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Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) is a key forage species in warm temperate to subtropical regions worldwide. Climate change poses significant challenges to agriculture, particularly through drought and heat stress, which adversely affect ryegrass yield and may be further exacerbated by global warming. Despite numerous research achievements in recent years, a comprehensive bibliometric analysis of the literature on drought and heat stress in perennial ryegrass is lacking. This study provides a quantitative analysis of relevant literature published from 1994 to 2024, utilizing the Web of Science database to evaluate global research trends and priorities. The results indicate a consistent annual growth in publication output, with China and the United States being major contributors, and the journal Crop Science publishing the most papers. Keyword analysis shows that "growth," "endophytic fungi," and "yield" are most frequently used in drought stress research, while "growth," "gene," and "leaf" are common in heat stress research. Over the past 30 years, research has mainly focused on phenotype, response mechanisms, and drought and heat resistance techniques in perennial ryegrass. Endophyte have become a hot topic in drought stress research in recent years and have also gained attention in heat stress research, suggesting future research directions in this area. Furthermore, there is a need to strengthen research on the molecular mechanisms associated with drought stress in ryegrass, as well as to explore molecular responses to heat stress. The research trend shows increasing attention to the interaction between drought and heat stress, indicating it will become an important direction for future studies. The findings of this study offer valuable insights for guiding future research on perennial ryegrass under drought and heat stress conditions and provide useful information for researchers in related fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The brown planthopper (BPH) is a major threat to rice crops in Asia, particularly due to its ability to overcome resistant rice varieties designed to control it. This study aimed to understand the various responses of different virulent BPH populations feeding on resistant rice, focusing on biotype Y, known for its strong virulence against YHY15 rice. By analyzing gene activity in BPH nymphs before and after feeding on YHY15 rice, distinct changes were found in genes related to protein production, metabolism, cuticle structure, and detoxification processes. Key findings highlighted specific genetic pathways involved in regulating longevity, fatty acid biosynthesis/metabolism, cuticle composition, and ABC (ATP-binding cassette) transporters, crucial for BPHs survival and development. Particularly, the role of ABC transporters, such as NlABCG14, was identified as essential in biotype Y BPHs' feeding response on YHY15 rice. These insights provide valuable knowledge for developing improved strategies to manage BPH infestations, ensuring more effective protection of rice crops against this damaging pest. Brown planthoppers (BPHs, Nilaparvata lugens Stål) are a major threat to rice cultivation in Asia, necessitating the development of pest-resistant varieties for effective management. However, the adaptability of BPHs has resulted in the development of virulent populations, such as biotype Y BPHs, which exhibit significant virulence against the rice variety YHY15 that harbors the resistance gene Bph15. The various response mechanisms of BPH populations to resistant rice varieties are critical yet underexplored. Via RNA sequencing, the present study identified distinct transcriptional profiles in avirulent (biotype 1) and virulent (biotype Y) BPH nymphs both before and after feeding on YHY15 rice. Our findings revealed differential expression patterns of gene clusters involved in protein synthesis, hydrolysis, fatty acid biosynthesis, metabolism, cuticle composition, and translocation. Further analysis elucidated changes in the expression of genes associated with longevity and structural components of cuticles, highlighting specific disruptions in both biotype 1 and biotype Y BPHs. Moreover, the two biotypes showed differences in the expression level of genes involved in ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters. A functional assessment of ABC transporter genes revealed a role of NlABCG14 in the honeydew production of biotype Y BPHs to YHY15 rice, without impacting their survival and developmental dynamics. These insights deepen our understanding of the mechanisms of virulent BPHs response to resistant rice varieties and highlight potential targets for improving pest management strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carex is a type of herbaceous plant with high application value, playing an important role in the urban periphery. Due to its unique morphology and ecological characteristics, Carex is widely used in various fields, such as landscaping, ecological restoration and soil and water conservation, which help to maintain the balance of the ecosystem. In order to explore the potential molecular mechanisms of shade tolerance in Carex, transcriptome and metabolome sequencing were performed on the leaves of the shade = tolerant species Carex adrienii E. G. Camus. under 80% shade and no shade conditions. Compared to control group (CK), the total chlorophyll, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total carotenoid content in the C. adrienii leaves of the shading treatment were significantly upregulated. The antioxidant enzyme activity of the leaves, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT), were also remarkably upregulated in the shading treatment groups. In addition, the net photosynthesis rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs) and transpiration rate (Tr) of the leaves were reduced, and the intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci) of the leaves was increased under shade. The transcriptome identified 5056 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and the metabolome identified 889 differential accumulated metabolites (DAMs) in three treated samples. The integrated transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses results showed that the DEGs and DAMs were enriched in photosynthesis, plant hormone signal transduction and flavonoid biosynthesis synthesis pathways. The ABA content of the C. adrienii leaves was significantly increased under shade. Therefore, the shading conditions led to changes in chlorophyll and abscisic acid (ABA), as well as the accumulation of flavonoids in C. adrienii, both of which were achieved by regulating genes involved in photosynthesis, plant hormone signal transduction and flavonoid biosynthesis molecular networks. Our results provide new knowledge for the molecular response and metabolic regulatory mechanisms of C. adrienii to shade stress, and valuable genetic resources for C. adrienii shade tolerance molecular breeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The issue of slope stability in earthquakes has become increasingly prominent with the construction of many infrastructure projects such as highways, bridges, and tunnels. To explore the dynamic response characteristics of bedding rock slopes in an earthquake, the three-dimensional dynamic finite-difference method (TDD-FDM) in this study is used to establish simplified rock slope models, taking a bedding rock slope with alternatively distributed soft and hard rock layers in Yunnan, China as a prototype. The dynamic response mechanism of layered rock slopes containing different thicknesses, locations, and quantities of soft rock layers was studied under different excitation directions of seismic waves. The main findings are that the propagation of seismic waves at different rock layer structures has directionality, which causes the strongest seismic response to be all located in the upper or middle parts of the slope; the influence of rock structures on seismic response in layered rock slopes is in the order of thickness > quantity > location; the acceleration amplification effect of a slope under multi-directional seismic wave excitation exhibits the phenomena of differential amplification and coupling amplification; and the acceleration amplification factors of a slope with increasing peak ground acceleration from 0.05 g to 0.20 g show two trends: increasing–decreasing and continuous increasing. The findings of this study can be a reference for studying the dynamic response of rock slopes in strong earthquakes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we propose methods to minimize bias due to unit nonresponse. We consider a two-phase sampling design where the second phase is a probability subsample of nonrespondents from the first phase. In this context, we propose three weighting procedures to estimate the total when not all units in the subsample respond. The weighting is based on the response homogeneity group (RHG) model. Given the RHG model, theoretical results on bias and variance estimation are obtained for all estimators. In a simulation study, we evaluate the empirical properties of the three estimators as well as of estimators based on two commonly used procedures to handle unit nonresponse in single-phase sampling design. These two procedures include: (i) nonresponse calibration weighting, also known as the one-step approach, and (ii) nonresponse probability weighting followed by calibration, also known as the two-step approach. Our results indicate that when there is significant deviation from the assumed RHG model, the nonresponse follow-up estimators perform better in terms of bias and coverage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rise in shallow groundwater levels is typically triggered by precipitation recharge, exhibiting a certain lag relative to precipitation changes. Therefore, identifying the response mechanism of shallow groundwater levels to precipitation is crucial for clarifying the interaction between precipitation and groundwater. However, the response mechanism of groundwater levels to precipitation is complex and variable, influenced by various hydrogeological and geographical conditions, and often exhibits significant nonlinear characteristics. To address this issue, this study employs methods such as continuous wavelet transform, cross wavelet transform, and wavelet coherence to analyze the response patterns of groundwater levels to precipitation at different wavelet scales in the Datong Basin from 2013 to 2022: (i) At short wavelet scales (10.33~61.96 d), the groundwater level dynamics respond almost instantaneously to extreme rainfall; (ii) At medium wavelet scales(61.96~247.83 d), the precipitation-groundwater recharge process shows characteristics of either rapid recovery or significant delay; (iii) At long wavelet scales (247.83~495.67 d), three potential groundwater processes were identified in the Datong Basin, exhibiting long-term lag responses throughout this study period, with lag times of 11.18 days, 148.75 days, and 151.49 days, respectively. Furthermore, the results indicate that the lag response time of shallow groundwater levels to precipitation is not only related to the wavelet scale but also to the identified depth conditions of different groundwater regions, groundwater extraction intensity, precipitation intensity, and aquifer lithology. This study distinguishes the temporal and spatial response mechanisms of shallow groundwater to precipitation at different wavelet scales, and this information may further aid in understanding the interaction between precipitation and groundwater levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The adaptability of marine organisms to changes in salinity has been a significant research area under global climate change. However, the underlying mechanisms of this adaptability remain a debated subject. We hypothesize that neglecting salinity fluctuation properties is a key contributing factor to the controversy. The ciliate Euplotes vannus was used as the model organism, with two salinity fluctuation period sets: acute (24 h) and chronic (336 h). We examined its population growth dynamics and energy metabolism parameters following exposure to salinity levels from 15‰ to 50‰. The carrying capacity (K) decreased with increasing salinity under both acute and chronic stresses. The intrinsic growth rate (r) decreased with increasing salinity under acute stress. Under chronic stress, the r initially increased with stress intensity before decreasing when salinity exceeded 40‰. Overall, glycogen and lipid content decreased with stress increasing and were significantly higher in the acute stress set compared to the chronic one. Both hypotonic and hypertonic stresses enhanced the activities of metabolic enzymes. A trade-off between survival and reproduction was observed, prioritizing survival under acute stress. Under chronic stress, the weight on reproduction increased in significance. In conclusion, the tested ciliates adopted an r-strategy in response to salinity stress. The trade-off between reproduction and survival is a significant biological response mechanism varying with salinity fluctuation properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Morels (Morchella spp.) are valuable and rare edible mushrooms with unique flavors and high nutritional value. White mold disease occurring during cultivation has seriously affected the quality and yield of morels in China. In this study, the fungus causing white mold disease in morels was isolated, purified, and identified as Pseudodiploöspora longispora by morphology and molecular biology. In addition, research has shown that P. longispora infection causes wrinkled and rupturing asci, loosened cell walls, and obvious membrane breakage accompanied by severe cytoplasmic leakage in M. sextelata. Interestingly, research has shown that infection with P. longispora can induce the production of an unknown substance in the cells of M. sextelata, which accumulates on the cell membrane, leading to membrane breakage. Furthermore, integrated transcriptomics–proteomics analysis revealed the response mechanism of M. sextelata to P. longispora infection. The results indicate that DEGs and DEPs can be significantly enriched in pathways involved in oxidoreductase activity; peroxisomes, lipid transport, and metabolism; cell wall assembly; and integral components of membranes. Further electron microscopy analysis clarified the important role of changes in the cell membrane and cell wall in the response of mycelia to biological stress. This study clarified the response mechanism of M. sextelata to P. longispora, laying a foundation for further clarifying the infection mechanism of P. longispora. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In an arid climate with minimal rainfall, plant growth is constrained by water scarcity and soil salinity. Ecological Water Conveyance (EWC) can mitigate degradation risks faced by riparian plant communities in these regions. However, its effects on long-term dynamics of root zone soil water content, salt levels, and root water uptake remain unclear. This study examined how groundwater affects salt and water dynamics, in addition to root water uptake, under different scenarios involving Tamarix ramosissima Ledeb. The research was conducted in the lower reaches of the Tarim River in northwestern China. The Hydrus-1D model was used, following the EWC strategy. The results show that the distribution of T. ramosissima roots was significantly influenced by soil water and salt distributions, with 56.8% of roots concentrated in the 60–100 cm soil layer. Under water stress conditions, root water uptake reached 91.0% of the potential maximum when considering water stress alone, and 41.0% when accounting for both water and salt stresses. Root water uptake was highly sensitive to changes in Depth-to-Water Table (DWT), notably decreasing with lower or higher DWT at 40% of the reference level. EWC effectively enhances root water uptake by using water to leach salts from the root zone soil, with optimal results observed at 500–600 mm. This study advocates for sustainable EWC practices to support vegetation and combat desertification in the lower reaches of arid inland rivers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to tackle three challenges in the vibration absorber system with the fractional-order PID, i.e., the rarity of vibration mechanism analysis, limitations in order-taking, and performance enhancement. An active tuned inerter damper with delayed fractional-order PID based on the displacement feedback of the primary system is presented, integrating the advantages of the time-delayed control and tuned inerter damper. The analytical expressions of displacement amplitude and stability condition of the primary system are derived by the averaging method, Lyapunov indirect method, and Routh-Hurwitz criterion. The differential order of the controller in the analytical expressions applies to the fully parametric domain, and the integral order applies between zero and one. The obtained analytical solution unifies the analytical forms for two kinds of fractional-order differential terms from previous work. Definitions of equivalent stiffness, damping coefficient, and mass for different ranges of the differential order are given through analysis of the equivalent mechanical mechanism of the control force. The influence of the differential and integral orders on the amplitude-frequency characteristics of the system is analyzed. The parameter tuning is performed through the improved grey wolf algorithm, and the influences of different mass ratios and weight coefficients on the optimal results are analyzed. In most working cases, the differential order is greater than one, indicating viscous inertia characteristics. The presented model is compared with various passive or active vibration absorbers under harmonic excitation, mixed excitation of harmonic and white noise, pulse excitation, as well as far-field and near-field seismic excitation. The presented model exhibits superior vibration suppression capability in various performance evaluation indexes. Under harmonic excitation, the peak displacement transmissibility of the primary system it controls can be as low as 1.0742, and the damping bandwidth is wider. Under mixed excitation, the RMS attenuation ratio of the primary system displacement can reach 79.22%, the highest among the compared models, reflecting a certain robustness. With pulse excitation, the attenuation curve of the primary system it controls has a lower peak of the maximum waveform and a shorter stabilization time. The maximum and RMS values of displacement and acceleration for the primary system it controls are smaller under far-field and near-field seismic excitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Living cells constantly sense and respond to environmental changes. Transcription, the process by which DNA is transcribed into RNA, serves as a critical bridge between external signals and gene expression, ultimately shaping cellular behavior. To unravel the transcription dynamics and the relationship between input signals and gene expression output, various transcription models have been developed. This review explores these common models, their computational frameworks, and the resulting distributions for mRNA number and transcriptional event duration, which offer valuable insights into input-output relationships and underlying response mechanisms. We further analyze how different promoter types, chromatin environments, and network motifs influence these relationships. Finally, we probe how information theory can be applied to systems with near-maximum channel capacity to reveal the dynamic range of t ranscription factor concent rat ions, input-output dynamics, and the link between these factors and gene expression distribution. Through these multifaceted analyses, we identify key regulators of dynamic input-output relationships and gain deeper insights into how genes respond to transcription factor signals. Quantitative studies of input-output relationships hold promises for identifying key regulatoiy factors, predicting changes in gene expression patterns, and designing interventions to manipulate cellular functions and behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Voltage‐dependent anion‐selective channels (VDACs) serve as pore proteins within the mitochondrial membrane, aiding in the regulation of cell life and cell death. Although the occurrence of cell death is crucial for defense against virus infection, the function played by VDAC in Bombyx mori, in response to the influence of Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV), remains unclear. RESULTS: BmVDAC was found to be relatively highly expressed both during embryonic development, and in the Malpighian tubule and midgut. Additionally, the expression levels of BmVDAC were found to be different among silkworm strains with varying levels of resistance to BmNPV, strongly suggesting a connection between BmVDAC and virus infection. To gain further insight into the function of BmVDAC in BmNPV, we employed RNA interference (RNAi) to silence and overexpress it by pIZT/V5‐His‐mCherry. The results revealed that BmVDAC is instrumental in developing the resistance of host cells to BmNPV infection in BmN cell‐line cells, which was further validated as likely to be associated with initiating programmed cell death (PCD). Furthermore, we evaluated the function of BmVDAC in another insect, Spodoptera exigua. Knockdown of the BmVDAC homolog in S. exigua, SeVDAC, made the larvae more sensitive to BmNPV. CONCLUSION: We have substantiated the pivotal role of BmVDAC in conferring resistance against BmNPV infection, primarily associated with the initiation of PCD. The findings of this study shine new light on the molecular mechanisms governing the silkworm's response to BmNPV infection, thereby supporting innovative approaches for pest biocontrol. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) is a key forage species in warm temperate to subtropical regions worldwide. Climate change poses significant challenges to agriculture, particularly through drought and heat stress, which adversely affect ryegrass yield and may be further exacerbated by global warming. Despite numerous research achievements in recent years, a comprehensive bibliometric analysis of the literature on drought and heat stress in perennial ryegrass is lacking. This study provides a quantitative analysis of relevant literature published from 1994 to 2024, utilizing the Web of Science database to evaluate global research trends and priorities. The results indicate a consistent annual growth in publication output, with China and the United States being major contributors, and the journal Crop Science publishing the most papers. Keyword analysis shows that “growth,” “endophytic fungi,” and “yield” are most frequently used in drought stress research, while “growth,” “gene,” and “leaf” are common in heat stress research. Over the past 30 years, research has mainly focused on phenotype, response mechanisms, and drought and heat resistance techniques in perennial ryegrass. Endophyte have become a hot topic in drought stress research in recent years and have also gained attention in heat stress research, suggesting future research directions in this area. Furthermore, there is a need to strengthen research on the molecular mechanisms associated with drought stress in ryegrass, as well as to explore molecular responses to heat stress. The research trend shows increasing attention to the interaction between drought and heat stress, indicating it will become an important direction for future studies. The findings of this study offer valuable insights for guiding future research on perennial ryegrass under drought and heat stress conditions and provide useful information for researchers in related fields.

Abstract Background The production of succinic acid (SA) from biomass has attracted worldwide interest. Saccharomyces cerevisiae is preferred for SA production due to its strong tolerance to low pH conditions, ease of genetic manipulation, and extensive application in industrial processes. However, when compared with bacterial producers, the SA titers and productivities achieved by engineered S. cerevisiae strains were relatively low. To develop efficient SA-producing strains, it’s necessary to clearly understand how S. cerevisiae cells respond to SA. Results In this study, we cultivated five S. cerevisiae strains with different genetic backgrounds under different concentrations of SA. Among them, KF7 and NBRC1958 demonstrated high tolerance to SA, whereas NBRC2018 displayed the least tolerance. Therefore, these three strains were chosen to study how S. cerevisiae responds to SA. Under a concentration of 20 g/L SA, only a few differentially expressed genes were observed in three strains. At the higher concentration of 60 g/L SA, the response mechanisms of the three strains diverged notably. For KF7, genes involved in the glyoxylate cycle were significantly downregulated, whereas genes involved in gluconeogenesis, the pentose phosphate pathway, protein folding, and meiosis were significantly upregulated. For NBRC1958, genes related to the biosynthesis of vitamin B6, thiamin, and purine were significantly downregulated, whereas genes related to protein folding, toxin efflux, and cell wall remodeling were significantly upregulated. For NBRC2018, there was a significant upregulation of genes connected to the pentose phosphate pathway, gluconeogenesis, fatty acid utilization, and protein folding, except for the small heat shock protein gene HSP26. Overexpression of HSP26 and HSP42 notably enhanced the cell growth of NBRC1958 both in the presence and absence of SA. Conclusions The inherent activities of small heat shock proteins, the levels of acetyl-CoA and the strains’ potential capacity to consume SA all seem to affect the responses and tolerances of S. cerevisiae strains to SA. These factors should be taken into consideration when choosing host strains for SA production. This study provides a theoretical basis and identifies potential host strains for the development of robust and efficient SA-producing strains.

Levulinic acid, a hydrolysis product of lignocellulose, can be metabolized into important compounds in the field of medicine and pesticides by engineered strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Levulinic acid, as an intermediate product widely found in the conversion process of lignocellulosic biomass, has multiple applications. However, its toxicity to Saccharomyces cerevisiae reduces its conversion effciency, so screening Saccharomyces cerevisiae genes that can tolerate levulinic acid becomes the key. By creating a whole-genome knockout library and bioinformatics analysis, this study used the phenotypic characteristics of cells as the basis for screening and found the HMX1 gene that is highly sensitive to levulinic acid in the oxidative stress pathway. After knocking out HMX1 and treating with levulinic acid, the omics data of the strain revealed that multiple affected pathways, especially the expression of 14 genes related to the cell wall and membrane system, were significantly downregulated. The levels of acetyl-CoA and riboflavin decreased by 1.02-fold and 1.44-fold, respectively, while the content of pantothenic acid increased. These findings indicate that the cell wall-membrane system, as well as the metabolism of acetyl-CoA and riboflavin, are important in improving the resistance of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to levulinic acid. They provide theoretical support for enhancing the tolerance of microorganisms to levulinic acid, which is significant for optimizing the conversion process of lignocellulosic biomass to levulinic acid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wheat is one of the important food crops globally and has significant implications for the development of China economy. Soil salinization can induce high pH stress, osmotic stress, ionic toxicity and oxidative damage in wheat, which inhibit the normal physiological and metabolic activities of wheat, leading to the limitation of its growth and development and reduction of yield. The article summarizes the effects of saline and alkaline stresses on growth, cell structure and physiology and biochemistry of wheat, and describes the response mechanism of wheat to saline and alkaline stresses, with the aim of providing reference for improving the saline-alkali tolerance of wheat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CO2 geological sequestration in coal seams can be carried out to achieve the dual objectives of CO2 emission reduction and enhanced coalbed methane production, making it a highly promising carbon capture and storage technology. However, the injection of CO2 into coal reservoirs in the form of supercritical fluid (ScCO2 ) leads to complex physicochemical reactions with the coal seam, altering the properties of the coal reservoir and impacting the effectiveness of CO2 sequestration and methane production enhancement. In this paper, theoretical calculations based on ReaxFF-MD were conducted to study the interaction mechanism between ScCO2 and the macromolecular structures of both low-rank and high-rank coal, to address the limitations of experimental methods. The reaction of ScCO2 with low-rank coal and high-rank coal exhibited significant differences. At the swelling stage, the low-rank coal experienced a decrease in aromatic structure and aliphatic structure, and high-rank coal showed an increase in aromatic structure and a decrease in aliphatic structure, while the swelling phenomenon was more pronounced in high-rank coal. At the dissolution stage, low-rank coal was initially decomposed into two secondary molecular fragments, and then these recombined to form a new molecular structure; the aromatic structure increased and the aliphatic structure decreased. In contrast, high-rank coal showed the occurrence of stretches–breakage–movement– reconnection, a reduction in aromatic structure, and an increase in aliphatic structure. The primary reasons for these variations lie in the distinct molecular structure compositions and the properties of ScCO2 , leading to different reaction pathways of the functional group and aromatic structure. The reaction pathways of functional groups and aromatic structures in coal can be summarized as follows: the breakage of the O–H bond in hydroxyl groups, the breakage of the C–OH bond in carboxyl groups, the transformation of aliphatic structures into smaller hydrocarbon compounds or the formation of long-chain alkenes, and various pathways involving the breakage, rearrangement, and recombination of aromatic structures. In low-rank coal, there is a higher abundance of oxygencontaining functional groups and aliphatic structures. The breakage of O–H and C–OH chemical bonds results in the formation of free radical ions, while some aliphatic structures detach to produce hydrocarbons. Additionally, some of these aliphatic structures combine with carbonyl groups and free radical ions to generate new aromatic structures. Conversely, in high-rank coal, a lower content of oxygen-containing functional groups and aliphatic structures, along with stronger intramolecular forces, results in fewer chemical bond breakages and makes it less conducive to the formation of new aromatic structures. These results elucidate the specific deformations of different chemical groups, offering a molecular-level understanding of the interaction between CO2 and coal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plants could effectively adsorb and remove particulate matter from the air, while could be suffered from the adverse effects. Therefore, exploring the interaction between plants and atmospheric particulate matter is crucial for profound understanding of ecological balance, microenvironmental climate, and environmental quality improvement. Few systematic literature have elaborated the adsorption and response mechanisms of atmospheric particulate matter by plants. We summarized the causes and composition of atmospheric particulate matter, as well as the adsorption methods and factors of plants on atmospheric particulate matter. Moreover, we elaborated the impact of atmospheric particulate matter stress on phenotypic and physiological characteristics, as well as molecular mechanisms. For the future researches, we proposed 1) to select plant species with strong adaptability and high dust retention capacity. Subsequently, there should be a universal green dust retention plan on account of comprehensive factors such as plant community structure, street morphology, and planting space; 2) to extend the research from urban areas to agricultural and pastoral areas, with a systematic analysis of the comprehensive dust retention capacity of communities with different plant configuration; 3) to effectively combine the dust retention capacity of plants with their own resistance. Subsequently, we should explore the physiological and molecular mechanisms of plants responding to atmospheric particulate matter stress and establish a comprehensive evaluation system and criteria; 4) to develop in situ labeling detection technology, which would be a valuable tool for accurately tracing and quantifying the dynamics of atmospheric particulate matter within plant at the cellular level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is one of the most important forage crops in the world. Drought is recognized as a major challenge limiting alfalfa production and threatening food security. Although some literature reviews have been conducted in this area, bibliometric reviews based on large amounts of published data are still lacking. In this paper, a bibliometric analysis of alfalfa drought stress from 1998-2023 was conducted using the Web of Science Core Collection database in order to assess global trends in alfalfa drought stress research and to provide new directions for future research. The results showed that the annual publication output maintained an increase in most years, with China and the United States contributing significantly to the field. Most of the journals published are specialized journals in botany, environmental science, soil science and crop science, as well as related agribusiness journals. "plant growth" and "yield" were the most frequently used keywords, reflecting the important purpose of research in this field. And two main research directions were identified: research on drought response mechanism of alfalfa and exploration of drought-resistant technology. In addition, physiological, biochemical, and molecular responses of drought tolerance and high yield in alfalfa, transgenics, and microbial fertilizer research have been hot research topics in recent years and may continue in the future. The ultimate goal of this paper is to provide a foundational reference for future research on alfalfa's drought resistance and yield optimization mechanisms, thereby enhancing the crop's application in agricultural production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Molybdenum cofactor sulfurase (MoCoS) is a key gene involved in the uric acid metabolic pathway that activates xanthine dehydrogenase to synthesise uric acid. Uric acid is harmful to mammals but plays crucial roles in insects, one of which is the immune responses. However, the function of Bombyx mori MoCoS in response to BmNPV remains unclear. In this study, BmMoCoS was found to be relatively highly expressed in embryonic development, gonads and the Malpighian tubules. In addition, the expression levels of BmMoCoS were significantly upregulated in three silkworm strains with different levels of resistance after virus infection, suggesting a close link between them. Furthermore, RNAi and overexpression studies showed that BmMoCoS was involved in resistance to BmNPV infection, and its antivirus effects were found to be related to the regulation of uric acid metabolism, which was uncovered by inosine‐ and febuxostat‐coupled RNAi and overexpression. Finally, the BmMoCoS‐mediated uric acid pathway was preliminarily confirmed to be a potential target to protect silkworms from BmNPV infection. Overall, this study provides new evidence for elucidating the molecular mechanism of silkworms in response to BmNPV infection and new strategies for the prevention of viral infections in sericulture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background: The production of succinic acid (SA) from biomass has attracted worldwide interest. Saccharomyces cerevisiae is preferred for SA production due to its strong tolerance to low pH conditions, ease of genetic manipulation, and extensive application in industrial processes. However, when compared with bacterial producers, the SA titers and productivities achieved by engineered S. cerevisiae strains were relatively low. To develop efficient SA-producing strains, it's necessary to clearly understand how S. cerevisiae cells respond to SA. Results: In this study, we cultivated five S. cerevisiae strains with different genetic backgrounds under different concentrations of SA. Among them, KF7 and NBRC1958 demonstrated high tolerance to SA, whereas NBRC2018 displayed the least tolerance. Therefore, these three strains were chosen to study how S. cerevisiae responds to SA. Under a concentration of 20 g/L SA, only a few differentially expressed genes were observed in three strains. At the higher concentration of 60 g/L SA, the response mechanisms of the three strains diverged notably. For KF7, genes involved in the glyoxylate cycle were significantly downregulated, whereas genes involved in gluconeogenesis, the pentose phosphate pathway, protein folding, and meiosis were significantly upregulated. For NBRC1958, genes related to the biosynthesis of vitamin B6, thiamin, and purine were significantly downregulated, whereas genes related to protein folding, toxin efflux, and cell wall remodeling were significantly upregulated. For NBRC2018, there was a significant upregulation of genes connected to the pentose phosphate pathway, gluconeogenesis, fatty acid utilization, and protein folding, except for the small heat shock protein gene HSP26. Overexpression of HSP26 and HSP42 notably enhanced the cell growth of NBRC1958 both in the presence and absence of SA. Conclusions: The inherent activities of small heat shock proteins, the levels of acetyl-CoA and the strains' potential capacity to consume SA all seem to affect the responses and tolerances of S. cerevisiae strains to SA. These factors should be taken into consideration when choosing host strains for SA production. This study provides a theoretical basis and identifies potential host strains for the development of robust and efficient SA-producing strains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A framework for studying the intersection-approaching behavior is proposed and the human-machine interaction is visualized. • A signal energy detection method based on the wavelet transform is then developed to monitor the driver's response behavior. • Finally, a Bayesian non-parametric method is used to quantify the distribution of driving patterns. The in-vehicle communication provides promising opportunities to improve the road safety and traffic efficiency. Previous studies demonstrated that the professional drivers have better driving skills than the non-professional drivers who allocate more attention to secondary tasks. However, they may not be sensitive to the new in-vehicle technology. In addition, these qualitative studies failed to elaborate on the visual and response behavior differences among different driver groups (professional drivers such as taxi, bus, motorcoach, and non-professional drivers), and lacked the quantitative analysis of driving patterns in a new environment. This paper explores the differences in visual interaction, response characteristics, driving performance, and behavior patterns between the professional and non-professional drivers in the connected environment through a case study of intersection-approaching behavior using a driving simulator. More precisely, two driving scenarios (baseline and human–machine interface (HMI)) were designed in the driving simulator, and 65 participants, including 34 professional drivers and 31 non-professional drivers, completed the experiment. In the HMI scenario, the driver was provided with the signal light phase and phase transition remaining time of the current intersection. This paper also proposes a driving pattern extraction model based on the Bayesian non-parametric method combined with a text clustering algorithm to perform a quantitative description of the driving patterns. The results show that the professional drivers tend to interact less with the HMI compared with the non-professional drivers. Moreover, the professional drivers' first gaze at the HMI occurs and responds earlier. The proposed driving model can effectively describe 7 patterns of intersection-approaching behavior. The connected information can significantly improve the efficiency of the intersection traffic and the driving behavior. However, the professional drivers are more responsive and behave more consistently. This study can provide insights into the development of personalized assisted driving systems, as the two driving populations differ in their interactions, responses, and behavioral patterns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the first discovery of grapevine brown leaf spot disease in Turpan, Xinjiang, China, in 2007, it has been a common occurrence in grapevine-growing regions. Grapevine brown leaf spot seriously decreases fruit yield and has become one of the most important leaf diseases in the Turpan region. However, thus far, there have been no reports on the evaluation of grapevine germplasm resources for resistance to brown leaf spot disease. In addition, the response mechanism of grapevine leaves to brown leaf spot infection has not been revealed. To better understand the resistance of grapevine germplasm resources to brown leaf spot disease, we first evaluated resistance in grapevine varieties. On this basis, the most susceptible variety ‘Sultanina’ was selected as the experimental material for this study. Transcriptome analysis and carbohydrate content analysis were performed on ‘Sultanina’ leaves with different levels of disease susceptibility. As the severity of the disease increased, the content of fructose gradually decreased, while the content of trehalose gradually increased. Transcriptome data revealed that differentially expressed genes were enriched in the pentose and glucuronate interchange pathway. These results suggest that the sugar trehalose may play an important role in the response of ‘Sultanina’ leaves to brown leaf spot infection. In addition, the pentose and glucuronate interchange pathway may be involved in the response mechanism of brown leaf spot disease. Our work provides new insights into the mechanism of the ‘Sultanina’ leaf response to brown leaf spot infection.

Engineering Saccharomyces cerevisiae for biodegradation and transformation of industrial toxic substances such as catechol (CA) has received widespread attention, but the low tolerance of S. cerevisiae to CA has limited its development. The exploration and modification of genes or pathways related to CA tolerance in S. cerevisiae is an effective way to further improve the utilization efficiency of CA. This study identified 36 genes associated with CA tolerance in S. cerevisiae through genome-wide identification and bioinformatics analysis and the ERG6 knockout strain (ERG6Δ) is the most sensitive to CA. Based on the omics analysis of ERG6Δ under CA stress, it was found that ERG6 knockout affects pathways such as intrinsic component of membrane and pentose phosphate pathway. In addition, the study revealed that 29 genes related to the cell wall-membrane system were up-regulated by more than twice, NADPH and NADP+ were increased by 2.48 and 4.41 times respectively, and spermidine and spermine were increased by 2.85 and 2.14 times, respectively, in ERG6Δ. Overall, the response of cell wall-membrane system, the accumulation of spermidine and NADPH, as well as the increased levels of metabolites in pentose phosphate pathway are important findings in improving the CA resistance. This study provides a theoretical basis for improving the tolerance of strains to CA and reducing the damage caused by CA to the ecological environment and human health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The lightweight development of electric vehicle motors is a prominent future trend, with the challenge of transmission vibration and noise acting as a key bottleneck that limits the enhancement of power and speed in electric vehicle drive systems. The noise generated by electric vehicle transmissions is primarily associated with the transmission system and gear structure. In line with this, the present study proposes an analysis of transmission error and response mechanisms through gear modifications. The research delves into the analysis of gear deformation and error generation characteristics. It further investigates methods for parametric equation modeling, tooth profile modification, deformation imprint analysis, and vibration response modeling to examine excitation response analysis and noise reduction techniques pertaining to transmission errors. The findings demonstrate that, under 40 % torque, the shaped gear exhibited a maximum reduction in transmission error of 34.2 %, resulting in an overall error improvement of over 5.7 %. Moreover, the maximum error difference after tooth profile and tooth direction shaping exceeded 2 %. The gear-shaping-based electric vehicle transmission showcased favorable economic and technical performance, while its excitation response mechanism provided valuable guidance for mass production. Overall, these results highlight the significance of analyzing transmission errors through gear modifications in achieving lightweight electric vehicle motors. By addressing transmission vibration and noise issues, this research contributes to overcoming limitations and promoting advancements in power and speed within electric vehicle drive systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Coal Geology & Exploration is the property of Xian Research Institute of China Coal Research Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Internet of Things (IoT) represents a swiftly expanding sector that is pivotal in driving the innovation of today’s smart services. However, the inherent resource-constrained nature of IoT nodes poses significant challenges in embedding advanced algorithms for cybersecurity, leading to an escalation in cyberattacks against these nodes. Contemporary research in Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) predominantly focuses on enhancing IDS performance through sophisticated algorithms, often overlooking their practical applicability. This paper introduces Deep-IDS, an innovative and practically deployable Deep Learning (DL)-based IDS. It employs a Long-Short-Term-Memory (LSTM) network comprising 64 LSTM units and is trained on the CIC-IDS2017 dataset. Its streamlined architecture renders Deep-IDS an ideal candidate for edge-server deployment, acting as a guardian between IoT nodes and the Internet against Denial of Service, Distributed Denial of Service, Brute Force, Man-in-the-Middle, and Replay Attacks. A distinctive aspect of this research is the trade-off analysis between the intrusion Detection Rate (DR) and the False Alarm Rate (FAR), facilitating the real-time performance of the Deep-IDS. The system demonstrates an exemplary detection rate of 96.8% at the 70% threshold of DR-FAR trade-off and an overall classification accuracy of 97.67%. Furthermore, Deep-IDS achieves precision, recall, and F1-scores of 97.67%, 98.17%, and 97.91%, respectively. On average, Deep-IDS requires 1.49 seconds to identify and mitigate intrusion attempts, effectively blocking malicious traffic sources. The remarkable efficacy, swift response time, innovative design, and novel defense strategy of Deep-IDS not only secure IoT nodes but also their interconnected sub-networks, thereby positioning Deep-IDS as a leading IDS for IoT-enhanced computer networks.

Objective Trace elements are an important factor affecting the water quality of karst surface waters. Aquatic photosynthetic organisms can absorb and remove harmful elements in the process of photosynthetic metabolism. However, little research has been conducted on the absorption effect and removal potential of trace elements by different aquatic photosynthetic organism community structures. Methods This study was conducted at the Puding Karst Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, which constructed a vegetation-soil-groundwater-surface water simulation ecosystem consisting of five types of land use: bare rock land, bare land, cultivated land, grassland and shrub land. Among them, the surface aquatic ecosystem was taken as the research object to carry out research on the removal potential and control mechanism of trace elements by the composition of aquatic photosynthetic organism community structure. Results Results showed that (1) The surface water chemistry parameters and aquatic photosynthetic biomass were significantly affected by seasonal changes and land use types; (2) The concentrations of Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Fe and Zn varies significantly in different aquatic photosynthetic ecosystems, and the absorption and removal of Mn, Co, Ni, Fe, and Zn by the planktonic-submerged coexistence system were better than those of a single planktonic system; (3) The formation of a highly dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) environment in surface water bodies was promoted by the restoration of natural vegetation (shrublands and grasslands) in karst areas, which was conducive to the growth of submerged plants, simultaneously increasing the impact on Mn, Co, Ni, Fe and Zn removal potential in surface water bodies. Conclusion This understanding will contribute to research on the regulatory mechanism of trace elements in surface water by the structure of aquatic photosynthetic organisms in karst areas.

SSR molecular markers were obtained based on abundant transcriptome data under different waterlogging conditions in order to develop appropriate biological tools and explore the molecular mechanism of hot pepper response to waterlogging stress in this experiment. The results were as follows: (1) A total of 128 939 Unigenes were obtained from transcriptome analysis of hot pepper. The total length, average length, and GC content were 55 082 725 bp, 1 101 bp and 40.57%, respectively. Compared with seven major functional databases, 102 123 (NR, 79.20%), 110 157 (NT, 85.43%), 70 203 (SwissProt, 54.45%), 73 539 (KOG, 57.03%), 77 646 (KEGG, 60.22%), 77 442 (GO, 60.06%) and 68 216 (Pfam, 52.91%) Unigenes obtained functional annotations. It was found that lipid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, environmental adaptation, secondary metabolite biosynthesis, signal transduction and translation played important roles in the response to waterlogging stress. (2) A total of 26 574 SSR loci were found in 24 889 Unigenes from hot pepper transcriptome data. The frequency of SSR was 20.61%, of which single nucleotide repeat accounted for the highest ratio (37.26%), followed by tri-nucleotide (31.00%) and di-nucleotide (25.44%) repeat types, accounting for 93.70% of the total EST-SSR. The motifs A/T, AG/CT and TC/GA, followed by AT and TA, were the most abundant in mono-nucleotide and di-nucleotide. The most common types of tri-nucleotides were TTG/CAA and ACA/TGT. (3) 10 002 pairs of EST-SSR primers were designed with Primer 3. A total of 30 pairs of primers were randomly selected for amplification test, and all of them were effective. Seven pairs of primers could amplify the target bands in three hot pepper germplasms. To sum up, the motif structure of the most dominant SSR repeat type in hot pepper is basically similar to that of other varieties, and the molecular mechanism of hot pepper waterlogging stress response is preliminarily explored, and its EST-SSR markers are developed to provide reference for hot pepper waterlogging-tolerant genetic breeding.

The adaptability of marine organisms to changes in salinity has been a significant research area under global climate change. However, the underlying mechanisms of this adaptability remain a debated subject. We hypothesize that neglecting salinity fluctuation properties is a key contributing factor to the controversy. The ciliate Euplotes vannus was used as the model organism, with two salinity fluctuation period sets: acute (24 h) and chronic (336 h). We examined its population growth dynamics and energy metabolism parameters following exposure to salinity levels from 15‰ to 50‰. The carrying capacity (K) decreased with increasing salinity under both acute and chronic stresses. The intrinsic growth rate (r) decreased with increasing salinity under acute stress. Under chronic stress, the r initially increased with stress intensity before decreasing when salinity exceeded 40‰. Overall, glycogen and lipid content decreased with stress increasing and were significantly higher in the acute stress set compared to the chronic one. Both hypotonic and hypertonic stresses enhanced the activities of metabolic enzymes. A trade-off between survival and reproduction was observed, prioritizing survival under acute stress. Under chronic stress, the weight on reproduction increased in significance. In conclusion, the tested ciliates adopted an r-strategy in response to salinity stress. The trade-off between reproduction and survival is a significant biological response mechanism varying with salinity fluctuation properties.

Morels (Morchella spp.) are valuable and rare edible mushrooms with unique flavors and high nutritional value. White mold disease occurring during cultivation has seriously affected the quality and yield of morels in China. In this study, the fungus causing white mold disease in morels was isolated, purified, and identified as Pseudodiploöspora longispora by morphology and molecular biology. In addition, research has shown that P. longispora infection causes wrinkled and rupturing asci, loosened cell walls, and obvious membrane breakage accompanied by severe cytoplasmic leakage in M. sextelata. Interestingly, research has shown that infection with P. longispora can induce the production of an unknown substance in the cells of M. sextelata, which accumulates on the cell membrane, leading to membrane breakage. Furthermore, integrated transcriptomics–proteomics analysis revealed the response mechanism of M. sextelata to P. longispora infection. The results indicate that DEGs and DEPs can be significantly enriched in pathways involved in oxidoreductase activity; peroxisomes, lipid transport, and metabolism; cell wall assembly; and integral components of membranes. Further electron microscopy analysis clarified the important role of changes in the cell membrane and cell wall in the response of mycelia to biological stress. This study clarified the response mechanism of M. sextelata to P. longispora, laying a foundation for further clarifying the infection mechanism of P. longispora.

The Hotan River, the sole river traversing the Taklimakan Desert in northwest China, sustains a critical desert riparian ecosystem dominated by Populus euphratica. This riparian habitat is integral to biodiversity maintenance. However, global climate change and anthropogenic disturbances have profoundly impacted the Taklimakan desert landscape, leading to fragmentation and reduced environmental heterogeneity. Consequently, there has been a notable decline in P. euphratica populations. This study aimed to assess the physiological resilience of P. euphratica under harsh conditions and analyze the vegetation distribution patterns along the desert riparian zone. Laboratory tests were employed to determine the physiological indexes including Relative Water Content (RWC), Chlorophyll (Chl), Soluble Sugar (SS), Free Proline (Pro), and Peroxidase Activity (POD) of P. euphratica, providing insights into its capacity to endure challenging environmental conditions. Quadrat surveys were conducted at varying distances from the riverbed to examine vegetation distribution patterns. Plant growth indexes were analyzed to unveil the resistance of the desert riparian forest to drought. The study identified 45 shrubs and herbs belonging to 17 families in the Hotan River understory, with P. euphratica exhibiting the highest abundance. In river flats, annual herbs dominated due to favorable water conditions, while shrub grasslands displayed a relatively complete community structure with trees, crowns, and grasses. As the distance increased from the river channel, more perennial herb and shrub species prevailed, leading to a decline in overall species richness as annual herbs diminished. Physiological assessments revealed that P. euphratica in a medium growth grade (VS3) exhibited the highest physiological indexes, indicating its adaptability to environmental changes. The findings underscore the significance of water conditions in the growth and development of vegetation in desert riparian forests, particularly highlighted by the physiological indexes of P. euphratica. This research contributes valuable insights that can inform the preservation and restoration of desert riparian forests, providing a scientific basis and technical guidance for conservation efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quorum sensing (QS) is one of the most well-studied cell-to-cell communication mechanisms in microorganisms. This intercellular communication process in Saccharomyces cerevisiae began to attract more and more attention for researchers since 2006, and phenylethanol, tryptophol, and tyrosol have been proven to be the main quorum sensing molecules (QSMs) of S. cerevisiae. In this paper, the research history and hotspots of QS in S. cerevisiae are reviewed, in particular, the QS system of S. cerevisiae is introduced from the aspects of regulation mechanism of QSMs synthesis, influencing factors of QSMs production, and response mechanism of QSMs. Finally, the employment of QS in adaptation to stress, fermentation products increasing, and food preservation in S. cerevisiae was reviewed. This review will be useful for investigating the microbial interactions of S. cerevisiae, will be helpful for the fermentation process in which yeast participates, and will provide an important reference for future research on S. cerevisiae QS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the intensification of global change, the overall functions and structures of ecosystems in sub-humid to arid transition regions have changed to varying degrees. The Loess Plateau, as a typical case of such regions, plays a great role in the study of net primary productivity (NPP) for estimating the sustainability of the Earth's carrying capacity in terrestrial ecosystem process monitoring. In the research on contrasting response mechanisms and ecological stress of NPP, the main innovations of this study are as follows. On the basis of the indicator system constructed from satellite imagery and meteorological data, we introduced deep multiple regressive models to reveal the relationship between NPP and the identified driving factors and then creatively proposed ecological stress (ES) evaluation models from the perspective of vegetation productivity. The findings are as follows: 1) From 2000 to 2019, the changes in driving factors presented a clear regional character, and the annual NPP maintained a fluctuating increasing trend (with a value of 4.57 g-m2-a-1). From the perspective of spatial distribution, the growth rate of NPP gradually increased from arid to sub-humid regions. 2) The effects of different driving factors on NPP changes and specific NPPs varied greatly across different regions. Arid and semi-arid regions were mainly controlled by precipitation (20.49%), temperature (15.21%), and other related factors, whereas sub-humid regions were mainly controlled by solar radiation, such as net surface solar radiation (NSSR) (8.71%) and surface effective radiation (SER) (7.93%). The main driving factors of NPP change varied under different soil conditions. 3) The spatio-temporal patterns of NPP approximated those of ES, but the effects of the latter significantly differed across ecological functional regions and land uses. This research on the Loess Plateau can serve as a valuable reference for future research on realizing ecosystem restoration and protection in sub-humid to arid transition regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SSR molecular markers were obtained based on abundant transcriptome data under different waterlogging conditions in order to develop appropriate biological tools and explore the molecular mechanism of hot pepper response to waterlogging stress in this experiment. The results were as follows: (1) A total of 128 939 Unigenes were obtained from transcriptome analysis of hot pepper. The total length, average length, and GC content were 55 082 725 bp, 1 101 bp and 40.57%, respectively. Compared with seven major functional databases, 102 123 (NR: 79.20%), 110 157 (NT: 85.43%), 70 203 (SwissProt: 54.45%), 73 539 (KOG: 57.03%), 77 646 (KEGG: 60.22%), 77 442 (GO: 60.06%) and 68 216 (Pfam: 52.91%) Unigenes obtained functional annotations. It was found that lipid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, environmental adaptation, secondary metabolite biosynthesis, signal transduction and translation played important roles in the response to waterlogging stress. (2) A total of 26 574 SSR loci were found in 24 889 Unigenes from hot pepper transcriptome data. The frequency of SSR was 20.61%, of which single nucleotide repeat accounted for the highest ratio (37.26%), followed by tri-nucleotide (31.00%) and di-nucleotide (25.44%) repeat types, accounting for 93.70% of the total EST-SSR. The motifs A/T, AG/CT and TC/GA, followed by AT and TA, were the most abundant in mono-nucleotide and di-nucleotide. The most common types of tri-nucleotides were TTG/CAA and ACA/TGT. (3) 10 002 pairs of EST-SSR primers were designed with Primer 3. A total of 30 pairs of primers were randomly selected for amplification test, and all of them were effective. Seven pairs of primers could amplify the target bands in three hot pepper germplasms. To sum up, the motif structure of the most dominant SSR repeat type in hot pepper is basically similar to that of other varieties, and the molecular mechanism of hot pepper waterlogging stress response is preliminarily explored. The EST-SSR markers are developed to provide reference for hot pepper waterlogging-tolerant genetics breeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High temperatures are considered one of the most significant limitations to subtropical fishery production. Largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) is an economically important freshwater species grown in subtropical areas, which are extremely sensitive to heat stress (HS). However, comprehensive transcriptomic data for the livers of largemouth bass in response to HS are still lacking. In this study, a comparative transcriptomic analysis was performed to investigate the gene expression profiles of the livers of largemouth bass under HS treatment. As a result, 6114 significantly differentially expressed genes (DEGs), which included 2645 up-regulated and 3469 down-regulated genes, were identified in response to HS. Bioinformatics analyses demonstrated that the 'ECM-receptor interaction' pathway was one of the most dramatically changed pathways in response to HS, and eight DEGs assigned to this pathway were taken as hub genes. Furthermore, the expression of these eight hub genes was determined by quantitative reverse transcription PCR, and all of them showed a significant change at the transcriptional level, suggesting a crucial role of the 'ECM-receptor interaction' pathway in the response of largemouth bass to HS. These findings may improve our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the response of largemouth bass to HS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Secretary (16742354) is the property of Secretary Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Vegetation changes have a significant impact on the underlying surface of a watershed and alter hydrological processes. To clarify the synergistic evolution relationship between climate, vegetation, and hydrology, this study aims to reveal how vegetation restoration influences streamflow decline. This study first applied the trend-free pre-whitening Mann–Kendall (TFPW-MK) method to identify variation trends of various elements at Baihe and Shayang hydrologic stations from 1982 to 2015. Secondly, an extended Budyko equation was improved by fitting the linear relationship between annual NDVI and Budyko parameter (ω). Finally, based on the extended Budyko formula, the elastic coefficient method was applied to identify the influence of vegetation changes on runoff changes of the Baihe and Shayang stations from 1982 to 2015. The results displayed that (1) the annual NDVI of Baihe and Shayang hydrologic stations both presented an increasing trend, and streamflow presented an insignificant decrease trend. The mutation year of the annual runoff depth of Baihe and Shayang stations both occurred in 1990. (2) The annual NDVI had a significant and positive linear relationship with ω. (3) The streamflow decline of Baihe and Shayang stations is mainly influenced by precipitation variation and human activities. (4) Vegetation growth had a positive effect on the streamflow decline of Baihe and Shayang stations, with a contribution rate of 14.06% and 17.87%. This effect of vegetation growth on discharge attenuation should be given high priority. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Single-layer reticulated dome structure are commonly high-profile building in the public and can be attractive targets for terrorist bombings, so the public can benefit from enhanced safety with a stronger understanding of the behavior of single-layer reticulated dome structure under explosion. This paper investigates the fluid-structure interaction process and the dynamic response performance of the single-layer reticulated dome under external blast load. Both experimental and numerical results shown that structural deformation is remarkably delayed compared with the velocity of blast wave, which advises the dynamic response of large-span reticulated dome structure has a negligible effect on the blast wave propagation under explosion. Four failure modes are identified by comparing the plastic development of each ring and the residual spatial geometric of the structure, i.e., minor vibration, local depression, severe damage, and overall collapse. The plastic deformation energy and the displacement potential energy of the structure are the main consumers of the blast energy. In addition, the stress performance of the vertex member and the deep plastic ratio of the whole structure can serve as qualitative indicators to distinguish different failure modes.

CO2 geological sequestration in coal seams can be carried out to achieve the dual objectives of CO2 emission reduction and enhanced coalbed methane production, making it a highly promising carbon capture and storage technology. However, the injection of CO2 into coal reservoirs in the form of supercritical fluid (ScCO2) leads to complex physicochemical reactions with the coal seam, altering the properties of the coal reservoir and impacting the effectiveness of CO2 sequestration and methane production enhancement. In this paper, theoretical calculations based on ReaxFF-MD were conducted to study the interaction mechanism between ScCO2 and the macromolecular structures of both low-rank and high-rank coal, to address the limitations of experimental methods. The reaction of ScCO2 with low-rank coal and high-rank coal exhibited significant differences. At the swelling stage, the low-rank coal experienced a decrease in aromatic structure and aliphatic structure, and high-rank coal showed an increase in aromatic structure and a decrease in aliphatic structure, while the swelling phenomenon was more pronounced in high-rank coal. At the dissolution stage, low-rank coal was initially decomposed into two secondary molecular fragments, and then these recombined to form a new molecular structure; the aromatic structure increased and the aliphatic structure decreased. In contrast, high-rank coal showed the occurrence of stretches–breakage–movement–reconnection, a reduction in aromatic structure, and an increase in aliphatic structure. The primary reasons for these variations lie in the distinct molecular structure compositions and the properties of ScCO2, leading to different reaction pathways of the functional group and aromatic structure. The reaction pathways of functional groups and aromatic structures in coal can be summarized as follows: the breakage of the O–H bond in hydroxyl groups, the breakage of the C–OH bond in carboxyl groups, the transformation of aliphatic structures into smaller hydrocarbon compounds or the formation of long-chain alkenes, and various pathways involving the breakage, rearrangement, and recombination of aromatic structures. In low-rank coal, there is a higher abundance of oxygen-containing functional groups and aliphatic structures. The breakage of O–H and C–OH chemical bonds results in the formation of free radical ions, while some aliphatic structures detach to produce hydrocarbons. Additionally, some of these aliphatic structures combine with carbonyl groups and free radical ions to generate new aromatic structures. Conversely, in high-rank coal, a lower content of oxygen-containing functional groups and aliphatic structures, along with stronger intramolecular forces, results in fewer chemical bond breakages and makes it less conducive to the formation of new aromatic structures. These results elucidate the specific deformations of different chemical groups, offering a molecular-level understanding of the interaction between CO2 and coal.

With the intensification of global change, the overall functions and structures of ecosystems in sub-humid to arid transition regions have changed to varying degrees. The Loess Plateau, as a typical case of such regions, plays a great role in the study of net primary productivity (NPP) for estimating the sustainability of the Earth’s carrying capacity in terrestrial ecosystem process monitoring. In the research on contrasting response mechanisms and ecological stress of NPP, the main innovations of this study are as follows. On the basis of the indicator system constructed from satellite imagery and meteorological data, we introduced deep multiple regressive models to reveal the relationship between NPP and the identified driving factors and then creatively proposed ecological stress (ES) evaluation models from the perspective of vegetation productivity. The findings are as follows: 1) From 2000 to 2019, the changes in driving factors presented a clear regional character, and the annual NPP maintained a fluctuating increasing trend (with a value of 4.57 g·m2·a−1). From the perspective of spatial distribution, the growth rate of NPP gradually increased from arid to sub-humid regions. 2) The effects of different driving factors on NPP changes and specific NPPs varied greatly across different regions. Arid and semi-arid regions were mainly controlled by precipitation (20.49%), temperature (15.21%), and other related factors, whereas sub-humid regions were mainly controlled by solar radiation, such as net surface solar radiation (NSSR) (8.71%) and surface effective radiation (SER) (7.93%). The main driving factors of NPP change varied under different soil conditions. 3) The spatio-temporal patterns of NPP approximated those of ES, but the effects of the latter significantly differed across ecological functional regions and land uses. This research on the Loess Plateau can serve as a valuable reference for future research on realizing ecosystem restoration and protection in sub-humid to arid transition regions.

Copyright of China Brewing is the property of China Brewing Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Carsologica Sinica is the property of Institute of Karst Geology, CAGS and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) has become an attractive playground to cybercriminals because of its market worth and rapid growth. These devices have limited computational capabilities, which ensure minimum power absorption. Moreover, the manufacturers use simplified architecture to offer a competitive price in the market. As a result, IoMTs cannot employ advanced security algorithms to defend against cyber-attacks. IoMT has become easy prey for cybercriminals due to its access to valuable data and the rapidly expanding market, as well as being comparatively easier to exploit.As a result, the intrusion rate in IoMT is experiencing a surge. This paper proposes a novel Intrusion Detection System (IDS), namely SafetyMed, combining Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks to defend against intrusion from sequential and grid data. SafetyMed is the first IDS that protects IoMT devices from malicious image data and sequential network traffic. This innovative IDS ensures an optimized detection rate by trade-off between False Positive Rate (FPR) and Detection Rate (DR). It detects intrusions with an average accuracy of 97.63% with average precision and recall, and has an F1-score of 98.47%, 97%, and 97.73%, respectively. In summary, SafetyMed has the potential to revolutionize many vulnerable sectors (e.g., medical) by ensuring maximum protection against IoMT intrusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens L.) larvae (BSFL) possess remarkable antibiotic degradation abilities due to their robust intestinal microbiota. However, the response mechanism of BSFL intestinal microbes to the high concentration of antibiotic stress remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the shift in BSFL gut microbiome and the functional genes that respond to 1250 mg/kg of tetracycline via metagenomic and metatranscriptomic analysis, respectively. The bio-physiological phenotypes showed that the survival rate of BSFL was not affected by tetracycline, while the biomass and substrate consumption of BSFL was slightly reduced. Natural BSFL achieved a 20% higher tetracycline degradation rate than the germ-free BSFL after 8 days of rearing. Metagenomic and metatranscriptomic sequencing results revealed the differences between the entire and active microbiome. Metatranscriptomic analysis indicated that Enterococcus, Vagococcus, Providencia, and Paenalcaligenes were the active genera that responded to tetracycline. Furthermore, based on the active functional genes that responded to tetracycline pressure, the response mechanisms of BSFL intestinal microbes were speculated as follows: the Tet family that mediates the expression of efflux pumps expel tetracycline out of the microbes, while tetM and tetW release it from the ribosome. Eventually, tetracycline was degraded by deacetylases and novel enzymes. Overall, this study provides novel insights about the active intestinal microbes and their functional genes in insects responding to the high concentration of antibiotics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Single-layer reticulated dome structure are commonly high-profile building in the public and can be attractive targets for terrorist bombings, so the public can benefit from enhanced safety with a stronger understanding of the behavior of single-layer reticulated dome structure under explosion. This paper investigates the fluid-structure interaction process and the dynamic response performance of the singlelayer reticulated dome under external blast load. Both experimental and numerical results shown that structural deformation is remarkably delayed compared with the velocity of blast wave, which advises the dynamic response of large-span reticulated dome structure has a negligible effect on the blast wave propagation under explosion. Four failure modes are identified by comparing the plastic development of each ring and the residual spatial geometric of the structure, i.e., minor vibration, local depression, severe damage, and overall collapse. The plastic deformation energy and the displacement potential energy of the structure are the main consumers of the blast energy. In addition, the stress performance of the vertex member and the deep plastic ratio of the whole structure can serve as qualitative indicators to distinguish different failure modes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exposure to extreme temperatures can hinder the development of insects and even reduce their survival rate. However, the invasive species Bemisia tabaci exhibits an impressive response to different temperatures. This study aims to identify important transcriptional changes of B. tabaci occupying different temperature habitats by performing RNA sequencing on populations originating from three regions of China. The results showed that the gene expression of B. tabaci populations inhabiting regions with different temperatures was altered and identified 23 potential candidate genes that respond to temperature stress. Furthermore, three potential regulatory factors' (the glucuronidation pathway, alternative splicing, and changes in the chromatin structure) response to different environmental temperatures were identified. Among these, the glucuronidation pathway is a notable regulatory pathway. A total of 12 UDP-glucuronosyltransferase genes were found in the transcriptome database of B. tabaci obtained in this study. The results of DEGs analysis suggest that UDP-glucuronosyltransferases with a signal peptide may help B. tabaci resist temperature stress by sensing external signals, such as BtUGT2C1 and BtUGT2B13, which are particularly important in responding to temperature changes. These results will provide a valuable baseline for further research on the thermoregulatory mechanisms of B. tabaci that contributes to its ability to effectively colonize regions with considerable temperature differences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As global warming continues, extreme precipitation events occur frequently in inland areas, seriously affecting human security and the ecological environment. Spatiotemporal evolution of extreme precipitation as well as response of extreme precipitation to climatic warming and its mechanism were investigated by considering the Weihe river basin in a monsoon transition zone of China as a research object. The results indicate that while the annual average temperature of the Weihe river basin increased with fluctuations from 1966 to 2017, except for the consecutive dry days (CDD) and simple daily intensity index that increased slightly, the other extreme precipitation indices (consecutive wet days, R25, and Rx5day) tended to decrease. Moreover, except for the CDD, the other four indices gradually increased from the northwest to the southeast, showing a similar trend to the temperature. The relationship between the 95th percentile threshold and temperature (hereinafter referred to as the P 95d–T relationship) in the Weihe river basin demonstrates the hook structure and its strength in terms of response is mainly dominated by the super-Clausius–Clapeyron (C–C) and C–C scaling. Furthermore, the peak temperature rises gradually from the northwest to the southeast. The results can provide important reference for the prediction of climate change and future studies of disaster risk in the Weihe river basin.