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Context: Floodplain inundation creates a diversity of aquatic habitats that diverge in their physical, chemical and biological characteristics through space and time, influencing site-scale ecological processes, with implications for local and landscape-scale ecosystem functioning. Aims: In this study, we characterise conditions of pools on the floodplain and pools in the main channel of the Fitzroy River, north-western Australia. Methods: We used linear models to investigate the spatial and temporal dynamics of top–down and bottom–up forces acting on phytoplankton and zooplankton. Key results: Floodplain pools showed considerable heterogeneity compared with the main channel and were shallow and turbid with high nutrient loads, whereas main-channel pools were deep, clear and nutrient-limited. Phytoplankton and zooplankton biomass (mass per unit volume) were considerably greater and more variable in floodplain pools than in the main channel, where both were largely absent. On the floodplain, bottom–up processes drove water-column productivity (e.g. nutrients to phytoplankton to zooplankton) to a degree not observed in the main channel, providing a valuable resource pathway supporting consumer populations locally and catchment wide. We detected no top–down effects in floodplain pools and no top–down or bottom–up effects in the main channel. Conclusion: Maintaining flows that inundate the floodplain and promote habitat heterogeneity in the Fitzroy River is crucial for preserving local and landscape-scale ecosystem functioning. Implications: Water managers should take into account the important contribution of floodplain pools to the wider riverine ecosystem and ensure these habitats are not unduely affected by water resource development. Seasonal flooding promotes habitat diversity that influences biodiversity and ecological processes in river–floodplain ecosystems. We demonstrated that environmental conditions in floodplain pools on the Fitzroy River (WA) vary substantially compared with the main channel, providing an important habitat for organisms that contribute to landscape-scale ecosystem function. Floodplain pools fill a unique role in the wider river–floodplain ecosystem and should be protected from negative effects of water development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper examines the contending issues and realities in Nigerian federalism. The paper adopted the theory of pluralism as its framework of analysis and relied on the secondary sources of data to explicate the contending issues and realities in Nigerian federalism. Before the amalgamation of Southern and Northern Protectorates in 1914, Nigeria had empires, emirates, and kingdoms that interacted diplomatically, economically, politically, socially, and culturally. These entities had unique ways of political and justice administration, conflict mediation, conciliation, and resolution processes. The amalgamation of 1914 brought new forms and patterns of exercising power, which were spelt out and entrenched in the Lugard’s Constitution of 1914. However, not all regions were represented in the Legislative Council, leading to bitter struggles and agitations towards the formation of a new government. The Richard’s Constitution in 1946 provided for regionalism, while the Macpherson’s Constitution of 1951 improved upon by introducing quasi-federalism. The Lyttleton’s Constitution of 1954 introduced federalism in Nigeria, providing greater autonomy to various regions and functional division of powers between the central and regional governments. This was the first genuine federal constitution of the country, and its adoption was externally motivated for administrative convenience of the expatriates. Nigeria’s complex diversity was a major factor that combined with other centrifugal and centripetal forces to produce a federation. The choice of a federal system of government was facilitated by the social, historical, political, and economic differences of the various groups and regions in the country. However, the legacy of colonialism continued to influence the functioning of federalism in the country. The uneven distribution of resources, power and structural imbalances, and ethnic rivalries among others have continued to challenge Nigerian federalism. The paper recommends that Nigeria's fiscal federalism should focus on revenue generation rather than distribution. Future reforms should encourage states to develop fiscal capacity, enabling them to control their own revenue. This will enhance fiscal viability and reduce oil dependency. Also, encouraging a sense of national identity and unity among the diverse ethnic nationalities in Nigeria by emphasizing shared values, history, and common goals that will bridge differences and reduce tensions.

BackgroundFood insecurity is a global problem that requires a One Health approach. As many households in low- and middle-income nations rely on crops and livestock that they produce to meet their household's needs, food security and nutrition are closely linked to the health of animals and the environment. Resources controlled by women are more often allocated to uses that benefit the entire household, such as food, health, and educating children, than men's resources. However, studies of gender control of resources among pastoralist societies are scant. We examined the effect of female and male control of livestock resources on food security and women's dietary diversity among households from one agro-pastoralist and two pastoralist tribes in Iringa Region in south-central Tanzania.MethodsWe conducted surveys with 196 households, which included questions on food availability and food consumption among women, livestock holdings, gender control of livestock and livestock product income, and household demographics, as well as open-ended questions on the use of income. Food availability and food consumption responses were used to construct food security and women's dietary diversity indexes, respectively. We conducted mixed effects logistic regression to analyze how household food security and dietary diversity were associated with livestock and other household variables. We also examined qualitative responses for use of income controlled by women and how the household obtained income when needed.ResultsFemale-controlled livestock generally supported better household nutrition outcomes. Greater chicken holdings increased the probability of being food secure in pastoralist households but decreased it in agro-pastoralist households, while increasing the probability of having medium-high dietary diversity among all tribes. Male-controlled livestock holdings were not related to food security status. Women used income to supplement food supplies and livestock they controlled as a primary response to unanticipated household needs.ConclusionsOur results show that female-control of livestock is significantly related to household food security and dietary diversity in pastoralists and agro-pastoralists in rural Tanzania. Importantly, the relationship between food security and dietary diversity differs among tribes for both male and female-controlled livestock, which suggests that blanket policies regarding management of livestock holdings may have unintended consequences.Supplementary informationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s42522-020-00032-5.

The article identifies an empirical blind spot in the literature on hydro-hegemony, with a scant analysis of power relations and resource control between states in transboundary water relations in a Latin American context. This article aims to fill this gap by examining Brazilian hydro-hegemony in the case of the Brazilian–Paraguayan Itaipu hydroelectric dam, the second-largest hydroelectric dam in the world by production. Based on a literature review and analysis of interviews with regional experts, it is argued that Brazilian hydro-hegemony can be best understood as consensual hegemony, resulting in consensual hydro- hegemony as a distinct and understudied form. In the Itaipu case, Brazil established such a hydro-hegemony through the dam's binational administrative company, containing Paraguay within a structure that leads to Brazil-skewed resource control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Experiments have revealed much about top-down and bottom-up control in ecosystems, but manipulative experiments are limited in spatial and temporal scale. To obtain a more nuanced understanding of trophic control over large scales, we explored long-term time-series data from 13 globally distributed lakes and used empirical dynamic modelling to quantify interaction strengths between zooplankton and phytoplankton over time within and across lakes. Across all lakes, top-down effects were associated with nutrients, switching from negative in mesotrophic lakes to positive in oligotrophic lakes. This result suggests that zooplankton nutrient recycling exceeds grazing pressure in nutrient-limited systems. Within individual lakes, results were consistent with a 'seasonal reset' hypothesis in which top-down and bottom-up interactions varied seasonally and were both strongest at the beginning of the growing season. Thus, trophic control is not static, but varies with abiotic conditions - dynamics that only become evident when observing changes over large spatial and temporal scales.

Using the Harvard Analytical Framework, this study explores the gender inequalities among cocoa farmers in Southern Ghana and also recommends strategies for promoting equal opportunities between the farmers. Specifically, the research identifies and describes the productive, reproductive, and community-based roles within these communities, explores access and control of resources, services, and decision-making processes and ascertains the factors that influence cocoa farmers' gendered opportunities or constraints. We used a cross-sectional survey design approach to select 232 respondents via the multi-stage sampling technique. Data was analysed using mainly descriptive statistics. The study reveals that although men and women cocoa farmers play useful roles in cocoa production, differences exist in their experiences. While men dominate in all the productive roles and some community-based roles, women dominate in the majority of the reproductive roles. Men have more access to and control over resources, services, and decision-making processes. Community norms, political, religious, and social factors serve as gendered opportunities for farmers, while economic factors are gendered opportunities and constraints. The study recommends the promotion of gender-responsive agricultural training that will aim to empower women to engage in productive roles. Policies and interventions that facilitate women’s access and control over essential resources such as land, inputs, and finances must be implemented by the Ghana Cocoa Board

There is increasing concern that undermines the significance and robust value of the federal system of government in the Nigeria context. It is notable and universally known that federalism is the prototype of national development and economic growth for some countries like the United States of America. Despite evidence of positive outcomes in federal states, the Nigeria case is bedeviled with strives and unhealthy rivalries. There is an increasing upsurge of ethnic distrust, which is hampering the unity of Nigeria as a country--notably the anxiety of the south-east as well as the south-south peoples. The problem has been exacerbated under the government of President Muhammadu Buhari. Against this backdrop, this study appraised the pattern of agitation in the Nigerian federal system. The study adopted a mixed-methods approach that comprised qualitative and quantitative research. The sample size was 1320, and this was applied to the quantitative survey, while the qualitative survey was conducted among small size groups. Data were collated and analysed quantitatively and qualitatively. The former applied structured questionnaires, descriptive statistics, and inferential statistics. The latter applied unstructured interviewing and thematic analysis. More than three-quarters of the 735 participants disagreed that the federal government enshrined national unity in the structure of federal appointments. The chi square estimate,x² 89.8; p<0.01, was significant in measuring the pattern of federal appointments and ethnic agitations. Qualitative data reveals that Indigenous peoples of southern Nigeria identified a skewed pattern of federal appointments in key military hierarchy and mainstream oil corporations that excluded their ethnic members. This is the major cause of agitation. This study suggests renegotiating the oil derivation dividend and reorganizing appointments in a significant oil corporation to support the host communities' consent to the development of natural resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the Nominal Group in the ecopoetry of Ebi Yeibo and G'ebinyo Ogbowei. Both poets are of the Niger Delta literary tradition of protest literature. This literature is a reaction to the brazen exploitation of petroleum resources in the Niger Delta without compensation and environmental impact assessment by the Nigerian government and the international oil companies. Three representative poems are selected from different collections of the two poets. They are analysed using Systemic Functional Grammar as theoretical framework. The systemic functional analysis of the Nominal Group brings out the eco-critical features of the poems. An analysis of the MHQ structures throws up the vexed issue of environmental injustice and brings to the fore the struggle of the Niger Delta people for resource control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emerging consumer devices rely on the next generation IoT for connected support to undergo the much-needed digital transformation. The main challenge for next-generation IoT is to fulfil the requirements of robust connectivity, uniform coverage and scalability to reap the benefits of automation, integration and personalization. Next generation mobile networks, including beyond 5G and 6G technology, play an important role in delivering intelligent coordination and functionality among the consumer nodes. This paper presents a 6G-enabled scalable cell-free IoT network that guarantees uniform quality-of-service (QoS) to the proliferating wireless nodes or consumer devices. By enabling the optimal association of nodes with the APs, it offers efficient resource management. A scheduling algorithm is proposed for the cell-free model such that the interference caused by the neighbouring nodes and neighbouring APs is minimised. The mathematical formulations are obtained to carry out the performance analysis with different precoding schemes. Further, the allocation of pilots for obtaining the association with minimum interference is managed using different pilot lengths. It is observed that the proposed algorithm offers an improvement of 18.9% in achieved spectral efficiency using partial regularized zero-forcing (PRZF) precoding scheme at pilot length τ p = 10 . In the end, the performance comparison with two other models incorporating random scheduling and no scheduling at all is carried out. As compared to random scheduling, the proposed scheduling shows improvement of 10.9% in obtained spectral efficiency by 95% of the user nodes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The big data environment presents the characteristics of multi-user cross-network cross-access, multi-service collaborative computing, cross-service data flow, and complex management of massive files.The existing access control models and mechanisms are not fully applicable for big data scenarios.In response to the needs of fine-grained access control and multi-service strategy normalization for cryptographic data in the big data environment, starting from the scene elements and attributes of access control, the HDFS-oriented CKCM was proposed by mapping the cyberspace-oriented access control (CoAC) model.Subsequently, a fine-grained access control management model for HDFS was proposed, including management sub-models and management supporting models.The Z-notation was used to formally describe the management functions and management methods in the management model.Finally, the CKCM system was implemented based on XACML to realize fine-grained secure access control for managing file and secret keys in HDFS.

Digital ecosystem governance entails the management of complex, dynamic power relationships. As entrant platform providers seek to cultivate an ecosystem, they must carefully navigate these power relationships when dealing with governance tensions. Providers generally seek to leverage the ecosystem's generative potential by facilitating a variety of interactions and distributing design rights. Simultaneously, they need to ensure stability and order by imposing rules that resolve contentious matters and restrict ecosystem participants' degrees of freedom. This study explores how and why providers can induce ecosystem actors to engage in collaborative negotiation regarding such governance tensions through a case study of the introduction of an open data platform in the Swedish public transport sector. Our analysis offers three main contributions. First, it provides an empirical demonstration that entrepreneurial threats, as well as opportunities, can trigger platform launches and drive collaborative negotiation of digital ecosystem governance. Second, it extends conceptualizations of boundary resources beyond the current focus on transactional elements by demonstrating the role of interactive boundary resources in the negotiation of governance grounded in both social and systemic power relationships. Third, it shows how positive reinforcement can complement punitive measures to increase acceptance of design rules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is increasing concern that undermines the significance and robust value of the federal system of government in the Nigeria context. It is notable and universally known that federalism is the prototype of national development and economic growth for some countries like the United States of America. Despite evidence of positive outcomes in federal states, the Nigeria case is bedeviled with strives and unhealthy rivalries. There is an increasing upsurge of ethnic distrust, which is hampering the unity of Nigeria as a country--notably the anxiety of the south-east as well as the south-south peoples. The problem has been exacerbated under the government of President Muhammadu Buhari. Against this backdrop, this study appraised the pattern of agitation in the Nigerian federal system. The study adopted a mixed-methods approach that comprised qualitative and quantitative research. The sample size was 1320, and this was applied to the quantitative survey, while the qualitative survey was conducted among small size groups. Data were collated and analysed quantitatively and qualitatively. The former applied structured questionnaires, descriptive statistics, and inferential statistics. The latter applied unstructured interviewing and thematic analysis. More than three-quarters of the 735 participants disagreed that the federal government enshrined national unity in the structure of federal appointments. The chi square estimate, x2 89.8; p<0.01, was significant in measuring the pattern of federal appointments and ethnic agitations. Qualitative data reveals that Indigenous peoples of southern Nigeria identified a skewed pattern of federal appointments in key military hierarchy and mainstream oil corporations that excluded their ethnic members. This is the major cause of agitation. This study suggests renegotiating the oil derivation dividend and reorganizing appointments in a significant oil corporation to support the host communities' consent to the development of natural resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a key link between top‐down regulators and bottom‐up factors, zooplankton responds sensitively to environmental variations and provides information on the ecological state of freshwater systems. Although the response of zooplankton to anthropogenic pressures and fluctuating natural conditions, such as nutrient loading and climate change, has been extensively examined, findings have varied markedly. The mechanistic basis for the correlation between environmental variability and the zooplankton community is still debated, particularly for subtropical eutrophic lakes. We used two methods to analyze physicochemical and selected biological variables derived from long‐term monitoring of Lake Taihu, a subtropical shallow lake in China. We first applied random forest regression to examine how changes in zooplankton were related to a set of environmental variables on interannual time scales. Then we used the results to guide the construction of a conceptual model for piecewise structural equation modeling (pSEM) to quantify more precisely the zooplankton–environment relationship. Zooplanktivorous fish and nutrient concentrations were the most important predictors of long‐term trends in zooplankton in RF regression. Intensification of planktivorous fish predation led to a lower zooplankton biomass and smaller individuals through the removal of larger crustaceans. Moreover, suppression of zooplankton can in part be explained by increases in inedible algae, triggered by a combination of reduced nutrient concentrations and weakened grazer control. These results were also confirmed in the pSEM, which further indicated that top‐down regulators might be more important than bottom‐up factors for the zooplankton community in Lake Taihu. Our results suggest that stocking of filter‐feeding fish in the lake did not meet the expectation that they would control algae, but that the use of biomanipulation measures considering both water quality and fishery management seems promising. This study offers insights into how indicator metrics of zooplankton can improve our understanding of the associations between plankton communities and ecosystem alterations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The agitation for resource control in Nigeria’s Niger Delta region has frequently snowballed into violence and militancy. Although the demand for resource control borders on the transfer of ownership and management and control of the processes of exploitation of crude oil found abundantly in the region, the exact parametres of the demand are not defined by the agitators. This paper examined the various variants of resource control demanded by the different groups of agitators in the Niger Delta. It particularly argued that the common law private property ownership principles of Cuius est solum, eius est usque ad coelum et ad inferos, and Quic quid plantatur solo, solo cedit be adopted to transfer ownership of natural resources, including crude oil to the indigenous inhabitants of the oil rich Niger Delta region in line with the principles of true federalism. The paper recommended the restructure of the Nigerian federal system to devolve more powers to the states and repeal of certain existing laws that inhibit the rights of the people to own land and natural resources beneath those lands, which belong to them, their ancestors and children yet unborn.

This article introduces an application example of the cloud-server resource-optimization technology, which is one of the technologies comprising the intent artificial intelligence (AI) mediator called Mintent, to a web-conferencing service. This technology recommends the minimum amount of resources necessary to meet the requirements (intents) of each service provider and user, reducing resource costs while ensuring quality of experience, by using AI that predicts performance in accordance with various service usage conditions. This helps to meet a variety of requirements, such as improving user engagement with services, reducing service providers' operating and resource costs, and reducing carbon dioxide emissions through more efficient energy use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal on Communication / Tongxin Xuebao is the property of Journal on Communications Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

For their survival, humans have always depended upon natural resources that are scarce and unevenly distributed across the globe. The constantly increasing value of crude oil has provoked individuals, groups, nations, and governments to fight for ownership and control over it, leading to clashes of interests that often culminate in violent conflicts. A model of politics–value–interest–interactions and relationships was developed to analyze the conflicting political environment surrounding oil‐dependency in Nigeria. Data were gathered from secondary sources and analyzed using the contextual‐descriptive method. The findings demonstrate that conflict triggered by "oil politics" in Nigeria is a result of political class manipulations, marginalization, and lack of true federalism. The study suggests a policy change in line with the tenets of true federalism that will enable individual states to obtain greater control over their resources. This will also ensure sustainable development in the Nigeria oil sector that is currently riddled with contention and strife. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Pacha: Revista de Estudios Contemporáneos del Sur Global is the property of PACHA REVISTA DE ESTUDIOS CONTEMPORANEOS DEL SUR GLOBAL and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract Background Food insecurity is a global problem that requires a One Health approach. As many households in low- and middle-income nations rely on crops and livestock that they produce to meet their household’s needs, food security and nutrition are closely linked to the health of animals and the environment. Resources controlled by women are more often allocated to uses that benefit the entire household, such as food, health, and educating children, than men’s resources. However, studies of gender control of resources among pastoralist societies are scant. We examined the effect of female and male control of livestock resources on food security and women’s dietary diversity among households from one agro-pastoralist and two pastoralist tribes in Iringa Region in south-central Tanzania. Methods We conducted surveys with 196 households, which included questions on food availability and food consumption among women, livestock holdings, gender control of livestock and livestock product income, and household demographics, as well as open-ended questions on the use of income. Food availability and food consumption responses were used to construct food security and women’s dietary diversity indexes, respectively. We conducted mixed effects logistic regression to analyze how household food security and dietary diversity were associated with livestock and other household variables. We also examined qualitative responses for use of income controlled by women and how the household obtained income when needed. Results Female-controlled livestock generally supported better household nutrition outcomes. Greater chicken holdings increased the probability of being food secure in pastoralist households but decreased it in agro-pastoralist households, while increasing the probability of having medium-high dietary diversity among all tribes. Male-controlled livestock holdings were not related to food security status. Women used income to supplement food supplies and livestock they controlled as a primary response to unanticipated household needs. Conclusions Our results show that female-control of livestock is significantly related to household food security and dietary diversity in pastoralists and agro-pastoralists in rural Tanzania. Importantly, the relationship between food security and dietary diversity differs among tribes for both male and female-controlled livestock, which suggests that blanket policies regarding management of livestock holdings may have unintended consequences.

The concept of cult centralization in the book of Deuteronomy is viewed as one of Deuteronomy's constructs for an inclusive society where everyone is important, including the most vulnerable. Some scholars like Bennett and Tigay disagree with this opinion. They argue that the cult centralization, which made the capital the sole center of worship and pilgrimage, was a product of indoctrination and oppression that benefited only the king. This paper contributes to the conversation on cult centralization, especially for an inclusive society where principles of equity and efficient allocation of resources are fulfilled in the context of federated units. It adopts a tradition historical method in its exegesis in examining the earlier function of cult centralization, its context in Deuteronomy and the Pentateuch, and the use or interpretation of it by other biblical traditions, thereby drawing possible implications for today. In an era when most African countries are grappling with problems of fiscal federalism and resource control due to a central government system, is it possible to find a credible solution to the attendant problems associated with running a centralized government? The paper concludes that a good understanding of Deuteronomy's social vision for community living as evidenced in the cult centralization would possibly leverage an improved social cohesion and integration in society today. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the longitudinal associations among children’s direct (physical and verbal) aggression, prosocial behaviors, and peer group acceptance in middle childhood (Grades 1 to 4). Children’s co-occurring aggressive and prosocial behaviors were assessed in order to identify distinct trajectory subgroups. Subsequently, variations in the development (i.e., continuity and changes) in peer acceptance were examined for each of the identified subgroups. The sample consisted of 784 children who were ethnically and socioeconomically diverse (47% girls, 37.4% Latino or Hispanic, 34.1% European American, and 23.2% African American; about 65% low SES) who were followed longitudinally from Grades 1 to 4 (Mage = 6.57 years old in Grade 1). Results revealed several distinct trajectory subgroups, including children who were primarily aggressive or prosocial, as well as children who exhibited co-occurring aggression and prosocial behaviors. Comparing these subgroups, the use of co-occurring prosocial behaviors appeared to have some protective effect on aggressive children’s peer acceptance. However, aggression was nonetheless associated with lower peer acceptance. The findings provide insights pertaining to the heterogeneity among aggressive children, the protective effects of prosocial behaviors on peer acceptance, and the differential effects of moderate versus high aggression.

Social complexity results from engaging in different classes of social behaviour. The presence of different classes of social behaviour is reflected in multidimensional concepts of social asymmetry, found in both human and nonhuman primates. Based on an overview of such concepts, we propose that three classes of social behaviour are involved in having access to scarce and desired resources: next to aggressive and affiliative behaviour, also action indicating behaviour (i.e., inspire another individual to follow one’s example or intentions) may lead to resource access. Studies with nonhuman primate and human children show that the contribution of aggression and affiliation to resource access has been widely documented and that there is initial support for action indicating behaviour. In addition, the studies show similarities and differences in conceptualization and approach that may inspire future research. Future research should address the (in)dependency of the behavioural dimensions, their relative importance, individual differences in combined expression and the type of resources accessed. Only a multi-dimensional view on behaviour leading to resource access will highlight the benefits of social complexity.

Through the lens of resource control and resource holding potential theory, an investigation was conducted into the effect of resource opponent characteristics on frequency of aggressive and prosocial resource control strategy selection in 4–5-year-old boys and girls. Children (N = 92; 4–5 years old) were asked how they would respond to 12 hypothetical resource holding potential (RHP) vignettes, in which resource control opponents varied in ‘toughness,’ ‘physical size’ and whether or not they were accompanied by friends. Girls gave significantly more prosocial responses to the vignettes than boys, and boys provided significantly more coercive responses compared to girls with some differences with age. Prosocial vignette responses were given significantly more frequently when the opponent was ‘not very tough’ as opposed to when they were ‘very tough.’ Findings suggest that both boys and girls utilise some form of discrimination when deciding on how to respond to resource competition scenarios and that there are some age and gender differences in their reported response strategies. Findings are discussed in terms of resource control and RHP theory. Future study should investigate whether such differences translate into real-world observed resource control behaviour.

When the Huascarán National Park in the Peruvian highlands was established in 1975, consultation with the local comundidades campesinas (peasant communities) was limited. While no consent was sought or given, prior to park establishment, post-facto attempts to include the surrounding communities in the conservation efforts have produced diverse responses from the local population. This paper reviews the history of this process by discussing three distinct cases in which the Huascarán National Park has devised strategies for negotiating the legitimacy of its control over park resources with neighbouring comunidades campesinas. In examining these park-community dynamics from the standpoint of control over the aesthetic and productive values of natural resources and territory, the article explores the emergence of authority and the exercise of power in conservation. We argue that within the Huascarán National Park, different modalities of governance exist partially and simultaneously, and that conservation conjunctures are historically conditioned sedimentations that continuously shape the park-people relationship. This leads the park to appear as both a paper park and fortress-style conservation entity in different sites and moments. The paper highlights the problem of creating consent post facto in defining the use of landscapes, thereby underscoring the importance of a grounded and historically specific analysis of attempts to create social inclusion in processes framed as development.

This study examined the longitudinal associations among children's direct (physical and verbal) aggression, prosocial behaviors, and peer group acceptance in middle childhood (Grades 1 to 4). Children's co-occurring aggressive and prosocial behaviors were assessed in order to identify distinct trajectory subgroups. Subsequently, variations in the development (i.e., continuity and changes) in peer acceptance were examined for each of the identified subgroups. The sample consisted of 784 children who were ethnically and socioeconomically diverse (47% girls, 37.4% Latino or Hispanic, 34.1% European American, and 23.2% African American; about 65% low SES) who were followed longitudinally from Grades 1 to 4 (M age = 6.57 years old in Grade 1). Results revealed several distinct trajectory subgroups, including children who were primarily aggressive or prosocial, as well as children who exhibited co-occurring aggression and prosocial behaviors. Comparing these subgroups, the use of co-occurring prosocial behaviors appeared to have some protective effect on aggressive children's peer acceptance. However, aggression was nonetheless associated with lower peer acceptance. The findings provide insights pertaining to the heterogeneity among aggressive children, the protective effects of prosocial behaviors on peer acceptance, and the differential effects of moderate versus high aggression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social complexity results from engaging in different classes of social behaviour. The presence of different classes of social behaviour is reflected in multidimensional concepts of social asymmetry, found in both human and nonhuman primates. Based on an overview of such concepts, we propose that three classes of social behaviour are involved in having access to scarce and desired resources: next to aggressive and affiliative behaviour, also action indicating behaviour (i.e., inspire another individual to follow one's example or intentions) may lead to resource access. Studies with nonhuman primate and human children show that the contribution of aggression and affiliation to resource access has been widely documented and that there is initial support for action indicating behaviour. In addition, the studies show similarities and differences in conceptualization and approach that may inspire future research. Future research should address the (in)dependency of the behavioural dimensions, their relative importance, individual differences in combined expression and the type of resources accessed. Only a multi-dimensional view on behaviour leading to resource access will highlight the benefits of social complexity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Java's extensive political forests and their contentious social relations have been profoundly transformed since the turn of the 21st century. This paper analyses new forms of forest land use, control, and revenue distribution, shaping and shaped by political‐economic changes and neoliberal‐era reforms. Villagers' expanded uses, access to, and control of the forest understory under the violently thinned out canopies of the main tree species has generated newly spatialised forest politics, with new institutions and forest labour practices. The changes in land, species, and labour controls, and in villagers' access to forest products and revenues define this historical transformation in the constitution of Java's classic political forest. Contentious co‐production has resulted in fragmented territories and a momentary (at least) weakening of state controls within the old imperial political forest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Internet of Things (IoT) is the next big challenge for the research community where the IPv6 over low power wireless personal area network (6LoWPAN) protocol stack is a key part of the IoT. Recently, the IETF ROLL and 6LoWPAN working groups have developed new IP based protocols for 6LoWPAN networks to alleviate the challenges of connecting low memory, limited processing capability, and constrained power supply sensor nodes to the Internet. In 6LoWPAN networks, heavy network traffic causes congestion which significantly degrades network performance and impacts on quality of service aspects such as throughput, latency, energy consumption, reliability, and packet delivery. In this paper, we overview the protocol stack of 6LoWPAN networks and summarize a set of its protocols and standards. Also, we review and compare a number of popular congestion control mechanisms in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) and classify them into traffic control, resource control, and hybrid algorithms based on the congestion control strategy used. We present a comparative review of all existing congestion control approaches in 6LoWPAN networks. This paper highlights and discusses the differences between congestion control mechanisms for WSNs and 6LoWPAN networks as well as explaining the suitability and validity of WSN congestion control schemes for 6LoWPAN networks. Finally, this paper gives some potential directions for designing a novel congestion control protocol, which supports the IoT application requirements, in future work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This contribution looks at the interplay of different logics of governing the environment, resources and people in Cambodia that materialise in overlapping zones of exclusion, thereby co-producing new relations of resource control in a complex frontier constellation: a frontier for water, forest and carbon commodities and also for state control. Focusing on three Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) hydropower dams, the paper analyses a partly unintentional, but significantly consequential coalescence of distinct spaces of governing located in the Cardamom Mountains: a forest conservation zone, the CDM technological zone, an enclaved corporate hydropower zone and a semi-official timber logging zone. While the CDM element has exposed the projects internationally, it has obscured several problematic aspects and dynamics of resource politics connected to the dams that are revealed in this paper. These include the vulnerabilisation of local fisher communities, incarceral labour practices on the dams' construction sites and accelerated logging in the conservation zone. The paper also shows how the interaction of the studied zones takes place through their distinct mechanisms of exclusion with the effects of more centralised resource control and the bracketing of the associated dispossessions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of resource pulses on natural communities are known to vary with the type of pulse. However, less is known about mechanisms that determine the responses of different species to the same pulse. We hypothesized that these differences are related to the size of the species, as increasing size may be correlated with increasing competitive ability and decreasing tolerance to predation. A factorial experiment quantified the magnitude and timing of species' responses to a resource pulse using the aquatic communities found in the leaves of the carnivorous pitcher plant, Sarracenia purpurea. We added prey to leaves and followed the abundances of bacteria and bacterivores (protozoa and rotifers) in the presence and absence of a top predator, larvae of the mosquito Wyeomyia smithii. Resource pulses had significant positive effects on species abundances and diversity in this community; however, the magnitude and timing of responses varied among the bacterivore species and was not related to body size. Larger bacterivores were significantly suppressed by predators, while smaller bacterivores were not; predation also significantly reduced bacterivore species diversity. There were no interactions between the effects of the resource pulse and predation on protozoa abundances. Over 67 days, some species returned to pre-pulse abundances quickly, others did not or did so very slowly, resulting in new community states for extended periods of time. This study demonstrates that species-specific differences in responses to resource pulses and predation are complex and may not be related to simple life history trade-offs associated with size. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A sex difference in mating optima generates antagonistic traits that impose costs on the opposite sex. This conflict can be mediated by food that increases mutual benefits. Although current understanding of sexual cooperation involving food is based exclusively on mating systems with male food control, recent studies have suggested universal female food control across taxa. However, there have been no empirical studies testing food's role in facilitating sexual cooperation in this scenario. Here, we examined the interplay of food availability and mating in the pea leafminer, Liriomyza huidobrensis , the males of which feed on the exudates from the leaf punctures created by female ovipositors. Given the association between female oviposition and food production, we infer that food controlled by females may alter male optima in mating and thus modulate male courtship strategies for mating. Mating stimulated females to produce abundant punctures, which benefited male feeding and survival. When males were deprived of the punctures, they adopted an elaborate dancing behaviour, leading to increased receptivity of females. However, when males adopted an alternative strategy of directly approaching females, they obtained fewer punctures. After preferential mating with dancing males, females significantly prolonged their life span and increased offspring numbers. Sexual cooperation in leafminers can be explained by the nutritional composition of plant exudates, which we found contain abundant sugars and amino acids. The plant exudates are vital food for males, but their nutritional value and availability rapidly declined with time. Our study reveals that the food produced by females can provide mutual benefits to male survival and female reproduction. Our study of food control by females extends our understanding of evolution in sexual cooperation. Highlights • Male leafminers feed on exudates when females puncture leaves with ovipositors. • Males' survival is determined by females' behaviour before and after mating. • Males dance when deprived of food or directly approach when provided with food. • Females mating with dancing males increase their life span and offspring number. • Plant exudates are vital food containing abundant sugars and amino acids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • The MBREMP constitutes an inconsistent/contested process of territorialization. • The park extends the state apparatus to a rural locality on its geographic and political periphery. • Park management undermines villagers' customary rights and constrains local livelihoods. • Barriers to territorialization exist in practice. • Circumscription of coastal communities creates new sociopolitical terrains of territoriality. Abstract The Mnazi Bay-Ruvuma Estuary Marine Park (MBREMP), a multiple-use marine protected area in southeastern Tanzania, is publicly framed as a project that benefits coastal villagers and marine biodiversity. In reality, villagers are politically excluded from park governance, though geographically included inside of park boundaries. While the stated aim of the park is to protect the ecological integrity of the marine environment, I argue that the MBREMP constitutes a contested and inconsistent process of territorialization characterized by boundary-making, zoning, and regulating resource-use inside of a geographically-defined area. Through the Marine Parks and Reserves Unit, the park extends the reach of the state apparatus to a rural locality that would otherwise be situated on its geographic and political periphery. However, disconnects exist between territorialization on paper and in practice due to the on-the-ground politics of conservation. Practical management constraints, political complexities related to state-private partnerships, and bottom-up resistance create barriers to territorialization. Nonetheless, park management practices constrain local livelihoods and negatively impact villagers' everyday lives. The reclassification of Village Land as Reserve Land undermines customary rights to resources and renders customary occupancy rights ever more precarious. Citing their lived experiences of subjugation, some villagers perceive the park as a political instrument for securing state resource control. Rather than a 'fortress' model of conservation that physically displaces villagers, I maintain that circumscription of coastal communities creates new social and political terrains of territoriality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accessing resources in peer groups is essential for youth's survival and reproduction. To date, little is known about the behavioral strategies used by socially prominent preadolescent and early adolescent resource controllers in peer cliques, groups of individuals who hang out together during free time at school. Theory suggests that clique hierarchical organization should influence forceful resource control behavior of central (prominent) clique members, but evidence is mixed. This study examined the effects of clique hierarchical organization on forceful behavior used by central clique members to obtain a special toy during a 5-minute resource contest with clique-mates. Participants were 696 children (59.91% girls) ranging from 9 to 14 years (Mage = 11.59) in 147 cliques. Resource control, and prosocial, coercive, and bistrategic (hybrid prosocial and coercive) bids were recorded. Neither centrality nor hierarchy predicted resource control bid use, but centrality and bistrategic bids predicted resource control. Clique stratification (status differences among members) but not clique structure (shape of hierarchy) moderated the outcome of central clique members' bistrategic bids. Bistrategic bids advantaged central members of low-stratified but not highly stratified cliques, indicating that greater power is needed for resource control in cliques with numerous central members. However, high clique stratification did not quell the need for forceful behavior by central (or other) clique members. These findings suggest that for prominent preadolescent and early adolescent clique members, material resource control is the product of both mitigated force and acquiescence by clique-mates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organization of rural tourism resources is important for optimizing rural land use based on rational resource classification. Quantitative analysis was performed to evaluate the resource control ability of rural tourism networks. This was achieved by determining the resource control relationship and assessing the structure of the rural tourism network. The ability of resource control was analyzed via resource abstraction, which included the extraction of resource nodes and corridors, control scope analysis, and network structure level evaluation. The proposed approach was applied to the Ning’an in Heilongjiang Province, China, and proved to be effective for exploring the network degree and development trends in rural tourism resources. By examining the resource control ability, the spatial characteristics and development trend in rural tourism networks were quantitatively analyzed, especially the connection mode of key tourism resources, network structure analysis, and resource linking ability. The core resources showed a lack of outward ability in the network, and the secondary resource expansion ability was limited. Via resource control ability analysis, this study focused on areas with rich tourism but an unbalanced spatial structure, combining the directional characteristics of the network to provide suggestions for the optimization rural tourism resources network in other regions of the world.