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In today's fast-paced market, companies are challenged to meet increasing customer demands and shorter product life cycles. To successfully respond to these demands, companies must produce a wide variety of different products. This requires the determination of necessary processes and resources for each product, which can be difficult for process engineers due to the high manual effort and expertise involved. The current state of research has not yet provided explicit definitions of the necessary knowledge and has not fully achieved complete process planning automation. To address this challenge, a digital twin is a valuable tool for automating and understanding process planning. This paper presents a digital twin concept for process planning. It automatically analyzes the product, determines production processes, and selects appropriate resources by linking information about products, resources, and processes. The effectiveness of the digital twin concept is demonstrated through verified and validated use cases, including the production of a compressor element. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Three experiments were conducted separately to determine the optimum standardized ileal digestible (SID) valine (Val) to lysine (Lys) ratio for early finishing (Experiment 1, 40 to 75 kg bodyweight), finishing (Experiment 2, 75 to 100 kg bodyweight), and late finishing (Experiment 3, 100 to 130 kg bodyweight) pigs. Dietary SID Val: Lys ratios were designed at 0.61, 0.65, 0.69, 0.73, and 0.77. The optimal SID Val: Lys ratio was estimated by different regression models, including a quadratic polynomial model, a two-slope quadratic broken-line model, a curvilinear-plateau model, and a one-slope straight broken-line model. Results: In Exp.1, a total of 550 early finishing pigs (initially 40.3 kg bodyweight) were used in a 38-day growth trial. Pigs consuming 0.61 dietary SID Val: Lys ratio had lower final bodyweight compared to those fed 0.69 in diets. Using regression models, the optimal dietary SID Val: Lys requirement for average daily gain (ADG) was between 0.63 and 0.68, and for feed to gain ratio (F: G) was between 0.62 and 0.68, respectively. In Exp.2, 525 finishing pigs (initially 76.4 kg) were used in a 26-day trial. Based on regression models, estimate of the required SID Val: Lys for ADG was between 0.65 and 0.71, and for F: G was between 0.64 and 0.70, respectively. In Exp.3, 640 late finishing pigs (102 kg bodyweight) were used in a 27-day trial. No significant improvement was found for performance parameters of pigs from 100 to 130 kg, while 0.73 SID Val: Lys ratio resulted in the highest ADG and the lowest F: G from a numerical point of view. Conclusions: These findings indicated that the optimum SID Val: Lys requirement for pigs from 40 to 75 kg was between 0.62 and 0.68, and for pigs from 75 to 100 kg was estimated to be between 0.64 and 0.71, using different regression models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The vegetable‐based diet alone does not provide the lysine (Lys) needed to maximize poultry productive performance. Objectives: This experiment aimed to evaluate the effects of dietary digestible Lys (dLys) level on productive and reproductive performance, egg quality, blood metabolites and immune responses in breeding Japanese quails (Coturnix japonica). Methods: The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with 6 treatments, 5 replicates and 15 (12 females and 3 meals) 10‐week‐old breeding Japanese quails each. A basal diet was formulated to meet nutritional requirements of breeding quails except dLys. The basal diet was supplemented with graded (+0.82 g/kg) levels of l‐Lys‐HCl, corresponding to dietary dLys levels of 0.690%, 0.755%, 0.820%, 0.885%, 0.950% and 1.015%. The experiment lasted for 12 weeks, which was divided into 3‐4‐week periods. Results: Significant differences were observed for egg production (EP), egg mass (EM) and feed efficiency (FE) in response to increasing dietary dLys concentration with quadratic trends. The highest traits were observed in the birds fed with a diet containing 0.885% dLys. However, feed intake, egg quality, reproductive performance, blood metabolites and immune responses against sheep red blood cell inoculation were not significantly affected by increasing dietary dLys concentrations. The dLys requirements during 11–14, 15–18, 19–22 and 11–22 (overall) weeks of age for optimal EP, EM and FE, based on the quadratic broken‐line regression analysis, were estimated 272, 265, 250 and 266; 293, 285, 264 and 279; and 303, 294, 281 and 293 mg/bird/day, respectively. Conclusions: The dLys requirements vary depending on the EP phase and the trait being optimized. The estimated dLys requirement for FE was higher than those for EP and EM. During the peak stage of the first laying cycle, the dietary dLys level of 0.932% and a daily intake of 303 mg dLys/bird are sufficient for optimal performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Riboflavin (vitamin B2) is an essential B-vitamin crucial for the metabolism, development, and overall well-being of porcine species. As pig production intensifies, understanding the micronutrient needs of swine, particularly riboflavin, becomes increasingly vital. Riboflavin acts as a precursor for coenzymes involved in key redox reactions essential for energy production, growth, and immune regulation. Ariboflavinosis can disrupt metabolic functions, leading to impaired growth, reproductive issues, decreased feed efficiency, compromised immune function, ocular problems, and liver dysfunction. To ensure optimal growth and health, pig diets are consistently supplemented with riboflavin-enriched supplements. This review explores the diverse functions of riboflavin in swine metabolism, focusing on biochemical basics, metabolic pathways, riboflavin uptake and distribution, consequences of deficiency, and benefits of adequate intake. It emphasizes the need for optimized riboflavin supplementation strategies tailored to different production stages and environmental conditions. According to recommendations from four major breeding companies, the dietary riboflavin levels for swine are advised to range between 7.5 and 15 mg/kg for piglets, 3.5 to 8.0 mg/kg for finishing gilts and barrows, 4 to 10 mg/kg for gestating sows, and 5 to 10 mg/kg for lactating sows. Advances in precision nutrition, microbial production of riboflavin, and the development of functional feed additives are potential innovations to enhance swine health, growth performance, and sustainability. Comprehensive studies on the long-term effects of subclinical riboflavin deficiency and the broader health and welfare implications of supplementation are also needed. Addressing knowledge gaps and embracing future trends and innovations will be key to optimizing riboflavin supplementation and advancing the swine industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In patients undergoing colorectal cancer surgery, peri-operative blood transfusions for anaemia are common, and their use has been associated with negative long-term prognosis. As such, knowledge of the risk factors for peri-operative transfusion is useful in stratifying risk to lower transfusion requirements. Data of patients undergoing bowel resection surgery for colorectal cancer between January 1, 2019, and December 31, 2020, at Blacktown Hospital was collected retrospectively. Statistical analyses were performed between blood transfusion and non-blood transfusion groups to identify risk factors that increase the need for peri-operative blood transfusions in these patients. One hundred thirty patients were analysed, with 26 requiring peri-operative blood transfusions. Stoma formation (RR = 4.22 (95% CI 1.07–16.72, p = 0.04)) and unplanned return to theatre (RR = 6.02 (95% CI 1.22–29.67, p = 0.03)) were significantly associated with increased peri-operative transfusion. Elective surgery was associated with decreased peri-operative transfusion (RR 0.22, 95% CI 0.07–0.66, p = 0.01), and of all peri-operative anticoagulants, only therapeutic enoxaparin was associated with an increase in transfusion (RR = 6.68 (95% CI 1.05–42.41, p = 0.04)). There was no correlation between tumour location and risk of peri-operative blood transfusion, as well as open or laparoscopic choice of bowel resection. There is significant evidence suggesting that stoma formation and unplanned return to OT are associated with increased peri-operative blood transfusions in colorectal cancer surgery. Elective surgery was associated with a reduction in peri-operative blood transfusions. Of all anticoagulants, only therapeutic enoxaparin was associated with an increase in blood transfusions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Three experiments were conducted separately to determine the optimum standardized ileal digestible (SID) valine (Val) to lysine (Lys) ratio for early finishing (Experiment 1, 40 to 75 kg bodyweight), finishing (Experiment 2, 75 to 100 kg bodyweight), and late finishing (Experiment 3, 100 to 130 kg bodyweight) pigs. Dietary SID Val: Lys ratios were designed at 0.61, 0.65, 0.69, 0.73, and 0.77. The optimal SID Val: Lys ratio was estimated by different regression models, including a quadratic polynomial model, a two-slope quadratic broken-line model, a curvilinear-plateau model, and a one-slope straight broken-line model. Results In Exp.1, a total of 550 early finishing pigs (initially 40.3 kg bodyweight) were used in a 38-day growth trial. Pigs consuming 0.61 dietary SID Val: Lys ratio had lower final bodyweight compared to those fed 0.69 in diets. Using regression models, the optimal dietary SID Val: Lys requirement for average daily gain (ADG) was between 0.63 and 0.68, and for feed to gain ratio (F: G) was between 0.62 and 0.68, respectively. In Exp.2, 525 finishing pigs (initially 76.4 kg) were used in a 26-day trial. Based on regression models, estimate of the required SID Val: Lys for ADG was between 0.65 and 0.71, and for F: G was between 0.64 and 0.70, respectively. In Exp.3, 640 late finishing pigs (102 kg bodyweight) were used in a 27-day trial. No significant improvement was found for performance parameters of pigs from 100 to 130 kg, while 0.73 SID Val: Lys ratio resulted in the highest ADG and the lowest F: G from a numerical point of view. Conclusions These findings indicated that the optimum SID Val: Lys requirement for pigs from 40 to 75 kg was between 0.62 and 0.68, and for pigs from 75 to 100 kg was estimated to be between 0.64 and 0.71, using different regression models.

The article reviews the locally incorporated company requirement for foreign investors in Indonesia. It uses a normative juridical method, focusing on examining positive law through a statute approach. It involves analyzing relevant laws, regulations, cases, and literature and includes interviews with law scholars and an official from Indonesia’s Investment Coordinating Board to gather expert opinions. The data obtained is analyzed using qualitative techniques. It discusses the advantages and disadvantages of the requirement in international foreign investment law and Indonesia concluding that its advantages outweigh the disadvantages, and some of the disadvantages have been resolved. Hence, the article argues that the requirement remains appropriate for Indonesia and should be maintained. However, certain investment treaties have weakened the requirement as a defense against legal action by locally incorporated companies in international arbitration. To overcome this problem, the country should renegotiate its bilateral investment treaties (BITs) that give the companies direct legal action rights and develop new BITs that contain balanced rights between foreign investors and Indonesia. Additionally, the locally incorporated company requirement should be reinforced by Indonesia’s negative list policy, prioritizing specific sectors for local investors.

Abstract Riboflavin (vitamin B2) is an essential B-vitamin crucial for the metabolism, development, and overall well-being of porcine species. As pig production intensifies, understanding the micronutrient needs of swine, particularly riboflavin, becomes increasingly vital. Riboflavin acts as a precursor for coenzymes involved in key redox reactions essential for energy production, growth, and immune regulation. Ariboflavinosis can disrupt metabolic functions, leading to impaired growth, reproductive issues, decreased feed efficiency, compromised immune function, ocular problems, and liver dysfunction. To ensure optimal growth and health, pig diets are consistently supplemented with riboflavin-enriched supplements. This review explores the diverse functions of riboflavin in swine metabolism, focusing on biochemical basics, metabolic pathways, riboflavin uptake and distribution, consequences of deficiency, and benefits of adequate intake. It emphasizes the need for optimized riboflavin supplementation strategies tailored to different production stages and environmental conditions. According to recommendations from four major breeding companies, the dietary riboflavin levels for swine are advised to range between 7.5 and 15 mg/kg for piglets, 3.5 to 8.0 mg/kg for finishing gilts and barrows, 4 to 10 mg/kg for gestating sows, and 5 to 10 mg/kg for lactating sows. Advances in precision nutrition, microbial production of riboflavin, and the development of functional feed additives are potential innovations to enhance swine health, growth performance, and sustainability. Comprehensive studies on the long-term effects of subclinical riboflavin deficiency and the broader health and welfare implications of supplementation are also needed. Addressing knowledge gaps and embracing future trends and innovations will be key to optimizing riboflavin supplementation and advancing the swine industry.

A dose-response experiment with seven dietary energy levels (2500, 2650, 2800, 2950, 3100, 3250 and 3400 kcal of MEn/Kg) was implemented to study the effects of dietary energy level on growth performance and carcass characteristics of Japanese quails from 2 to 5 weeks of age. Three hundred and thirty-six 14-day-old Japanese quails were randomly divided into 7 dietary treatments, containing six replicates with eight males and females per each, and the birds were grown up to 5 weeks of age. At 35 d of age, weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio (FCR) of quails from each pen were measured or calculated, and one quail (male one) that had similar body weight to the average of the replication weight was selected and slaughtered to evaluate the yields of carcass parts. The results showed that with an increase in dietary MEn levels feed intake, crude protein intake, FCR and crude protein intake:gain (g/g) of quails decreased significantly (P < 0.05). The highest and the lowest dietary MEn levels resulted in a decrease in body weight gain and metabolizable energy intake (kcal/b). The highest rate of weight gain belonged to moderate dietary energy levels (2800 and 2950 kcal/kg). The results of the experiment revealed that metabolizable energy intake to weight gain, as well as some carcass characteristics such as edible carcass, thighs and breast percentages and giblets (liver, heart and gizzard percentages), were not affected by different dietary energy levels. With increasing dietary energy from 2500 to 2950 kcal MEn/Kg, the weight gain of quail increased and above 2950 kcal/Kg decreased significantly (p=0.0058). Based on broken line regression analysis, between two and four weeks of age, the metabolizable energy requirement of growing quails was 2831 and 2799 Kcal/kg for optimal weight gain and FCR, respectively, when protein level in the diet was 24 percent.

A dose-response experiment with seven dietary energy levels (2500, 2650, 2800, 2950, 3100, 3250 and 3400 kcal of MEn/Kg) was implemented to study the effects of dietary energy level on growth performance and carcass characteristics of Japanese quails from 2 to 5 weeks of age. Three hundred and thirty-six 14-day-old Japanese quails were randomly divided into 7 dietary treatments, containing six replicates with eight males and females per each, and the birds were grown up to 5 weeks of age. At 35 d of age, weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio (FCR) of quails from each pen were measured or calculated, and one quail (male one) that had similar body weight to the average of the replication weight was selected and slaughtered to evaluate the yields of carcass parts. The results showed that with an increase in dietary MEn levels feed intake, crude protein intake, FCR and crude protein intake:gain (g/g) of quails decreased significantly (P < 0.05). The highest and the lowest dietary MEn levels resulted in a decrease in body weight gain and metabolizable energy intake (kcal/b). The highest rate of weight gain belonged to moderate dietary energy levels (2800 and 2950 kcal/kg). The results of the experiment revealed that metabolizable energy intake to weight gain, as well as some carcass characteristics such as edible carcass, thighs and breast percentages and giblets (liver, heart and gizzard percentages), were not affected by different dietary energy levels. With increasing dietary energy from 2500 to 2950 kcal MEn/Kg, the weight gain of quail increased and above 2950 kcal/Kg decreased significantly (p=0.0058). Based on broken line regression analysis, between two and four weeks of age, the metabolizable energy requirement of growing quails was 2831 and 2799 Kcal/kg for optimal weight gain and FCR, respectively, when protein level in the diet was 24 percent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Gruppe. Interaktion. Organisation: Zeitschrift für Angewandte Organisationspsychologie (GIO) is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Simple Summary: Vitamins A and E are crucial for animal health, contributing to key functions such as vision, immune response, growth, reproduction, and neurological development. A deficiency in these micronutrients can lead to serious health issues. Supplementation, especially with innovative liquid formulations, is important for addressing these deficiencies and enhancing animal health and productivity. Administering these vitamins through drinking water offers a convenient method, especially during times of stress or increased nutritional demands. Injectable forms can enhance reproductive health, growth, and immune function in livestock, while liquid drops provide a precise and easy way to dose companion animals. Future research may focus on optimizing these formulations, developing specialized treatments, and leveraging nutrigenomics to customize animal nutrition, leading to advancements in veterinary care and livestock management. Vitamins A and E are vital fat-soluble micronutrients with distinct yet intertwined roles in various biological processes. This review delves into their functions, nutritional requirements across different animal species, the consequences of deficiencies, and the impact of liquid formulations on veterinary medicine and livestock production. Vitamin A exists in multiple forms, essential for vision, immunity, and growth, while vitamin E acts primarily as an antioxidant, safeguarding cell membranes from oxidative damage. Hypovitaminosis in these vitamins can lead to severe health consequences, affecting vision, immunity, growth, reproduction, and neurological functions. Hence, supplementation, particularly through innovative liquid formulations, becomes pivotal in addressing deficiencies and enhancing overall animal health and productivity. Injectable forms of vitamins A and E show promise in enhancing reproductive performance, growth, and immune function in livestock. Administering these vitamins through drinking water offers a convenient way to enhance livestock health and productivity, particularly during times of stress or increased nutritional needs. Liquid vitamin A and E drops offer a flexible and effective solution in veterinary practice, allowing precise dosing and easy administration, particularly for companion animals. Future research may aim to optimize formulations and explore targeted therapies and precision feeding via nutrigenomics, promising advancements in veterinary medicine and livestock production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractLong-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA), like 22:6n-3 (Docosahexaenoic acid; DHA) and 20:5n-3 (Eicosapentaenoic acid; EPA), are recognized for a range of important physiological roles in many aquaculture species. While the effects of EPA and DHA on a range of performance attributes and meat qualities are well recognized, an increasing awareness of their role in immune function, reproduction, bone formation and stress response is also emerging. Against this background of demand, global supplies of LC-PUFA are dominated by fish oil production from a diversified range of sources, though news sources are emerging. Among those aquaculture sectors that are the largest users of LC-PUFA resources (salmonids, shrimp, and marine fish), there are varying degrees of capacity by each to endogenously synthesize LC-PUFA and this affects the degree to which they must be obtained via the diet. Salmonids, which are the largest user of these nutrients possess some capacity to make EPA and DHA de novo, although evidence supports that salmonids perform better when provided with them preformed. Requirements by shrimp for LC-PUFA are variable, with evidence indicating that some species have capacity to desaturate and elongate fatty acids, whereas others do not. This is consistent with the observation that some species can utilize short-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, whereas others need pre-formed LC-PUFA in their diet. A third group, marine fish, have limited ability to desaturate and elongate precursor fatty acids and therefore have a critical requirement for LC-PUFA in their diet. Evidence across multiple species indicates that demands for these fatty acids are greater when the animals are young, and this demand decreases as they age. Among the various marine fish species examined estimates of requirements vary substantially and a one-size-fits all approach is clearly not applicable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The European Union stipulates transnational recognition of professional qualifications for several sectoral professions, including medical doctors. The Union of European Medical Specialists (UEMS), in its "Charter on Training of Medical Specialists," defines the principles for high-level medical training. These principles are manifested in the framework for European Training Requirements (ETR), ensuring medical training reflects modern medical practice and current scientific findings. In 1998, the European Society for Paediatric Research developed the first ETR for Neonatology. We present the ETR Neonatology in its third iteration (ETR III), ratified by the European Academy of Paediatrics (EAP), and approved by UEMS in 2021. Methods: In generating the ETR III, existing European policy documents on training requirements, including national syllabi and the European Standards of Care for Newborn Health were considered. To ensure the ETR III meets a pan-European standard of expertise in Neonatology, input from representatives from 27 European national paediatric/neonatal societies, and a European parent organisation, was sought. Results: The ETR III summarises the requirements of contemporary training programs in Neonatology and offers a system for accrediting trainers and training centres. We describe the content of the ETR III training syllabus and means of gaining and assessing competency as a medical care provider in Neonatology. Conclusion: Graduates of courses following the ETR III Neonatology will obtain a certificate of satisfactory training completion which should be accepted by all European member states as a baseline qualification to practice as a specialist in neonatal medicine, enabling mutual recognition of status throughout Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A dose‐response experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of graded levels of dietary digestible threonine (dThr) during the first laying cycle on productive and reproductive performance, egg quality and immune responses of Japanese quail breeders (Coturnix coturnix japonica). Also, dThr requirements were determined based on nutrient dose‐response data. A total of 450 (360 females and 90 males) 11‐week‐old breeders were allocated to five increment (+0.03%) levels of dThr (0.49%, 0.52%, 0.55%, 0.58%, 0.61% and 0.64%) with five replicates per treatment and 15 (12 females and three males) birds each. The experiment lasted for 12 weeks. In response to increasing dietary dThr levels, egg production, egg mass, feed efficiency, egg specific gravity, eggshell relative weight, eggshell thickness, egg fertility (EF) and immune response against sheep red blood cell (SRBC) inoculation were improved with quadratic trends and egg hatchability as set eggs was improved with linear trends. Japanese quail breeders fed a diet with 0.58% dThr concentration (threonine/lysine ratio of 59%) showed the productive performance traits, EF, eggshell quality and immune response against SRBC inoculation in the highest values. However, feed intake, egg weight, egg albumen and yolk relative weight, egg shape index, haugh unit and egg composition were not affected by increasing dietary dThr level. Based on the broken‐line regression model, the dThr requirements to optimize productive performance, eggshell quality, EF and immune response against SRBC inoculation were estimated at 159−188, 169−183, 175 and 178 mg/bird per day, respectively. It is concluded, in the Japanese quail breeders during the first laying phase a daily dThr intake of 188 mg/bird, dietary dThr concentration at 0.58% (threonine/lysine ratio of 59%) is adequate for optimized productive and reproductive performance, eggshell quality and immune responses. The estimated requirements depend on what production parameter is taken into considered for optimization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Software and Systems engineering projects in the Automotive industry are often mandated to develop according to the Automotive SPICE® standard. Despite a highly qualified workforce, many projects or organizations fail to implement compliant processes. This paper reinterprets the Automotive SPICE® standard, viewing its base practices as process requirements. Using a set of quality criteria for requirements, the subsequent evaluation of base practices for quality results in an aggregate and individual analysis of the ASPICE base practices. The analyses reveal, amongst others, deficiencies in the aspects of singularity, unambiguity, and reasoning structure. The paper proposes a public, collaborative effort to enrich the requirements with purpose, detail, and structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background The vegetable‐based diet alone does not provide the lysine (Lys) needed to maximize poultry productive performance. Objectives This experiment aimed to evaluate the effects of dietary digestible Lys (dLys) level on productive and reproductive performance, egg quality, blood metabolites and immune responses in breeding Japanese quails (Coturnix japonica). Methods The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with 6 treatments, 5 replicates and 15 (12 females and 3 meals) 10‐week‐old breeding Japanese quails each. A basal diet was formulated to meet nutritional requirements of breeding quails except dLys. The basal diet was supplemented with graded (+0.82 g/kg) levels of l‐Lys‐HCl, corresponding to dietary dLys levels of 0.690%, 0.755%, 0.820%, 0.885%, 0.950% and 1.015%. The experiment lasted for 12 weeks, which was divided into 3‐4‐week periods. Results Significant differences were observed for egg production (EP), egg mass (EM) and feed efficiency (FE) in response to increasing dietary dLys concentration with quadratic trends. The highest traits were observed in the birds fed with a diet containing 0.885% dLys. However, feed intake, egg quality, reproductive performance, blood metabolites and immune responses against sheep red blood cell inoculation were not significantly affected by increasing dietary dLys concentrations. The dLys requirements during 11–14, 15–18, 19–22 and 11–22 (overall) weeks of age for optimal EP, EM and FE, based on the quadratic broken‐line regression analysis, were estimated 272, 265, 250 and 266; 293, 285, 264 and 279; and 303, 294, 281 and 293 mg/bird/day, respectively. Conclusions The dLys requirements vary depending on the EP phase and the trait being optimized. The estimated dLys requirement for FE was higher than those for EP and EM. During the peak stage of the first laying cycle, the dietary dLys level of 0.932% and a daily intake of 303 mg dLys/bird are sufficient for optimal performance.

The aim of the present experiment was to determine the standardized ileal digestible (SID) methionine (Met) requirement during the grower phase (22 to 29 days). A total of 192 Ross 308 male broilers (745 ± 50.5 g) were assigned to six dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design, with eight replicate cages per treatment. The experimental diets were formulated based on corn, soybean meal, and synthetic amino acids (AA), with different levels of dietary SID Met ranging from 0.40% to 0.65%, in increments of 0.05%. Individual body weight and feed intake per cage were measured at the beginning and end of the experimental period. Weight gain (g/bird), feed intake (g/bird), gain-to-feed ratio (g/kg), feather weight (g), and relative feather percentage (% of body weight) were analyzed for linear or quadratic responses using orthogonal polynomial contrasts. Final body weight, weight gain, and feed intake increased quadratically as dietary SID Met concentration increased (p < 0.05). However, the composition of AA in the feathers showed no quadratic or linear effect based on dietary SID Met concentrations, except for Ile (p = 0.05; quadratic). The SID Met requirements for optimum and maximum weight gain of 22 to 29-days-old male broilers were estimated using the broken-line and quadratic-line models to 0.45% and 0.55%, respectively.

The objectives were to investigate effects of various concentrations of dietary vitamin D3 (VD3) or 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-OH-D3) on growth performance, VD3 status, calcium (Ca) metabolism, and tibia mineralization of starter male White Pekin ducks, and dietary requirements and relative bioavailability of these two compounds. One-day-old male White Pekin ducks (n = 624) were assigned to 13 dietary treatments, including 6 added VD3 concentrations (100, 200, 400, 800, 1200, and 2000 IU/kg), and 2 vitamin D3 sources (VD3 and 25-OH-D3), plus a negative control (no vitamin D3 supplementation) for 21 days. Each group had 6 replicate pens of 8 birds per pen. At 21 days of age, growth performance, carcass traits, plasma 25-OH-D3 and Ca content, and tibia mineralization were examined. There was a high incidence of leg disease and mortality in ducks fed the control diet; however, those negative effects were avoided by adequate VD3 or 25-OH-D3 supplementation. Ducks in the negative control group had the lowest body weight, average daily weight gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), breast muscle percentage, plasma 25-OH-D3, plasma Ca, and tibia indices (weight, diameter, ash, density, tibia mineral, strength) (P < 0.05), with all these end points enhanced linearly or quadratically as dietary VD3 or 25-OH-D3 increased (P < 0.05). Furthermore, at 100 or 200 IU/kg, ducks fed 25-OH-D3 had greater body weight, ADG, ADFI, plasma Ca, plasma 25-OH-D3, tibia weight, tibia diameter, tibia ash than those fed VD3 (P < 0.05), indicating 25-OH-D3 was more effective in stimulating growth, Ca absorption, and tibia mineralization. For growth performance, breast muscle percentage, plasma Ca, and tibial indices of starter male Pekin ducks, the VD3 requirements were 281 to 633 IU/kg, whereas 25-OH-D3 requirements were 119 to 395 IU/kg. Based on slope ratio comparisons from multiple linear regressions of plasma 25-OH-D3, bioavailability of 25-OH-D3 was 186% relative to cholecalciferol.

The article discusses the use of OpenAI's ChatGPT, a large language model, in college and university writing classrooms. While some educators are concerned about students using AI to pass off their work as their own, the author argues that instead of banning AI, institutions should embrace it as a tool to accelerate student learning. The author suggests designing assignments that encourage students to develop critical relationships with algorithmic cultures and to transparently show their contributions versus what the AI contributed. The article emphasizes the importance of process-oriented assignments, collaboration, and intellectual honesty in evaluating student learning. [Extracted from the article]

Copyright of Journal of Graphics is the property of Journal of Graphics Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

SUMMARY: Dietary CP reductions in broilers can result in increased FCR when 6 or 7 feed-grade amino acids are allowed to enter formulation, and a partial explanation may be a dietary limitation of His. Histidine requirement data are sparce in the current body of literature, especially beyond 3 wk post-hatch. Therefore, a His dose-response experiment (expressed as a percentage of Lys) was conducted with male Cobb 500 broilers from 15 to 35 d post-hatch. A His deficient test diet was formulated to contain a digestible His to digestible Lys (dHis:dLys) ratio of 28.0%. Graded increments of L-His were added to the test diet to produce additional diets containing dHis:dLys ratios of 30.5, 33.0, 35.5, 38.0, 40.5, and 43.0%. A positive control (PC) diet was formulated to contain a dHis:dLys ratio of 38.0% met solely with intact protein. The PC diet outperformed the test diet in all live performance parameters and had a reduced peritoneal cavity fat yield. Linear responses to His were observed for final BW, BW gain, and FCR. In addition, a linear His response was observed for carcass yield and both linear and quadratic responses were observed for breast filet and tender yields. The 95% quadratic max method was used to derive the optimal dHis:dLys ratios of 39 and 37% for breast filet and tender yields, respectively. To accurately estimate quadratic asymptotes for live performance parameters, future His dose-response experiments may need to incorporate dHis:dLys ratios higher than 43%.

This study evaluates the effects of valine on the growth, digestion, antioxidant capacity, and intestinal health of triploid rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fed a low fish meal diet (10 %). The trouts with an initial body weight of 15.08±0.20 g were fed with five different isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets containing levels of valine: 0.86 % (G1), 1.79 % (G2), 2.43 % (G3), 3.02 % (G4), and 3.68 % (G5) for 56 days. The results showed that the weight growth rate and specific growth rate of the 2.43 % group were significantly higher than those of the 0.86 % control group (P

Based on the analysis of the main factors influencing the reliability indicators of technical systems and ensuring their regulated performance, dependencies were formed to determine the extremum of economic efficiency indicators at a normalized value of the probability of failure-free operation. Based on an analysis of design, production and operation conditions, the parameters of the objective function were determined, including for restored objects. Regulation of reliability indicators was presented as a solution to a multifactor optimization problem. The problem of distributing requirements for the reliability of a complex technical system, consisting of statistically independent indicators of subsystems, was formulated as a conditional optimization problem. In relation to the regulation of reliability indicators and criteria for failures and limit states, factors were grouped according to the characteristics and internal indicators of the object of general classification characteristics, their stratification and ranking. The structure and procedure for preparing initial data was formed.

This research was to assess the dietary copper (Cu) requirement of broiler chickens fed a practical corn-soybean meal diet during 22–42 d of age. A total of 288 numbered Arbor Acres male broilers at 22 d of age were randomly allotted 6 treatments with 8 replicate cages (6 broilers per cage) per treatment. Broilers were fed a Cu-unsupplemented corn-soybean meal basal diet (control, containing 7.36 mg Cu/kg) or the basal diet added with 3, 6, 9, 12, or 15 mg Cu/kg from CuSO4·5H2O for 21 d. Quadratic, asymptotic and broken-line models were fitted and the best fitted models were selected to determine dietary Cu requirements. The results revealed that the contents of Cu in serum and liver, mRNA expression levels of Cu- and zinc-containing superoxide dismutase (CuZnSOD) in liver and monoamine oxidase b (MAO B) in heart, as well as protein expression level of CuZnSOD in liver were affected (P

Vitamin A, also known as retinol, is crucial for maintaining various physiological functions, including vision, immunity, epithelial cell growth and differentiation, reproduction, and bone development. Discussions surrounding retinol in commercial poultry farming have recently emerged due to its significant biological importance, as well as concerns regarding its cost and susceptibility to oxidation in both pure form and premixes. Insufficient vitamin A in avian species can lead to reduced performance, increased susceptibility to infectious diseases, and reproductive disorders. Determining the optimal supply of vitamin A poses a challenging task. Poultry's requirements for retinol depend on factors such as physiological state, age, health, nutritional status, and function. Scientific committees like the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (NASEM, formerly National Research Council) or Gesellschaft für Ernährungsphysiologie (GfE) provide requirement estimates (NASEM) or allowances (GfE) as foundations for practical considerations. However, when applied in commercial farming scenarios, extrapolating requirement estimates and allowances from controlled research environments may entail intrinsic limitations. Therefore, developing a comprehensive understanding of the effects of supplemental vitamin A on poultry health and metabolism is essential for formulating balanced diets and achieving optimal performance in commercial settings. The objective of this review is to provide an in-depth analysis of this complex and relatively unexplored topic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An 8-week growth experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary leucine on growth performance, body composition, and gene expression of hepatic nutrient metabolism in the largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). Six isonitrogenous (49.87%) diets with graded leucine levels (2.62, 3.07, 3.60, 3.87, 4.20, 4.71% of dry diet) were fed to triplicate groups with 20 juvenile fish (20.00 ± 0.13 g). The results revealed that the specific growth rate (SGR) and weight gain (WG) increased significantly with increasing dietary leucine levels, reached their maximal value in the Leu-4.20% groups, and then decreased slightly. Although the feed conversion ratio (FCR) showed decreasing trends, no significant difference was detected. Leucine supplementation significantly improved the content of body protein and total plasma protein (TP). Additionally, a higher expression level of target of rapamycin (TOR) and ribosomal protein S6 (S6) mRNA was observed in the Leu-3.87% and Leu-4.20% diets, whereas the GCN2 (general control nonderepressible2 kinase) and AFT4 (activating transcription factor 4) mRNA expression levels were suppressed. The lipid content of the body was not influenced by leucine levels, whereas the content of total triglyceride (TG) first decreased significantly with increasing dietary leucine levels from 2.62 to 3.87% and then increased with increasing leucine levels (4.20% to 4.71%). The total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoproteins (LDL) trended in a similar direction but did not achieve statistical significance (P > 0.05). The expression of insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1) was significantly elevated by dietary leucine levels, while protein kinase B (AKT) and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) expression was inconsistently upregulated. Furthermore, leucine supplementation decreased plasma glucose and hepatic glycogen contents, and the expression levels of glucokinase (GK), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), and glucose-6-phosphatase (G6pase) were significantly inhibited at 4.20% and 4.71% leucine diets. Analyses of the change in SGR and FCR using the quadratic regression model estimated that the optimum dietary leucine requirement of juvenile largemouth bass was 4.42% and 4.63% of the dry diet (8.86% and 9.28% of dietary protein), respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Da'wat is one of the most important duties of religion. It is the way of the Prophets to preach the religion and to teach the rules of the Shari'ah. The superiority of the Muslim Ummah over other Ummahs is due to this duty of Da'wat. Therefore, it is necessary for every Muslim to convey as much knowledge of Sharia, as much as he knows about Shari'ah. In the light of the strategy of Da'wat and Tabligh of the Holy Prophet Muhammad(PBUH), we need to seriously reconsider our situation and adopt the modern requirements for Da'wat. Scholars, nobles and preachers have a further responsibility to consider the duty of Da'wat as a religious and Shari'ah responsibility and to perform the work of Da'wat in a better way, to take into account the modern requirements that are helpful and supportive in Da'wat.As Muslims, it is our duty to be the cause of salvation for humanity and adopt the modern requirements to bring it to the valleys of civility and decency. It is very important to follow the modern requirements of our times for the propagation of religion, in which there is no Shari'ah or moral wrongdoing. The modern requirements of our time in teaching and preaching have become very necessary because with their help the work of years can be done in months and the work of months in days with a much higher quality than ever before. Therefore, it is a requirement of Da'wat in modern era that to make Da'wat efficient and fast, the work of Da'wat should be done keeping in mind the modern requirements of this era. This article discusses the modern requirements of Da'wat methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes RTMN 2.0, an extension of the modeling language RTMN. RTMN combines process modeling and robot execution. Intuitive robot programming allows those without programming expertise to plan and control robots through easily understandable predefined modeling notations. These notations achieve no-code programming and serve as templates for users to create their processes via drag-and-drop functions with graphical representations. The design of the graphical user interface is based on a user survey and gaps identified in the literature We validate our survey through the most influential technology acceptance models, with two major factors: the perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness. While RTMN focuses on the ease of use and flexibility of robot programming by providing an intuitive modeling language, RTMN 2.0 concentrates on human–robot collaboration (HRC), which represents the current trend of the industry shift from "mass-production" to "mass-customization". The biggest contribution that RTMN 2.0 makes is the creation of synergy between HRC modes (based on ISO standards) and HRC task types in the literature. They are modeled as five different HRC task notations: Coexistence Fence, Sequential Cooperation SMS, Teaching HG, Parallel Cooperation SSM, and Collaboration PFL. Both collaboration and safety criteria are defined for each notation. While traditional isolated robot systems in "mass-production" environments provide high payload capabilities and repeatability, they suffer from limited flexibility and dexterity in order to be adapted to the variability of customized products. Therefore, human–robot collaboration is a suitable arrangement to leverage the unique capabilities of both humans and robots for increased efficiency and quality in the new "mass-customization" industrial environments. HRC has made a great impact on the robotic industry: it leads to increased efficiency, reduced costs, and improved productivity, which can be adopted to make up for the skill gap of a shortage of workers in the manufacturing industry. The extension of RTMN 2.0 includes the following notations: HRC tasks, requirements, Key Performance Indicators (KPIs), condition checks and decision making, join/split, and data association. With these additional elements, RTMN 2.0 meets the full range of criteria for agile manufacturing—light-out manufacturing is a manufacturing philosophy that does not rely on human labor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Systems Engineering & Electronics is the property of Journal of Systems Engineering & Electronics Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

To explore the effects of dietary histidine on growth, non-specific immune and ovarian development of red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii), crayfish (5.98 ± 0.11 g) were fed six isoproteic and isoenergetic diets with histidine levels (3.90 (control), 5.67, 8.42, 10.57, 12.32, and 15.02 g/kg) for eight weeks. The results showed that nearly all tested indicators demonstrated significant linear or quadratic trends with the variation of histidine levels. Weight gain rate (WGR), feed conversion ratio (FCR), protein efficiency rate (PER), protein deposition rate (PDR), and essential amino acid deposition rates obtained the optimal values when the dietary histidine level was 8.42 g/kg or 10.57 g/kg. Compared to the control group, the 8.42 g/kg group exhibited enhanced nonspecific immunity and antioxidant properties, and the 10.57 g/kg group demonstrated significant increase in the frequency of B cells in the hepatopancreas, the length and width of intestinal villi and the activities of protease and lipase. Additionally, the 10.57 g/kg group showed elevated ecdysterone hormone, gonadal index (GI), cAMP content and the relative abundance of beneficial intestinal microbiota. The mRNA expressions of MIH, ECR, RXR, chitinase, PKA, fox L2, Vg, cdc2, and cyclin B genes were also significantly modulated by dietary histidine levels. Overall, dietary histidine improved the intestinal health and regulated the immune function to enhance protein utilization and promote growth performance of red swamp crayfish. In addition, dietary histidine improved the synthesis of yolk substance, promoted the development of ovarian cells, and then improved the ovarian index of female crayfish. Based on the quadratic curve regression model analysis of the relationship between WGR, SGR, PDR, PER, FCR, GI and dietary histidine level, the optimal histidine level was 9.36–10.91 g/kg (dry matter), corresponding to 26.63–31.04 g/kg of dietary protein in red swamp crayfish.

Vitamin A, a critical micronutrient, plays a vital role in maintaining poultry health and maximizing productivity. This comprehensive review paper conducts a thorough analysis of the consequences of vitamin A deficiency in domestic fowl. It delves into the physiological functions of vitamin A and investigates how hypovitaminosis A impacts growth, immune function, reproduction, and overall poultry performance. Additionally, the review explores effective strategies for preventing and managing vitamin A deficiency, such as dietary adjustments and supplementation, while addressing the specific requirements for vitamin A intake. The implementation of these strategies holds immense importance in optimizing poultry management practices and achieving peak performance in poultry production. A profound understanding of the prevalence and factors contributing to clinical and subclinical vitamin A deficiency in domestic fowl is essential for ensuring the efficiency of poultry farming operations. Recognizing the pivotal role of vitamin A and applying the appropriate measures empowers poultry farmers to enhance the health outcomes and overall performance of their flocks.

Niacin is the precursor to pyridine nucleotides NAD (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) and NADP (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate). Niacin (vitamin B3) is the common term for nicotinic acid, nicotinamide and derivatives that exhibit the biological activity of nicotinamide. Furthermore, the indispensable amino acid tryptophan is the substrate for de novo synthesis of NAD. Thus, the requirements and intake of niacin are expressed as niacin equivalents (NE).The focus of interest for niacin over the last decade has primarily been on pharmacological doses of nicotinic acid as a lipid-lowering agent and other NAD precursors as potential enhancers of cellular NAD+ concentrations. None of these studies, however, makes a useful contribution to understanding dietary requirements in healthy populations.The requirement for niacin is estimated based on the relationship between intake and biochemical indices of niacin status, primarily urinary excretion of nicotinamide metabolites.

The purpose of this research is to study the needs and problems of requesting academic positions for academic staff at Maha Sarakham University. The instrument used to collect data was a needs questionnaire. and problems with requesting academic positions. The sample group consisted of 126 academic employees without academic positions from all 18 faculties out of a population of 594 people. The research objectives are 1) to study the needs and problems of requesting academic positions. And 2) to compare needs and the problem of requesting an academic position of academic staff classified by gender, age, education, income, subject group. The statistics used for analysing the collected data were percentage, mean, standard deviation, t-test, and F-test (ANOVA). Results showed that: 1) academic officers agreed with having the requirement of financial and non-financial support respectively, the non-financial support is relating to the professional value in the workplace, 2) an important problem in applying for an academic position is that the time for academic work is limited due to the heavy workload and the ability to read and translate English for use as a research document, and 3) the results of comparison of academic needs and problems of applying for academic positions showed no differences in gender and income. There was statistically significant difference at the .05 level for age; aged less than 30 years and aged 31-40 years, with non-monetary needs and more personal problems than the 41-year-old group. Furthermore, education level was found to be significantly different as Master’s and Ph.D. have more personal problems than bachelor’s degrees. Also, this study showed a significant difference in the specialization as the humanities and social sciences group and science and technology groups have more problems with the institutional support than health science groups.

Vitamins A and E are vital fat-soluble micronutrients with distinct yet intertwined roles in various biological processes. This review delves into their functions, nutritional requirements across different animal species, the consequences of deficiencies, and the impact of liquid formulations on veterinary medicine and livestock production. Vitamin A exists in multiple forms, essential for vision, immunity, and growth, while vitamin E acts primarily as an antioxidant, safeguarding cell membranes from oxidative damage. Hypovitaminosis in these vitamins can lead to severe health consequences, affecting vision, immunity, growth, reproduction, and neurological functions. Hence, supplementation, particularly through innovative liquid formulations, becomes pivotal in addressing deficiencies and enhancing overall animal health and productivity. Injectable forms of vitamins A and E show promise in enhancing reproductive performance, growth, and immune function in livestock. Administering these vitamins through drinking water offers a convenient way to enhance livestock health and productivity, particularly during times of stress or increased nutritional needs. Liquid vitamin A and E drops offer a flexible and effective solution in veterinary practice, allowing precise dosing and easy administration, particularly for companion animals. Future research may aim to optimize formulations and explore targeted therapies and precision feeding via nutrigenomics, promising advancements in veterinary medicine and livestock production.