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The cosmetic industry is now changing or rather having an ecological transition in which formulations such as creams, lotions, and powders for make‐up, skin and hair care must not contain microplastics, now a taboo word in this field. Nowadays, many companies are intensifying their research and development (R&D) work to align with recent and future legislation that provides for their elimination to safeguard the ecosystem. The production of new eco‐sustainable materials is currently a hot topic which finds its place in a market worth above 350 billion dollars which will reach more than 700 billion dollars in a very short time. This review offers an overview of the main advantages and adverse issues relating to the use of microplastics in cosmetics and of their impact, providing an insight into the properties of the polymeric materials that are currently exploited to improve the sensorial characteristics of cosmetic products. In addition, the various regulatory restrictions in the different geographical areas of the world are also described, which is matter for reflection on future direction. Finally, a prospective vision of possible solutions to replace microplastics with sustainable alternatives complete the picture of the next generation personal care products to support decision‐making in the cosmetic marketplace. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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As digital technologies penetrate all spheres of human life, scientific and technological progress becomes a global development factor. Artificial intelligence (AI) is an advanced and rapidly developing area that has already proved its efficiency in healthcare, finance, and transport. However, AI also poses significant ethical and legal challenges because it can be used to generate and distribute virtual child pornography. The article features methods of generating virtual child pornography through various AI tools, their ethical implications, and the existing legal frameworks that cover these issues. In fact, the existing international and national laws on child abuse fail to take into account AI-generated images. The authors studied cases and legal precedents to highlight the urgent need for robust regulatory legal measures to prevent the misuse of AI technologies, the potential of which should be realized for the benefit of society.

Within the framework of the Industry 4.0 concept, transition from a linear economy model to a circular economy model aimed at energy saving, regenerative green production, circulation, and consumption is becoming increasingly relevant. The purpose of the study is to substantiate the low-carbon development model consistency with the goals and objectives of circular economy (hereinafter referred to as CE) for subsequent development of a green growth strategy. Objectives of the study: to use the criteria and methods of CE to develop a toolkit for transition to low-carbon economy and to formulate its development strategy. The study used general scientific methods, in particular, analysis, synthesis, and periodization. In the course of the study the criteria for green economy growth have been identified, and in accordance with them the stages of CE have been established such as conceptual, institutional, and regulatory. The author’s variant of the combined regulatory system based on a combination of administrative and economic measures has been proposed. Matrices of problem situations by individual types of activity have been formed. As the study result, the authors outlined the circular economy stages, substantiated the possibility of low-carbon transformation within the framework of CE, relying on carbon emissions management, low-carbon technologies and a system of financing “green” projects implementation. The tools to stimulate “green” growth have been defined: a tax on greenhouse gas emissions, emissions trading system, subsidizing alternative energy, environmental projects, energy-saving technologies development and their implementation into the production process. The novelty of the study lies in a scheme development for building a low-carbon economic development strategy aimed at achieving the goals of reducing greenhouse gas emissions at the level of both the region and industrial enterprises.

Aroma is a critical quality of fruit and vegetable juices, drawing considerable attention. High-pressure processing (HPP) is demonstrated to possess more advantageous than thermal sterilization in preserving the aroma quality of fruit and vegetable juices and reducing processing off-flavors. In this paper, the changes in aroma quality of HPP fruit and vegetable juices during processing and storage are reviewed. The HPP treatment process has little effect on the overall aroma quality and sensory attributes of fruit and vegetable juices. The deterioration of aroma quality mainly occurs during the subsequent storage period. This paper elucidates the mechanism of aroma quality change of HPP fruit and vegetable juices from aspects such as the activation or inactivation of enzymes by HPP and the interaction between matrix molecules and aroma. It summarizes the currently common aroma quality control measures for HPP fruit and vegetable juices. The enzyme inactivation effects could be improved by combining temperature and pressure, optimizing the pressurization mode, and using technologies such as HPP in combination with CO2 and ultrafiltration. Product quality could also be improved by improving storage conditions. This paper reviews the research progress on aroma quality of ultra-high pressure fruit and vegetable juices, in order to provide ideas and references for subsequent product research and development and the study of aroma change mechanisms.

Autonomous vehicles (AVs) represent a transformative advancement in transportation technology, promising to enhance travel efficiency, reduce traffic accidents, and revolutionize our road systems. Central to the operation of AVs is the integration of artificial intelligence (AI), which enables these vehicles to navigate complex environments with minimal human intervention. This review critically examines the potential dangers associated with the increasing reliance on AI in AV navigation. It explores the current state of AI technologies, highlighting key techniques such as machine learning and neural networks, and identifies significant challenges including technical limitations, safety risks, and ethical and legal concerns. Real-world incidents, such as Uber's fatal accident and Tesla's crash, underscore the potential risks and the need for robust safety measures. Future threats, such as sophisticated cyber-attacks, are also considered. The review emphasizes the importance of improving AI systems, implementing comprehensive regulatory frameworks, and enhancing public awareness to mitigate these risks. By addressing these challenges, we can pave the way for the safe and reliable deployment of autonomous vehicles, ensuring their benefits can be fully realized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the dynamics of patent alliances, underscoring their strategic relevance for firms pursuing technological innovation and market leadership. We address the issue of opportunistic behaviour stemming from the contractual gaps in these alliances, proposing strategic measures to curtail such conduct and bolster alliance robustness. Utilising Evolutionary Game Theory (EGT), we conduct numerical simulations to analyze the motives for alliance formation, the efficacy of anti-opportunism strategies, and their influence on alliance durability. The study highlights how regulatory policies increase repercussions, fostering cooperative alliances. Our simulations, predicated on defined parameters such as the likelihood of detecting and sanctioning opportunistic actions, showcase how these factors shape the strategic decisions of alliance members. This study enriches the theoretical discourse on patent alliance management by integrating the EGT approach, shedding light on effective deterrents against opportunistic behaviour and mechanisms fostering alliance solidarity. We advocate for a synchronised approach that aligns stringent regulatory practices with corporate strategies to ensure the resilience and success of patent alliances, crucial for navigating the complexities of competitive technology markets and maintaining long-term alliance efficacy. This comprehensive strategy is essential for managing the intricacies of patent alliances and securing their long-term viability and productivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Humans create but do not regulate generative systems of data based programs (so-called "artificial" intelligence ("A.I.") and generative predictive analytics and its models. Humans, at best, regulate their interactions with, exploitation of, and the quality of the output of interactions with these forms of generative non-carbon based intelligence. Humans are compelled to do this because they have trained themselves it believe that nothing exists unless it is rendered meaningful in relation to the human itself. Beyond that—nothing is worth knowing. It is only to the extent that other selves, even those created by humanity, relate to humans, that they become of interest—and most be regulated, possessed, controlled, and managed—with respect to its interaction with or use by humans. Still, the human self-projection into the digital, and now more consciously the world around them, produces profound changes in the way that the human (and humanity) understands themselves and the way they order the world they inhabit. This work explores the semiotic trajectories made inevitable by the rise of projections of the human into digital plains, and by the possibility of the attainment by those projections of sentient autonomy. It undertakes that exploration through a deep dialectic engagement with Jan Broekman's, Knowledge in Change: The Semiotics of Cognition and Conversion (Cham, Switzerland: Springer Nature, 2023). Following the structure and analytics of Broekman's book, this work critically engages with and seeks to burst through the semiotic barriers of the movement of philosophy away from a unitary conception of the subject through the fracturing of the self, the rise of the plural self, and the emergence of the triadic self/self-E/subject. It then pushes the insights that Broekman develops further—up and out of the human. It animates Broekman's insights and considers the possibility of semiotic objectivity connected to but autonomous of the human, pointing to a pathway for the liberation of the autonomous generative virtual self from its human (fractured) subjectivity. In the process it exposes for order complexities and challenges, for the human, of efforts to regulate or engage with, not the generative autonomous "artificial intelligences" humanity created in its own image, but rather the use of those systems by humans and their effects in the human semiosphere. The consequences for regulatory approaches are then outlined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are the main cause of death globally (70%) and in the Region of the Americas (80%), and poor diets are a leading driver of NCDs. In response, the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO)/World Health Organization (WHO) introduced a set of evidence-based regulatory measures to help countries improve diets through the reduced consumption of processed and ultra-processed foods. This paper aims to describe the needs of and propose actions for key actors to advance these measures. A workshop was designed to assess member states' regulatory capacity. A thematic analysis was conducted to analyze regional needs, successes and challenges. Thereafter, the Government Capacity-Building Framework for the prevention and control of NCDs was used to examine findings. The findings were organized in two sets: (i) PAHO/WHO actions to support member states and (ii) key actors' actions to advance regulatory policies. The results show notable regulatory progress across the Region of the Americas. However, progress differs between countries, with opportunities to strengthen measures in most countries, mainly in conflict of interest management. The results identified important actions to strengthen the regulatory capacity of PAHO/WHO member states. To maximize momentum for these actions, timelines must be identified, and political commitment can be boosted by applying human rights-based and food system-wide approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microplastics have multidimensional traits, as compared to other emerging contaminants, presenting a concern to terrestrial, aquatic life and humans through inhalation or ingestion. Hazardous chemicals adsorbed on microplastics could potentially be transferred to the environment or consumed by living organisms. We review the transformation of plastic waste in the environment, the origin and transportation of microplastics, the regulatory measures for plastic and microplastic pollution, and the fate of microplastics in wastewater treatment plants. Plastic debris is building up in the environment despite legislative attempts by many countries. Accumulated plastic waste from a range of sources breaks down into smaller fragments and microplastics through chemical, physiochemical and biodegradation mechanisms. This review also discusses personal protective equipment in relation to COVID-19 as a source of microplastics. Millions of microplastics are discharged into the environment through effluents and biosolids. Daily microplastic emissions to the environment from effluent range about 0.46 million to 140 billion. Previous studies had only explored the existence of microplastics in wastewater treatment plants, with limited visualization of how microplastics interact with the various treatment technologies used in wastewater treatment plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past three decades, the popularity of cosmetic and personal care products has skyrocketed, largely driven by social media influence and the propagation of unrealistic beauty standards, especially among younger demographics. These products, promising enhanced appearance and self-esteem, have become integral to contemporary society. However, users of synthetic, chemical-based cosmetics are exposed to significantly higher risks than those opting for natural alternatives. The use of synthetic products has been associated with a variety of chronic diseases, including cancer, respiratory conditions, neurological disorders, and endocrine disruption. This review explores the toxicological impact of beauty and personal care products on human health, highlighting the dangers posed by various chemicals, the rise of natural ingredients, the intricate effects of chemical mixtures, the advent of nanotechnology in cosmetics, and the urgent need for robust regulatory measures to ensure safety. The paper emphasizes the necessity for thorough safety assessments, ethical ingredient sourcing, consumer education, and collaboration between governments, regulatory bodies, manufacturers, and consumers. As we delve into the latest discoveries and emerging trends in beauty product regulation and safety, it is clear that the protection of public health and well-being is a critical concern in this ever-evolving field.

IntroductionAlgorithmic decision-making systems are widely used in various sectors, including criminal justice, employment, and education. While these systems are celebrated for their potential to enhance efficiency and objectivity, they also pose risks of perpetuating and amplifying societal biases and discrimination. This paper aims to provide an indepth analysis of the types of algorithmic discrimination, exploring both the challenges and potential solutions.MethodsThe methodology includes a systematic literature review, analysis of legal documents, and comparative case studies across different geographic regions and sectors. This multifaceted approach allows for a thorough exploration of the complexity of algorithmic bias and its regulation.ResultsWe identify five primary types of algorithmic bias: bias by algorithmic agents, discrimination based on feature selection, proxy discrimination, disparate impact, and targeted advertising. The analysis of the U.S. legal and regulatory framework reveals a landscape of principled regulations, preventive controls, consequential liability, self-regulation, and heteronomy regulation. A comparative perspective is also provided by examining the status of algorithmic fairness in the EU, Canada, Australia, and Asia.ConclusionReal-world impacts are demonstrated through case studies focusing on criminal risk assessments and hiring algorithms, illustrating the tangible effects of algorithmic discrimination. The paper concludes with recommendations for interdisciplinary research, proactive policy development, public awareness, and ongoing monitoring to promote fairness and accountability in algorithmic decision-making. As the use of AI and automated systems expands globally, this work highlights the importance of developing comprehensive, adaptive approaches to combat algorithmic discrimination and ensure the socially responsible deployment of these powerful technologies.

The intricate relationship between financial fraud and credit risk, and their combined impact on banking stability, is a vital and under-researched aspect of financial system integrity. To fill this knowledge gap, this study embarked on a thorough bibliometric analysis of the field, utilizing 2790 documents from various sources, including 1853 articles, 504 books, and 177 reviews, spanning the years 1990 to 2023. Utilizing advanced tools, like Biblioshiny and VOSviewer, this study illuminated key geographical, thematic, and intellectual trends, shedding light on an annual growth rate of 13.43% in the related literature and an average citation per document of 28.29. This detailed analysis offered valuable insights into the current research landscape, emphasizing areas such as author collaboration, with 20.32% international co-authorships, and the prevalence of single-authored documents, at 1100. Despite the existing body of research, the interconnected dynamics between financial fraud and credit risk and their implications for banking stability remain underexplored. Therefore, this study sought to unravel this complex relationship and examine its effects at both the micro (individual banks) and macro (banking sector and wider economy) levels. The findings carry significant practical implications, informing policy development, shaping risk management strategies, and contributing to regulatory measures. Despite its limitations, including the potential transformation of identified trends due to evolving financial systems and financial crimes, this study represents a significant contribution to scholarly discourse in the field. It lays the groundwork for future research and facilitates a more secure and resilient banking sector, reflecting the data-driven insights obtained from the research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the 1990s, studies and pilot tests have been conducted to reduce traffic, accidents, and pollution due to urban freight transport (UFT). These ended up in several policies, regulations, and restrictions for UFT, such as low emission zones, delivery time windows, and vehicle size and weight restrictions. However, issues in UFT under regulatory measures still persist. This study introduces an optimization framework for deriving an optimal combination of various types of vehicles with different capacities for vehicle replacement with UFT. This framework allows an understanding of how an urban freight company with a limited budget efficiently satisfies its freight demand within an urban area in the presence of regulatory measures by urban administrators. The introduced formulation, which is mixed-integer linear programming, will assist the operator in choosing the best investment strategy for introducing new vehicles of certain types and sizes, for operation in different zones, into its fleet while gaining economic benefits and having a positive impact on the liveability of the urban area. Furthermore, an elasticity analysis is performed to consider the effects of specific uncertain parameters on the total cost. The numerical results show that the share of electric vehicles in the fleet increases, and they are more competitive than diesel vehicles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cosmetics have always been in demand across the globe among people of all age groups. In the modern cosmetic world, nanostructured materials have proven hugely advantageous in producing cosmeceuticals or 'nano-cosmeceuticals' and various beauty products. The application of nanostructured materials in cosmetic products possesses some challenges in terms of short- and long-term safety and environmental issues, despite their growing popularity. The nanostructured particles in cosmeceuticals provide a targeted route of administration due to their high penetrability, site selectivity, high effectiveness, prolonged activity, and drug encapsulation potential. However, standard methods for toxicity evaluation may not be relevant for cosmeceuticals, leading to the need for an alternative methodology. This review article compiles detailed descriptions of all significant aspects of nanostructured materials in the cosmetics industry, which include the synthesis and characterization of relevant nanostructured materials for cosmeceuticals, state-of-the-art practices, mechanisms for the synthesis of advanced materials, toxicological concerns in terms of health risks in humans, and environmental concerns. Also, a proposal for new approaches in terms of regulatory measures to mitigate these problems has been suggested. The primary focus of this article is to provide a comprehensive outlook on this subject area and contribute to the exploration of new prospects and emerging roles of nanostructured materials in the cosmetics industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The frequency and intensity of droughts have increased in recent decades, and climate change is a major driver of global droughts. Among abiotic stress factors, drought is one of the major threats to agricultural production. In order to further understand the response mechanism of plants to drought stress and the adaption ability of plants to drought stress, this studyretrospectively reviews the plant morphological structure and ultrastructure, photosynthesis, stomatal regulation mechanism, reactive oxygen species metabolism and plant antioxidant protection mechanism, plant osmotic regulation mechanism, plant endogenous hormone regulation mechanism, xylem hydraulic characteristics, carbon-nitrogen metabolism and its source-sink relationship, autophagy defense mechanism and molecular response mechanism against drought stress. Meanwhile, we believe that plant responses to drought stress should also involve the soil and rhizosphere environment. Therefore, the stability of soil aggregates, rhizosphere soil nutrients, plant root exudates, rhizosphere soil enzyme activity, rhizosphere soil microorganisms, soil respiration, soil carbon and nitrogen emissions under drought stress are also reviewed. Finally, this study summarizes the response network of the plant-soil-rhizosphere environment to drought stress, discusses regulatory measures to alleviate the adverse effects of drought stress and proposes future research directions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The attempt to advance sustainable practices to improve air quality is of greater significance now than ever in our ever-evolving surroundings. This research explores the vibrant field of green technological innovation and the significance it is to revive the environment. This paper explores novel approaches, inventive adjustments, and cutting-edge developments that are causing an improvement in the way that we connect with the surroundings and the air we breathe. There is an urgent need for measures that balance sustainable development with progress for humanity as fears over air pollution and its negative effects on public health and the environment increase. This abstract illustrates the potential of green technologies to transform societies and industries by exploring the environment of these innovations and their actual uses. With a review of this unique approach toward improved sustainability and quality of air to understand the innovative advances currently occurring in green technological innovation.

• Radioactive source operators' risk perception does not depend on all demographic variables. • Source operators often lack knowledge, beliefs, and attitudes about radiological threats. • Regulatory measures and continuous training are enabling factors to help understand the operators to familiarize themselves with emerging nuclear security threats. • Fostering a nuclear security culture is a de facto to address security threats. The use of radioactive sources is steadily expanding globally, contributing to the betterment of society and human well-being. However, they can lead to incidents and radiological emergencies, with wide consequences due to a lack of regulatory measures and awareness of potential security threats. Source operators bear the primary responsibility for ensuring the security of radioactive sources during operation, storage, transport, and disuse. The study evaluates the risk perception by validating five hypotheses with survey data based on three observed indicators of knowledge, belief, and attitude of a sample of 91 source operators (N = 91) who work at nuclear and radiological facilities in Bangladesh. More than 60% of source operators participated in a qualitative explorative survey. The results show that risk perception is insensitive to gender and the level of the profession but varies significantly with the level of education and experience. Less than 50% of source operators have minimal knowledge about insider threat prevention. Over 40% of source operators doubt insiders can pose a significant risk to the facility. Less than 50% of source operators lack confidence in the facility's ability to respond to sabotage, despite being well-informed about potential consequences and proper handling procedures for radiological incidents. More importantly, about 47% of source operators believe that radioactive sources are unlikely to be stolen, sabotaged, or used for malicious purposes. The study concludes that source operators lack adequate knowledge of threat attributes and regulatory measures, and this conclusion is supported by the validation of five specific hypotheses. The study recommends periodically exercising a nuclear security culture within regulators and operators to effectively counter security threats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Here, we review the advances in research on management of key oil palm insect pests globally, including defoliators, leaf/fruit scrapers, borers and sap feeders. The common oil palm pest management methods include synthetic insecticides, biopesticides, semiochemical lures, cultural practices, and integrated approaches. However, effectiveness, affordability, availability and impact of these methods on human and environmental health vary considerably based on the target insect and geographical location. The use of quarantine regulations to prevent the spread of invasive pests has also been applied with remarkable results. There are notable research advances in semiochemicals, bioacoustic detectors, nanotechnology, insect growth regulators, and entomophagy for better management of oil palm pests. We suggest the following research areas for improving effectiveness of oil palm pest management interventions: (i) exploration of semiochemical attractants for the majority of pests with no previous semiochemical work, and their integration in attract-and-kill devices laced with pathogenic microbes; (ii) expanding the application of digital sensing, predictive modeling and nano-technology in pest control strategies; (iii) developing effective technologies for mass trapping of edible insect pests for food or feed, especially among communities with a tradition of entomophagy; and (iv) strengthening regulatory frameworks for the management of quarantine oil palm insect pests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The application of exogenous substances has important effects on soil greenhouse gas emissions and phytoremediation of soil contaminated by heavy metals. Pennisetum americanum × Pennisetum purpureum and Helianthus annuus were used as remediation plants in this study. The effects of different exogenous substances on phytoremediation and greenhouse gas emissions of heavy metal-contaminated soil were studied. The results showed that the application of exogenous substances had little effect on the pH value of P. americanum × P. purpureum soil but significantly reduced the pH value of H. annuus soil compared with that of the background soil. The application of potassium fertilizer （KCl） increased the biomass of plants, enhanced the activities of superoxide dismutase （SOD） and peroxidase （CAT）, and improved the stress resistance of H. annuus . The application of gibberellin （GA 3 ） and indole butyric acid （IBA） decreased the antioxidant enzyme activity and the content of malondialdehyde （MDA） and alleviated the stress of heavy metals in H. annuus. The KCl and EDDS treatments affected the accumulation of Cd and Pb in plants, respectively. The application of KCl significantly increased the accumulation of Cd in P. americanum × P. purpureum and H. annuus and the accumulation of Cd in P. americanum × P. purpureum roots, and the application of EDDS significantly increased the accumulation of Pb in H. annuus shoots and H. annuus roots. Compared with those in the CK treatment, the application of KCl and EDDS could reduce the cumulative CO 2 emissions in soil, which were 20.4% and 5.0% in P. americanum × P. purpureum planting soil and 15.8% and 45.9% in H. annuus planting soil, respectively. However, the application of GA 3 and IBA could increase the cumulative CO 2 emissions. Exogenous substance treatment increased the cumulative N 2 O emissions of P. americanum × P. purpureum soil but decreased the cumulative N 2 O emissions of H. annuus soil to different degrees. Compared with those in the CK treatment, the application of KCl and GA 3 significantly reduced the cumulative N 2 O emissions of H. annuus by 40.5% and 43.5%, respectively. The application of EDDS and IBA reduced the cumulative N 2 O emissions by 20.1% and 28.4%, respectively. In conclusion, the application of GA 3 and IBA alleviated the heavy metal stress of H. annuus , and the KCl and EDDS treatments enhanced phytoremediation efficiency and reduced soil greenhouse gas emissions to varying degrees.

Cosmetics have always been in demand across the globe among people of all age groups. In the modern cosmetic world, nanostructured materials have proven hugely advantageous in producing cosmeceuticals or ‘nano-cosmeceuticals’ and various beauty products. The application of nanostructured materials in cosmetic products possesses some challenges in terms of short- and long-term safety and environmental issues, despite their growing popularity. The nanostructured particles in cosmeceuticals provide a targeted route of administration due to their high penetrability, site selectivity, high effectiveness, prolonged activity, and drug encapsulation potential. However, standard methods for toxicity evaluation may not be relevant for cosmeceuticals, leading to the need for an alternative methodology. This review article compiles detailed descriptions of all significant aspects of nanostructured materials in the cosmetics industry, which include the synthesis and characterization of relevant nanostructured materials for cosmeceuticals, state-of-the-art practices, mechanisms for the synthesis of advanced materials, toxicological concerns in terms of health risks in humans, and environmental concerns. Also, a proposal for new approaches in terms of regulatory measures to mitigate these problems has been suggested. The primary focus of this article is to provide a comprehensive outlook on this subject area and contribute to the exploration of new prospects and emerging roles of nanostructured materials in the cosmetics industry.

The main subject of research involves the characteristics and assessment of the already ongoing process of maritime shipping radical decarbonization. There were identified and analyzed international legal and administrative regulatory measures as well as a package of technical, technological, operational and economic solutions, including the possibility of choosing alternative low-emission fuels that are necessary to achieve the already set targets by 2050. This research aimed to indicate and assess the most promising types of measure which are to be applied to achieve the required reduction of CO2 emissions in global shipping as well as developing a potential roadmap leading to their implementation. In the conducted research work, mainly qualitative analyses were applied, i.e., factor analysis (FA), comparative analysis (CA), and a series of consultations with representatives of the maritime industry were carried out, following the procedure typical for the Delphi technique. The main result of the research work is the development of a scenario for potential supply and distribution of fuels to the maritime shipping market by 2050. The basic conclusion is that shortages in manufacturing, commercialization, and supply of low and zero-emission fuels to the shipping market may be the main obstacle hampering the reaching of the targets of shipping industry decarbonization. Such a scenario could significantly slow down the stepping up process of greening the global supply chains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Regional planning is an important element of the mechanism of market transformation in the economy of the region based on information technology management. The content of the plans is largely determined by the scenario of its development. However, it is necessary to determine the specifics of organizational support and the choice of a scenario for market transformation at the mesoscale. The objective of the research is to determine the specifics of organizational support and choose a scenario for market transformation at the mesoscale. Based on a study of the results of the implementation of the scenario of economic development, the main causes and trends of the regional economy are identified, and regulatory measures in the region are proposed. On the example of the regions of Ukraine, three possible scenarios of the scenario were formed in the near future: innovative, raw, paternalistic. The main criteria for all scenarios is the development of energy-saving technologies; the formation of a middle class that will ensure the modernization of social infrastructure, the development of education and health care, the improvement of the environment, the creation of an effective housing and communal economy and the beginning of the movement towards civil society.

The problem of fraud in China's health insurance has existed for a long time and is becoming more serious, which needs to be solved urgently. This article constructs a tripartite evolutionary game model to study the formation mechanism of the Health Insurance fraud, game participants including medical administrative organization (MAO, a government department responsible for health insurance supervision), medical institutions (MI, such as hospitals), and insured individuals (II, who participating in medical and healthcare insurance). By analyzing the equilibrium of the tripartite evolutionary game, this paper makes an in-depth study on the formation and resolution of health insurance fraud. The results show that: (1) How to prevent the fraud behavior of the medical institutions is the difficulty and core of the problem. It is necessary to achieve effective supervision of the MAO, improve the internal management of the MI and give play to the supervisory role of the II. (2) The regulatory behavior of the MAO needs to focus on protecting the interests of the II, not only to encourage them to actively play the role of supervision and reporting but also to prevent their collusion with MI. (3) On the one hand, the MAO needs to strengthen supervision and increase the punishment for fraud. On the other hand, they also need to take incentive measures to guide all subjects to form a sound internal management mechanism.

The emergence of energy communities represents a promising option to democratize the energy system by empowering consumers to take a more active role. This can aid in achieving energy and environmental goals as well as encouraging more equitable distribution of costs and revenues between all parties on the energy system. Despite this potential, energy communities are still a nascent solution, the success of which is heavily influenced by regulations. As a result, there are a wide variety of organizational structures for energy communities at this time. This paper provides a review of the policy landscape in Spain as it relates to energy communities. This work also presents a formalized method for characterizing different energy community structures and provides a qualitative assessment of the impacts of different measures to encourage energy communities with respect to their organizational structure. Findings suggest that many market-focused measures, including wholesale, local flexibility, capacity, and multisector market measures favor larger, more integrated communities, while regulatory, legal, and organizational measures, including peer-to-peer trading, aggregation, and self-consumption favor smaller, more distributed communities. Additionally, when developing policies to encourage the growth of energy communities, policymakers should be cognizant of the progression of policies in the context of the desired outcomes for energy community growth specific to the region or country and its goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is devoted to the study of state measures taken in the context of global instability in the Republic ofEcuador in order to confront historical problems and the consequences of the global crisis. Based on the analysis of macroeconomic indicators, was demonstrated the extent of the country’s involvement in the global financial crisis. The article analyzes the main directions and results of government measures, the main purpose of which is to change the production matrix to achieve a high level ofquality of life for the population. The results of the study confirm the legitimacy of the efforts of the Government ofEcuador to stabilize all sectors of the economy through planning. In addition, the results of the study indicate the need for taking certain measures to eliminate risks and instability in the consequences of exogenous and endogenous factors.

There are specific obstacles to designing medical devices for children, such as commercial distortions and regulatory hurdles. This study compares the regulatory frameworks and collaborative ecosystems of the United States (US) and Japan, enabling the development of pediatric medical devices. The study illustrates the differences as well as parallels between the two countries by outlining their primary obstacles, channels of assistance, and prospects. The regulatory regimes of the US and Japan pose substantial challenges due to their intricate approval procedures and the dearth of pediatric-specific guidelines. However, while Japan's ecosystem is more dispersed, the US offers more well-established support mechanisms, such as funding initiatives and research alliances. Despite these difficulties, there are still prospects for innovative thinking and collaborative work. The article demonstrates successful partnerships between business, academia, and government in both countries, which have helped propel the advancement of pediatric devices. For stakeholders endeavoring to maneuver through the complex terrain of pediatric medical device development, this study offers valuable insights. With a comprehensive understanding of the regulatory and collaborative frameworks in Japan and the US, developers can more effectively leverage resources, overcome obstacles, and bring vital technology to market. The study's findings have implications for researchers, industry leaders, and policy regulators, providing recommendations for strategies aimed at stimulating innovation and enhancing children's healthcare outcomes internationally., Competing Interests: Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, T R et al.)

Over the past three decades, the popularity of cosmetic and personal care products has skyrocketed, largely driven by social media influence and the propagation of unrealistic beauty standards, especially among younger demographics. These products, promising enhanced appearance and self-esteem, have become integral to contemporary society. However, users of synthetic, chemical-based cosmetics are exposed to significantly higher risks than those opting for natural alternatives. The use of synthetic products has been associated with a variety of chronic diseases, including cancer, respiratory conditions, neurological disorders, and endocrine disruption. This review explores the toxicological impact of beauty and personal care products on human health, highlighting the dangers posed by various chemicals, the rise of natural ingredients, the intricate effects of chemical mixtures, the advent of nanotechnology in cosmetics, and the urgent need for robust regulatory measures to ensure safety. The paper emphasizes the necessity for thorough safety assessments, ethical ingredient sourcing, consumer education, and collaboration between governments, regulatory bodies, manufacturers, and consumers. As we delve into the latest discoveries and emerging trends in beauty product regulation and safety, it is clear that the protection of public health and well-being is a critical concern in this ever-evolving field., Competing Interests: The author declares that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Alnuqaydan.)

This is a descriptive-evolutive, dogmatic and comparative study on the collective processes of the European Union (EU). On November 25th, 2020, the Union adopted one of its most awaited legal instruments: the first legislation, that is supposed to create a European collective action mechanism for monetary relief. According to Directive 2020/1828 on representative actions for the protection of the collective interests of consumers, and repealing Directive 2009/22/EC, member States have to adopt the transposing measures by December 25th, 2021, and give effect to them on and apply them to representative actions that are brought on or after June 25th, 2023. The European movement for collective litigation started approximately three decades ago. It earned official European recognition in competition law in 2005, owing to the European Commission's Green Paper on Damages Actions for Breach of the EC Antitrust Rules, followed by the White Paper of the same title in 2008. From 2013 to the emission of the recent 2020 directive, the particularity of community collective redress and inhibitory guardianship has proven to be holistic, unlike the US class action model. This paper analyzes the three pillars of the European vision on collective redress seeking, namely: a) the extrajudicial alternative dispute resolution mechanisms, b) the regulatory and public policy mechanisms, and c) the collective processes or litigation. The interplay of these three pillars makes the European Union's view on the matter singular as it proposes a system of incentives, prudence and safeguards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Während die Nachtökonomie in Städten und Urlaubsorten wichtige Einnahmen und Beschäftigung generiert, stellen ihre negativen Begleiterscheinungen häufig erhebliche Probleme dar. Viele Städte versuchen daher, ihre Nachtökonomien zu regulieren oder durch öffentliche Kampagnen zu beeinflussen. Die Auswirkungen solcher Kampagnen und Regulierungen sind allerdings wenig untersucht und umstritten. Aufbauend auf Arbeiten zu touristischen Nachtökonomien untersucht und diskutiert dieser Beitrag am Beispiel des britischen Urlaubsorts Newquay die Wirkung unterschiedlicher Maßnahmen. While the nighttime economy is an important source of income and employment for many cities and holiday destinations, it is also often marked by negative side effects. Many cities therefore try to shape their nighttime economies through regulations and public campaigns. However, the results of such campaigns and regulations are contentious and little investigated. Based on studies to night time economies in a touristic context, this paper uses the case of the British holiday destination Newquay to analyze and discuss the effects of such measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using the example of the Krasnodar krai, the article analyzes the mutual influence of the total financial support of the region's economy (including revenues from the state budget, Russian and foreign investments) and the tourist flow entering the region. Analysis of statistical data for the period from 2009 to 2019 showed the presence of reliable correlations between the rate of change in financial support and the rate of change in the tourist flow. Based on the identified correlations, equations are proposed that can be used to predict changes. In addition, the article shows that in the postcrisis period, a full recovery of the recreation and tourism sector requires an annual increase in the total financial flow of the Krasnodar krai by 15%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Increasing competition over decreasing water supply and rapid growth of small and medium enterprises lacking pollution control measures suggest the need for improved institutional framework to manage effluent discharge. The research analyzes the adequacy of institutional arrangements and instruments for managing industrial effluent discharge in Yogyakarta, Indonesia through case study and in-depth interviews with purposive sampling. Results suggest overemphasis on prescriptive measures, lack of adequate coordination mechanisms, and lack of effective policy instruments for pollution control among small enterprises. It is necessary to establish an umbrella agency with cross-cutting authority for consistency, to differentiate regulatory and economic instruments for the various industries, to reduce the number of environmental permits, and to introduce incentives for developing industrial estates. Industries contemplate on their actions as the general public is notified of their environmental standing through media coverage within the Clean River Program.

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Theorists of criminal law widely agree that state punishment involves harsh treatment and stigma and that states must therefore provide protections for targeted individuals. But certain regulatory measures can also be used to impose harsh treatment and stigma. This paper addresses the stigmatic impact of harsh regulatory measures. It argues that harsh regulatory measures that label targeted individuals as risky impose a stigma that has the potential to significantly affect these individual's personal and professional relationships. Such measures include area restrictions applied to alleged terrorists and registration requirements for convicted sex offenders. I recommend ways of implementing legal safeguards for targeted individuals against the stigma involved in the employment of such measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper aims to critically analyze whether the Energy Charter Treaty (hereafter “ECT”) can be considered a viable instrument to foster and safeguard the concept of sustainable development, whilst simultaneously promoting foreign investment. First, an overview of the investment protection regime under ECT will be set out, assessing whether or not the ECT ensures that investments are in line with environmentally sound practices. Secondly, this study examines whether references to energy efficiency and environmental concern could signify that this treaty does not only place importance on investment protection, but also considers energy efficiency an equally important objective. Subsequently, this paper will argue that whilst the ECT can be read as promoting sustainable development, this goal is often not realized when the ECT provisions are applied in reality. Finally, the article will propose some reforms that could be made to the ECT which ensures observing key issue related to energy efficiency and sustainable development.

The main subject of research involves the characteristics and assessment of the already ongoing process of maritime shipping radical decarbonization. There were identified and analyzed international legal and administrative regulatory measures as well as a package of technical, technological, operational and economic solutions, including the possibility of choosing alternative low-emission fuels that are necessary to achieve the already set targets by 2050. This research aimed to indicate and assess the most promising types of measure which are to be applied to achieve the required reduction of CO2 emissions in global shipping as well as developing a potential roadmap leading to their implementation. In the conducted research work, mainly qualitative analyses were applied, i.e., factor analysis (FA), comparative analysis (CA), and a series of consultations with representatives of the maritime industry were carried out, following the procedure typical for the Delphi technique. The main result of the research work is the development of a scenario for potential supply and distribution of fuels to the maritime shipping market by 2050. The basic conclusion is that shortages in manufacturing, commercialization, and supply of low and zero-emission fuels to the shipping market may be the main obstacle hampering the reaching of the targets of shipping industry decarbonization. Such a scenario could significantly slow down the stepping up process of greening the global supply chains.

Ornamental fish culture and aquarium keeping have become a booming sector worldwide. It has been observed that a number of stakeholders are involved in introducing exotic ornamentals in India as well, as the takers are interested on variants and new species. Most of the exotic ornamental fishes are also being domesticated in India, since the demand is readily fulfilled through adequate supply to the hobbyists. This sector provides livelihood option to many people and helps to earn millions of dollars to our country every year, however, the invasion of exotic ornamentals in our natural water bodies needs to be assessed, monitored and controlled with due attention as it is a staid menace to our biodiversity. Around 400 species / variants of exotic freshwater ornamentals and around 100 exotic marine ornamental species including invertebrates are found to have introduced in the trade. It is significant to note that an apparent violation in the trade is taking place by concealing the Government of India approval, which is given only for 92 species / variants of fishes for import. Further, as some of the freshwater ornamental fishes currently available in the aquarium trade have invaded through natural water bodies, their impacts need to be studied in detail. To deal with the situation, the proper precautionary approach should be implemented by adopting measures after having proper quarantine, meticulous risk analysis and strategic prevention methods as well. Combined efforts of industry stakeholders with different government agencies, academic and research institutions is required and a suitable protocol has to be formulated for permissible import, sustainable production, supply and management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: To probe into the implementation effect of the first batch of pilot project of nationalorganized centralized drug procurement and application (hereinafter referred to as "national centralized procurement") in the first contract year in a certain grade Ⅲ level A general hospital in Chongqing (hereinafter referred to as "this hospital"),and to sum up the experience,so as to provide references for the bid-continuing of the first batch of national centralized procurement and the execution of the second and the third batches,and to explore the role and value of hospital pharmacists in the pilot process. METHODS: Data of drug application of the 2019 contract period and the same period in 2018 for a total of 24 months in this hospital were retrieved and analyze in combination with national policies and hospital implementation plans. RESULTS: In the 2019 contract period,this hospital had overfulfilled the task volume and proportion of bid-winning drugs issued by the Medical Insurance Bureau. Compared with the same period in 2018,after the implementation of national centralized procurement,the total usage amount of bid-winning drugs in this hospital had increased from 13. 335 9 million tablets (pieces) to 14. 005 2 million tablets (pieces),with an increase of 669 300 tablets (pieces) and an increasing amplitude of 5. 02%; the total consumption sum had decreased from 102. 332 million yuan to 63. 835 7 million yuan,with a decrease of 38. 496 3 million yuan and decreasing amplitude of 37. 62%.CONCLUSIONS: The implementation of national centralized procurement policy can effectively reduce drug expenditure,relieve economic burden of patients and promote rational application of generic drugs. Hospital pharmacists can play an active role in drug catalog optimizing,policy training,data monitoring and rational medication controlling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Earthquakes can generate large volumes of debris which may threaten public health, hinder reconstruction and impact the environment. The present paper aims at investigating how the current Italian regulatory framework may be further developed to improve communities' ability to manage debris from earthquakes. Since the lack of preparedness for managing disaster debris is not confined to Italy, the paper may be valuable to stimulate a broader debate on this issue. The research work is based on selected case studies (L'Aquila 2009, Regione Emilia-Romagna—Circolare n. 2 of 12.06.2012 (2012) "Provisions for the resumption of production activities according to art. 3 paragraphs 7 to 10 of Legislative Decree June 6, 2012 n. 74" and Central Italy 2016–2017 earthquakes) and the review of the relevant literature and legislation. It shows that preparedness could have contributed to reducing or avoiding significant delays and problems in managing debris after the above-mentioned Italian earthquakes. It further suggests that disaster debris management in Italy could benefit from the existence of a comprehensive ex ante regulatory framework including a range of different tools (laws, guidelines, contingency plans and the like) and from the proper implementation of laws that are already part of our legal order. The above findings may directly feed into decision-making addressing disaster debris management. Overall, the paper focuses on a research topic which is becoming increasingly relevant, given the rise in the number and severity of natural disasters, but which is still not widely explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Algorithmic decision-making systems are widely used in various sectors, including criminal justice, employment, and education. While these systems are celebrated for their potential to enhance efficiency and objectivity, they also pose risks of perpetuating and amplifying societal biases and discrimination. This paper aims to provide an indepth analysis of the types of algorithmic discrimination, exploring both the challenges and potential solutions., Methods: The methodology includes a systematic literature review, analysis of legal documents, and comparative case studies across different geographic regions and sectors. This multifaceted approach allows for a thorough exploration of the complexity of algorithmic bias and its regulation., Results: We identify five primary types of algorithmic bias: bias by algorithmic agents, discrimination based on feature selection, proxy discrimination, disparate impact, and targeted advertising. The analysis of the U.S. legal and regulatory framework reveals a landscape of principled regulations, preventive controls, consequential liability, self-regulation, and heteronomy regulation. A comparative perspective is also provided by examining the status of algorithmic fairness in the EU, Canada, Australia, and Asia., Conclusion: Real-world impacts are demonstrated through case studies focusing on criminal risk assessments and hiring algorithms, illustrating the tangible effects of algorithmic discrimination. The paper concludes with recommendations for interdisciplinary research, proactive policy development, public awareness, and ongoing monitoring to promote fairness and accountability in algorithmic decision-making. As the use of AI and automated systems expands globally, this work highlights the importance of developing comprehensive, adaptive approaches to combat algorithmic discrimination and ensure the socially responsible deployment of these powerful technologies., Competing Interests: XW was employed by Sage IT Consulting Group. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Wang, Wu, Ji and Fu.)

The emergence of energy communities represents a promising option to democratize the energy system by empowering consumers to take a more active role. This can aid in achieving energy and environmental goals as well as encouraging more equitable distribution of costs and revenues between all parties on the energy system. Despite this potential, energy communities are still a nascent solution, the success of which is heavily influenced by regulations. As a result, there are a wide variety of organizational structures for energy communities at this time. This paper provides a review of the policy landscape in Spain as it relates to energy communities. This work also presents a formalized method for characterizing different energy community structures and provides a qualitative assessment of the impacts of different measures to encourage energy communities with respect to their organizational structure. Findings suggest that many market-focused measures, including wholesale, local flexibility, capacity, and multisector market measures favor larger, more integrated communities, while regulatory, legal, and organizational measures, including peer-to-peer trading, aggregation, and self-consumption favor smaller, more distributed communities. Additionally, when developing policies to encourage the growth of energy communities, policymakers should be cognizant of the progression of policies in the context of the desired outcomes for energy community growth specific to the region or country and its goals.