1.53 %, total phenolic content of 46.81 mg GAE/g, and IC50 of 29.45 ppm, respectively. The verification showed no significant difference with model predictions at a confidence interval of 5 % based on paired ttests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heavy metals and humic acid (HA) are often found together in aquatic ecosystems. HA has been shown to make nanoparticles (NPs) more stable because of its strong repulsion between particles and high charge density. In this study, soil-based HA nanoparticles coated with nano-TiO2 (HA-TiO2 nanocomposite) are used to remove Cd(II) and Cr(VI) ions from aqueous solutions. These particles are stable for 90 days. The zeta potential of HA-TiO2 (28 ± 2.4 nm) at pH 6.5 was 30.4 mV, and this is significant for environmental remediation because the surface charge can be either negatively or positively charged. The three-factorial Box–Behnken design; BBD with the response surface methodology was utilized for sorption system optimization. At optimal process variables, the highest sorption capacities of HA-TiO2 for Cd(II) and Cr(VI) ions were 358.4 ± 0.2 and 243.5 ± 0.1 mg.g−1 (169.7 and 127.6 mg.g−1 for native HA), respectively, at pH 6.5 after 30 minutes. To fit the kinetic data, the normalized standard deviation was preferable to the pseudo-second-order model. Thermodynamic parameters revealed endothermicity (ΔHo = 6.52–4.89 kJ mol−1) and spontaneity (ΔGo = −6.3–9.5 kJ K−1 mol−1) of the sorption processes at (20–40 °C). The ion-exchange sorption mechanism was suggested to take part in the Langmuir model fit. The application of the fabricated nanocomposite for the removal of Cd(II) and Cr(VI) from different environmental water samples was conducted with 98.5 − 99.7% efficiency. All results suggest that HA-TiO2 can be used as an effective and ecofriendly sorbent for the removal of heavy metal ions in an aqueous environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interstitial high-dose-rate brachytherapy (HDR-BT) is an effective therapy modality for patients with localized prostate carcinoma. The objectives of the study were to optimise the therapy regime variables using two models: response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial neural network (ANN). Thirty-one studies with 5651 patients were included (2078 patients presented as low-risk, 3077 patients with intermediate-risk, and 496 patients with high-risk). A comparison of these therapy schedules was carried out using an effective biologically effective dose (BED ef) that was calculated assuming the number of treatment days and dose (D) per day. The modelling and optimization of therapy parameters (BED ef and risk level) in order to obtain the maximum biochemical free survival (BFS) were carried out by the RSM and ANN models. An optimal treatment schedule (BFS = 97%) for patients presented with low-risk biochemical recurrence would be D = 26 Gy applied in one application, 2 fractions at least 6 h apart, within an overall treatment time of 1 day (BED ef = 251 Gy) by the RSM and ANN model. For patients presented with intermediate- or high-risk an optimal treatment regime (BFS = 94% and 90%, respectively) would be D = 38 Gy applied in one application, 4 fractions at least 6 h apart, with an overall treatment time of 2 days (BED ef = 279 Gy) by the RSM and ANN models. The RSM and ANN models determine almost the same optimal values for the set of predicted therapy parameters that make a feasible selection of an optimal treatment regime. • HDR-BT is an effective therapy modality for patients with localised prostate carcinoma. • Optimisation of HDR-BT regime variables was carried out by the RSM and ANN models. • The RSM and ANN models determined almost the same optimal values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study optimized the catalytic performance of Ni/Fibrous Zeolite-Y (Ni/FHY) toward dry reforming of methane (DRM). The optimization study was conducted under three independent variables employing the response surface methodology (RSM), trailed by a regeneration and stability studies. The study focused on the independent parameters of reaction temperature (A) (700 °C–900 °C), gas hourly space velocity (GHSV) (B) (15,000 mL/gcat−1.h−1 – 35,000 mL/gcat−1.h−1), and CH4/CO2 ratio (C) (1.0–3.0). The catalyst exhibited excellent activity (CH4 conversion = 94.5%, CO2 conversion = 88.3%, and H2/CO = 1.05) when all the parameters were under these optimum conditions (A = 833 °C, B = 24,962 mL/gcat−1.h−1, and C = 2.08). The catalytic stability study revealed an excellent performance of Ni/FHY where there was no indication of catalyst deactivation up to 30 h of time-on-stream (TOS). The outcome of the excellent catalytic activity can be explained by Ni-metal inclusion that enabled a substantial increase in the interaction between FHY and Ni, hence, subdued carbon formation. The regeneration study showed a good performance of regeneration owing to the capability of air to regenerate the catalyst completely, thus resulting in an excellent performance with 90 h TOS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A combination of different physio‐chemical treatment steps was applied to purify industrially derived crude glycerol at laboratory scale. The full process included acid–base treatments, phase separation, and adsorption, and the glycerol purity and recovery were optimized by varying the pH during saponification and acidification, the solvent‐to‐glycerol ratio, and type of base used in the process to enhance both. The testing campaign resulted in a final purity of up to 87% wt starting from a very low‐quality ‘end‐of‐life’ waste glycerol sampled from different refineries. The net glycerol recovery at laboratory scale reached 42% of the initial glycerol in the feedstock and the maximum ash removal exceeded 90% given the low quality of the feedstock and high content of impurities and the attempt to achieve high glycerol recovery. The experiment showed that mild operations such as saponification with KOH (pH of 8), acidification with H3PO4 (pH of 6), an ideal 2‐propanol to glycerol volume ratio equal to 3 and potassium hydroxide as a base for the neutralisation step were the optimum conditions despite the differences between samples. The sequence of the processes proposed was therefore considered a viable option to treat any kind of crude glycerol to make it profitable for fuel and chemical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the relationship between natural fiber filling density (10%, 15%, 25%) and its impact on the bending properties of polymer compounds reinforced with Diss, Sisal and Luffa fibers. Using advanced techniques like fiber analysis and Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR), the research reveals that a 25% filling density results in the highest stress values (25.61 MPa, 22.21 MPa and 20.88 MPa) for Diss, Sisal and Luffa compounds, respectively, fostering robust bonds in Diss-reinforced polymers. The Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model demonstrates superior predictive capability with correlation coefficients exceeding 0.99 for stress and displacement, outperforming Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) underscores the impact of sample section parameters and fiber rate on stress, establishing the significance of type parameters and fiber rate on displacement. This integration of ANN and RSM represents a paradigm shift in predicting bending mechanical properties, advancing our understanding of composite materials for innovative applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluated Streptomyces rochei strain NAM-19 solid-state fermentation of agricultural wastes to produce alkaline protease. Alkaline protease production increased with flaxseed, rice bran, and cheese whey fermentation reaching 147 U/mL at 48 h. Statistical optimization of alkaline protease production was performed using the central composite design (CDD). Results of CDD and the optimization plot showed that 4.59 g/L flaxseed, 4.31 g/L rice bran, 4.17 mL cheese whey, and a vegetative inoculum size of 7.0% increased alkaline protease production by 27.2% reaching 186 U/mL. Using the 20–70% ammonium sulfate fractionation method, the optimally produced enzyme was partially purified to fivefold. The partially purified alkaline protease was then covalently immobilized on a biopolymer carrier, glutaraldehyde-polyethylene-imine-κ-carrageenan (GA-PEI-Carr), with 90% immobilization efficiency. Characterizations revealed that immobilization improved thermostability, reusability, optimum temperature, and sensitivity towards metal ions of the free enzyme. The optimal temperature for free and immobilized enzymes was 40 and 50 °C, respectively. Both enzymes had the same optimum pH of 10. Immobilization increased Km from 19.73 to 26.52 mM and Vmax from 56.7 to 62.5 mmol min−1L−1. The immobilized enzyme retained 35% of its initial activity at 70 °C, while the free enzyme retained only 5%. The immobilized enzyme kept 80% of its initial activity at the 20th cycle. After 7 weeks of storage, the free enzyme lost all its initial activity, whereas the immobilized enzyme retained 50%. The free and immobilized enzymes were able to hydrolyze gelatin, and azo-casein demonstrating different relative activity, 85, 80, 90 and 95%, respectively, compared to casein (100%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maximizing the recombinant protein yield necessitates optimizing the production medium. This can be done using a variety of methods, including the conventional “one‐factor‐at‐a‐time” approach and more recent statistical and mathematical methods such as artificial neural network (ANN), genetic algorithm, etc. Every approach has advantages and disadvantages of its own, yet even when a technique has flaws, it is nevertheless used to get the best results. Here, one categorical variable and four numerical parameters, including post‐induction time, inducer concentration, post‐induction temperature, and pre‐induction cell density, were optimized using the 232 experimental assays of the central composite design. The direct and indirect effects of factors on the yield of anti‐epithelial cell adhesion molecule extracellular domain fragment antibody were examined using statistical methods. The analysis of variance results indicate that the response surface methodology (RSM) model is effective in predicting the amount of produced single‐chain fragment variable (p‐value = 0.0001 and R2 = 0.905). For ANN modeling, the evaluation using normalized root mean square error (NRMSE) and R2 values shows a good fit (R2 = 0.942) and accurate predictions (NRMSE = 0.145). The analysis of error parameters and R2 of a dataset, which contained 30 data points randomly selected from the complete dataset, showed that the ANN model had a higher R2 value (0.968) compared to the RSM model (0.932). Furthermore, the ANN model demonstrated stronger predictive ability with a lower NRMSE (0.048 vs. 0.064). Induction at the cell density of 0.7 and an isopropyl β‐D‐1‐thiogalactopyranoside concentration of 0.6 mM for 32 h at 30°C in BW25113 was the ideal culture condition leading to the protein yield of 259.51 mg/L. Under the optimum conditions, the output values predicted by the ANN model (259.83 mg/L) were more in line with the experimental data (259.51 mg/L) than the RSM (276.13 mg/L) expected value. This outcome demonstrated that the ANN model outperforms the RSM in terms of prediction accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractIn order to solve the modeling issues due to data scarcity problems in the disciplines utilizing statistical approximations, a novel two-stage idea is proposed. As a use case, nanoparticle biosynthesis was selected, for which an environmentally friendly process is of vital importance. First, Box Behnken Design was used for experimental setup, quadratic model formulation and data generation. The second stage consists of Machine Learning, in which the data generated in the previous stage were fed into a Neural Network to determine the relationship between the parameters. Obtained results showed that the proposed combined strategy provided better nanoparticle size estimations than the statistical approach alone. In the absence of publicly available databases, data generation using experimental design and machine learning, as proposed here, could be a faster, lower-cost, and greener solution. Our proposed method can be applied to a wide range of biotechnology and bioengineering applications with significant advanced knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the impact of temperature and nanoparticle mixing ratio on the thermophysical properties of hybrid nanofluids (HNFs) made with graphene nanoplatelets (GNP) and iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe2O3). The results showed that increased temperature led to higher thermal conductivity (TC) and electrical conductivity (EC), and lower viscosity in HNFs. Higher GNP content relative to Fe2O3 also resulted in higher TC but lower EC and viscosity. Artificial neural network (ANN) and response surface methodology (RSM) were used to model and correlate the thermophysical properties of HNFs. The ANN models showed a high degree of correlation between predicted and actual values for all three properties (TC, EC, and viscosity). The optimal number of neurons varied for each property. For TC, the model with six neurons performed the best, while for viscosity, the model with ten neurons was optimal. The best ANN model for EC contained 18 neurons. The RSM results indicated that the 2-factor interaction term was the most significant factor for optimizing TC and EC; while, the linear term was most important for optimizing viscosity. The ANN models performed better than the RSM models for all properties. The findings provide insights into factors affecting the thermophysical properties of HNFs and can inform the development of more effective heat transfer fluids for industrial applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the results of investigations into the pyrolysis of waste polypropylene in a laboratory fixed-bed batch reactor. The experiments were designed and verified in such a way as to allow the application of the response surface methodology (RSM) in the development of an empirical mathematical model that quantifies the impacts mentioned above. The influence of the mass of the raw material (50, 100, and 150 g) together with the reactor temperature (450, 475, and 500 °C) and the reaction time (45, 50 and 75 min) was examined. It has been shown that the mass of the raw material, i.e., the filling volume of the reactor, has a significant influence on the pyrolysis oil yield. This influence exceeds the influence of reactor temperature and reaction time. This was explained by observing the temperature change inside the reactor at three different spots at the bottom, middle, and top of the reactor. The recorded temperature diagrams show that, with greater masses of feedstock, local overheating occurs in the middle part of the reactor, which leads to the overcracking of volatile products and, from there, to an increased formation of non-condensable gases, i.e., a reduced yield of pyrolytic oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To mitigate dust pollution generated during various stages of construction activities and reduce the environmental and health hazards posed by airborne dust, this study utilized hydroxyethyl cellulose, glycerol, and isomeric tridecyl alcohol polyoxyethylene ether as raw materials to formulate a composite chemical dust suppressant. The properties of the dust suppressant were characterized through analysis. Employing single-factor experiments, the optimal proportions of the binder, water-retaining agent, and surfactant for the composite dust suppressant were determined. Subsequently, a response surface model was established, and, after analysis and optimization, the optimal mass ratios of each component in the composite dust suppressant were obtained. Under optimal ratios, the physicochemical properties and wind erosion resistance of the composite dust suppressant were analyzed. Finally, the practical application of the suppressant was validated through on-site trials at a construction site. This study revealed that the optimal formulation for the dust suppressant was as follows: 0.2% hydroxyethyl cellulose, 2.097% glycerol, 0.693% isomeric tridecyl alcohol polyoxyethylene ether, and the remainder was pure water. The suppressant is non-toxic, non-corrosive, environmentally friendly, and exhibits excellent moisture retention and bonding properties compared to water. The research findings provide valuable insights for addressing dust pollution issues on construction sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to current Brazilian regulations, if the volumes of oil produced used as a reference for the payment of government shares and third parties contain a water content greater than 2% v/v, these volumes must be arbitrarily increased between 1.44% and 10.89% due exclusively to water content, which has caused operational problems for oil companies such as differences between volumes produced and volumes sold, and additional payments from government shares and third parties. This study aimed to evaluate the metrological performance of oil measurement systems with ultrasonic, Coriolis and positive displacement flow meters when subjected to varied water content, fluid temperature and flow rate conditions using the Design of Experiments and the Response Surface Methodology. The analysis of variance showed that the models presented good fits for the ultrasonic meter (coefficient of determination R2 of 97.96%, p-value of 0.001, and a standard deviation of 5.89 × 10−5); Coriolis meter (R2 of 90.91%, p-value of 0.037, and a standard deviation of 5.88 × 10−5); and positive displacement meter (R2 of 99.07%, p-value of 0.000, and a standard deviation of 4.85 × 10−5). The results of the experiments carried out indicate that the contribution of each parameter analyzed to the metrological performance of the measurement system varies depending on the measurement technology used by the flow meter. However, the fluid temperature proved to be a relevant parameter common to all flow measurement technologies evaluated. All measuring technologies evaluated were influenced by water content in the range of 0% to 10% v/v, with the measurement error being less than 0.2% when compared to a standard positive displacement type meter in almost all experimental conditions. The Coriolis-type flow meter was the one that presented the smallest error among the measuring technologies evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plate heat exchangers are widely used in the Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) field. Cross-corrugated triangular ducts are commonly employed in plate heat exchangers. Inserting baffles into the cross-corrugated triangular ducts can improve the heat transfer performance of the plate heat exchangers. This study focuses on intricate interdependencies among the flow channel apex angle, the trapezoidal baffle inclination angle, baffle position, and Reynolds number (Re) on heat transfer and pressure drop using response surface methodology (RSM) and computational fluid dynamic (CFD). To identify the factors that maximize the Nusselt number (Nu) and minimize friction factor (f), the RSM is used to design factors, conduct numerical studies, and establish regression equations. The results show that the apex angle, baffle angle, X-direction position, and Re have significantly affected Nu and f. Compared to a non-baffled channel with the same apex angle and Re conditions, the optimized channel enhances heat transfer by 1.54 times and has an almost identical pressure drop. The inclined baffle significantly enhances comprehensive performance at low Re. The synergistic effect of the heat transfer and pressure drop is most optimal when the apex angle of the flow channel is 90°, the trapezoidal baffle inclination angle is 52.5°, and the Re is 1000, with the baffle position at 0.625H in the X-direction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the work was to determine important parameters of the course of π-A isotherms, which can determine the HLB (hydrophilic-lipophilic balance) value of surfactant mixtures with selected structural features, such as a straight or branched hydrocarbon chain and a double bond, using RSM (response surface methodology) computational methods. Mixtures of surfactants derived from fatty acids and sorbitan with specific HLB values were evaluated by Langmuir trough. The resulting elasticity modules (ELM) and molecules surfaces (SAM) were evaluated via response surface methodology and respective equations were calculated. The π-A isotherm determined in a Langmuir trough and the ELM and SAM parameters determined on the basis of this isotherm may be useful for determining the HLB of a fixed surfactant mixture. The RSM method used, in which ELM and SAM were assumed as two independent variables, can be a useful technique for tracking the influence of individual molecular characteristics on the hydrophilic-lipophilic properties of mixtures of surfactant compounds. Changes in HLB as a dependent variable can be described as a function of ELM and SAM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, different extraction methods and conditions were used for the extraction of antioxidants from brown macroalgae Fucus spiralis. The extraction methodologies used were ultrasound-assisted extraction (ultrasonic bath and ultrasonic probe), extraction with a vortex, extraction with an Ultra-Turrax® homogenizer, and high-pressure-assisted extraction. The extracts were analyzed for their total phenolic content (TPC) and their antioxidant activity, and evaluated through the 2,2-difenil-1-picrilhidrazil (DPPH) free radical scavenging method and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay. Ultrasonic probe-assisted extraction yielded the highest values of TPC (94.78–474.16 mg gallic acid equivalents/g extract). Regarding the antioxidant activity, vortex-assisted extraction gave the best DPPH results (IC50 1.89–16 µg/mL), while the highest FRAP results were obtained using the Ultra-Turrax® homogenizer (502.16–1188.81 μmol ascorbic acid equivalents/g extract). For each extraction method, response surface methodology was used to analyze the influence of the experimental conditions "extraction time" (t), "biomass/solvent ratio" (R), "solvent" (S, water % in water/ethanol mixture), and "pressure" (P) on TPC, DPPH, and FRAP of the F. spiralis extracts. In general, higher TPC content and higher antioxidant capacity (lower IC50 and higher FRAP) were obtained with higher R, t, and P, and lower S (higher ethanol %). The model regarding the combined effects of independent variables t, R, and S on the FRAP response values for vortex-assisted extractions best fitted the experimental data (R2 0.957), with optimal extraction conditions of t = 300 s, R = 50 g, and S = 25%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A previous study reported that the ethanolic extract of the edible fern, Diplazium esculentum (Retz.) Sw. (DE), obtained from a non-optimized extraction condition exhibited anti-Alzheimer's disease (AD) properties through the inhibition of a rate-limiting enzyme in amyloid peptide formation, β-secretase-1 (BACE-1). Nevertheless, a non-optimized or suboptimal extraction may lead to several issues, such as a reduction in extraction efficiency and increased time and plant materials. In this study, extraction of the DE was optimized to obtain appropriate BACE-1 inhibition using a Box–Behnken design (BBD) and response surface methodology (RSM). Data revealed that the optimal extraction condition was 70% (v/v) aqueous ethanol, 50 min extraction time, 30 °C extraction temperature, and 1:30 g/mL solid/liquid ratio, giving BACE-1 inhibition at 56.33%. In addition, the extract also exhibited significant antioxidant activities compared to the non-optimized extraction. Metabolomic phytochemical profiles and targeted phytochemical analyses showed that kaempferol, quercetin, and their derivatives as well as rosmarinic acid were abundant in the extract. The optimized DE extract also acted synergistically with donepezil, an AD drug suppressing BACE-1 activities. Data received from Drosophila-expressing human amyloid precursor proteins (APPs) and BACE-1, representing the amyloid hypothesis, showed that the optimized DE extract penetrated the fly brains, suppressed BACE-1 activities, and improved locomotor functions. The extract quenched the expression of glutathione S transferase D1 (GSTD1), inositol-requiring enzyme (IRE-1), and molecular chaperone-binding immunoglobulin (Bip), while donepezil suppressed these genes and other genes involved in antioxidant and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response, including superoxide dismutase type 1 (SOD1), activating transcription factor 6 (ATF-6), and protein kinase R-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK). To sum up, the optimized extraction condition reduced extraction time while resulting in higher phytochemicals, antioxidants, and BACE-1 inhibitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND RESULTS CONCLUSION The research about sustainable and alternative plant protein sources has accelerated with the increasing need for protein. Safflower meal has a potential to be used in protein production due to its high protein content. This research aimed to produce an alternative plant‐based protein powder using safflower meal. Both extraction and spray‐drying parameters of safflower protein powder production were optimized using response surface methodology to achieve maximum yield. Moreover, the physicochemical and functional properties of safflower protein were determined and compared with those of commercial protein powders (soy, sunflower, pea, fava bean, and rice).The optimum extraction conditions were found to be 33.06:1 mL−1 g solvent‐to‐meal ratio, pH 11.00, 23.34 °C extraction temperature, and 30.86 min extraction time, which were achieved with a protein yield response of 75.21%. The highest powder yield (51.28%) was recorded for drying conditions of inlet air temperature of 160.11 °C, aspiration rate of 54.17 m3 h−1, and feed flow rate of 16.01 mL min−1. According to the amino acid profile of safflower protein, the glutamic acid content (14 475 mg (100 g)−1) was highest, while the methionine content (96 mg (100 g)−1) was lowest. Moreover, safflower protein can be regarded as a high‐quality protein due to its high essential amino acid ratio (41.55%). The experiments showed that safflower protein had high solubility and good foam and emulsifying properties.Safflower protein could be a nutritional and functional protein source for the food industry. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractOleaginous organisms accrue more than twenty percent of their biomass as lipids and hence are promising feedstocks for biodiesel production. In this study, lipid accumulating bacteria were isolated from diesel-contaminated soils and screened with Sudan black B stain. The most oleaginous was done using 16s rRNA gene sequencing. Lipid production was initially optimized based on media, nitrogen source, pH and temperature. Response surface methodology (RSM) was then employed for the enhancement of lipid weight and content. Obtained lipid was converted to biodiesel using direct transesterification, and both lipid and biodiesel were characterized using FTIR. A total of thirteen bacteria were isolated and the most prominent lipid producer was identified as Providencia vermicola with lab number BA6. Preliminary optimization studies revealed optimum lipid production when nutrient broth and acetic acid served as carbon source; KNO3 as nitrogen source, pH 7.0 and 30 °C. Optimization using RSM resulted in a 5.1% and 74.1% increase in the biomass and lipid content of BA6 respectively. FTIR analyses confirmed the presence of functional groups characteristic of lipids and biodiesel. P. vermicola is a novel oleaginous organism that represents a promising feedstock for biodiesel production.HIGHLIGHTSThe bacterium designated as BA6 identified as Providencia vermicola has the highest lipid contents of the oleaginous bacteria isolated.It accumulates lipids up to 47.73 % of its biomassThe percentage lipids accumulation increased to about 74 % when RSM was used.Providencia vermicola is being reported as an oleaginous organism for the first time.The bacterium designated as BA6 identified as Providencia vermicola has the highest lipid contents of the oleaginous bacteria isolated.It accumulates lipids up to 47.73 % of its biomassThe percentage lipids accumulation increased to about 74 % when RSM was used.Providencia vermicola is being reported as an oleaginous organism for the first time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this investigation was to delve into the impact of abrasive water jet machining (AWJM) process variables on the surface roughness (Ra) and kerf angle (Ka) of hybrid fiber‐reinforced polyester composites. Utilizing both response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial neural network (ANN) prediction models, the study sought to optimize the input parameters for abrasive water jet machining, specifically in the context of paddy straw and PALF‐reinforced polyester hybrid composites. The process parameters targeted for optimization included the abrasive flow rate, traverse rate, and standoff distance during AWJM. The investigation identified an optimal combination of AWJM parameters that effectively meets the practical requirements for machining hybrid fiber‐reinforced polyester composites. According to the RSM, the suggested optimal values for the process parameters are an abrasive flow rate set at 300 g/min, traverse speed at 110 mm/min, and standoff distance at 1 mm. The ANN exhibited robust predictive capabilities, achieving high R2 scores of 0.932 and 0.962 for surface roughness and kerf angle, respectively. To enhance the performance of abrasive water jet machining and minimize surface roughness and kerf angle, the researchers conducted an optimization of the process parameters. Subsequently, confirmation experiments were executed to validate the predictive model and fine‐tune the set of process parameters for practical application. Highlights: Investigated AWJM impact on Ra value and kerf angle of hybrid composites.Used RSM and ANN models for parameter optimization in biocomposite.Optimal AWJM parameters: AFR (300 g/min), TS (110 mm/min), and SOD (1 mm).ANN showed strong predictions: R2 scores 0.932 (Ra) and 0.962 (Ka).Confirmation experiments validated the predictive model for applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrotalcite–silver (HT−Ag) nanoparticles have been involved in various daily crucial applications, such as antibacterial, photocatalytic, adsorption, etc. There are many approaches to synthesizing silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) decorated on hydrotalcite (HT) surface and the most used approach is using a strong reducing agent. Thus, affordable but effective “green” reducing agents – Syzygium nervosum leaf extract, are taken into account in this work to solve several issues related to chemical reducing agents. This work aimed to assess the effect of Syzygium nervosum leaf extract as a reducing agent for green synthesis of AgNPs on HT through an optimizing process using response surface methodology (RSM) and the Box‐Benken model. The optimal conditions for the synthesis of AgNPs on HT include a reaction time of 6.15 hours, a reaction temperature of 50 °C, and the ratio of diluted Syzygium nervosum leaf extract to reduce AgNO3 of 50.37 mL/mg. Under the optimal conditions, the yield of the reduction reaction reached 77.54 %, close to the theoretical value of 76.97 %. The optimization model was suitable for the experiment data. Besides, the morphology, density, and characteristics of AgNPs on the surface of HT layers have been determined by using Ultraviolet‐visible spectroscopy, Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), High‐resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR‐TEM), selected area diffraction, X‐ray diffraction, Dynamic light scattering (DLS), Infrared (IR) spectroscopy, Fluorescence emission spectroscopy (FE), Brunauer‐Emmett‐Teller (BET) methods. The spherical AgNPs were synthesized successfully on the surface of HT with the average particle size of 13.0±1.1 nm. Interestingly, HT−Ag hybrid materials can inhibit strongly the growth of E. coli, S. aureus as well as two antibiotic resistance bacterial strains, P. stutzeri B27, and antibiotic resistance E. coli. Especially, the antibacterial activity quantification and durability of the HT−Ag hybrid materials were also tested. Overall, the HT−Ag hybrid materials are very promising for application in material science and biomedicine fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Ergothioneine (EGT) is a high‐value food functional factor that cannot be synthesized by humans and other vertebrates, and the low yield limits its application. RESULTS: In this study, the optimal fermentation temperature, fermentation time, initial pH, inoculum age, and inoculation ratio on EGT biosynthesis of Rhodotorula mucilaginosa DL‐X01 were optimized. In addition, the effects of three key precursor substances – histidine, methionine, and cysteine – on fungal EGT synthesis were verified. The optimal conditions were further obtained by response surface optimization. The EGT yield of R. mucilaginosa DL‐X01 under optimal fermentation conditions reached 64.48 ± 2.30 mg L−1 at shake flask fermentation level. Finally, the yield was increased to 339.08 ± 3.31 mg L−1 (intracellular) by fed‐batch fermentation in a 5 L bioreactor. CONCLUSION: To the best of our knowledge, this is the highest EGT yield ever reported in non‐recombinant strains. The fermentation strategy described in this study will promote the efficient biosynthesis of EGT in red yeast and its sustainable production in the food industry. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current manuscript focuses on the isolation of a potent lipase-producing mesophilic bacteria and explores the optimization of culture parameters to enhance lipase production. From a total of 83 bacterial isolates, after screening on tributyrin agar plate, rhodamine olive oil agar plate, and submerged fermentation studies, the isolate VT 1 with a lipase activity of 23.85 U/mL was selected. The potent isolate VT 1 was identified as Serratia marcescens (accession number OM757842) based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing and standard morphological and biochemical procedures. The lipase production was optimized by a statistical approach using response surface methodology after identifying the significant factors with Plackett-Burman design using Design-Expert, version 11 software. Nutrient factors- peptone, yeast extract, sodium chloride, and olive oil- were identified as the significant factors. Its optimization via central composite design of response surface methodology with Design-Expert, version 11 (olive oil: 50 mL/L, sodium chloride: 8.87 g/L, peptone: 8.15 g/L, yeast extract: 10 g/L) resulted in an enhanced experimental lipase activity of 55.95 U/mL in comparison to the predicted lipase activity of 56.858 U/mL. The study brought forth the isolation of a lipase-producing Serratia marcescens strain VT 1 and highlighted the importance of optimizing culture parameters for augmented production of lipase. The optimization via response surface methodology resulted in a 2.34-fold increase in lipase production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rice is one of the crops cultivated in Malaysia, and it is the main diet for most of the population. In this study, dispersive liquid–liquid micro-extraction (DLLME) and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) were used to develop, optimise and validate a reliable, easy-to-use and quick approach to detect aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), aflatoxin B2 (AFB2), aflatoxin G1 (AFG1) and aflatoxin G2 (AFG2). The extraction recoveries in DLLME were enhanced by the addition of 5% salt, utilising chloroform as the extraction solvent and acetonitrile as the dispersive solvent. The DLLME parameters – the extraction solvent volume, salt concentration and dispersive solvent volume were optimised with Box–Behnken design (BBD) and response surface methodology (RSM). Under optimised experimental conditions, excellent linearity was obtained with a limit of detection (LOD) ranging from 0.125 to 0.25 ng g−1, a limit of quantitation (LOQ) ranging from 0.25 to 0.3 ng g−1 and a correlation value (R2) of 0.990. The matrix effects were between −11.1% and 19.9%, and recoveries ranged from 87.4% to 117.3%. The optimised and validated method was used effectively to assess aflatoxins contamination in 20 commercial rice samples collected from local supermarkets in Penang, Malaysia. AFB1 was detected at 0.41–0.43 ng g−1 in two rice samples, below the regulatory limit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]