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Antibodies are used in many areas of biomedical and clinical research, but many of these antibodies have not been adequately characterized, which casts doubt on the results reported in many scientific papers. This problem is compounded by a lack of suitable control experiments in many studies. In this article we review the history of the antibody characterization crisis, and we document efforts and initiatives to address the problem, notably for antibodies that target human proteins. We also present recommendations for a range of stakeholders - researchers, universities, journals, antibody vendors and repositories, scientific societies and funders - to increase the reproducibility of studies that rely on antibodies.

In the framework of contemporary power systems, a distributed generation (DG) system has benefits, but it also presents several operational challenges. In a networked distributed generation system, islanding is one such problem. Because of the negative consequences, an islanding event should be distinguished from other events, like transients within the minimum time. A multi-level adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) is being developed in this work to effectively detect islanding. To train the ANFIS model, a novel hybrid scheme based on Lévy flights and teaching–learning-based optimiser is suggested. The performance of the developed algorithm is evaluated using the IEEE CEC-C06 and other traditional benchmark functions. The ANFIS model's classification regime is significantly improved by the optimisation algorithm. In the test system, renewable energy sources are used to power a voltage source converter unit in a network-forming mode via an energy storage medium. Based on measured frequency, RMS voltage and current, active and reactive power, voltage, and current THD at the point of common coupling (PCC), the trained ANFIS controller deduces the islanding detection command to the circuit breaker. The plan is verified following the UL1741 standard for islanding prevention, yielding notable outcomes with an average detection time of 0.04s and an accuracy of 89.3%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the energy and environmental performance of whole house energy systems implemented in six 1970s bungalows in South Wales, owned by Swansea Council. The objective was to reduce energy demand and carbon emissions, maximise renewable supply whilst ensuring a comfortable and affordable home for the residents. The whole house energy system for each home involved the installation of a combination of passive and active low carbon solutions. Detailed monitoring was carried out for a year before and for more than 2 years after the work, annual figures have been validated and normalised for weather. Analysis of monitored data confirms that Standard Assessment Performance ratings improved from 12 to 95. The average annual energy consumption across the six bungalows was reduced from 16,117 to 4560 kWh. 2418 kWh was provided by the PV panels and battery, with 1963 kWh of excess electricity that could be sold back to the grid. Real-life average Ground Source Heat Pump CoP was monitored at 3.3. Embodied carbon for retrofitting each house is estimated at 22,980 KgCO2e +/−20%, approximately 5-years carbon payback. Indoor conditions have been improved with internal temperature and relative humidity achieving standards with residents reporting levels of improved comfort satisfaction. Practical Application: A whole house energy system demonstrates the benefits of a holistic, fabric and systems retrofit approach. The work informs how gathering data using appropriate methods assists modelling predictions and decisions throughout the retrofit stages. The study demonstrates extensive monitoring as a vital tool to evaluate the performance of the individual components and the whole system within the home, as used by the residents. Performance evaluation is critical in identifying issues, allowing resolutions to be made both immediately on-site as well for longer term, follow on retrofit programmes. Real-life performance evaluation and visualisation methods are transferable across global building industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

UK Government projections anticipate increasing electricity use, provided by variable renewables (i.e., wind and solar PV). A side effect of increasing the proportion of variable renewable generation is increased support costs, including curtailment, energy storage, and (most significantly) the cost of supplying electricity for periods of high demand when variable renewable generation is low. As the proportion of variable renewable capacity increases, demand for supporting capacity increases but the capacity factor of the support generation decreases, raising the support costs. Using nuclear power for dedicated baseload supply makes the situation worse. This paper explores in the UK context an original low-cost solution using nuclear cogeneration with hydrogen production as the main application. Electricity is diverted at low cost to the grid at times of high demand when renewables are not available. This ensures nuclear maintains a high capacity factor. When higher temperature advanced systems become available, using thermal energy storage will increase the nuclear electrical capacity. This "Flexible Nuclear" scenario substantially reduces support costs for accommodating variable renewables, saving GBP 14 bn/yr and leading to an 80% reduction in CO2 equivalent emissions, compared to a recent UK Government scenario utilising a large capacity of hydrogen and unabated gas generation at very low capacity factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the potential for integrating Geographic Information System (GIS) software into Fifth-Generation District Heating and Cooling (5GDHC) systems to promote efficient and sustainable energy management, particularly in Kazakhstan. By reviewing the key literature, we identify three main areas where GIS software enhances the planning of 5GDHC systems: decision-making in the context of energy market regulations, operational data utilization, and modeling/simulations for technical design. The technical design emphasizes the role of heat pumps, ultra-low temperature district heating (ULTDH) networks, and end-user buildings. Previous research has explored various methodologies for integrating network and demand-side strategies, developing sustainable district heating and cooling (DHC) systems, and mapping urban areas suitable for DHC deployment. However, none has presented an open-source model incorporating GIS-based decision-making in designing 5GDHC systems. This study, for the first time, addresses this gap through a case study conducted in the Northern Industrial Zone of Karaganda, Kazakhstan, demonstrating how GIS-enhanced modeling can be effectively applied in a developing, industry-driven economy. We outline the mathematical framework for comparing existing simulation tools and developing a custom model suited to the region's needs. Additionally, we discuss validation and calibration methods, which remain underexplored in the current literature. The proposed model incorporates waste heat recovery from local sources, including nearby wastewater treatment plants, showcasing a sustainable energy solution for the industrial park. The results indicate that a well-structured 5GDHC system, supported by GIS tools, can markedly enhance energy efficiency and sustainability, presenting a scalable and adaptable approach for other regions in Kazakhstan and beyond. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 2022 energy crisis highlighted the dependence of the Europe electricity sector on imported natural gas and the need to accelerate the adoption of renewables to the power system. However, operating a reliable power system with high share of renewables might require curtailing some renewables and activating conventional generators not scheduled in the day-ahead markets to ensure system reliability. These actions can result in environmental impacts, higher system costs and welfare impacts for customers. We use a novel high-granularity data from the Spanish power system for the period 2019–2022 to estimate the effects of these actions and forecast future impact of implementing ambitious targets of the European Gas Reduction Plan. We show that reliance on conventional generators will sharply increase with the addition of renewables. However, higher electricity consumption reduces the negative welfare impacts of integrating renewables. Until renewables and storage technologies advance further, conventional generators are needed for reliable operation of the systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a future where a large portion of power will be supplied by highly intermittent sources such as solar- and wind-power, energy storage will form a crucial part of the power mix ensuring that there is enough flexibility in the system to cope with the intermittency. With further development of pumped storage hydro constrained by the lack of remaining suitable topography, a novel Subsea Pumped Hydro Storage concept has emerged as a promising solution to utilize the ocean space for large-scale energy storage. While previous publications address thermodynamic efficiency limits, there is a notable lack of research on turbine selection, design, and cost estimation based on best practices. This paper presents a comprehensive overview of current state-of-the-art subsea engineering and its significant achievements pioneered by the oil and gas industry. This paper introduces a robust methodological framework for calculating the costs of concrete SPHS tanks, factoring in longevity and best installation practices for structures designed to endure for half a century. The results indicate that with an optimized design, the cost of an SPSH concrete storage tank is approximately $0.15/Wh. This work lays the groundwork for future advancements in SPHS, building on the substantial progress within subsea engineering over recent decades, and marks a significant step towards realizing the potential of this concept in the renewable energy landscape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Active customers play a critical role in the successful implementation of support schemes, paving the way for the emergence of an energy community. This analysis explores the cooperation among active customers and the implications for developing energy communities. Furthermore, the motivations for consumers becoming active customers in the context of Latvia are illuminated, while also exploring the broader context of navigating the complex regulatory landscape to promote self-consumption. In contrast to prior studies, which often focus on individual or homogenous group participation, this analysis uniquely examines collaborative frameworks that incorporate varied customer categories and profiles. This approach not only underscores the role of tailored regulatory structures in fostering self-consumption, but also presents practical policy insights for incentivizing community-based energy models. The findings reveal that individual participation of active customers in support schemes only achieves the minimal self-consumption threshold in 47% of cases. In contrast, membership in an energy community significantly increases this rate, reaching 84%. These encouraging results underscore the importance of promoting energy community membership among active customers, which subsequently demonstrates substantial potential when promoted across diverse load profile categories. Additionally, the integration of photovoltaic and wind turbine technologies consistently improves self-consumption values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main purpose of this study is to present family farms as consumers and producers of renewable energies which provide them with an opportunity to reduce operating costs. The time scope of the study is 2014–2022, and the Farm Accountancy Data Network is used as the data source. The following research methods were employed: comparative and descriptive analysis, intensity indicators, ranking assignment and panel regression. Based on the values of energy output and energy costs, the rankings revealed a strong position of the Netherlands and Germany. As demonstrated by the study, energy production and consumption volumes depend on the farms' economic size, but are not impacted by production type. Another finding is that energy production covers only one-third of its costs. Also, both production volumes and costs were on a growth path on a year-over-year basis, with similar growth ratios. The European Union's leaders in energy consumption and production are the Netherlands, Germany, Belgium, Denmark, Czech Republic, Hungary, Luxembourg, Slovakia and Sweden. The study included the structuring of panel models for energy output and costs and identified their determinants. Energy output depends on total inputs and grows as they grow. Energy costs, in turn, are related to utilized agricultural area, total output and family farm income. An important limitation of this study is that FADN is a provider of high-level data. Hence, it is impossible to tell what specific sources of renewable energy are used by farms, and how they are affected by such exogenous factors as climate, earmarked subsidies or energy policy. The findings from this study are discussed in the context of the European Commission's recommendations laid down in the Bioeconomy Strategy of the EU (2013), the Seventh Environment Action Program, the New Innovation Agenda of the European Union, the Report "Transforming Our World: the United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development" and the Circular Economy Action Plan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wind power forecasting plays a crucial role in managing renewable energy sources and contributes to achieving sustainable financial goals. The randomness, discontinuity, and unpredictability of wind speed create significant challenges in accurate forecasting, directly impacting investment decisions in renewable energy. This study compares and evaluates wind power forecasting algorithms, including traditional statistical methods, Machine Learning, Deep Learning, and Ensemble Learning, to develop highly accurate models for wind power forecasting. By analyzing the accuracy of each method, the study will clarify why certain models yield more accurate forecasts, helping to optimize the integration of wind power into the electrical grid. These results not only support effective planning and management of power systems but also make important contributions to sustainable development by enhancing the forecasting capability of renewable energy supply. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amidst the sweeping changes in the global electricity and automotive sectors, we observe a rapid surge in the proliferation of distributed generation (DG) and electric vehicles (EVs), primarily driven by the widespread deployment of photovoltaic systems. The widespread embrace of EVs necessitates a dual approach of financial incentives and infrastructure development to enhance the appeal of these vehicles. The findings presented in this paper hold significant importance for policymakers, underscoring the urgency of transitioning toward sustainable decentralized power systems and promoting EV adoption. While this transition offers promising opportunities, it also presents formidable challenges. Successful integration of DG and EVs demands careful attention to policy and regulatory frameworks. Some experts advocate for simultaneous adjustments in design, addressing mobility limitations and offering incentives for DG and EVs. Given the multitude of uncertainties, the authors suggest employing a system dynamics model to analyze the impact of photovoltaic technology and EV diffusion. The paper concludes that, within the Colombian context, the potential exists, under specific conditions, to increase the adoption of solar panels and EVs in households. This, in turn, contributes to a reduction in CO2 emissions and a transformative shift in the composition of the automotive fleet toward EVs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Defossilization of the current energy system is a major requirement to decelerate anthropogenic climate change. However, a defossilized energy system is vastly more complex than current fossil-based energy systems: The integration of distributed energy resources and sector-coupling increases connectivity, demands interdisciplinary workflows, and creates a need for more sophisticated design processes. Inspired by the semiconductor and automotive industries, digitalization of the design process using platform-based design (PBD), coupled with the energy hub concept, can improve cost-effective energy systems design and accelerate the industry's contributions to achieving net-zero emissions. PBD is an efficient and effective methodology to manage and de-risk the complexity of integrated energy system design, leading to affordable and reliable solutions due to the inherent techno-economic analysis underlying the decision-making process. Combining the PBD framework with the energy hub concepts establishes a powerful design workflow for developing holistic energy systems from a single building up to the district and city scales. The fundamental tenets of this workflow, as discussed in this paper, are (1) the separation of functions from architectures, (2) the identification of abstraction levels at which systems can be analyzed and optimized, and (3) the ability to repurpose components at all levels of abstraction to aid design reuse and allow performance feedback at every stage of the process. We argue that PBD can become the next frontier in energy system design. PBD, as presented in this paper, is not limited to the energy sector, and it can also be a sub-process of an even more holistic infrastructure design. Spatial planning, architecture, and civil engineering can all be further integrated with the PBD concept, allowing societies to reach ambitious sustainability goals faster, at lower cost, and with greater resilience.

Existing studies rarely examine the simultaneous effects of three emitting indicators (3E) – full emitting non-renewable, non-emitting renewable, and low-emitting nuclear - on three specific greenhouse gases: CO2, CH4, and N2O. We investigate the impact of three energy types on environmental quality, using Canadian data from 1990-2022. It incorporates macroeconomic policies, economic uncertainty, geopolitical risks, and eco-innovation, and employs the quantiles via moments method to explore the evolving relationships among these factors, considering provincial variances. Findings reveal that non-renewable energy sources deteriorate environmental quality by increasing CO2, CH4, and N2O emissions across all quantiles (from q.5 to q.95), while renewable and nuclear energies, along with eco-innovation initiatives, have a beneficial effect by reducing greenhouse gas emissions across all quantiles. Economic policy uncertainty is a contributing factor to greenhouse gas emissions across all quantiles, whereas geopolitical risks primarily impact the middle to upper quantiles (from q.50 to q.95). To counteract the lack of cross-sectional dependence in the quantiles via moments methodology, this paper employs Driscoll and Kraay's standard errors approach to fortify its findings' reliability. It concludes with policy suggestions promoting renewable energy and eco-innovation through increased investment, vibrant long-term policies, provincial collaboration, and adoption of green technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impact of solar radiation and ambient temperature on solar PV energy yield and its corresponding economic implication was investigated. The electrical load assessment was done by physical inspection through periodic visits to study location. Five different scenarios were investigated for two locations - Ogun and Bayelsa States: Case I considers the PV performance based on the locations’ historical solar radiation and temperature data, Case II considers 30 % increase in the solar radiation data while the ambient temperature data remains fixed, Case III focuses on when solar radiation data is decreased by 30 % while the ambient temperature data remains constant, Case IV considers the solar radiation data remains constant while the temperature values are increased by 30 %, and Case V examined the same solar radiation values with temperature data values being decreased by 30 %. The HOMER pro was used as the implementation tool, Electrical energy yield, Unmet electric load, Net present cost, Levelized cost, and Operating cost for Cases I, II, III, IV, and V in Ota, Ogun State were as follows: 28,659 kWh/y, 4.71kWh/y, $13,537, $0.166, 271.43kWh/y; 37,260 kWh/y, 1.63kWh/y, $12,417, $0.152, 290.43kWh/y; 20,058kWh/y, 3.22kWh/y, $15,663, $0.192, 293.14kWh/y; 28,659kWh/y, 4.71kWh/y, $13,537, $0.166, 271.43kWh/y; and 28,659kWh/y, 4.61kWh/y, $13,437, $0.156, 261.43kWh/y, respectively while similar trend was observed for Otuasega in Bayelsa State. The results of the analysis showed that the optimal performance of the PV module occurred at a higher solar radiation and a lower ambient temperature.

Abstract The integration of renewable energy sources into smart distribution grids poses substantial challenges in maintaining grid stability, efficiency, and reliability due to their inherent variability and intermittency. This study addresses these challenges by proposing a novel two-level optimization model aimed at enhancing operational efficiency and robustness in smart distribution grids. The model synergistically integrates renewable energy sources, energy storage systems, electric vehicles, and demand-side management through a dynamic reconfiguration approach. It employs a robust optimization framework combined with a two-stage second-order cone optimization model to manage real-time operations and strategic grid reconfiguration. Key findings from simulations on the IEEE 33 and 69-bus networks underscore the model’s effectiveness. In the 33-bus system, implementing the demand response program led to a significant reduction in power losses, from 0.64 MW to 0.52 MW, and improved voltage stability, with the minimum voltage increasing from 0.970 to 0.980 p.u. Similarly, in the 69-bus system, power losses decreased from 0.85 MW to 0.79 MW, and voltage stability improved, with the minimum voltage rising from 0.962 to 0.972 p.u. The model also demonstrated reduced energy procurement needs, showcasing its impact on enhancing grid efficiency and reliability. These results highlight the model’s potential for advancing smart grid management strategies, offering significant improvements in operational performance and stability under varying demand conditions.

Scaling up clean hydrogen supply in the near future is critical to achieving China’s hydrogen development target. This study established an electrolytic hydrogen development mechanism considering the generation mix and operation optimization of power systems with access to hydrogen. Based on the incremental cost principle, we quantified the provincial and national clean hydrogen production cost performance levels in 2030. The results indicated that this mechanism could effectively reduce the production cost of clean hydrogen in most provinces, with a national average value of less than 2 USD·kg−1 at the 40-megaton hydrogen supply scale. Provincial cooperation via power transmission lines could further reduce the production cost to 1.72 USD·kg−1. However, performance is affected by the potential distribution of hydrogen demand. From the supply side, competitiveness of the mechanism is limited to clean hydrogen production, while from the demand side, it could help electrolytic hydrogen fulfil a more significant role. This study could provide a solution for the ambitious development of renewables and the hydrogen economy in China.

The maritime industry is a major source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, largely due to ships running on fossil fuels. Transitioning to hydrogen-powered marine transportation in the Mediterranean Sea requires the development of a network of hydrogen refueling stations across the region to ensure a steady supply of green hydrogen. This paper explores the technoeconomic viability of harnessing wave energy from the Mediterranean Sea to produce green hydrogen for hydrogen-powered ships. Four promising island locations—near Sardegna, Galite, Western Crete, and Eastern Crete—were selected based on their favorable wave potential for green hydrogen production. A thorough analysis of the costs associated with wave power facilities and hydrogen production was conducted to accurately model economic viability. The techno-economic results suggest that, with anticipated cost reductions in wave energy converters, the levelized cost of hydrogen could decrease to as low as 3.6 €/kg, 4.3 €/kg, 5.5 €/kg, and 3.9 €/kg for Sardegna, Galite, Western Crete, and Eastern Crete, respectively. Furthermore, the study estimates that, in order for the hydrogen-fueled ships to compete effectively with their oil-fueled counterparts, the levelized cost of hydrogen must drop below 3.5 €/kg. Thus, despite the competitive costs, further measures are necessary to make hydrogen-fueled ships a viable alternative to conventional diesel-fueled ships.

The integration of renewable energy sources into smart distribution grids poses substantial challenges in maintaining grid stability, efficiency, and reliability due to their inherent variability and intermittency. This study addresses these challenges by proposing a novel two-level optimization model aimed at enhancing operational efficiency and robustness in smart distribution grids. The model synergistically integrates renewable energy sources, energy storage systems, electric vehicles, and demand-side management through a dynamic reconfiguration approach. It employs a robust optimization framework combined with a two-stage second-order cone optimization model to manage real-time operations and strategic grid reconfiguration. Key findings from simulations on the IEEE 33 and 69-bus networks underscore the model's effectiveness. In the 33-bus system, implementing the demand response program led to a significant reduction in power losses, from 0.64 MW to 0.52 MW, and improved voltage stability, with the minimum voltage increasing from 0.970 to 0.980 p.u. Similarly, in the 69-bus system, power losses decreased from 0.85 MW to 0.79 MW, and voltage stability improved, with the minimum voltage rising from 0.962 to 0.972 p.u. The model also demonstrated reduced energy procurement needs, showcasing its impact on enhancing grid efficiency and reliability. These results highlight the model's potential for advancing smart grid management strategies, offering significant improvements in operational performance and stability under varying demand conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The world is experiencing an energy transition, migrating from fossil fuels to renewables, which are usually intermittent and, therefore, require flexibility to keep the power system reliable. Although system flexibility is a well-known theme of research, the question "What is a fair cost for flexibility?" remains to be answered. The present paper proposes a metric to estimate the value of a flexible resource to a power system. This metric is especially important in hydroelectric systems, where the flexibility of the hydro portfolio is uncertain and subject to seasonal changes and other considerations such as agricultural use. The valuation of a flexible resource by its cost–benefit is necessary since its installation generates operational savings to the entire system. A combined project cost and system overall savings is proposed to assess the net cost of a flexible resource. The net cost of flexibility can be used as a metric to rank flexibility candidates in systems with large amounts of renewable energy. A simplified case study of the Brazilian energy system is presented, and the flexibility solutions are evaluated according to the new metric. Results show how different technologies impact the system overall costs and the importance of analyzing system needs (both short and medium terms) when planning the expansion of flexibility in hydro systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to quantitatively describe the anticipated change in the energy mix of the Sultanate of Oman (Oman) as the country moves forward in its national plan for green hydrogen, in order to become a global producer and exporter. This aim is achieved by curating recent data about energy projects in Oman that are either operating or planned (in a construction or pre-construction stage). Then, these data are processed further to extract useful insights about how the energy mix would change if the planned projects are realized and added to the operating ones. This reveals the serious commitment of the country to accomplish its national plan for green hydrogen (GH), where the green hydrogen production ambition for 2030 is about 1.125 million tons per annum (Mtpa), using a renewable energy capacity of approximately 18 GW. This ambition increases to about 3.5 Mtpa with approximately 70 GW of renewables in 2040, and increases further to about 8 Mtpa with approximately 180 GW of renewables in 2050. As a portrait of Oman's energy mix with the assumption of successfully completing all planned energy projects, we found that the country is expected to have a total capacity of 83.1271 GW, with the share of renewables (solar and wind) reaching 83.133% (as compared to 15.0711 GW with an 8.907% renewables share for operating projects). Nearly all (precisely 99.571%) of the 68.0560 GW planned national energy capacity additions are based on solar or wind energy, while the traditional oil–gas energy is gradually phased out. Green hydrogen production dominates this surge in renewables penetration within the Omani energy mix, with 84.659% of the planned 34.3140 GW solar capacity additions linked with green hydrogen production, for operating water electrolyzers. Similarly, 98.804% of the planned 33.4500 GW wind capacity additions are linked with green hydrogen production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Wave energy converters (WECs) integrated into breakwaters present a promising solution for combining coastal protection with renewable energy generation, addressing both energy demands and environmental concerns. Additionally, this integration offers cost-sharing opportunities, making the overall investment more economically viable. This study explores the potential of a hinged point-absorber WEC, specifically designed as a floating hinged half-sphere, by assessing the device's power output and comparing two different breakwater configurations. To evaluate the device's performance, a comprehensive numerical and experimental approach was adopted. Numerical simulations were carried out using a radiation-diffraction model, a time domain tool for analyzing wave–structure interactions. These simulations predicted average power outputs of 25 kW for sloped breakwaters and 18 kW for vertical breakwaters located at two strategic sites: the Port of Leixões and the mouth of the Douro River in Portugal. To validate these predictions, a 1:14 scale model of the WEC was constructed and subjected to testing in a wave–current flume, replicating different sea-state conditions. The experimental results closely aligned with the numerical simulations, demonstrating a good match in terms of relative error and relative amplitude operator (RAO). This alignment confirms the reliability of the predictive model. These findings support the potential of integrating WECs into breakwaters, contributing to port energy self-sufficiency and decarbonization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research examines the impact of economic policy uncertainty, GDP, population and renewable energy consumption on CO2 emissions in BRIC countries from 1991 to 2023. The objective is to understand the long-term relationships among these variables and provide relevant insights. Using fully modified ordinary least squares and dynamic ordinary least squares econometric methods, the findings reveal that GDP and population growth significantly increase CO2 emissions, while renewable energy consumption reduces them. The panel autoregressive distributed lag results highlight the need for policies promoting renewable energy and managing population growth to mitigate environmental impacts. Notably, economic policy uncertainty also contributes to higher emissions, underscoring the importance of stable economic policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The decarbonization goals of each country necessitate the utilization of renewable resources, with photovoltaic (PV) and wind turbine (WT) generators being the most common forms. However, spatial constraints, especially on islands, can hinder the expansion of PV and WT installations. In this context, wave energy emerges as a viable supplementary renewable source. Islands are candidate regions to accommodate wave power resources due to their abundant wave potential. While previous studies have explored the wave energy potential of the Aegean Sea, they have not focused on the electricity production and techno-economic aspects of wave power facilities in this area. This paper aims to fill this knowledge gap by conducting a comprehensive techno-economic analysis to evaluate the feasibility of deploying an offshore wave power facility in the Aegean Sea, Greece. The analysis includes a detailed sensitivity assessment of CAPEX and OPEX variability, calculating key indicators like LCOE and NPV to determine the economic viability and profitability of wave energy investments in the region. Additionally, the study identifies hydraulic efficiency and CAPEX thresholds that could make wave power more competitive compared with traditional energy sources. The techno-economic analysis is conducted for a 45 MW offshore floating wave power plant situated between eastern Crete and Kasos—one of the most wave-rich areas in Greece. Despite eastern Crete's promising wave conditions, the study reveals that with current techno-economic parameters—CAPEX of 7 million EUR/MW, OPEX of 6%, a 20-year lifetime, and 25% efficiency—the wave energy in this area yields a levelized cost of energy (LCOE) of 1417 EUR/MWh. This rate is significantly higher than the prevailing LCOE in Crete, which is between 237 and 300 EUR/MWh. Nonetheless, this study suggests that the LCOE of wave energy in Crete could potentially decrease to as low as 69 EUR/MWh in the future under improved conditions, including a CAPEX of 1 million EUR/MW, an OPEX of 1%, a 30-year lifetime, and 35% hydraulic efficiency for wave converters. It is recommended that manufacturing companies target these specific thresholds to ensure the economic viability of wave power in the waters of the Aegean Sea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glycolipids produced and secreted by oleaginous yeasts are renewable compounds with important physico‐chemical properties, and multiple biological and industrial applications. The large‐scale production of these compounds has been limited by high production costs and low yields. The sophorolipid‐producing yeast Pseudohyphozyma bogoriensis may possess the ability to grow in fermentation systems using carbon substrates deriving from inexpensive lignocellulosic biomass, while simultaneously secreting high value biomaterials. In this study, comparative analyses between different cellulose‐derived carbon sources including glucose, cellobiose, and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose confirmed the ability of P. bogoriensis to grow and accumulate glycolipids using these substrates. On a dry weight basis, the highest yields of about 4% (wt/wt) glycolipids were obtained when cellobiose was supplemented at 10 g/L in shake‐flask fermentations. When the unconventional carbon substrate sodium carboxymethyl cellulose was supplemented, cultures exhibited a lower glycolipid yield of 0.3% (wt/wt), but the dry weight was higher compared to other substrates. Analytical analyses using various chromatography methods confirmed the chemical profiles, whereas both monoacetylated and diacetylated sophorolipid forms with 22 carbon long‐chain hydroxy fatty acid were identified in all glycolipid extracts. Surface tension (ST) and critical micelle concentration (CMC) measurements showed that glycolipids produced on cellulose‐derived substrates exhibited similar or even superior physical properties compared with glucose. Furthermore, availability of the yeast genome sequences facilitated the identification of putative genes that may be involved in cellulose hydrolysis (e.g., cellulase‐like). Information on genomic and metabolic pathways is a prerequisite for trait improvement toward increasing the production of high value biomaterials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The maritime industry is a major source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, largely due to ships running on fossil fuels. Transitioning to hydrogen-powered marine transportation in the Mediterranean Sea requires the development of a network of hydrogen refueling stations across the region to ensure a steady supply of green hydrogen. This paper explores the technoeconomic viability of harnessing wave energy from the Mediterranean Sea to produce green hydrogen for hydrogen-powered ships. Four promising island locations—near Sardegna, Galite, Western Crete, and Eastern Crete—were selected based on their favorable wave potential for green hydrogen production. A thorough analysis of the costs associated with wave power facilities and hydrogen production was conducted to accurately model economic viability. The techno-economic results suggest that, with anticipated cost reductions in wave energy converters, the levelized cost of hydrogen could decrease to as low as 3.6 €/kg, 4.3 €/kg, 5.5 €/kg, and 3.9 €/kg for Sardegna, Galite, Western Crete, and Eastern Crete, respectively. Furthermore, the study estimates that, in order for the hydrogen-fueled ships to compete effectively with their oil-fueled counterparts, the levelized cost of hydrogen must drop below 3.5 €/kg. Thus, despite the competitive costs, further measures are necessary to make hydrogen-fueled ships a viable alternative to conventional diesel-fueled ships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A promising energy carrier and storage solution for integrating renewable energies into the power grid currently being investigated is hydrogen produced via electrolysis. It already serves various purposes, but it might also enable the development of hydrogen-based electricity storage systems made up of electrolyzers, hydrogen storage systems, and generators (fuel cells or engines). The adoption of hydrogen-based technologies is strictly linked to the electrification of end uses and to multicarrier energy grids. This study introduces a generic method to integrate and optimize the sizing and operation phases of hydrogen-based power systems using an energy hub optimization model, which can manage and coordinate multiple energy carriers and equipment. Furthermore, the uncertainty related to renewables and final demands was carefully assessed. A case study on an urban microgrid with high hydrogen demand for mobility demonstrates the method's applicability, showing how the multi-objective optimization of hydrogen-based power systems can reduce total costs, primary energy demand, and carbon equivalent emissions for both power grids and mobility down to −145%. Furthermore, the adoption of the uncertainty assessment can give additional benefits, allowing a downsizing of the equipment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change and natural resource depletion have reinvigorated the relevance of technical advancements in energy efficiency, which has been emphasized by the Paris Climate Accord that includes a framework for carbon neutrality. In that effort, the governments have been allocating a considerable amount of budget shares to research and development relating to energy efficiency and green energy. Thus, this study primarily examines the impact and effectiveness of research and development on energy efficiency and energy sources (renewables and fossil fuels) on CO2 emissions in the European region using a novel Method of Moments Quantile Regression (MMQR). Our data cover annual observations of 9 EU countries, including Austria, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Netherlands, Norway, Spain, and Sweden, based on the period 1990–2021. Our empirical findings confirm that the U-shaped Environmental Kuznets Curve occurs across all quantiles at 1% significance levels. The findings reveal that energy consumption increases CO2 emissions across the lower to higher quantiles. We discover that (i) R&D on renewable energy cuts CO2 emissions just at the median and higher quantiles, (ii) R&D on Fossil Fuels decreases CO2 emissions just at the lower quantile, and (iii) R&D on Energy efficiency lowers CO2 emissions at both the median and higher quantiles. Therefore, empirical findings suggest that policymakers should maintain their incentives for energy efficiency R&D and renewable R&D to achieve sustainable development goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The European Union has established ambitious targets for lowering carbon dioxide emissions in the residential sector, aiming for all new buildings to be "zero-emission" by 2030. Integrating solar generators with hydrogen storage systems is emerging as a viable solution for achieving these goals in homes. This paper introduces a linear programming optimization algorithm aimed at improving the installation capacity of residential solar–hydrogen systems, which also utilize waste heat recovery from electrolyzers and fuel cells to increase the overall efficiency of the system. Analyzing six European cities with diverse climate conditions, our techno-economic assessments show that optimized configurations of these systems can lead to significant net present cost savings for electricity and heat over a 20-year period, with potential savings up to EUR 63,000, which amounts to a 26% cost reduction, especially in Southern Europe due to its abundant solar resources. Furthermore, these systems enhance sustainability and viability in the residential sector by significantly reducing carbon emissions. Our study does not account for the potential economic benefits from EU subsidies. Instead, we propose a novel incentive policy that allows owners of solar–hydrogen systems to inject up to 20% of their total solar power output directly into the grid, bypassing hydrogen storage. This strategy provides two key advantages: first, it enables owners to profit by selling the excess photovoltaic power during peak midday hours, rather than curtailing production; second, it facilitates a reduction in the size—and therefore cost—of the electrolyzer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impacts of climate change are real and in many parts of the world testify to its harsh reality, including rampant extreme weather events, droughts, heat, wildfires, and flooding which have recorded in places which have not experienced them in recent memory. In the quest to avert such events, there is a growing awareness and demand for sustainable processes and operations. Today, sustainability encompasses a balance between ecological footprint and human development index, taking into consideration economics, the green environment, safety, quality, ethics, diversity and inclusion (D&I), and communities. This article presents some steps that have been taken by Algeria to balance energetic autonomy and sustainable development, and a case study on green hydrogen production employing membrane processes. Algeria's objective to join the global fight against climate change is to develop its green hydrogen base. Given its resources, including available solar and wind power, seawater desalination plants, building capacity, and its favorable location, it is developing its green hydrogen economy to supply hydrogen, especially to Europe. This presents an opportunity for other developing nations, especially in Africa, to gain from this experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review comprehensively evaluates the integration of solar-powered electrolytic hydrogen (H 2) production and captured carbon dioxide (CO 2) management for clean fuel production, considering all potential steps from H 2 production methods to CO 2 capture and separation processes. It is expected that the near future will cover CO 2 -capturing technologies integrated with solar-based H 2 production at a commercially viable level, and over 5 billion tons of CO 2 are expected to be utilized potentially for clean fuel production worldwide in 2050 to achieve carbon-neutral levels. The H 2 production out of hydrocarbon-based processes using fossil fuels emits greenhouse gas emissions of 17-38 kg CO 2 /kg H 2. On the other hand,. renewable energy based green hydrogen production emits less than 2 kg CO 2 /kg H 2 which makes it really clean and appealing for implementation. In addition, capturing CO2 and using for synthesizing alternative fuels with green hydrogen will help generate clean fuels for smart cities. In this regard, the most sustainable and promising CO 2 capturing method is post-combustion with an adsorption-separation-desorption processes using monoethanolamine adsorbent with high CO 2 removal efficiencies from flue gases. Consequently, this review article provides perspectives on the potential of integrating CO 2 -capturing technologies and renewable energy-based H 2 production systems for clean production to create sustainable cities and communities. [Display omitted] • Carbon capture-storage and H 2 production technologies are comprehensively reviewed. • Clean fuel production technologies from captured CO 2 and produced H 2 are evaluated. • Renewable-powered integrated systems for clean fuel production are proposed. • Solar-powered H 2 production from water is a promising solution in integrated systems. • Promising carbon management and green energy support sustainable cities and communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current epoch in fisheries science has been driven by continual advances in laboratory techniques and increasingly sophisticated approaches to analysing datasets. We now have the scientific knowledge and tools to proactively identify obstacles to the sustainable management of marine resources. However, in addition to technological advances, there are predicted global environmental changes, each with inherent implications for fisheries. The 2023 symposium of the Fisheries Society of the British Isles called for "open and constructive knowledge exchange between scientists, stakeholders, managers and policymakers" (https://fsbi.org.uk/symposium-2023/), a nexus of collaborative groups best placed to identify issues and solutions. Arguably, the Centre of Environment, Aquaculture and Fisheries Science (Cefas) and their Scientific Advice for Fisheries Management (SAFM) Team sit at the centre of such a network. SAFM regularly engages with managers and stakeholders, undertakes scientific research, provides fisheries advice to the UK government, and are leading experts within the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES). As such, this paper is an opinion piece, linked to individual authors specialisms, that aims to highlight emerging issues affecting fisheries and suggest where research efforts could be focused that contribute to sustainable fisheries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hybrid AC/DC grid, based on a significant share of renewable energy sources, is gradually becoming an essential aspect of the modern energy system. The integration of intermittent renewable generators into contemporary energy systems is accompanied by the decommissioning of power plants containing synchronous generators. Consequently, this leads to a reduction in system inertia and an increase in the risk of stability disruption. The abrupt disconnection of the primary generator or power line can result in an unanticipated mismatch between power generation and consumption. This discrepancy can trigger substantial and swiftly evolving alterations in power distribution, angular speed, load flow, and the frequency of generators. The risks of an energy system collapse can be mitigated through automation, enabling rapid adjustments to generation and load capacities, as well as power flows, in the electrical network. This article justifies the utilisation of a power control method for high-voltage power line interconnections. The technology of hydro storage power plants and measurements of voltage phasors are employed. The potential for easing power flow restrictions and realising substantial economic benefits is supported by the results obtained using simplified dynamic model of the Baltic power system and Nord Pool electricity market model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The bulk and surface properties of materials based on nickel and aluminum oxides and hydroxides, as such or after reduction processes, are reviewed and discussed critically. The actual and potential industrial applications of these materials, both in reducing conditions and in oxidizing conditions, are summarized. Mechanisms for reactant molecule activation are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to evaluate price cannibalization effects in forecasts of long-term electricity prices and substantiate their relevance on the profitability of renewables in the Baltic States from 2024 to 2033. Statistical data analysis, literature review, scenario method, and PLEXOS modeling were applied. Five scenarios were analyzed for developing renewable energy sources (RES) and load in Lithuania. In contrast, scenarios for Estonia and Latvia were based on assumptions derived from the countries' national RES strategies. The results showed that the increase in RES capacities will halve electricity market prices from around 130 EUR/MWh in 2024 to 58 EUR/MWh in Latvia, 60 EUR/MWh in Estonia, and 60–77 EUR/MWh in Lithuania in 2033. In time-waving, the absolute and relative price cannibalization effects of renewables were found. In 2033, the loss of revenue from solar photovoltaic (PV) generators was estimated to be 5.5–17.0 EUR/MWh in Lithuania, 7.1 EUR/MWh in Latvia, and 5.6 EUR in Estonia. The case of onshore wind demonstrated revenue losses of 10.5–22.0 EUR/MWh in Lithuania, 12.0 EUR/MWh in Latvia, and 10.0 EUR/MWh in Estonia. After 2029, revenues received by RES electricity generators could not guarantee project profitability; therefore, market flexibility options will be required. The key innovative strategy to mitigate the price cannibalization effect is the demand-side response when leveraging demand flexibility. Typically, this is achieved by sending price signals to the consumers who, if they have any, shift their demand to lower price periods. This is easily applied within HVAC systems, smart electric vehicle charging, and smart home appliance usage. Such behavior would allow the price cannibalization effect to be decreased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to evaluate corporate governance in relation to enterprise performance indicators in order to enhance it. The intention is not only to align with the interests of shareholders, but also to foster competitive, sustainable, and inclusive growth. For this purpose, the leading energy producer in each of the five countries—Denmark, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Sweden—was investigated to evaluate their corporate governance performance. An analysis was conducted, employing regression analysis, Pearson correlation, and descriptive statistics. The influence of corporate governance on the performance of chosen enterprises was examined, utilising specifically developed models. The findings reveal that the corporate governance variables are diverse, and financial metrics exhibit significant variability, reflecting the complexity of the energy industry. The research results confirm that larger and more varied boards positively impact the performance of state-owned power suppliers and increase their net income. The presence of independent members was also found to contribute to the net income growth of state-owned power suppliers. However, the study indicated that the frequency of audit meetings does not necessarily increase earnings. Still, larger audit committees can contribute to CG decision-making processes concerning debt management. The results also implied the need to consider the qualifications of the board members and its composition for proper power interruption management to minimise the frequency and duration of power outages. Therefore, it must be of pivotal focus for respective corporate governance duties. In this respect, the need for more specific and regular assessments was also found to be justified regarding industry-specific challenges related to power system disruptions. Customer-centric strategies should deserve relevant attention as well. The enforcement of the management audit function could be a solution. Consequently, assessing the governance structures and decision-making processes must be systematic for energy producers due to the business dynamics leading to the revaluation of the evolving challenges and possible solutions aimed at the competitive and sustainable development of the energy sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inequality and the lack of basic services are problems that affect some regions of the Amazon. Among these services, electricity is considered essential for quality of life, but it is still scarce. In some cases, the absence of electricity brings with it concerns that impact human health, well-being, and development. In this context, this research proposes to develop the sizing of a modular and expandable system for generating electricity with off-grid energy storage to serve single-family homes of river dwellers (from 2 to 8 people) in isolated communities in the Amazon. The research presents and demonstrates the Proknow-C systematic methodology, which shows a systematic approach to rigorous and structured literature reviews. The Amazon Kit concept covers the systems and configurations that can be proposed for single-family homes in the Amazon. The sizing of the Amazon Kit is carried out, ranging from data mapping to estimating consumption per person in homes, followed by the analytical calculation of the solar photovoltaic system—off the grid, considering the basis of the CRESESB portal. SAM (version 2023.12.17) and HOMER PRO® (Version 3.16.2) software is used to simulate and validate the systems. Thus validating the sizing and configuration according to the mapped data and per capita consumption and validating the operability and functionality according to the operating regime, respectively. In this manner, the system depicted in the design and specifications can be adapted to the requirements of single-family dwellings. Furthermore, it offers convenient system maintenance, with an inverter that operates in various configurations (on, off, and zero grid), as well as energy storage for days without sunlight or system maintenance. As a result, the system uses renewable technologies to provide electricity services, filling a significant gap in the literature found in the research. It also offers a sustainable and affordable solution to improve the quality of life and reduce dependence on non-renewable sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Decarbonization of the energy sector, requires a strong expansion of renewable energy, which combined with effective and efficient use of resources, enables the development of models based on the green economy. Tidal energy, which is currently underutilized, can contribute to this change by providing affordable and clean energy, thus contributing to sustainable development. This work evaluates the economic dimension of sustainability and provides a profitability analysis related to a 1 MW plant located in central Italy. The methodology consists of a technical framework, geared toward quantifying the energy potential from that plant, and economic models based on indicators such as Net Present Value (NPV), Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) and Discounted Payback Time (DPBT).The results show that the plant turns out to be profitable in the base case (NPV = 573 k€ and DPBT = 21 years) and policy interventions, which see the use of capital grants and subsidies, change the results to NPV ranging between 338 and 1287 k€ and DPBT between 11 and 15 years. However, alternative scenarios indicate that the variables that most impact economic outcomes are changes related to energy selling price and capacity factor. The LCOE in the different scenarios varies between 49.4–89.8 €/MWh. The implications of this work define that tidal energy supports the energy transition to sustainable development and that the mix of technical, market, and political factors must be considered in policy decision making.