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Recently, 12 European football clubs launched the idea of creating the European Super League. After massive protests from fans, the Union of European Football Associations, politicians, coaches, and players, the initiative was stopped. In this commentary, the authors reflect on some of the problems facing football and argue that the creation of a European Super League is not a solution to the challenges. However, European football does face problems that require actions, and thus the authors provide some suggestions to progress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the way the religious community of Simon Mpadi (closely related to the better-known Kimbanguist movement) crafted its identity within the colonial penal system in the Belgian Congo, specifically in Oshwe (in today's Mai-Ndombe province). The article shows that the practice of relégation (domestic deportation) was an important constitutive element in the way Mpadists conceptualized power within the movement, as well as the identity of the movement. By relying mainly on colonial archival documents about the prison camps of Oshwe, including Mpadi's own letters, and a limited sample of oral history interviews, the article traces how the practice of exile created a colonial "grammar of difference" through isolation and connection.1 It also focuses on how exiled Mpadists acted upon the inherent tensions of this colonial form of punishment to craft their identity and claim spiritual legitimacy and authority in opposition to others. Like the founders of the officially recognized and broadly studied Kimbanguist Church, Mpadi and his followers claimed legitimate authority over prophet Simon Kimbangu's spiritual succession. While Kimbanguism has received much attention from historians, this power struggle, from the vantage point of Mpadists, is less well understood in the historiography of the late-colonial era. Given the contemporary relevance of exile in narratives of Mpadists and Kimbanguists, a historical lens can elucidate how these movements legitimize themselves within the current-day pluralist religious landscape of the Democratic Republic of Congo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Technical performances of teams competing in the professional second divisions of England, Germany and France were analysed over five seasons in order to determine which factors influence the chances of promotion to the elite leagues. A total of 11,032 team-match observations were analysed via a series of logistical regressions. The results revealed that teams with an overworked defensive unit that were frequently asked to make blocks, clearances and goalkeeper saves would have significantly reduced chances of promotion. Conversely, set-plays and in particular taking advantage of penalty kick opportunities significantly increased the odds of promotion by 37%. In addition, scoring goals from corner kicks were also revealed to significantly enhance the odds of promotion by 35%. With regard to open play, creating chances in the form of assists and through balls were revealed to significantly increase the odds of promotion by 28% and 14%, respectively. These results, therefore, indicate that lower league teams with ambitions of achieving promotion to the elite level should adopt a strategy which consists of frequent penetrative passing that leads to chance creation. Furthermore, teams hoping to achieve promotion should look to improve their efficiency from penalty kicks and corner kick set-plays. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The locational pattern of clubs in four professional football leagues in Europe is used to test the causal effect of relegations on short-run regional development. The study relies on the relegation mode of the classical round-robin tournament in the European model of sport to develop a regression-discontinuity design. The results indicate small and significant negative short-term effects on regional employment and output in the sports-related economic sector. In addition, small negative effects on overall regional employment growth are found. Total regional gross value added remains unaffected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A plethora of studies has established that nutrition gardens have been utilized in Zimbabwe to alleviate poverty in recent years. This article interrogates the realities of the intended programme beneficiaries of a poverty alleviation intervention in Zimbabwe. The authors drew from the work of Robert Chambers to unpack the marginalization of the realities of the intended beneficiaries and the sustainability of selected nutrition gardens in Zimbabwe. Central to Robert Chambers' work is the argument that imposed development initiatives are problematic due to lack of programme beneficiary consultation. A purposive sample of 15 participants, made up of 12 beneficiaries of the nutrition gardens and three community leaders were selected for this study. Data was generated utilizing photo-elicitation interviewing and photographs. Thematic data analysis was adopted to analyse the transcribed data. The findings from this study revealed that the selected nutrition gardens in Zimbabwe succumbed to numerous sustainability challenges. Due to these challenges livelihoods of vulnerable communities were lost. The study further noted that the sustainability challenges of the selected nutrition gardens were attributable to the one size fits all approach adopted in the introduction of the nutrition gardens and inadequate research before the implementation of the nutrition gardens. The study also established that there was no programme beneficiary consultation. It is recommended that poverty alleviation interventions should prioritize the realities of the intended beneficiaries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Divergencia is the property of Taller de Historia Politica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

We model the probabilities that a soccer team gets a target, for example, to play the Champions League, the UEFA Europa League or preserve the category. Taking into account the points won until de mth matchday of the competition, when the winter transfer window is closed. We give closed-form expressions for the probabilities of reaching the goals. We also introduce a risk measure which is going to give us the smallest initial points needed to ensure that the probability of getting the target is larger than a given level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the postindustrial city, relegation takes the form of real or imaginary consignment to distinctive sociospatial formations variously and vaguely referred to as 'inner cities,' 'ghettos,' 'enclaves,' 'no-go areas,' 'problem districts' or simply 'rough neighborhoods'. How are we to characterise and differentiate these spaces; what determines their trajectory (birth, growth, decay and death); whence comes the intense stigma attached to them; and what constellations of class, ethnicity and state do they both materialise and signify? These are the questions I pursued in my book Urban Outcasts (Wacquant, 2008a) through a methodical comparison of the trajectories of the black American ghetto and the European working-class peripheries in the era of neoliberal ascen-dancy. In this article, I revisit this cross-continental sociology of 'advanced marginality' to tease out its broader lessons for our understanding of the tangled nexus of symbolic, social and physical space in the polarising metropolis at century's threshold in particular, and for bringing the core principles of Bourdieu's sociology to bear on comparative urban studies in general. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past twenty years or so, cities have been including literature and writers on architectural and urban projects, by more readily asking them to participate in the urban policy creation process. In response to requests, writers have collaborated with architects on planning projects involving tangible depictions of literature in the city. The present article proposes an analysis of this increasing literary presence within urban planning and landscapes: How is literature physically incorporated into the layout and management of today's cities? Results from qualitative surveys conducted across various French and European cities over the past several years help frame this investigation. A number of “literary” urban planning projects built in French cities during the mid-1990′s will serve as a focal point for this endeavor. The projects analyzed herein were executed by members of the OuLiPo movement (a literary group dedicated to enhancing the potential of literature). Intended for both scholars and practitioners alike, this study explores how such new literary practices interact with the modern city, in revealing the professional realignments and changes in operating patterns occurring in both urban planning and urban design. It also critically assesses the models, values and paradoxes underlying today's cityscapes. The integration of literature into urban projects influences modern spaces in a way that contrasts: between striving towards democratization and social inclusion, between an initially subversive project and a shift favoring the mainstream, between a collaborative contextual approach and the dual effects of exclusion and relegation, all of which stem from stamping a “high-minded culture” on the city. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Bitácora Urbano/Territorial is the property of Bitacora Urbano/Territorial and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Class, ethnicity, and state in the making of marginality: Revisiting territories of urban relegation In the postindustrial city, relegation takes the form of real or imaginary consignment to distinctive sociospatial formations variously and vaguely referred to as “inner cities,” “ghettos,” “enclaves,” “no-go areas,” “problem districts,” or simply “rough neighborhoods.” How are we characterize and differentiate these spaces, what determines their trajectory (birth, growth, decay and death), whence comes the intense stigma attached to them, and what constellations of class, ethnicity and state do they both materialize and signify? These are the questions I pursued in my book “Urban outcasts” (2008) through a methodical comparison of the trajectories of the black American ghetto and the European working-class peripheries in the era of neoliberal ascendancy. In this article, I revisit this cross-continental sociology of “advanced marginality” to tease out its broader lessons for our understanding of the tangled nexus of symbolic, social and physical space in the polarizing metropolis at century’s threshold in particular, and for bringing the core principles of Bourdieu’s sociology to bear on comparative urban studies in general. Klasa, etniczność i państwo w procesie tworzenia marginalności: Ponowne spojrzenie na obszary miejskiej relegacji W mieście epoki postprzemysłowej relegacja przybiera formę realnego lub wyobrażonego przypisania do odrębnych formacji społeczno-przestrzennych, na różne sposoby i niezbyt precyzyjnie określanych jako „śródmieścia” (inner cities), „getta”, „enklawy”, „rejony niebezpieczne” (no-go areas), „dzielnice stwarzające problemy” (problem districts) czy po prostu „nieprzyjemne dzielnice” (rough neighborhoods). W jaki sposób opisujemy i odróżniamy owe przestrzenie, co określa ich trajektorię (powstanie, rozwój, upadek i zanik), skąd wzięło się silne symboliczne piętno nadane im na przełomie stuleci, a także jakiego rodzaju powiązania między klasowością, etnicznością i państwem znajdują w nich materialny oraz znaczeniowy wyraz? Kwestie te podejmuję w książce "Urban outcasts" [Miejscy wyrzutkowie] (2008), w której metodycznie porównuję trajektorie amerykańskiego czarnego getta i europejskich peryferii robotniczych w czasach panowania neoliberalizmu. W niniejszym artykule powracam do tej międzykontynentalnej socjologii „zaawansowanej marginalności”, mając na celu odsłonięcie płynących z niej wniosków dla lepszego zrozumienia skomplikowanych powiązań przestrzeni symbolicznej, społecznej i fizycznej w obrębie polaryzującej metropolii na przełomie stuleci oraz, ogólniej, zastosowanie podstawowych zasad socjologii Pierre’a Bourdieu do badań porównawczych nad obszarami miejskimi.

Before they left for the prison, the relégués could address requests to a commission of classification of the recidivists who met shortly before the organization of a convoy. If the remedy appeared to be legitimate, it could order further inquiries and, if necessary, submit a proposal of pardon to the Criminal Affairs and Pardons Department of the Department of Justice. Many relégués tried to lie about their identity to deceive the members of the commission. But they managed to easily circumvent these strategies through the use of identification tools such as the criminal record or anthropometry.

De 1887 à 1953, la loi sur la relégation des récidivistes du 27 mai 1885 a frappé près de 17 375 individus d’un internement à perpétuité en Guyane. La plupart des relégués, déçus par leur sort et éprouvant leur peine comme une injustice, observèrent des grèves et des rébellions, le plus souvent à leur arrivée au pénitencier, et ce afin d’obtenir, en vain, l’application régulière de leur régime. Mais ces tentatives, toutes exemptes de violence, n’aboutirent pas et sont à réinscrire dans un processus plus global qui a trait aux différentes étapes qui rythment leur installation au sein d’une institution particulièrement contraignante. Face aux moyens de coercition, mais également de conciliation, dont dispose l’administration pénitentiaire, le recours à la révolte apparaît comme une impasse qui se résume à une simple modalité d’adaptation, une expérience essuyée douloureusement. Elle précède ainsi une phase d’installation dans le pénitencier qui permet ensuite aux relégués d’en soutirer toutes sortes de privilèges, ou bien de s’en évader.

This article further develops understandings of urban riot as a social and political symptom to consider the riot as a situated and situating biographical moment, a personal experience which is both signifying and significant. It argues for a paired understanding of riots as a set of physical incarnated (re)actions and as 'total social fact' - involving 'society as a whole' and putting its institutions at work 'all together and at once' (Mauss, 1950). It switches from 'urban riots' as a descriptive notion to total rioting as an analytical tool. Total rioting consists of intertwined social upheavals and exchanges, writ through the metaphysical, sociological, poetical and political. It assembles people of a particular kind forever, hence manufacturing social solidarities and subjectivities. As a particular response to specific problems, it reveals how a contemporary state of metaphysical, social and political insecurity generates new forms of empowering projections and intimate policies; and why what is destroyed is precisely what matters. As an attempt to make and unmake society at the same time, it has become the pinnacle of a paradoxical political socialization process. Being less a language for a broader political communication than an insider trading activity, its long-term outcomes reshape the politics of recognition and claims for visibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the postindustrial city, relegation takes the form of real or imaginary consignment to distinctive sociospatial formations variously and vaguely referred to as "inner cities," "ghettos," "enclaves," "no-go areas," "problem districts," or simply "rough neighborhoods." How are we characterize and differentiate these spaces, what determines their trajectory (birth, growth, decay and death), whence comes the intense stigma attached to them, and what constellations of class, ethnicity and state do they both materialize and signify? These are the questions I pursued in my book Urban outcasts (2008) through a methodical comparison of the trajectories of the black American ghetto and the European working-class peripheries in the era of neoliberal ascendancy. In this article, I revisit this cross-continental sociology of "advanced marginality" to tease out its broader lessons for our understanding of the tangled nexus of symbolic, social and physical space in the polarizing metropolis at century's threshold in particular, and for bringing the core principles of Bourdieu's sociology to bear on comparative urban studies in general. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We revisit the relegation algorithm by Deprit et al. (Celest. Mech. Dyn. Astron. 79:157-182, 2001) in the light of the rigorous Nekhoroshev's like theory. This relatively recent algorithm is nowadays widely used for implementing closed form analytic perturbation theories, as it generalises the classical Birkhoff normalisation algorithm. The algorithm, here briefly explained by means of Lie transformations, has been so far introduced and used in a formal way, i.e. without providing any rigorous convergence or asymptotic estimates. The overall aim of this paper is to find such quantitative estimates and to show how the results about stability over exponentially long times can be recovered in a simple and effective way, at least in the non-resonant case. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article present the trajectories of the Brittany ports since the XVth to the XXth century and show that the port live always but with phases of rise, relegation or redeployment. Since the middle-Age, Brittany is a maritime territory with many little fish and coastal-shipping estuary harbors. Such of these ports are in enter the sphere of influence of the great hubs of the new Atlantic economy or of the new port-dockyards on the war maritime front in Brest and Lorient. At the XIXth and the XXth centuries, Brittany is outside the great trade movements. Except the Nantes-Saint-Nazaire port-area, the dynamics is now in the fish ports-network and in the port-dockyards of Brest and Lorient, but the declining coastal-shipping ports, since the end of the XIXth century revive from one’s ashes with the yachting harbors in the bathing stations.

Copyright of Revue Française de Sociologie is the property of Presses de Sciences Po and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Vingtième Siècle is the property of Fondation Nationale des Sciences Politiques and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the postindustrial city, relegation takes the form of real or imaginary consignment to distinctive sociospatial formations variously and vaguely referred to as ‘inner cities,’ ‘ghettos,’ ‘enclaves,’ ‘no-go areas,’ ‘problem districts’ or simply ‘rough neighborhoods’. How are we to characterise and differentiate these spaces; what determines their trajectory (birth, growth, decay and death); whence comes the intense stigma attached to them; and what constellations of class, ethnicity and state do they both materialise and signify? These are the questions I pursued in my book Urban Outcasts (Wacquant, 2008a) through a methodical comparison of the trajectories of the black American ghetto and the European working-class peripheries in the era of neoliberal ascendancy. In this article, I revisit this cross-continental sociology of ‘advanced marginality’ to tease out its broader lessons for our understanding of the tangled nexus of symbolic, social and physical space in the polarising metropolis at century’s threshold in particular, and for bringing the core principles of Bourdieu’s sociology to bear on comparative urban studies in general. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some officials in ancient China were demoted out of central regions for political or other reasons. Suffered from the pain of relegation, they often recorded their physical and mental trauma by writing poems. For many dynasties, a road from Hu'nan, Hubei to Guangdong and Guangxi that many good poets passed by or lived in some places was formed. Like the Silk Road, this road can be called as Relegation Poetry Road. Originated from Qu Yuan and developed in the Tang and Song dynasties, this road is a cultural road with great aesthetic significance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to understand the ways in which the attitudes towards young dropouts are built, one can first look at objective data concerning school trajectories and second, point out the main features of their curriculum viewed by experts on the subject and last, see how the scientific world has recently taken hold of the problem. This analysis is based on literature recently imported in France on “deschooling”, and on a large scale survey which took place in Picardie, Poitou-Charentes and in the region of Paris. It shows how the social background, the school conditions which lead to such trajectories are oversha-dowed and the professional and scientific logics which may lead to such a reification of the phenomenon.

This article investigates firm survival in professional football, arguing that the relegation and promotion system in football leagues is very similar to firm exits and entries in traditional goods and service markets. Empirically, we use a data set containing information on how long football teams have participated in the German Premier League over the playing seasons 1981-1982 to 2009-2010. Controlling for club- and market-specific characteristics, such as a team’s budget or its squad composition, our findings suggest that younger firms are systematically exposed to higher risks of market exit in professional football, which is often referred to as liability of newness in organizational ecology. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The algebra underlying the elimination of the parallax transformation is known to be useful in relegating short-period effects due to tesseral harmonics of the Geopotential. In the case of low-eccentricity orbits, a judicious selection of the generating function of the relegation algorithm allows for a straightforward simplification. Application to low-eccentricity orbits in the medium Earth orbits region illustrates the benefits of the relegation approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is based on an ethnological research on the Youth day-to-day life in two deprived areas of the suburbs, « les quartiers ». A couple of researchers remained three monthes in each area, living with the young people.We chose to study those two areas in two different medium cities, one of them being a traditionally middle-class city, the other a traditionally working class one, with a vivid history of social and economical struggles integrated to its life. The social differences between the city centres were essential to understand the situation of their deprived areas.Space organisation and the function of the city centre have crucial consequences on the social organisation of the young people. It appears that the feeling of being relegated, aggressed, is greatly determined by the map, the landscape of the area, and the social and economic position of the actor. Living in an enclosed area, as in the first « quartier », leads to difficulties to go out, in real and psychological terms, hence, to find a job. Travelling in and out the area depends greatly on the point above but, in both types of areas the girls are seldom present in the public space, in relation with the culture of the dominant minority, that spreads upon the others. If the deprived area is an enclosed one, the young males use to go to the city centre in groups, securing themselves in an hostile surrounding. At the reverse, in an « open area » individualisation and integration is possible.

Splitting leagues or tournaments is puzzling when agents are homogeneous and splitting leads to a negative competition effect. However, a principal can benefit from splitting under some circumstances. First, splitting can be used as a divide-and-rule strategy by the principal to create additional incentives when collusion among the agents is possible. Second, splitting leagues gives the principal the opportunity to introduce promotions and relegations between nested tournaments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on comparative fieldwork conducted in and around four French prisons in 1990-94, this article analyzes processes at work in the `sensitive perimeter' that surrounds and isolates establishments of penal confinement. The first part retraces the nested dynamics of relegation at the planning and building stage that lead to the geographic isolation of carceral establishments - their expurgation from city centers and removal to distant locations devoid of economic and symbolic value. The second part focuses on the distortions induced by carceral divisions in ordinary interactions taking place in the bars and hotels located in the immediate vicinity of prisons. It is found that the dichotomous cleavage effected and materialized by the prison, with inmates embodying `evil' on one side and guards as carriers of `good' on the other, seeps through the walls and infects a wide range of social relationships. The prison both radiates and exports the penal stigma it is assumed to contain, thereby profoundly affecting its proximate social ecology. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]