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This article proposes a solution to the Dynamic Economic Emission Dispatch (DEED) problem, which incorporates wind, solar and plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) into the optimization challenge. The new model, called Wind-Solar-Plug in Electric Vehicle (WSPEV) DEED, utilizes an optimization technique called the Oppositional-based Equilibrium Optimizer (OEO) method with the Weibull and Beta distributions to model wind and solar resources. The charging and discharging patterns of PEVs are also considered in the model. The proposed approach is evaluated through several scenarios involving Renewable Energy Sources (RESs) and PEVs, and the simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed model in achieving a sustainable and cost-effective power system. The WSPEV DEED model provides a valuable solution to the DEED problem, which is crucial for successfully integrating RESs and PEVs into the power system for a sustainable future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polymers derived from renewable sources, particularly those based on furan, have attracted significant attention within the scientific community due to their potential as an ecologically viable alternative, aiming to minimize the negative impacts arising from the accumulation of plastics derived from fossil hydrocarbons. However, few toxicogenetic studies have been conducted. Therefore, the objective of this study was to assess the cytotoxicity and mutagenicity of starting materials (hexamethylenediamine, maleic anhydride, furan and furan maleic anhydride adduct), as well as a new polymer derived from the furan maleic anhydride adduct. Hexamethylenediamine, maleic anhydride, and furan maleic anhydride adduct exhibited comparable cytotoxic profiles, whereas furan demonstrated lower cytotoxic potential (IC50 of 72.94 ± 2.49 mg/mL), yet it was the only reagent capable of inducing mutagenicity. Furan's mutagenic activity by Ames test was observed in the TA100 strain, both with and without metabolization. The polymer, in turn, exhibited low cytotoxic effect (cell viability exceeding 70%) and demonstrated non-mutagenicity under the experimental conditions, emphasizing its safety concerning toxicological risks. In conclusion, this study contributes to the genotoxicological safety assessment of starting materials, and a new polymer sourced from renewable origins. The absence of mutagenicity and the low cytotoxic potential of the assessed samples contribute to the battery of tests required to indicate safe applications, thereby fostering acceptance, and minimizing associated risks. Among the evaluated reagents, special caution is warranted in handling furan due to its potential to induce gene mutations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) consume a significant amount of energy to clean wastewater. However, for medium‐ and small‐scale WWTPs, it is crucial to have an energetically self‐sustained treatment. In this regard, novel low‐energy demand treatment systems, such as nature‐based solutions (NBS), are highly suitable alternatives. Constructed wetlands coupled with microbial fuel cells (MFC), referred to as electrowetlands (EWs), are NBS able to treat wastewater while recovering electricity. In this study, initially, various granular carbon materials were tested as anode materials in laboratory‐scale MFCs, and anthracite was selected due to its higher electrochemical activity. Then, pre‐pilot scale tests were conducted, evaluating different EW configurations. The one consisting in a horizontal anode yielded the best wastewater treatment efficiencies (chemical oxygen demand [COD] degradation greater than 90%) and electricity production (11 mW m−2; 260 mWh day−1 m−2). Finally, a 50 m2 pilot was constructed in Valladolid, studying its performance under real conditions for 1 year. The pilot showed robust and stable performance, achieving high wastewater treatment efficiencies (COD degradation >85%, outflow COD of 100 ppm) and generating 115 Wh in 1 year (power density of 0.4 mW m−2). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Within the Colombian Caribbean region, a number of rural communities utilize self-generated energy as a result of their limited access to the national electricity network. This energy generated is achieved through a combination of combustion engines and renewable sources. However, certain communities face challenges maintaining daily energy autonomy, resulting in developmental disparities. Consequently, the study seeks to create a method for evaluating the accessibility of renewable resources and performing risk assessments to facilitate the introduction of electrification projects in rural regions of the Colombian Caribbean. METHODS: A review was made of the feasibility of financing projects with a focus on renewable energies by government financing entities in Colombia. Subsequently, risk mitigation strategies were utilized in projects of this kind, analyzing the available renewable resources in the locality such as wind and photovoltaic solar energy. FINDINGS: The main factor impeding the success of renewable energy projects in the Colombian Caribbean is political risk. Despite the region's significant solar and wind energy potential, as demonstrated by statistical analyses based on meteorological data, these projects frequently struggle to achieve optimal operational outcomes due to political instability. Presenting potential solar radiation levels ranging from 5 kilowatt-hours per square meter per day, and wind speeds exceeding 2 and 7 meters per second in certain localities. The aforementioned statement suggests that the projects that have been signed are backed by insufficient dimensioning. CONCLUSION: The strategies devised for effective administration of energy supply to these communities are outlined, taking into account the assessment of wind and solar energy capacities specific to each area, as well as the identification of potential political and financial risks which pose the most significant uncertainties for such initiatives. The solar radiation assessments obtained are conducive to accurately sizing photovoltaic systems, while the identified wind speeds indicate a need to reevaluate methods for harnessing these wind resources efficiently. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural fibres improve polymer composite because fibre's weight-to-density ratio is low compared to metal/synthetic fibres. This study aims to use a hand layup for making the five different samples of composite material from the Millettia pinnata (MP) fibre reinforced with zirconia nanofiller mixed polyester matrix by varying with other filler weight fractions. The effect of MP fibre antibacterial properties and mechanical characteristics, thermal behaviour, and thermal stability of MP composite were experimentally analysed. The results reveal the addition of zirconia filler improved the mechanical properties in sample E (100g MP fibre, 50g ZrO2, and 100g matrix), such as tensile strength, flexural strength, compressive strength, and impact strength (0.034 J/mm2). Also, zirconia filler influenced in sample E, which contains superior results in thermal stability and material degradation temperature can be identified from thermogravimetric measurement, the degradation temperature of this MP composite lies between 298 and 349 °C, and scanning electron microscopy examined the failure mode of this composite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The push for sustainability in nanomaterials has catalyzed significant advancements in the green synthesis of carbon dots (CDs) from renewable resources. This review uniquely explores recent innovations, including the integration of hybrid techniques, such as micro-wave-assisted and ultrasonic-assisted hydrothermal methods, as well as photocatalytic synthesis. These combined approaches represent a breakthrough, offering rapid production, precise control over CD properties, and enhanced environmental sustainability. In addition, the review emphasizes the growing use of green solvents and bio-based reducing agents, which further reduce the environmental footprint of CD production. This work also addresses key challenges, such as consistently controlling CD properties—size, shape, and surface characteristics—across different synthesis processes. Advanced characterization techniques and process optimizations are highlighted as essential strategies to overcome these hurdles. Furthermore, this review pioneers the integration of circular economy principles into CD production, proposing novel strategies for sustainable material use and waste reduction. By exploring innovative precursor materials, refining doping and surface engineering techniques, and advocating for comprehensive life cycle assessments, this work sets a new direction for future research. The insights provided here represent a significant contribution to the field, paving the way for more sustainable, efficient, and scalable CD production with diverse applications in optoelectronics, sensing, and environmental remediation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: In the Colombian Caribbean, some rural communities rely on self-generated energy due to their lack of connection to the national grid. This energy generated is achieved through a combination of combustion engines and renewable sources. However, certain communities face challenges maintaining daily energy autonomy, resulting in developmental disparities. Consequently, the research aims to develop a strategy for assessing renewable resource availability and conducting risk analysis to support the implementation of electrification initiatives in rural areas of the Colombian Caribbean.METHODS: A review was made of the feasibility of financing projects with a focus on renewable energies by government financing entities in Colombia. Subsequently, risk management was applied in projects of this nature, assessing the renewable potentials available in the region, such as wind and photovoltaic solar energy.FINDINGS: Of the risks encountered, political risk is the main reason why projects focused on renewable energy in the Colombian Caribbean do not end in a good state of operation, although there is a good exploitable solar and wind energy potential in the region as indicated by the statistical analyses carried out with the records obtained by meteorological instrumentation of the area. Presenting potential solar radiation levels ranging from 5 kilowatt-hours per square meter per day, and wind speeds exceeding 2 and 7 meters per second in certain localities. This indicates that the signed projects are supported with inadequate dimensioning.CONCLUSION: The routes established to perform good management for the energization of these populations are presented, when evaluating the wind and solar potentials available by location, and the risk analysis which indicates that, for such proposals political and financial risks present the greatest uncertainty. The solar radiation potentials obtained are suitable for proper sizing of photovoltaic systems, and the wind speeds identified suggest a review of how to harness these wind potentials effectively.

The development of strategy and tactics for reforms in the energy industry involves the identification of benchmark countries whose experience can form the basis of a quantitative assessment of the main targets of the reforms. The basis for such decisions can be the results of the integrated assessment of energy reforms in the EU countries for 2010–2021. This study aims to cluster these countries according to the integral indicator and determine specific directions in which the respective country needs to make progress in moving to another cluster. Thus, based on a linear model, the Fishburn formula, and variance analysis, 10 energy development indicators were combined into a single indicator that characterizes the effectiveness of energy reforms (for example, in 2021, it was the highest in Austria (0.612), Germany (0.644), and France (0.620); the lowest – in Latvia (0.383) and Croatia (0.369)). Based on this indicator, countries were clustered using the k-means method. Four clusters were formed: representatives of the highest first (Austria, Germany, France, Spain, Sweden, and Luxembourg) are strategic benchmarks for all EU countries, and representatives of other clusters are tactical benchmarks for countries from lower clusters. The average values of all 10 indicators of energy development were calculated. Their low values are a sign that this direction should be a priority when carrying out reforms, and their quantitative estimates can be used as specific targets when setting strategic and tactical tasks (transition to a higher cluster or achieving average values in one’s cluster). AcknowledgmentThe research was funded by a Fellowship agreement for a research fellowship in the framework of the 11th funding round within the Philipp Schwartz Initiative of the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation.

The current geopolitical framework has forced European countries to redefine their energy relations and take rapid steps to become energy independent. In recent years, Europe has relied on Russian oil and gas, especially countries like Germany or Italy, but this must change and Europe must find a quick solution to achieve energy independence. Lack of investment in gas production will increase dependence on imports and affect the path to energy independence.The paper highlights the impact that costs have in the investment field. Technologies related to alternative sources of energy to the consumption of crude oil have been developed and are supported in the policies of the EUregarding the reduction of carbon emissions.If changes are not made in the way energy is produced, transported and consumed, humanity could face a major energy crisis.The aspects addressed in this paper are aimed at highlighting the sensitivity of oil companies to the mutations of the markets in which they operate, respectively raising interest in a preventive - anticipatory approach to future challenges.The type of research used in this paper is a descriptive one, with the aim of documenting and understanding the phenomena, and observation, document analysis and SWOT analysis were used as research methods.

Napier grass is crucial in reducing greenhouse gas emissions by substituting non-renewable resources. When Napier grass is burned, the carbon dioxide (CO2) released is roughly equal to the amount absorbed during its growth, making it a potentially carbon-neutral energy source. This study investigates the impact of ratooning (repeated harvesting) on various aspects of Napier grass, including growth, physiology, biomass production, nutrient content, and chemical analysis. It also explored the interaction between elevated CO2 levels and ratooning. Two experiments were conducted over 12 months. Experiment 1 took place in an open field at the Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), with two treatments: no ratooning and ratooning at three months after planting (MAP). Experiment 2 was conducted in an open field at UPM and a greenhouse at Tenaga National Berhad Research, Kajang, Selangor. Eight combination treatments were studied: (T1) 1-month elevated CO2 (MECO2) - no ratooned, (T2) 1 MECO2-R at 3 MAP, (T3) 2 MECO2-noR, (T4) 2 MECO2-R at 3 MAP, (T5) 5 MECO2-noR, (T6) 5 MECO2-R at 3 MAP, (T7) 12 MECO2-noR, and (T8) 12 MECO2-R at 3 MAP. The results indicated that, in Experiment 1, no ratooning was more favourable for all parameters compared to ratooning. In Experiment 2, a 1-month exposure to elevated CO2 showed better results compared to longer exposure periods. In conclusion, Napier grass performed better when not subjected to ratooning and exposed to short-term elevated CO2 levels. This research highlights the potential of Napier grass as a sustainable and carbonneutral energy source. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The chemical valorization of widespread molecules in renewable sources is a field of research widely investigated in the last decades. In this context, we envisaged that indole-3-carbinol, present in different Cruciferae plants, could be a readily available building block for the synthesis of various classes of indoles through a palladium-catalyzed Tsuji–Trost-type reaction with O and S soft nucleophiles. The regiochemical outcome of this high-yielding functionalization shows that the nucleophilic substitution occurs only at the benzylic position. Interestingly, with this protocol, the sulfonyl unit could be appended to the indole nucleus, providing convenient access to new classes of molecules with potential bioactivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The innovative energy-efficient vending machine for use in urban environment, called SVIEE-R, have been developed in the global context of reducing energy consumption and using alternative energies. In the design and prototype building phase of the SVIEE-R we analysed energy consumption for several models of the product delivery subsystem. In order to optimise the energy consumption for the product delivery subsystem we also considered the mechatronic delivery system with a spiral for packaged products. Building an energy efficient mechatronic delivery system allows to increase the lifetime of energy independent vending machines and concerning vending machines supplied from the public electricity grid to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The use of modern design software allowed the analyse of the functioning of the mechatronic spiral systems from the design stage. The paper presents the research undertaken for the energy efficiency of the mechatronic spiral system using simulations of the operation validated through functional tests using a stand made by modern manufacturing technologies (laser cutting, 3D printing). The tests carried out were mainly aimed at evaluating the energy consumption of mechatronic spiral delivery systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, an intelligent brain emotional learning-based intelligent controller (BELBIC) technique is presented for the secondary frequency control of microgrid. The effects of renewable energy sources and load changes, power fluctuations and dynamic disturbances along with uncertainty affecting the microgrid frequency are all considered in the studied islanded microgrid. In the intelligent method for tuning and stabilizing the microgrid frequency, the learning of BELBIC technique is based on emotional factors and is able to adjust the microgrid frequency by including nonlinear terms and overcoming the effects of model uncertainty, disturbances, environmental changes and low inertia due to renewable energy sources. The behavior of the system against various changes and disturbances is investigated and compared with the optimal PID control methods. The advantages of the proposed method include low overshoot / undershoot, short settling time and minimization of frequency deviation. According to the simulation results obtained in different scenarios, the proposed control method shows good performance for network frequency stabilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Przegląd Elektrotechniczny is the property of Przeglad Elektrotechniczny and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The intermittence and unpredictability of large-scale renewable integration poses significant challenges to the operation of the electricity market. New paradigms of the joint electricity spot market (EM) and ancillary service market (ASM) incorporating frequency regulation (FR) and flexible ramping product (FRP) are considered as potential solutions, addressing the challenge of limited compatibility in the electricity market with the widespread integration of renewable sources. This work focuses on three critical technical obstacles: optimizing the joint market mechanisms, constructing bidding models, and exploring algorithmic solutions. This paper presents a brief review of recent research on bidding mechanisms, models, and strategies for the electricity joint market with high-penetration renewable integration. Furthermore, challenges and future research prospects of these issues are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poly (styrene-4-vinylbenzyl chloride) (PSVBC) was synthesized by polymerization of 4-vinylbenzyl chloride and styrene. FTIR was used for characterization of PSVBC and for curing of three protein/PSVBC adhesives (proteins include potato, corn, and pea proteins). Protein-PSVBC adhesives were investigated for bonding maple veneers. The shear strength and water resistance of the resultant maple laminates were evaluated. More specifically, the effects of the NaOH concentration, hot press conditions (temperature and time), total solids content, and protein-PSVBC weight ratios on the shear strengths and water resistance were studied. The addition of PSVBC improved the wet shear strength of the laminates from 0.1 to 0.85 MPa for potato-PSVBC adhesive and from 0.1 to 0.73 MPa for corn-PSVBC adhesive. However, the addition of PSVBC did not increase the wet strength of the laminates for the pea-PSVBC adhesive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid advancement of technology and the growing need for energy storage solutions have led to unprecedented research in the field of metal-ion batteries. This perspective article provides a detailed exploration of the latest developments and future directions in energy storage, particularly focusing on the promising alternatives to traditional lithium-ion batteries. With solid-state batteries, lithiumsulfur systems and other metal-ion (sodium, potassium, magnesium and calcium) batteries together with innovative chemistries, it is important to investigate these alternatives as we approach a new era in battery technology. The article examines recent breakthroughs, identifies underlying challenges, and discusses the significant impact of these new frontiers on various applications-from portable electronics to electric vehicles and grid-scale energy storage. Against the backdrop of a shifting paradigm in energy storage, where the limitations of conventional lithium-ion batteries are being addressed by cutting-edge innovations, this exploration offers insights into the transformative potential of next-generation battery technologies. The article further aims to contribute to the ongoing scientific dialogue by focusing on the environmental and economic implications of these technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The proliferation of polymer science and technology in recent decades has been remarkable, with synthetic polymers derived predominantly from petroleum-based sources dominating the market. However, concerns about their environmental impacts and the finite nature of fossil resources have sparked interest in sustainable alternatives. Bio-based polymers, derived from renewable sources such as plants and microbes, offer promise in addressing these challenges. This review provides an overview of bio-based polymers, discussing their production methods, properties, and potential applications. Specifically, it explores prominent examples including polylactic acid (PLA), polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), and polyhydroxy polyamides (PHPAs). Despite their current limited market share, the growing awareness of environmental issues and advancements in technology are driving increased demand for bio-based polymers, positioning them as essential components in the transition towards a more sustainable future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The construction of highway microgrids is evolving into a new highway energy system that integrates "Source-Network-Load-Storage". This paper provides a comprehensive evaluation of expressway microgrids from the perspective of transportation and energy integration. An index model is set up that considers the economy, technology, and environment. The grey evaluation method, on the strength of analytic hierarchy process–entropy weight method, shows that the integrated microgrid of "source-network-load-storage" promotes energy sustainability, supply reliability, and sustainable environmental development. When compared to different evaluation methods for microgrid planning schemes, our method yields the highest score of 0.9127, indicating superior results. This approach is suitable for the multicomponent evaluation system of expressway microgrids and allows for scientifically evaluating microgrid planning schemes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The green transition is a challenge for the Polish economy and energy sector. In this paper, the expert method of analysis was applied and findings revealed that the challenges and prerequisites for an effective transformation of the power sector mainly include technical, technological and organizational issues of energy production and use. The provision of electricity at competitive prices and with a low carbon footprint, for individual consumers and industry, is a prerequisite for maintaining the well-being of the population and ensuring the competitiveness of domestically produced goods. The ambitious climate policy goals of the European Union require immediate action and call for radical changes in the Polish energy sector; in the coming years, it must drastically reduce the amount of energy produced from fossil fuels and replace it with so-called green energy from renewable sources. The main purpose of this article was to highlight the need to modify Poland's energy policy until 2040 in order to make it more consistent with the ambitious climate goals of the European Union. This article also shows that Poland's energy transition must include a shift from fossil fuels to renewables, while ensuring that energy security is stabilized by the current energy and generation resources. To this end, we discuss the issues of creating reserves in the national energy system for the entire period of Poland's energy transition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrical power generation in Oman depends mainly on natural gas, while in rural areas it is based mainly on diesel fuel. Oman has committed to net-zero emissions by 2050, in line with the Paris Agreement's goal of limiting global warming to 1.5°C. The objective of this paper is to propose an optimal energy mix model for electricity generation from various energy sources, such as gas, diesel, wind, and photovoltaic, that considers more renewable sources in the energy mix. The optimization model minimizes various costs such as construction cost, operation cost, fuel cost, and carbon emissions, while satisfying the load demand. In this paper, Masirah Island is selected to perform our analysis. Several scenarios are contemplated, including grid extension to the island. The results found that gas-powered generators with 20% PV and storage are the best option in terms of the levelized cost of electricity. The grid extension is an economically feasible option if the existing load is more than doubled. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The implications of relevant sustainable practices have reflected the scholastic features to improve the environmental resources. The study highlights the importance of conservation of environment and power system in search of proven solutions to improve the penetration level. The need for flexibility has signified the special characteristics that are conventional in increasing the integrity of renewable resources. The ideologies have global trends have integrated the cost of affectivity with the growing applications of power projects. The architecture of wind and solar energy has touched successful benchmarks with respect to the real world implications. The conceptual practices help in initializing the practices towards biomass as well as determining the impact of renewable energy on wind and solar power energy in a significant manner. In addition to that, the applications of solar or photovoltaic cell have been mentioned in the study which has greater significance. The ideas based on the emission of greenhouse gases have been evaluated in the study that shows the after effects as well. The use of passive solar energy and active solar energy has clearly discussed the concept of sustainability and the process of administering towards various climatic conditions. Lastly, the impact of renewable resources on social, environmental, technical and economic aspects has verified the relevant practice of sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There has been a growing emphasis in recent scholarship on the environmentalist movement, necessitating robust data to substantiate claims regarding the impacts of financial decentralization and investments in green power on the ecology. This study investigates the multifaceted impact of these factors within a subset of EU member states from 2000 to 2020, with a particular focus on their implications for environmental sustainability. Employing an advanced-panel method, the investigation utilizes enhanced self-regressive distribution delays (CS-ARDL) to analyze the cumulative and immediate connections between financial decentralization, green power investments, and environmental outcomes. The study reveals that effective governance of institutions plays a crucial role in moderating this relationship, influencing the extent to which financial decentralization and green energy investments contribute to environmental preservation. Preliminary findings indicate that regions with decentralized financial systems and substantial investments in green power exhibit reduced carbon dioxide emissions and improved environmental quality. This positive impact is further amplified by sound institutional oversight, ensuring that investments in clean energy align with ecological sustainability goals.The study also underscores the importance of a coordinated approach, where financial decentralization, investments in green power, and institutional governance synergistically contribute to environmental resilience and sustainable development. These efforts not only mitigate environmental challenges but also stimulate economic growth, job creation, and technological innovation in the renewable energy sector. The impact of financial decentralization and investments in green power on environmental sustainability in the European Union is significant, with governance playing a pivotal role in shaping positive outcomes. This study provides valuable insights for policymakers and stakeholders seeking to promote a greener and more sustainable future within the EU.

The transition towards a low-carbon economy over the next few decades poses a global challenge, including for Serbia. In regions whose economic development relies on mining (exploitation of non-renewable sources of energy and raw materials), there is a crucial need for investments in new sources of clean energy, the development of new industries, and the creation of new green jobs. Anticipating these trends and their impact on existing mine workers is essential for effectively managing the energy transition and creating a green economy where they won't be left behind. The authors of this paper focus on analyzing the attitudes of mine workers in Serbia regarding this issue and their readiness to embrace changes, aiming to contribute to the promotion of the need for an accelerated and fair energy transition. To ensure the relevance of the conclusions, field research was conducted during November and December 2023, coupled with an analysis of available literature and officially accessible public documents related to this field. Efficient management of the energy transition requires aligning strategies for reindustrialization, innovation, the adoption of clean technologies, and investments in green infrastructure. Simultaneously, measures ensuring a smooth transition are necessary, including social protection, training for acquiring new knowledge and skills, labor market policies, as well as community development and renewal.

Ever-increasing dynamic surges in renewable-based electric power systems, notably wind and photovoltaic farms bring adverse impacts and challenges in terms of reliability and stability. The intermittency of renewable sources imposes significant deviations in frequency due to variations in demand. Wind power induces instability in the grid due to its vulnerable nature, and reduction in system inertia. To mitigate these dynamics issues, an optimal control technique based on flatness-based Active disturbance rejection control (FADRC) and utilizing an enhanced Beluga Whale optimization algorithm (EBWO) for a multi-area interconnected power system with photovoltaic generation. The proposed LFC model addresses the load perturbation and the deviation of tie-line power, with system uncertainties considered as lumped disturbances that are approximated by extended state observers. To achieve optimal performance, the Enhanced Beluga Whale optimization algorithm is adopted and integrated with the suggested controller to fine-tune the controller. To validate the formidable performance of the suggested scheme, different cases have been studied with the existing approaches. The simulation results reveal the supremacy and robustness of the dynamic response of the Flatness-based active disturbance rejection control as compared to other approaches under load variations and parameter uncertainty.

It has been established that the needs of mankind in fuel are growing every day. The full energy balance of the countries of the European Union is analyzed and the place and share of alternative energy sources are determined. It is determined that trends in the development of society require the adoption of new, non-traditional solutions that can quickly increase the efficiency of using alternative energy sources, solve the problem of insufficient energy capacity, reduce the harmful impact on the environment and carry out modernization in the shortest possible time and at the lowest cost. The main reasons for this are the expected depletion of fossil fuel reserves, the rapid rise in prices for it, incomplete use and low efficiency, as well as the harmful impact on the environment. The problems of the energy sector of economy are determined. The use of alternative energy sources by EU countries is evaluated, which saves billions of euros on gas purchases. It is proved that despite the rapid changes in demand and oil prices, the tendency to increase the consumption of fuel and energy resources will continue, although the distribution of consumption by industries and countries may change somewhat. A review of theoretical approaches to defining the essence of the concept of «alternative energy» is made and the author's definition of this economic category is provided. Each type of alternative energy sources is characterized, their advantages and disadvantages, which positively or negatively affect the energy sector of the economy and the economy as a whole, are outlined. The problematic issues of using alternative energy sources in modern conditions of management are outlined. It is noted that in recent years, the cost of building small hydropower plants has been significantly simplified by simplifying their design and operation, standardizing design solutions, unifying equipment and full automation of HPP operation, as well as through the use of new materials and finished products. It is proposed to use new unconventional energy technologies that we have explored and can lead the world towards a sustainable energy supply.

The significant increase in the installed capacity of power plants with renewable energy sources and the imbalance of the financial system of the wholesale electricity market of Ukraine prompted the Ministry of Energy to develop an alter-native support mechanism for RES producers. The introduction of a feed-in tariff (FIP), which compensates for the difference between the actual sale price of electricity and the "green" tariff, can help producers receive more money immediately after the electricity is released. However, studies have shown that exiting a balancing group without form-ing a new one can lead to increased costs associated with forecasting error. It is important for manufacturers to form independent balancing groups to compensate for negative consequences. The findings of the article show that there is no single optimal balancing group for all manufacturers, but some groups are often repeated. Switching to a separate balancing group can have a significant economic effect for the manufacturer, reducing the cost of forecasting error compared to being solely responsible for the imbalance. However, the balancing group determined by the method of retrospective calculation of the cost of the forecast error is not stable in the long term. Ref. 8, fig. 2, tab. 3.

In this study, a new epoxidized oil from Citrullus colocynthis seed oil (CCSO) was obtained for a potential application in the formulation of polyurethane coatings. Initially, the fatty acid composition of CCSO was determined by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Subsequently, the epoxidation of CCSO was performed with in situ generated peracetic acid, which was formed with hydrogen peroxide (30 wt.%) and glacial acetic acid and catalyzed with sulfuric acid. The reaction was continued at a molar ratio of 1.50:1.0 of hydrogen peroxide to double bond (H2O2:DB) for 6 h at a controlled temperature of 60 °C. The resulting epoxidized oil was then used to produce a bio-based polyol by hydroxylation. The molar ratio of epoxy groups to methanol and distilled water was maintained at 1:11:2, and the reaction was carried out for 2 h at a controlled temperature of 65 °C. The major functional groups of the epoxidized oil and its polyol were validated by Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopies. A polyurethane (PU) coating was produced from the synthesized polyol and 3HDI isocyanurate, keeping the molar ratio of NCO:OH at 1:1. The resulting PU coating was then applied to glass and aluminum panels (Al 1001). After the film was cured, the properties of the PU coating were evaluated using various techniques including pencil hardness, pendulum hardness, adhesion, gloss, chemical resistance, and EIS tests. The results show that the PU coating obtained from CCSO is a promising new raw material for coating applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vending machine for cold products are increasingly present in retail. In the global context of reducing energy consumption and the use of alternative sources of energy, we developed the prototype of an energy-independent vending machine for cold products SVIEE-R. The prototype is equipped with an energy-efficient mechatronic product delivery system. Two of the consequences of building an energy-efficient mechatronic system is increasing the lifetime of the energy-independent vending machines and reducing the greenhouse gas emissions in the situation of those powered by the electricity grid. Virtual modelling software allows simulating the operation of the mechatronic systems which is useful when working on their optimization. The paper presents the research undertaken for the design and virtual simulations of the mechatronic system for dose delivery in order to improve energy efficiency and the functional tests performed with the mechatronic system using 3D printing technology in order to approximate energy consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The new form of renewable energy attracts enormous attention from researchers for its immense importance and impact on our daily life. A fossil energy is a non‐renewable source that will end shortly because of its immense use in houses and industries. Among the renewable sources, solar cells based on perovskite (PVK) materials exponentially increase their efficiency from 3.8% to 25.8% rapidly in a diminutive period of time. In the present study, doped and undoped PVK layers (MAPbI3, MAPb[I1‐xClx]3) are considered and optimized for solar cell application by using the SCAPS‐1D device simulator. A detailed investigation is done in terms of PVK absorber layer (PAL) thickness variation with different electron and hole transport layers, temperature, and bulk defect density to optimize the device performance. The MAPb(I1‐xClx)3‐based device delivered the highest conversion efficiency of ~29% with JSC of 25.59 mA/cm2, VOC of 1.348 Volt, and an FF of about 83.68%. Results reported in this work may pave the way for the development of advanced high‐efficiency PVK solar cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shallow Geothermal Energy (SGE) exchanges heat with the ground. In continuous, long-term operation, the initial temperature field can be disturbed, and subsurface thermal changes can be developed. In this paper, the thermal impact of a SGE system under a Mediterranean climate is handled. Temperature monitoring was conducted on 15 investigation boreholes equipped with a total of 92 thermal sensors placed at specific depths. Investigation boreholes were drilled 1–2 m from SGE system borehole heat exchangers installed in a university building. The analysis handles a one-year monitoring period of SGE system operation. Temperature depth profiles, reaching up to 140 m depth, were registered with a 10 min time step, resulting in a large amount of data. Ground thermal conductivity was estimated experimentally and semi-empirically, allowing us to obtain, using a numerical model, the initial undisturbed ground temperature profiles and compare them with the monitored values. Climate data were recorded by the university meteorological station. Globally, the measured and computed data were coherent, and a non-negligible impact of the SGE system operation in the first year was observed. The building orientation as well as the nearby departments had significant impacts on the shallow ground temperature. Maximum ground temperature changes observed at depths higher than 10–20 m, ranging from 2 to 3 °C as observed in different boreholes, indicate that the system is operating efficiently. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This study uses a Capparis Spinosa Methyl Ester or Cymbopogon Martinii Methyl Ester (CMME25) and hydrogen dual fuel engine using multi-walled multi-additive nanotubes (MWCNT). In this experiment, a single-cylinder diesel engine was used. Through the intake manifold, hydrogen is introduced at predetermined flow rates of 5 and 10 lpm. The enriched hydrogen MWCNT of 50 and 100 ppm is combined with the CMME25 fuel. Results from the first round of experiments showed that combustion characteristics and performance were improved by hydrogen enrichment. The addition of hydrogen in the CMME25 fuel blend exhibited better performance (BTE (2.52% higher at 5 lpm and 4.52% higher at 10 lpm), BSFC (1.8% lower at 5 lpm and 2.2% lower at 10 lpm), and increased combustion parameters with lower ignition delay and combustion duration and lower emission gases (CO (8.3% at 5 lpm and 13.4% at 10 lpm), HC (7.2% at 5 lpm and 13.1% at 10 lpm), smoke (4.27% at 5 lpm and 9.06% at 10 lpm)) except NO x emission (4.82% at 5 lpm and 8.16% at 10 lpm) when compared with CMME25 without hydrogen addition. The second phase discussed the effect of multi-walled nanotubes (MWCNTs) blended with CMME25 fuel enriched with hydrogen of 10 lpm. The addition of multi-walled nanotubes in the CMME25 fuel blend revealed that higher BTE and lower BSFC were observed. MWCNT nanoparticles operate as catalysts to accelerate combustion. Minimising ignition delay and HRR advances peak HRR. Hydrogen increased the hydrogen-carbon ratio, improved air/fuel mixing, and shortened combustion, reducing CO emissions. MWCNTs decreased HC emissions by catalysing fuel oxidation and combustion. NO x emission was 6.3 and 12.8% lower for MWCNT 50 and 100 ppm, respectively. Smoke emissions decreased by 8.1 and 14.22% for MWCNT 50 and 100 ppm. Nanoparticles improved fuel droplet evaporation, thermal conductivity, and smoke emission. • Biofuel is produced from waste Cymbopogon Martinii Methyl Ester is explored. • Hydrogen is inducted through the intake manifold at 5 and 10 lpm. • Hydrogen increased the hydrogen-carbon ratio, improved air/fuel mixing. • Multi-walled carbon nanotubes are employed as additive. • Nanoparticles improved fuel droplet evaporation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Worldwide, governmental organizations are restructuring energy policies, making them cleaner, encouraging transformation and energy transition by integrating renewable sources, engaging in environmental preservation, and, notably, meeting the growing demand for sustainable energy models, such as solar and wind energy. In the electricity sector, reducing carbon emissions is crucial to facilitating the integration of microgrids (MGs) with renewable sources and Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESSs). This work constitutes a systematic review that thoroughly analyzes the sizing of MGs with BESSs. The unpredictability and variability of renewable sources justify the complexity of this analysis and the loads connected to the system. Additionally, the sizing of a BESS depends primarily on the application, battery technology, and the system's energy demand. This review mapped and identified existing computational and optimization methodologies for structured sizing in technical indicators of an MG with a BESS based on articles published between 2017 and 2021. A protocol was defined in which articles were filtered in multiple stages, undergoing strategic refinements to arrive at the final articles to address the Research Questions (RQs). The final number of articles was 44, and within these, technical indicators related to the RQs were addressed, covering the most relevant works and comparing them technically, including how each explains the objective and result of their work. The rejected articles did not meet the criteria established by the defined protocol, such as exclusion criteria, quality criteria, and RQs. In conclusion, studies employing the integration of machine learning coupled with optimization techniques exhibit a significant contribution to results, as historical data can aid machine learning for data prediction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent decades, the fight against climate change and the commitment to reduce greenhouse gases have shed a light on the production of energy from renewable sources, in particular those derived from solar energy. This has required the involvement of all stakeholders (producers, but also energy operators, authorities, distributors, and final consumers) which has led to the outline of a new scenario characterized by more efficient technologies, dedicated strategies and business models, and the research of alternatives solutions. Within solar technology, great attention has been given in recent years to concentrating solar power (CSP) technologies, both from research studies and technological development sides. This paper provides a theoretical framework based on a CSP literature review to define the state of the art and to identify research gaps and future research steps related to this technology. The work is based on an innovative bibliometric study to explore technical fields related to CSP, providing both a comprehensive framework with reference to the state of the art of the technology investigated, and a detailed analysis on CSP commercial applications, making the review a very useful tool for stakeholders and decision makers The results of the analysis: (1) help to clarify the technological advances of CSP, the strengths and weaknesses of the current technologies used (parabolic and tower systems are the most widespread), and indications of the prospects for dish systems; (2) identify an alternative to the economic problem that represents an obstacle to the diffusion of CSP, for example, by identifying the ability to couple it with thermal storage as a valid method to increase the flexibility of the system and reduce costs; (3) suggested hybrids, both with renewable and non-renewable technologies, identifying strengths and weaknesses for all the proposed proposals; (4) show that it is possible to identify new ongoing research such as that related to hydrogen production. This paper represents the first part of a larger research study developed within the SOLARGRID Project, which promotes and supports the development of innovative solutions for systems and components for CSP and concentrated photovoltaics (CPV) technologies, with the aim to enhance their energetic performances and economic competitiveness in applications for the distributed generation of both electric and thermal energy frameworks. The main findings of our study highlight that, though there is an increasing number of papers on the topic of CSP, several issues remain neglected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid advancement of technology and the growing need for energy storage solutions have led to unprecedented research in the field of metal-ion batteries. This perspective article provides a detailed exploration of the latest developments and future directions in energy storage, particularly focusing on the promising alternatives to traditional lithium-ion batteries. With solid-state batteries, lithium-sulfur systems and other metal-ion (sodium, potassium, magnesium and calcium) batteries together with innovative chemistries, it is important to investigate these alternatives as we approach a new era in battery technology. The article examines recent breakthroughs, identifies underlying challenges, and discusses the significant impact of these new frontiers on various applications–from portable electronics to electric vehicles and grid-scale energy storage. Against the backdrop of a shifting paradigm in energy storage, where the limitations of conventional lithium-ion batteries are being addressed by cutting-edge innovations, this exploration offers insights into the transformative potential of next-generation battery technologies. The article further aims to contribute to the ongoing scientific dialogue by focusing on the environmental and economic implications of these technologies.