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At the current moment, in order to increase the crop yield and improve the quality of food, pharmaceutical, industrial and energy products, a search for novel environmentally friendly plant treatment agents is given a top priority. Hence the task of finding chemical regulators and stimulators of plant growth that would alter the developmental cycle of crops most effectively at the lowest toxicity level is of utmost relevance. While studying the cytotoxic effects of plant treatment agents on sprouts of plants belonging to the Cucumis genus, a quinoline derivative (a compound under the KM-38 laboratory code) was observed to have a significant stimulating effect, which became a prerequisite for the in-depth studies that followed. The paper presents the results of laboratory studies of the effect of quinoline derivatives on monocotyledonous (soft winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)) and dicotyledonous (cultivated soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill)) plants. In order to assess its activity, the growth-regulating effect of KM-61 compound, which has a structure similar to that of main heteroauxins (indole-3-acetic acid), was investigated. The activity of compounds was examined on the basis of seed samples of soft winter wheat (В«ZemlyachkaВ», В«KiriyaВ», В«SelyankaВ», В«KosovytsiaВ», В«VdalaВ») and soybean (В«MashaВ», В«OpheliyaВ», В«SedmytsiaВ», В«SpryntВ», В«SharmВ») cultivars. The results of the studies confirmed the existence of growth-stimulating properties of the investigated compounds. Sprouts of monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants have different sensitivity to the activity of the growth regulators. KM-61 compound appears to be more efficient with regard to soft winter wheat sprouts. It caused the increase in the growth of the root system, which varied depending on a given cultivar and a concentration of the chemical agent, of up to 49% (19% in the case of a plant's hypocotyl). KM-38 compound showed a moderate effect on the cultivars of soft winter wheat under study. The biggest impact on the growth of soybean sprouts came from KM-38 plant treatment agent (stem length increased up to 50%, and the root в€’ up to 30%), the greatest effect being noticeable with regard to the В«SharmВ» and В«OpheliyaВ» cultivars. It should be noted that the selected compounds exhibit low toxicity when dealing with warm-blooded animals and are capable of growth-stimulating activity even at very low concentrations (0.001-0.00005%). The obtained results show considerable promise regarding a further study of the aforementioned compounds in the direction of discovering new types of growth stimulants.

В статье представлены материалы, которые раскрывают специфику взаимодействия осознанной саморегуляции и способности к самоуправлению. Оценка их соотношения проводится в ракурсе субъектного подхода, тем самым делается акцент на том, что в вопросе о различении «саморегуляции» и «самоуправления» принцип «целепринятия» и «целеполагания» является основополагающим. На примере представителей правоохранительных органов показано, что в соподчиненном развитии исследуемых форм активности существует доминирующие влияние процессуального компонента осознанной саморегуляции. Анализ выявленных среднегрупповых тенденций проводится в контексте содержания и требований правоохранительной деятельности. При этом, осознанная саморегуляция и способность к самоуправлению рассматриваются в качестве психологических характеристик субъектности, поскольку соответствующие регуляторные процессы обеспечивают ее реализацию., The article presents materials that elaborate on the specifics of the connection between conscious self-regulation and the ability to self-governance. The assessment of their correlation is carried out from the perspective of a subjective approach, thus, emphasizing that the principle of "goal-acceptance" and "goal-setting" is fundamental for distinguishing between "selfregulation" and "self-governance". On the example of law enforcement officials, it is shown that in the subordinate development of the studied forms of activity, there is a dominant influence of the procedural component of conscious self-regulation. The analysis of the identified medium-group tendencies is carried out in the context of the content and requirements of law enforcement. At the same time, conscious self-regulation and the ability to self-rule are considered as psychological characteristics of subjectivity, since the corresponding regulatory processes facilitate their implementation., Международный научно-исследовательский журнал, Выпуск 7 (121) 2022, Pages 154-160

Resumen Introducción: CRISPR-Cas9 es actualmente la herramienta más versátil en la ingeniería genética y, por su bajo costo y habilidad para editar genomas fácilmente, la usa toda la comunidad científica. Ofrece promesas considerables en todo campo biológico, especialmente en la comunidad biomédica para curar enfermedades. Sin embargo, a pesar del apoyo general para su utilización clínica, existen preocupaciones éticas y, sobre todo, respecto a su eficacia y seguridad en el contexto de su uso para editar el genoma humano. Objetivo: Revisar la literatura académica y popular sobre los problemas y las implicaciones sobre el uso de CRISPR-Cas9 en la línea germinal humana. Métodos: Búsqueda en las bases de datos PubMed y Embase con términos indexados y libres, periódicos y libros de alta circulación. Resultados: Se seleccionaron 59 documentos según los criterios de inclusión y, a partir de ellos, se crearon cuatro capítulos que revisan las limitaciones técnicas, las implicaciones éticas, la actividad regulatoria e implicaciones políticas y jurídicas respecto del uso de CRISPR-Cas9 en la línea germinal humana, así como las implicaciones para Colombia. Conclusiones: Aunque las limitaciones técnicas se superarán con avances tecnológicos, las preocupaciones éticas son permanentes y han llevado a declaraciones que van desde la prohibición o la moratoria hasta su uso bajo condiciones estrictas. Colombia debe abordar los retos éticos y regulatorios intentando fortalecer sus capacidades institucionales y el debate público. Abstract Introduction: Currently, CRISPR-Cas9 is the most versatile tool in genetic engineering and, because of its low cost and ability to easily edit genomes is used by the scientific community. It offers considerable promises in every biological field, and in the biomedical community especially to cure diseases. However, despite the general support for its clinical use, there are ethical concerns, and efficacy and safety issues in the context of its use to edit the human genome. Objective: To review academic and lay literature about the concerns and implications to consider about the use of CRISPR-Cas9 in the human germline. Methods: The PubMed and Embase databases were searched using MeSH terms and free terms, as well as newspapers and books of high circulation. Results: 59 documents were selected according to the inclusion criteria and from them were created four chapters that review the technical limitations, the ethical concerns, the regulatory activity and political and judicial implications of using CRISPR-Cas9 in the human germline and the implications for Colombia. Conclusions: Atthough the technical limitations will be overcome by technological advances, the ethical concerns are permanent and have brought statements that go from ban or moratorium, to its use under strict conditions. Colombia should take seriously the ethical and regulatory challenges trying to strengthening the institutional capacities and the public debate.

The blueprints to development, response to the environment, and cellular function are largely the manifestation of distinct gene expression programs controlled by the spatiotemporal activity of cis -regulatory elements. Although biochemical methods for identifying accessible chromatin - a hallmark of active cis -regulatory elements - have been developed, approaches capable of measuring and quantifying cis -regulatory activity are only beginning to be realized. Massively Parallel Reporter Assays coupled to chromatin accessibility profiling present a high-throughput solution for testing the transcription-activating capacity of millions of putatively regulatory DNA sequences in parallel. However, clear computational pipelines for analyzing these high-throughput sequencing-based reporter assays are lacking. In this protocol, I layout and rationalize a computational framework for the processing and analysis of Assay for Transposase Accessible Chromatin profiling followed by Self-Transcribed Active Regulatory Region sequencing (ATAC-STARR-seq) data from a recent study in Zea mays. The approach described herein can be adapted to other sequencing-based reporter assays and is largely agnostic to the model organism with the appropriate input substitutions., Competing Interests: Competing interests A.P.M. declares no competing interests.

International audience; Dans le sillage de la théorie anthropologique du didactique (Chevallard, 1999) et de la théorie de l’action conjointe (Sensevy & Mercier, 2007 ; Sensevy, 2011), notre article a comme but de poursuivre l’étude de l’accessibilité didactique définie comme l’ensemble des conditions qui permettent aux élèves d’avoir accès aux savoirs. Cette étude est faite à partir du point de vue de la dynamique topogénétique, soit de la manière dont le partage des responsabilités des tâches et les positions de l’enseignant et des élèves influencent l’accès aux savoirs. Pour cela, nous prenons appui sur une séance ordinaire d’enseignement en mathématiques et sur les récits tenus par les acteurs, et nous observons les phénomènes liés à la forme d’étude du travail en petit groupe et aux régulations apportées par l’enseignant et/ou par des élèves. Nos questions sont : quelles sont les situations « favorables » pour rendre possible l’accès au savoir ? Quels sont la place et le rôle des acteurs (enseignant-élèves) pour créer des conditions d’accessibilité didactique ? Les réponses à ces questions mettent en évidence différents types de régulations topogénétiques, et leurs effets sur l’engagement ou non de l’élève en situation de handicap dans le travail mathématique.; Our paper follows the anthropological theory of didacticism (Chevallard, 1999) and the theory of conjoined action (Sensevy & Marcier, 2007; Sensevy, 2011) to study didactic accessibility, defined as the conditions that enable students to have access to knowledge. This study is grounded in a topogenetic approach, that is, one that considers the way the division of tasks and responsibilities between teacher and students, as well as their respective positions, influence access to knowledge. We rely on an ordinary session of mathematics teaching and on the stories told by the participants, and we observe the phenomena linked to work in small groups and the regulating activities of teacher and/or students. Our questions are: what are the situations that “promote” access to knowledge? What are the roles and positions of those involved (teacher/students) that create the conditions of didactic accessibility? The results show different modes of topogenetic regulatory activity, and their effect on a handicapped pupil’s engagement or non-engagement with mathematical work.

In this paper, we present and illustrate novel data on more than a century of regulation in Switzerland. We provide quantitative measures for Swiss cantons on the annual stock of legally binding rules from 2006-2013 and on regulatory activity as reflected in the annual changes to such regulation from 1908-2013. We measure the stock of regulation by the number of enactments and characters, and the regulatory activity by the number of changed enactments and pages. Further, we break down the measures by the level in the hierarchy of legal norms and by the issuing authority. The data reveal substantial cantonal heterogeneity in the stock of regulation and the amount and development of regulatory activity. Regulatory activity generally increased over the century, though in a non-monotonic manner, and is characterized by substantial volatility. Quantitatively, the most important is regulation at the level of decrees. When focusing on the issuing authority, it is the executive that dominates. We also construct our measures for the federal level from 2006-2013 (stock) and 1848-2013 (activity).

Досліджується механізм формування правових норм як регулятора суспільних відносин у сфері банківської діяльності за часів Української Центральної ради. It is investigated the mechanism of the formation of the legal norms as the regulator of social relations in the sphere of banking activity in the period of Ukrainian Central Rada.

Досліджується механізм формування правових норм у сфері банківської діяльності в Українській Державі (Гетьманаті П. П. Скоропадського). In the article the mechanism of rules of banking law formation in the “Ukrainian State” (Hetmanat of P.P. Skoropadsky) is investigated.

Regulatory reform has emerged as an important policy area in developing countries. For reforms to be beneficial, regulatory regimes need to be transparent, coherent, and comprehensive. They must establish appropriate institutional frameworks and liberalized business regulations; enforce competition policy and law; and open external and internal markets to trade and investment. This report examines the institutional set-up for and use of regulatory policy instruments in Zambia. It is one of five reports prepared on countries in East and Southern Africa (the others are on Kenya, Uganda, Rwanda, and Tanzania). The report is based on a review of public documents prepared by the government, donors, and the private sector, and on a limited number of interviews with key institutions and individuals.

This paper looks at the existing tools and approaches most commonly used in developed and developing countries to review the stock of regulations. The tools reviewed can generate benefits in the short term, but they are most effective as part of a longer-term sustained initiative. This paper has a particular focus on the challenges that arise from their use in emerging and developing countries. The objectives of this paper include: 1) explaining the rationale for the use of these tools and approaches; 2) discussing each one of them in a succinct way; 3) considering the extent to which these tools can support more systemic regulatory reforms in the medium and long terms; and 4) considering the particular challenges and opportunities regarding their use in developing and emerging economies. Section one is a brief description of the rationale and context for applying tools and approaches to review the stock of regulation. It includes a reference to benefits and preconditions to make use of these tools. It also presents a categorization of the most commonly used tools and a comparative table on the way these tools can be applied. Section two presents a description of each of the different tools and approaches available, and discusses the way they are used and their main components. It includes references to international experiences in which these tools have been integrated into the regulatory reform process. Section three presents preliminary commentary about some of the potential advantages, disadvantages, and impacts of using these tools and approaches in developing countries. Some particular cases are presented to illustrate these trends. The section also includes a short description of the sequence observed in the use of some of these tools. Moreover, this section illustrates how these tools can (or cannot) generate gains in the short term and also provide a basis for further and broader regulatory reform programs.

This report is an output of the Better Regulation for Growth Program between the Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the UK Department for International Development (DFID) and IC, the Investment Climate Advisory Services of the World Bank Group. The reports identifies a set of minimum requirements for a well-functioning Ria light system that is tailored to the requirements of developing countries. Embracing the overall objectives and relevance of RIA, the paper explores the fundamental set of building blocks and activities required to establish and maintain a RIA light system, taking into account what it is considered as good practice. The paper argues that the following five basic criteria have to be in place for a functioning RIA system, which is referred to as "RIA light": 1) political commitment to establish and operate an effective and self sustaining RIA process; 2) a unit or group of regulatory reformers - preferably based in a central area of government - which oversees, comments and reports on the quality of regulatory proposals before decisions are made about regulation; 3) clear and consistently applied criteria and rules employed to screen regulatory proposals; 4) a transparent regulatory policy development process, which includes consultation with stakeholders; and 5) a capacity building program, involving preparation of guidelines; training of officials preparing RIA and facilitating the required cultural changes, and establishing monitoring, evaluation and reporting systems.

In this paper, we examine the large and expanding area of Environmental Justice (EJ). The research in this area has developed from examining relatively simple comparisons of current demographic characteristics near environmental nuisances to performing multiple regression analysis and considering demographics at the time of siting. One area that has received considerably less attention is the identification of potential mechanisms that could be driving observed EJ correlations. We extend the current literature by examining one possible mechanism: the intensity of regulatory enforcement activity. If regulators pay less attention to the environmental performance of plants located near poor and minority areas, those plants might feel less pressure to pursue pollution abatement projects, increasing environmental hazards in those areas. We perform our analysis on a sample of manufacturing plants located near four large U.S. cities: Los Angeles, Boston, Columbus, and Houston. Our analysis of regulatory activity found little evidence that demographic variables have a significant impact on the allocation of regulatory activity. In particular, regulatory activity does not seem to be less intense in plants located near particular demographic groups. It is true that plants located in minority neighborhoods are inspected less often and face fewer enforcement actions, but these effects are nearly always small and insignificant, and plants located in lower-income areas seem to face (surprisingly) more regulatory activity. In a separate analysis, we also find very little evidence that demographic variables significantly influence pollution emissions. . In summary, the results presented here do not show much evidence to support EJ concerns about either regulatory activity or pollution emissions, at least within the set of plants, pollutants, and time periods covered in our analysis.

The report is organized as follows: the executive summary (I) pulls together all major conclusions and recommendations of the report. The following five sections then focus on key requirements of any successful regulatory reform program: (II) business regulation policy, (III) measurements and Targets, (IV) organization and procedures, (V) incentives for reform, and (VI) communication of results. Sections I-VI focuses on regulatory reform impacting directly on the private sector. The final section (VII) broadens the discussion and highlights potential benefits of further consolidating and integrating other regulatory reform efforts into a broader and coherent policy for regulatory quality and reform. Two annexes provide more details on two aspects of particular importance for the Danish regulatory reform program after 2010: measuring broader impacts of existing regulation, and regulatory advisory bodies.

We examine the determinants of environmental regulatory activity (inspections and enforcement actions) for 1616 U.S. manufacturing plants in four large U.S. cities – Los Angeles, Boston, Columbus, and Houston – using data for 2000-2002. The main focus of our study is to examine whether or not regulators treat different segments of the population differently, by directing more regulatory activity at plants in rich, white neighborhoods and less in poor, minority neighborhoods, controlling for characteristics of the plant (size, age, and industry), and the plant’s past environmental performance. To date, tests of “Environmental Justice” hypotheses tend to focus on whether or not polluters are disproportionately likely to locate in neighborhoods with relatively high poor/minority populations, or on whether polluters located in those neighborhoods emit disproportionately high levels of pollution. Focusing instead on the allocation of enforcement activity across neighborhoods within each city allows us to shed light on a key mechanism through which discrepancies in pollution exposure across neighborhoods could arise and persist. Our results show relatively little statistically significant evidence that regulatory activity is less intense near disadvantaged demographic groups. We do find some suggestive coefficients - plants located in minority neighborhoods face less regulatory activity - but this effect is generally insignificant, and plants located in poor neighborhoods face (insignificantly) more regulatory activity. In contrast, we do find significant effects for plant characteristics and political variables, with plants that are larger and more energy-intensive, owned by single-plant firms, and located near politically active and liberal populations, facing more regulatory activity.

The authors assess the macroeconomic and distributional effects of the privatization that Argentina began in 1989 in gas, electricity, telecommunications, and water and sanitation. Using a computable general equilibrium model, they track the effects of the changes observed between 1993, the first year by which all the major privatizations had taken place, and 1995, the most recent year for which data are available. In an innovative use of the model, they also assess the importance of the regulator in determining the distribution of gains and losses from utility privatization among sectors and income groups. They conclude that when regulators are effective, the annual gains from the private operation of utilities are about $3.3 billion, or 1.25 percent of GDP, and that all income classes benefit. Ineffective regulation cuts the gains from the reform by $1 billion or 0.35 percent of GDP. This cut in gains represents an implicit tax of 16 percent on the average consumer, paid directly to the owner of the utility rather than to the government. For the poorest income classes, thisimplicit tax is about 20 percent, meaning that good regulation is in the interest of the poor. The authors also show that the privatization of utilities cannot be blamed for the significant increase in unemployment observed in Argentina since 1993. Effective regulation can lead to a decline in unemployment, and ineffective regulation leads to only a small increase in unemployment. But the gains from utility privatization were not sufficient to offset the negative efficiency and distributional impact on the economy of the Tequila effect, which increased unemployment dramatically by limiting access to credit for users and producers alike.