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Contrairement à l’hypothèse de David Harvey (1973) qui considère que le principe de redistribution prend progressivement la place de la réciprocité pour finalement donner lieu à l’économie du marché, nous croyons que c’est de l’intérêt de l’économie dominante de maintenir vivante l’économie morale subordonnée afin de faciliter l’accaparement du contrôle résiduaire des resguardos et ainsi garantir l’expansion du capital dans les territoires autochtones. Si le patronage est la forme d’organisation sociopolitique nécessaire à l’intégration des populations autochtones au marché, ce sont les économies morales précapitalistes qui contribuent à l’expansion du système capitaliste. Ainsi, l’économie morale autochtone devient un instrument de domination qui opère contre cette même population autochtone. Son opération demeure invisible si nous continuons à évaluer les droits autochtones dans le cadre d’un droit non-autochtone, et si nous analysons le problème dans le cadre des langages scientifiques difficilement fondés sur la pensée des populations concernées. Notre recherche aborde la question de l’accaparement du contrôle du point de vue normatif, en examinant les enjeux qui entourent l’entente qui a permis au secteur privé d’exploiter les terres de Wacoyo, une propriété collective localisée au sein de la dernière frontière agricole colombienne., Contrary to David Harvey’s hypothesis (1973), who considers that the principle of redistribution gradually replaces reciprocity before leading to the market economy, we believe that it is in the interest of the dominant economy to keep alive the underlying moral economy in order to facilitate the residual control grabbing of the resguardos, and thus to guarantee the expansion of the capital in the indigenous territories. If patronage is the form of socio-political organization necessary for the integration of indigenous populations into the market, it is the pre-capitalist moral economies which contribute to the expansion of the capitalist system. Thus, the indigenous moral economy becomes an instrument of domination which operates against this same indigenous population. Its operation remains invisible if we continue to assess indigenous rights in the context of non-indigenous law, and if we analyse the problem in the context of scientific languages hardly based on the thinking of the populations concerned. Our research tackles the question of the control grabbing from a normative point of view, by examining the issues surrounding the agreement that allowed the private sector to exploit a land of Wacoyo, a collective property located within the last Colombian agricultural frontier.

Texto da obra em outro idioma (Ingl?s): p. 09-96. Submitted by Jos? Henrique Henrique (jose.neves@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2020-12-18T15:56:05Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) victor_hugo_vidal_ribeiro.pdf: 1440408 bytes, checksum: 0d3d8290c434da103a62db2d86963c36 (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Jos? Henrique Henrique (jose.neves@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2020-12-18T15:57:12Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) victor_hugo_vidal_ribeiro.pdf: 1440408 bytes, checksum: 0d3d8290c434da103a62db2d86963c36 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2020-12-18T15:57:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) victor_hugo_vidal_ribeiro.pdf: 1440408 bytes, checksum: 0d3d8290c434da103a62db2d86963c36 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2020 Universidade de Wisconsin-Madison (EUA) O uso de herbicidas em PRE-emerg?ncia ? uma estrat?gia recomendada para o manejo de plantas daninhas problem?ticas na produ??o de soja. Entretanto, h? preocupa??es com a atividade residual desses herbicidas em culturas subsequentes bem como em organismos do solo n?o alvo, principalmente bact?rias do solo simbi?ticas que s?o capazes de fixar nitrog?nio atmosf?rico. Estudos de campo foram conduzidos em 2018 e 2019 em dois locais em Wisconsin, Arlington e Lancaster, para avaliar o controle residual de 11 herbicidas comumente utilizados em PRE-emerg?ncia na soja. Bioensaios em casa de vegeta??o foram conduzidos utilizando plantas daninhas e culturas de coberturas como esp?cies bioindicadoras cultivadas em solo coletado a partir do estudo de campo para investigar a atividade residual desses herbicidas durante a safra. Um estudo adicional foi conduzido em casa de vegeta??o utilizando um solo siltoso para investigar a influ?ncia desses herbicidas PRE-emergentes no desenvolvimento da soja, nodula??o de ra?z e fixa??o de nitrog?nio. Os resultados do estudo de campo indicaram que o n?vel de controle residual de plantas daninhas pelos herbicidas PRE-emergentes testados variou de acordo com as esp?cies presente no banco de semente do solo em cada local. Herbicidas inibidores da ALS (chlorimuron, cloransulam e imazethapyr) proveram excelente n?veis de controle residual de Portulaca oleracea (?98%) e Chenopodium album (?95%) em Arlington 2018 and Lancaster 2018, respectivamente. Entretanto, eses herbicidas n?o foram efetivos no controle de Amaranthus tuberculatus em Lancaster 2018 (?48%) e 2019 (?4%). Por outro lado, herbicidas inibidores da PPO (flumioxazin, saflufenacil and sulfentrazone) apresentaram excelente n?veis de controle residual de A. tuberculatus em Lancaster 2018 e 2019 (?90%). Herbicidas inibidores da VLCFA (acetochlor, dimethenamid, pyroxasulfone and S-metolachlor) mostraram n?veis satisfat?rios de controle residual de esp?cies gram?neas (Setaria faberi and Setaria pumila) (?54%) em Lancaster 2019, mas n?o proveram efetivo controle residual de Ambrosia artemisiifolia (?30%) em Arlington 2019. Herbicidas inibidores do PSII (metribuzin) apresentaram excelente n?vel de controle de P. oleracea (97%) em Arlington 2018 bem como C. album (95%) e A. tuberculatus (97%) em Lancaster 2018 e 2019, respectivamente. Os bioensaios indicaram maior atividade residual do sulfentrazone e pyroxasulfone em Amaranthus palmeri. Al?m disso, pyroxasulfone mostrou maior atividade residual em S. faberi. As culturas de cobertura Raphanus sativus e Secale cereale foram altamente impactadas pelo chlorimuron e metribuzin, respectivamente. No outro estudo conduzido em casa de vegeta??o, sulfentrazone reduziu o dossel da soja no est?dio de crescimento VC, mas n?o foi observado redu??o do dossel entre tratamentos no est?dio de crescimento V2. No est?dio de crescimento R2, os herbicidas avaliados n?o tiveram impacto no crescimento da soja, nodula??o de raiz e fixa??o de nitrog?nio. Esses resultados fornecem mais evid?ncias em apoiar e abordar as preocupa??es relacionadas a ado??o de herbicidas PRE-emergentes na produ??o de soja. Al?m disso, os resultados do estudo de campo podem ser ?teis para os produtores que exploram op??es de herbicidas para melhor controle de plantas daninhas e impacto reduzido no estabelecimento de culturas de cobertura subsequentes. Disserta??o (Mestrado) ? Programa de P?s-Gradua??o em Produ??o Vegetal, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 2020. The use of PRE-emergence (PRE) herbicides is a recommended strategy for the management of troublesome weeds in soybean production. However, concerns exist regarding their residual activity on subsequent crops as well as non-target soil organisms, particularly symbiotic soil bacteria that can fix atmospheric nitrogen (N). Field studies were conducted in 2018 and 2019 at two Wisconsin locations, Arlington and Lancaster, to evaluate the residual weed control of 11 commonly used PRE herbicides in soybean. Greenhouse bioassays using weed and cover crops as bioindicator species planted into the soil samples collected from the field studies were conducted to investigate the residual activity of these PRE herbicides throughout the growing season. An additional greenhouse study using silt loam soil was conducted to investigate the influence of these PRE herbicides on soybean development, root nodulation, and nitrogen fixation. Field results indicate that the residual level of weed control by the PRE herbicides tested varied according to the species present in the soil seed bank at each location. Acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibitor herbicides (chlorimuron, cloransulam and imazethapyr) provided excellent levels of residual control of Portulaca oleracea (?98%) and Chenopodium album (?95%) at Arlington 2018 and Lancaster 2018, respectively. However, they were not effective on controlling Amaranthus tuberculatus at Lancaster in 2018 (?48%) and 2019 (?4%). On the other hand, Protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO)-inhibitor herbicides (flumioxazin, saflufenacil and sulfentrazone) presented excellent levels of residual control of A. tuberculatus at Lancaster 2018 and 2019 (?90%). Very long-chain fatty acid (VLCFA)-inhibitor herbicides (acetochlor, dimethenamid, pyroxasulfone and S-metolachlor) showed satisfactory levels of residual control of grass species (Setaria faberi and Setaria pumila) (?54%) at Lancaster 2019 but did not provide effective soil residual control of Ambrosia artemisiifolia (?30%) at Arlington 2019. Photosystem II (PSII)-inhibitor herbicide (metribuzin) provided excellent levels of P. oleracea (97%) control at Arlington 2018 as well as C. album (95%) and A. tuberculatus (97%) at Lancaster in 2018 and 2019, respectively. Greenhouse bioassays indicated longer residual activity of sulfentrazone and pyroxasulfone on Amaranthus palmeri. In addition, pyroxasulfone showed longer residual activity on S. faberi. The cover crops Raphanus sativus and Secale cereale were highly impacted by chlorimuron and metribuzin, respectively. In the greenhouse study, sulfentrazone reduced soybean canopy at the VC growth stage, but no canopy reduction was observed at the V2 growth stage across treatments. At the R2 growth stage, the herbicides evaluated had no impact on soybean growth, root nodulation, and N fixation. These results provide further evidence in support of and address concerns regarding the adoption of PRE herbicides in soybean production. Moreover, the results from the field studies and greenhouse bioassays can be of value to growers exploring herbicide options for enhanced weed control and reduced impact on the establishment of subsequent cover crops.

RESUMO: Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar a dinâmica do controle químico de Phakopsora pachyrhizi em plantas de soja submetidas a diferentes regimes hídricos. O experimento foi conduzido na área experimental do Instituto Phytus, no município de Itaara, região central do Rio Grande do Sul, na safra 2012/2013. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições, em arranjo fatorial (2x6). O fator A foi composto por dois regimes hídricos: 1) déficit hídrico (50-60% da capacidade de campo); 2) sem déficit hídrico (90-100% da capacidade de campo). O fator B consistiu em quatro intervalos de tempo entre a aplicação de fungicidas e a simulação de chuva (0, 30, 60 e 120 min), uma testemunha com aplicação sem chuva e mais uma testemunha sem aplicação de fungicida. Na aplicação foram utilizados os ingredientes ativos trifloxistrobina + protioconazol (60,0 + 70,0 g i.a.ha-1) com adição de Aureo(r) na dose de 0,375 L.p.c ha-1. Os parâmetros avaliados foram o tempo decorrido entre a aplicação e o surgimento da primeira pústula de ferrugem asiática, a severidade da doença, a produtividade e a massa de grãos. Verificou-se que a aplicação de fungicida em plantas sob déficit hídrico proporciona o maior número de dias para o aparecimento da primeira pústula. A simulação de chuva tem grande efeito na remoção de fungicidas independentemente do regime hídrico. O controle de P. pachyrhizi em plantas sob déficit hídrico foi eficaz, resultando em incrementos de produtividade. ABSTRACT: The objective of this study was to evaluate the dynamics of chemical control of Phakopsora pachyrhizi in soybean plants subjected to different water regimes. The experiment was conducted in the experimental area of Phytus Institute, in Itaara city, central region of Rio Grande do Sul, in 2012/2013 harvest. The experimental design was completely randomized, with four replications in a factorial arrangement (2x6). The first factor was composed of two water regimes: 1) water deficit (50-60% of field capacity); 2) no water deficit (90-100% of field capacity). The B factor was four time intervals between fungicide application and rainfall simulation (0, 30, 60 and 120 min), a witness to application without rain and a control without fungicide application. In application the active ingredients trifloxystrobin + prothioconazole (60.0 + 70.0 g i.a.ha-1) with the addition of Aureo(r) at a dose of 0.375 Lpc ha-1 were used. The parameters evaluated were the number of days until the first pustule preview of Asian rust, disease severity, yield and grain yield. It was found that the fungicide application in plants under water deficit provides the greatest number of days until the first pustule preview. A rainfall simulation has great effect in removing fungicides no matter the water regime. The control of P. pachyrhizi in plants under water deficit was effective, resulting in increased productivity.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o controle de dois fluxos de emergência das plantas daninhas capim-marmelada (Brachiaria plantaginea) e capim-colchão (Digitaria horizontalis) pelo herbicida imazapic, aplicado em condição de pré-emergência, por meio de curvas de dose-resposta. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições; cada parcela constou de um vaso de 3 L de capacidade, preenchido com solo argiloso, acrescido de sementes de capim-marmelada e capim-colchão. Sendo D a dose recomendada do imazapic (140 g ha-1), os tratamentos foram: 4D, 2D, D, 1/2D, 1/4D, 1/8D, 1/16D e ausência do herbicida. Foram realizadas avaliações visuais de controle aos 30 e 60 dias após a infestação (DAI) e de massa seca aos 60 DAI. Após a colheita da biomassa resultante do primeiro fluxo de emergência presente nas parcelas, os vasos foram novamente semeados com as plantas daninhas e foram realizadas novas avaliações de controle aos 30 e 60 dias após reinfestação (DAR) e de massa seca aos 60 DAR. A partir dos resultados obtidos, pode-se afirmar que: o imazapic inibiu o desenvolvimento de ambas as plantas daninhas, alcançando resultados superiores a 80% de controle em todas as avaliações, para a dose recomendada, nos dois fluxos de emergência; a eficácia no controle de capim-colchão foi ligeiramente superior à do controle do capim-marmelada; e o herbicida imazapic apresentou-se como uma opção interessante para manejo dessas plantas daninhas. The objective of this work was to evaluate the control of two emergence fluxes of the weeds Brachiaria plantaginea and Digitaria horizontalis by the herbicide imazapic applied under pre-emergence conditions, by analyzing the dose-response curves. The experimental design adopted was randomized blocks, with four replicates, with each plot being a 3L capacity pot, filled with clay soil plus Brachiaria plantaginea and Digitaria horizontalis seeds. Considering D as the recommended rate of imazapic (140 g ha-1), the treatments were: 4D, 2D, D, 1/2D, 1/4D, 1/8D, 1/16D and no herbicide. Visual evaluations of control at 30 and 60 Days After Infestation (DAI) and dry weight at 60 DAI were performed. After harvest of the biomass present in the plots, resulting from the first flux, the pots were seeded again followed by control evaluations at 30 and 60 Days After Re-infestation (DAR) and dry weight at 60 DAR. The results showed that imazapic inhibited the development of both weeds, reaching results higher than 80% of control in all the evaluations for the recommended dose, in both emergence fluxes; the efficacy in the control of Digitaria horizontalis was slightly superior than the control of Brachiaria plantaginea; imazapic was presented as an interesting option for management of these weeds.

Using the NBER Shared Capitalism Database comprised of over 40,000 employee surveys from 14 firms, we investigate worker attitudes towards employee ownership, profit sharing, and variable pay. Specifically, our study uses detailed survey questions on preferences over profit sharing, forms of employee ownership like company stock and stock option ownership, as well as preferences over variable pay in general, to explore how preferences for these different types of output-contingent pay vary with worker risk aversion, residual control, and views of coworkers and management. Our key results show that, on average, workers want at least a part of their compensation to be performance-related, with stronger preferences for output-contingent pay schemes among workers who have lower levels of risk aversion, greater residual control over the work process, and greater trust of co-workers and management.