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Variants of combined technologies for separating isotopes of light chemical elements, using both thermodynamically reversible and irreversible separation methods, are considered from a historical point of view. The main criteria for assessing the efficiency of combining different isotope separation processes are indicated. Based on the specified criteria, a number of problems of obtaining highly enriched carbon-13 and boron-10 isotopes are analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to the beneficiary-pays principle, the involuntary beneficiaries of injustice ought to disgorge their unjustly obtained benefits in order to compensate the victims of injustice. The paper explores the effectiveness of the above principle in establishing a robust and unique normative connection between the rectificatory duties of the beneficiaries and the rectificatory rights of the victims of injustice. I discuss three accounts of the beneficiary-pays principle according to which the rectificatory duty of the beneficiaries towards the victims is grounded in (a) their duty to oppose injustice and mitigate its effects, (b) their duty to give up benefits that are causally linked to an act of wrongdoing, or (c) their duty to not sustain wrongful harm against the victims. By criticizing these accounts, I intend to highlight the complexities of articulating a distinct rectificatory duty that applies uniquely to the beneficiaries of injustice qua beneficiaries. I conclude that, while it may seem complicated to defend the beneficiary-pays principle as an independent moral principle, it is more plausible to think of it as being derivative of more general principles such as the principle of fair play. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Law Society of England and Wales, as well as English politicians and judges, claim that English (contract) law is admirable, settled and predictable, and non-English legal systems are "laxer systems" whose judges are not as exceptionally knowledgeable as English judges. These claims of legal superiority attract foreign litigants such as African businesspeople to use English laws and forums to resolve their contractual disputes. This article aims to disprove these claims by rigorously assessing them from an Afrocentric lens, as well as from the prediction theory of law, English case law, and rules of contractual interpretation. It finds that English contract law and dispute resolution mechanisms are far from predictable and settled. Also, there is a staggering level of disagreement among English judges regarding their interpretation of commercial contracts. The article exposes the defects of English contract laws to enable foreign businesses to make informed decisions about their choice of laws and forums to resolve their contractual disputes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction/purpose: The paper presents the method of applying multi-criteria decision-making methods in order to improve shooting and select the most favorable conditions for shooting. Alternatives were ranked by individual multi-criteria decision-making methods AHP and VIKOR by experts, and then the most favorable alternative was selected using the Borda method of group decision making. The aim of the work is to select the most efficient way of shooting with minimal human fatigue, consumption of movable things and in the shortest possible time through a combination of multi-criteria decision-making methods, which will ensure the accuracy and precision of the rifle for subsequent shooting and other operations. Methods: The paper presents one of the ways of using multidisciplinary methods of multi-criteria decision making for a specific problem in the field of tactics with weapon systems. Experts from the field of armaments, using the AHP and VIKOR methods of individual multi-criteria decision making, selected the most favorable alternative in accordance with four given criteria. Then, by applying the Borda method of group decision making, the the most favorable alternative was selected - the most favorable conditions for the execution of preparatory shooting at serial number one with a 12.7 mm long range rifle. The alternatives are four shootings, namely, two ways of performing preparatory shooting with a 12.7 mm long range rifle at serial number one, one from the current Instructions and Program of Shooting with Infantry Weapons and the other newly proposed method, as well as two ways of realizing shooting for testing the accuracy and precision of a long range rifle. Results: The selection of the most effective conditions for the execution of the first initial preparatory shooting at serial number one with a long range rifle, which will ensure maximum accuracy of the weapon and the minimum consumption of resources - time, ammunition, targets, and personnel fatigue. Conclusion: The solution takes into account the simultaneous optimization of several criteria in order to select the most efficient way of performing preparatory shooting at serial number one in order to ensure rested and trained personnel as well as accurate and precise long range rifles for subsequent shootings, which leads to the maximum saving of resources, the satisfaction of personnel, and precise weapons.

In this study, we propose a novel rectification method for three cameras using a single image for depth estimation. Stereo rectification serves as a fundamental preprocessing step for disparity estimation in stereoscopic cameras. However, off-the-shelf depth cameras often include an additional RGB camera for creating 3D point clouds. Existing rectification methods only align two cameras, necessitating an additional rectification and remapping process to align the third camera. Moreover, these methods require multiple reference checkerboard images for calibration and aim to minimize alignment errors, but often result in rotated images when there is significant misalignment between two cameras. In contrast, the proposed method simultaneously rectifies three cameras in a single shot without unnecessary rotation. To achieve this, we designed a lab environment with checkerboard settings and obtained multiple sample images from the cameras. The optimization function, designed specifically for rectification in stereo matching, enables the simultaneous alignment of all three cameras while ensuring performance comparable to traditional methods. Experimental results with real camera samples demonstrate the benefits of the proposed method and provide a detailed analysis of unnecessary rotations in the rectified images. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of China Rural Water & Hydropower is the property of China Rural Water & Hydropower Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Railway Construction Technology is the property of Railway Construction Technology Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction/purpose: The paper presents the method of applying multicriteria decision-making methods in order to improve shooting and select the most favorable conditions for shooting. Alternatives were ranked by individual multi-criteria decision-making methods AHP and VIKOR by experts, and then the most favorable alternative was selected using the Borda method of group decision making. The aim of the work is to select the most efficient way of shooting with minimal human fatigue, consumption of movable things and in the shortest possible time through a combination of multi-criteria decision-making methods, which will ensure the accuracy and precision of the rifle for subsequent shooting and other operations. Methods: The paper presents one of the ways of using multidisciplinary methods of multi-criteria decision making for a specific problem in the field of tactics with weapon systems. Experts from the field of armaments, using the AHP and VIKOR methods of individual multi-criteria decision making, selected the most favorable alternative in accordance with four given criteria. Then, by applying the Borda method of group decision making, the the most favorable alternative was selected - the most favorable conditions for the execution of preparatory shooting at serial number one with a 12.7 mm long range rifle. The alternatives are four shootings, namely, two ways of performing preparatory shooting with a 12.7 mm long range rifle at serial number one, one from the current Instructions and Program of Shooting with Infantry Weapons and the other newly proposed method, as well as two ways of realizing shooting for testing the accuracy and precision of a long range rifle. Results: The selection of the most effective conditions for the execution of the first initial preparatory shooting at serial number one with a long range rifle, which will ensure maximum accuracy of the weapon and the minimum consumption of resources - time, ammunition, targets, and personnel fatigue. Conclusion: The solution takes into account the simultaneous optimization of several criteria in order to select the most efficient way of performing preparatory shooting at serial number one in order to ensure rested and trained personnel as well as accurate and precise long range rifles for subsequent shootings, which leads to the maximum saving of resources, the satisfaction of personnel, and precise weapons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ionic FETs have enormous potential for energy conversion, sensing, and ionic circuits due to their efficient regulation of the nanochannel. Here ionic FETs based on single‐crystal silicon nanopores and the rectification of the fabricated devices are studied. The electrical characterization results demonstrated that since the silicon‐based nanopores have the advantage of modulating the surface charge due to their semiconductor nature and benefitting from the effective 3D gating effect on the nanochannel, the magnitude and polarity of surface charge can be modulated by the gate voltage. The rectification effect can be adjusted by applying a certain voltage and fulfilling a transition between anion selectivity and cation selectivity when the surface charge polarity is reversed. Moreover, current–voltage characteristics of the reported ionic FET can be switched between ohmic and diode‐like regimes. The proposed ionic FETs supply a novel platform to study the ionic properties and have great potential to be applied in large‐scale ionic circuits due to their excellent performance. Finally, simulation results prove the surface charge modulated by the gate voltage determines the magnitude and direction of rectification, which is consistent with the reported experiment result. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article deals with the monitoring of strain on tuffeau, a soft and porous building limestone used in stonework in historical masonry. Previous studies have shown the limitations of using strain gauges for mechanical monitoring, due to the size and local nature of the measurement. The digital image correlation (DIC) technique has proved to be a significant, non-contact and non-destructive method for full-field strain measurements of various materials, including rocks which are natural and therefore heterogeneous. In this work, we studied the DIC parameters and calibration process to identify the best configuration for working with a porous limestone material subjected to mechanical loading. Because of its potential impact on the quality of strain measurement, we also explored the effect of geometry and rectification. While the results provide a set of optimized parameters to get the best out of DIC analysis, they also highlight the importance of rectification on the mechanical behavior of such soft, porous stones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With multiple merits compared with thermal spray, cold spray technology is widely applied for various application fields. As part of an intelligent cold spray repair system, an approach for three-dimensional (3D) damage region contour extraction is proposed, which is without nominal Computer-Aided Design models and prior knowledge of damaged workpieces. Moreover, due to partially image processing based, the computation load of the proposed method is lower caused by partially avoiding the 3D point cloud processing. According to the results, it is capable to handle the uneven, sparse and unorganized point cloud to precisely extract 3D contour of damage region. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is highlight. Furthermore, the proposed methods on 3D cloud point to grayscale conversion, two-dimensional (2D) edge detection on images, 3D contour reconstruction from 2D edge are also promising for point cloud processing in other application fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The question ‘Was Copernicus an astrologer’ is prima facie very clear, while in fact being quite ambiguous. This question should rather be regarded as a vast topic covering lots of more concise questions such as ‘Was Copernicus thoroughly educated in astrology?’, ‘Did Copernicus believe in astrology?’ or ‘Did a mature Copernicus practice astrology?’ Unfortunately, thus far, consensus has not been achieved among historians on any of them. Accordingly, the topic has been for some time, and still is, a battlefield of the most acrimonious debates in Copernicology, nay, perhaps in the whole history of science. Carefully made distinctions and subsequent analysis of the common pro et contra arguments enabled this paper to arbitrate the different perspectives. None of the arguments has been found to have a decisive force. In general, while the pro lines of reasoning are normally based upon insecure or even faulty inductive logic, their contra counterparts often suffer from ex silentio inferences or even ad ignorantiam fallacy. Two new, subtle arguments have been introduced instead. They can be considered as genuine new evidence allowing for the resolution of some lingering doubts. First, the natal charts of Copernicus that were cast in the middle of the 16th century have been studied. The excessively exact birth hour of Copernicus at 4:48 PM has quite naturally been expected to be a result of a preliminary astrological rectification. However, apparently it was not rectified by the algorithms most popular at the time. The findings suggest the number-symbolic rather than astrological inclinations of Copernicus. Further, a careful analysis of Copernicus’s annotations in the Alfonsine Tables revealed a link between the misprints corrected by him and the ancient observations he included in De Revolutionibus. Consequently, an extensive astrological use of the tables by him can be excluded with a high probability. Moreover, Copernicus likely never used Regiomontanus Tables on a regular basis either. The conclusion integrates all the available arguments pertinent to the relationship of Copernicus with astrology.

Abstract Ionic FETs have enormous potential for energy conversion, sensing, and ionic circuits due to their efficient regulation of the nanochannel. Here ionic FETs based on single‐crystal silicon nanopores and the rectification of the fabricated devices are studied. The electrical characterization results demonstrated that since the silicon‐based nanopores have the advantage of modulating the surface charge due to their semiconductor nature and benefitting from the effective 3D gating effect on the nanochannel, the magnitude and polarity of surface charge can be modulated by the gate voltage. The rectification effect can be adjusted by applying a certain voltage and fulfilling a transition between anion selectivity and cation selectivity when the surface charge polarity is reversed. Moreover, current–voltage characteristics of the reported ionic FET can be switched between ohmic and diode‐like regimes. The proposed ionic FETs supply a novel platform to study the ionic properties and have great potential to be applied in large‐scale ionic circuits due to their excellent performance. Finally, simulation results prove the surface charge modulated by the gate voltage determines the magnitude and direction of rectification, which is consistent with the reported experiment result.

The problem on the optimum organization of the rectification of a multicomponent mixture in a rectifying column was considered. It is shown that, in the case where heat is supplied to the boiler of the column and is removed from its dephlegmator, the boundary of the realizable-load range of the column represents a parabola convex upwards with two characteristic parameters. The interrelation between the indicated characteristic parameters and the kinetics of the heat- and mass-transfer processes in the column, the composition of the mixture separated in it, and the mixture separation boundary selected was determined. The consequences of the possibility of parametrization of the boundary of the realizable-load range of a rectifying column are discussed. A rule for the choice of the boundary of separating a multicomponent mixture has been formulated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Integration and miniaturization are the inevitable trends in the development of electronic devices. PZT and graphene are typical ferroelectric and carbon-based materials, respectively, which have been widely used in various fields. Achieving high-quality PZT/graphene heterogeneous integration and systematically studying its electrical properties is of great significance. In this work, we reported the characterization of a PZT film based on the sol–gel method. Additionally, the thickness of the PZT film was pushed to the limit size (~100 nm) by optimizing the process. The test results, including the remnant and leakage current, show that the PZT film is a reliable and suitable platform for further graphene-integrated applications. The non-destructive regulation of the electrical properties of graphene has been studied based on a domain-polarized substrate and strain-polarized substrate. The domain structures in the PZT film exhibit different geometric structures with ~0.3 V surface potential. The I–V output curves of graphene integrated on the surface of the PZT film exhibited obvious rectification characteristics because of p/n-doping tuned by an interfacial polarized electric field. In contrast, a ~100 nm thick PZT film makes it easy to acquire a larger strain gradient for flexural potential. The tested results also show a rectification phenomenon, which is similar to domain polarization substrate regulation. Considering the difficulty of measuring the flexural potential, the work might provide a new approach to assessing the flexural polarized regulation effect. A thinner ferroelectric film/graphene heterojunction and the polarized regulation of graphene will provide a platform for promoting low-dimension film-integrated applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, I examine the representation of the long-running Maoist national democratic (NatDem) revolution in Norman Wilwayco's award-winning novel Gerilya (2008), which centers on the uneasy, often violent encounters between petty bourgeois revolutionaries from the city and revolutionary peasants in the countryside. By engaging with the issues of revolutionary errors, remolding, and rectification, I explore how the novel's predominantly unflattering depiction of revolutionary guerrillas track the difficulties that underpin the process of revolutionary remolding and the formation of comradely relations. Such portrayal conceives of the revolution as a complex social process marked by the tension between, on the one hand, emergent revolutionary lifeways, Party-led discipline, and comradely relations, and on the other, deeply entrenched relations and values that pose both enabling and disabling conditions for the advance of the revolution. This chronicle of the various subjective crises and contradictions among revolutionaries foregrounds the imperative toward remolding and constant rectification as integral to the waging of the struggle, while simultaneously edifying an oppositional imagination that challenges state-deployed anti-communist propaganda. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the R22 (chlorodifuoromethane) steam-cracking process, which is used to produce a TFE (tetrafluoroethylene) monomer, distillation is employed to separate the high-purity TFE monomer from the cracked gas generated during this procedure. Traditionally, this distillation process is carried out using five towers. In this study, the traditional five-tower distillation method was transformed into a four-tower distillation method through the Aspen Plus simulation software, and this process was simulated and optimized. Meanwhile, a double-effect distillation process was designed for the transformed four-tower distillation process. The transformed distillation process not only meets the requirements of 99.999% purity for the TFE monomer and 99.99% purity for R22 recycling, but it also reduces the footprint by eliminating one distillation tower and saves 112.9002 kW of tower load, thus reducing the operating costs. This research provides valuable guidance for practical production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing 2D reconfigurable multifunctional devices is of great potential in further miniaturizing the chip area and simplifying circuit design. 2D van der Waals (vdW) heterostructures offer a novel approach to realizing reconfigurable multifunctional devices. Despite the numerous previous reports that have integrated various functions in a single 2D heterostructures device, most of those devices are based on a complex multilayer heterostructure or an air‐unstable channel material, limiting their ability to be applied in integrated circuits. There is an urgent need to develop 2D reconfigurable multifunctional devices that have a simple structure and stable electrical properties. In this work, a side‐gate reconfigurable device is illustrated based on simple BN‐MoS2 vdW heterostructures. Three different functions in a single device have been achieved, including a diode, double‐side‐gate reconfigurable logic transistor, and top floating gate memory. A lateral n+‐n homojunction is created along the MoS2 channel and the rectification ratio is above 105. Reconfigurable logic operations (OR, AND) can be achieved in a single double‐side‐gate device and the current on/off ratio is ≈t 104. Moreover, the device can act as a floating gate memory under back gate operation. Those results pave the way for integrating the same reconfigurable multifunctional devices to realize complex electronic systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mining exploitation of hard coal is conducted in the Silesian region in Poland. As a result, the post-mining void is formed which leads to non-uniform lowering of the ground level. Consequently, thousands of buildings are vertically deflected. This type of deflection causes troublesome use of buildings, underestimates their value, and in extreme situations leads to exceeded limit states. Therefore, such buildings are rectified by non-uniform elevations by means of jacks. On the basis of the analysed rectification processes, the method of determining the deflection of a building and the height of elevating its corners were presented depending on the type of building. This paper is a review of methods of determining the deflection of buildings having different sizes: single-storey buildings, single-storey buildings with a usable attic, two-storey buildings, and 11-storey buildings. Moreover, specific situations were analysed, in which the elevation height was determined by a range of additional works performed during rectification. This review was used to develop guidelines for determining deflection values and specifying the height of non-uniform elevation of corners.

The index of torpedo support equipment exceeds the standard in electromagnetic compatibility(EMC) test. In view of this problem, the composition and electromagnetic characteristics of the equipment were analyzed, and the weak links in the EMC design of the equipment were determined. Targeted rectification measures such as chassis shielding treatment, power filter introduction, and internal and external cable treatment were taken. The comparison test shows that the conducted emission and radiation emission indexes of the equipment are significantly reduced after rectification, which meets the limit lines of the national military standard. It proves that the rectification measures are effective and can provide a reference for the EMC rectification of other equipment.

In this study, we propose a novel rectification method for three cameras using a single image for depth estimation. Stereo rectification serves as a fundamental preprocessing step for disparity estimation in stereoscopic cameras. However, off-the-shelf depth cameras often include an additional RGB camera for creating 3D point clouds. Existing rectification methods only align two cameras, necessitating an additional rectification and remapping process to align the third camera. Moreover, these methods require multiple reference checkerboard images for calibration and aim to minimize alignment errors, but often result in rotated images when there is significant misalignment between two cameras. In contrast, the proposed method simultaneously rectifies three cameras in a single shot without unnecessary rotation. To achieve this, we designed a lab environment with checkerboard settings and obtained multiple sample images from the cameras. The optimization function, designed specifically for rectification in stereo matching, enables the simultaneous alignment of all three cameras while ensuring performance comparable to traditional methods. Experimental results with real camera samples demonstrate the benefits of the proposed method and provide a detailed analysis of unnecessary rotations in the rectified images.

Abstract Developing 2D reconfigurable multifunctional devices is of great potential in further miniaturizing the chip area and simplifying circuit design. 2D van der Waals (vdW) heterostructures offer a novel approach to realizing reconfigurable multifunctional devices. Despite the numerous previous reports that have integrated various functions in a single 2D heterostructures device, most of those devices are based on a complex multilayer heterostructure or an air‐unstable channel material, limiting their ability to be applied in integrated circuits. There is an urgent need to develop 2D reconfigurable multifunctional devices that have a simple structure and stable electrical properties. In this work, a side‐gate reconfigurable device is illustrated based on simple BN‐MoS2 vdW heterostructures. Three different functions in a single device have been achieved, including a diode, double‐side‐gate reconfigurable logic transistor, and top floating gate memory. A lateral n+‐n homojunction is created along the MoS2 channel and the rectification ratio is above 105. Reconfigurable logic operations (OR, AND) can be achieved in a single double‐side‐gate device and the current on/off ratio is ≈t 104. Moreover, the device can act as a floating gate memory under back gate operation. Those results pave the way for integrating the same reconfigurable multifunctional devices to realize complex electronic systems.

Background. An analysis of existing methods for automatically searching for correspondence in stereo images has shown that there are problematic issues in the field of automating the search for correspondence in stereo pairs from the point of view of simultaneously minimizing computational costs and ensuring the accuracy of calculations. They are associated, first of all, with the automatic determination of the position of the search area, limited on both sides and adaptive in shape and nature of distortion, under the conditions of ensuring the possibility of its restructuring in real time with dynamic changes in the relative position in the space of video channels with known and unknown internal parameters, and also when processing high-resolution images without their preliminary pixel-by-pixel processing. Materials and methods. The problem to be solved by the proposed methods for automatically determining the position of the search area for correspondence was to construct a search area for an object in a stereo image that is limited on both sides and adaptive in shape by the nature of the distortion, provided that it is possible to quickly rearrange it in cases of dynamic changes in the relative position in the space of digital images. video channels with known and unknown internal parameters. As a result, two methods were developed for automatically determining the boundaries and position of the adaptive search area, based on calculating the values of arrays containing the pixel coordinates of the object search area in a stereo image. The adaptive property of the search area in this case consisted in the automatic change of its shape and size in accordance with the geometric distortions of the images and the current relative position of the video channels. Results. Increased performance compared to existing methods for determining areas of local search for correspondence is achieved due to the absence of the need for preliminary pixel-by-pixel image processing, calculation of the fundamental matrix and solving complex systems of equations. Conclusions. As a result, the requirements for computer computing resources have been reduced and the real-time automatic search for matches in distorted images from high-resolution video channels dynamically changing their spatial position and orientation has been achieved. In addition, the implementation of a technical vision system is simplified due to the possibility of using video channels with unknown technical parameters.

Asymmetric ethers such as Cyclopentyl Methyl Ether (CPME) found their application as alternative solvents in technology; they are often labeled as "green solvents" as they can be prepared using renewable feedstock. They are almost immiscible with water and can be easily regenerated. Based on earlier experiments with CPME preparation in laboratory conditions and the estimated product yields, an initial assessment of the reaction mixture separation train was performed, for the chosen production capacity of 100 kg·h−1 of CPME. Following suitable thermodynamic model selection, basic analyses in Aspen Plus software were executed. Reactor effluent containing eight chemical species was subjected to multiple separation steps including extraction and several rectifications including one vapor phase compression step to yield saleable products with sufficient purity and unreacted chemicals recyclable to the reactor. Basic simulations were performed to find the optimal working conditions of individual columns and to estimate the associated energy needs. Basic design, without any heat or work integration measures, required a total heating duty of 787 kW and a total cooling duty of 614 kW. This yielded a specific heat consumption of 28.3 GJ per ton of the main product (CPME) which is unacceptably high as it represents around 70% of its chemical energy content (heating value). Further research will be devoted to reducing heating and cooling duty by integrated separation train design development to comply with the reduced carbon footprint mandatory for the syntheses and separations of green solvents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of LHB: Hydroscience Journal is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

On-board processing is increasingly prevalent due to its efficient utilization of satellite resources. Among these resources, geometric rectification can significantly enhance positioning accuracy for subsequent tasks, such as object detection. This approach mitigates the heavy burden on downlink bandwidth and minimizes time delays by transmitting targeted patches rather than raw data. However, existing rectification methods are often unsuitable due to the limitations and conditions imposed on satellites. Factors like hardware quality, heat dissipation, storage space, and geographic positioning are frequently constrained and prone to inaccuracies. This paper proposes a novel on-board rectification method. The method introduces a two-step matching framework to address substantial positioning errors and incorporates a feature-compression strategy to reduce the storage space of reference patches. Quantitative and practical experiments demonstrate the method's efficacy in terms of storage space, time efficiency, and geometric rectification accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Geodesy & Geodynamics (1671-5942) is the property of Editorial Board Journal of Geodesy & Geodynamics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Development of novel schemes for efficient terahertz (THz) generation from transition metal dichalcogenides are useful for realizing integrated THz devices based on them and also, understanding of the related fundamental processes from such studies will guide to suitable designs. Here, we report the THz emission efficiency of bulk MoS2 layered crystal at varying femtosecond excitation wavelengths, from 550 nm to the telecommunication wavelength of 1550 nm. By using both the below bandgap excitation at longer wavelengths and the above bandgap excitation at shorter wavelengths, we resolve THz emission contributions from resonant and non-resonant optical rectification (OR) processes, and the surface field induced transient photocurrent effect (TPE). A relatively much larger contribution to THz emission from the TPE than the resonant OR is measured for the above bandgap excitation. We have measured a clear difference between the resonant and nonresonant OR processes. The pure OR part is exclusively determined from detailed experiments using excitation intensity, polarization angle, and azimuthal angle dependent measurements. For the above bandgap excitation, the THz emission gets highly saturated with the increasing excitation intensity. Also, the value of the saturation intensity increases (decreases) with the excitation photon energy (wavelength). Interestingly, we find that the linear polarization angle and the azimuthal angle dependent THz signal due to resonant OR is π /2 phase offset relative to that due to the nonresonant OR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the proposed model for the interaction of an extremely short pulse of an electric field with chiral nanotubes (CHNTs), the case of a plane pulse passing through a thin layer of CHNTs is considered. The effect of rectification of a bipolar extremely short pulse is discovered and the dependence on the thickness of the nanotube film is investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

he aim of this research is to determine the influence stillage filtrate on the synthesis of volatile impurities in alcohol, with subsequent removal through the rectification process in a rectification unit operating in an energy-saving mode at pressures lower than atmospheric. The study was conducted at the state enterprise (hereinafter – SE) "Kozlivsky Distillery" located at: Ternopil region, Kozlivsky district, urban-type settlement Kozliv, using gas chromatographic method for determining the content of microcomponents (acetaldehyde, methanol, fusel oil components, esters) using capillary columns. The rectification unit includes various components such as the mash column, hydroselection column, rectification column, methanol column, impurity concentration column and "zero" column. During the research, technological parameters of operation of each unit component were studied, and the concentration of organic impurities in alcohol at different stages was determined. The results of this study allow improving the efficiency of the rectification unit, which is of great importance in alcohol production. Research was conducted on the impact stillage filtrate on the synthesis of volatile impurities in alcohol during fermentation. The research was carried out with the full use iltrate of stillage at the stage of preparing the fermenting substrate. The mash had different concentrations of dry substances. The stillage filtrate was obtained by centrifugation of native stillage and its suspended matter concentration did not exceed 1%. The influence of the amount stillage filtrate and the number of cycles of its recirculation on the biosynthesis of volatile organic compounds during fermentation was studied. The research results showed that the use stillage filtrate at the stage of preparing the fermenting substrate contributes to reducing water consumption and slows down the synthesis of acetaldehyde and higher alcohols during fermentation. With repeated use stillage filtrate, the synthesis process changes, which affects the concentration of volatile organic compounds in the fermentation mash. This impact should be taken into account when selecting operating modes of the rectification unit. Therefore, to obtain high-quality rectified alcohol, it is necessary to adjust the appropriate operating mode of the rectification unit and consider the influence stillage filtrate on the fermentation process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) in modulating the mean sea surface temperature (SST) in the tropical eastern Pacific is investigated. A strategy is developed to separate the observational record from 1958 to 2010 into two groups, ENSO and non-ENSO periods. A simple analytical framework is constructed to quantitatively delineate the contributions of oceanic dynamic heating (ODH) and surface heat fluxes to rectifying the mean SST. It is found that the differences in the mean SST between the two periods are evident, though minor, despite distinctive interannual SST variabilities. Both linear and nonlinear ODH, as well as surface heat fluxes, contribute to this slight mean SST difference. Idealized oceanic model experiments in the presence and absence of ENSO are conducted. The experiments confirm that ENSO moderately impacts the mean SST in the equatorial eastern Pacific. Although the amplitude of the linear ODH associated with ENSO is large, its impact on the long-term mean SST is small because the sign of its contribution changes between El Niño and La Niña phases. The nonlinear ODH, on the other hand, has the same sign during the warm and cold episodes. However, its accumulated effect on the mean SST is small due to its weak amplitude. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to solve the problem of large-scale backflow in side-inlet forebay of Shiqiao Pumping Station in Yangzhou City, Jiangsu Province, Shiqiao Pumping Station intake structure is taken as the research object based on Reynolds time-averaged equation and RNG k-ε model, CFD software is used for numerical calculation of side-inlet forebay and intake sump. The flow characteristics of forebay and intake sump are analyzed under different rectification measures. Several rectification measures are proposed and the effect of flow pattern control is quantitatively analyzed. The result shows that the flow pattern of 2# and 6# intake sump is comparatively disordered without rectification measures, as the streamline is distributed unevenly. Through an analysis of three rectification measures, the streamline distribution of the intake sump is uniform and the flow velocity distribution is reasonable when the bottom ridge is added to the forebay. Axial velocity distribution uniformity of inlet characteristic section in intake sump is increased by about 30% on average in each pump unit, indicating a significant rectification effect. The research findings serve as a reference for the flow pattern improvement of similar pumping station projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Air separation products (ASPs) are an important component of many technological processes. The main industrial source of rare gases is atmospheric air. Inert gases are extracted in the form of lean concentrates during the operation of high-performance air separation plants. The presented work examines the features of rectification and adsorption-distillation technologies for the production of krypton and xenon. Currently, in the air of industrial cities there is a whole "bouquet" of harmful compounds present in significant quantities, formed as by-products as a result of the implementation of various technological processes. In the process of producing high-purity inert gases, along with Kr and Xe, air components similar in properties to them are enriched. Methods for purifying intermediate products and pure inert gases from three groups of substances: hydrocarbons; oxides of nitrogen and carbon; fluorinated gases. Purification of the krypton-xenon mixture from flammable impurities, as a rule, is carried out at all stages of the technological sequence. Hydrocarbons are separated by chemical methods, nitrogen and carbon oxides are separated by sorption. Condensation and chemical methods are promising methods for purifying krypton and xenon mixtures from fluorine-containing impurities. They provide the specified quality of gas products and a high degree of recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper represents a conversation with Carlos Tablada, a leading contemporary Cuban economist, philosopher and so-ciologist. The interview reveals the peculiarities of the Cuban revolution at different stages. Tablada provides details of the history of the Popular Socialist Party of Cuba. He reflects about how he began to study the ideological heritage of Che Guevara, highlighting nuances of his communication with the Soviet academics from the Institute of Latin America of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Tablada interprets Ernesto Guevara's speech delivered in Algeria in 1965 in a specific way, in the context of trade relations between developing countries and countries of the Socialist Bloc. Tablada also covers his experience of work in the Cuban state enterprise EMPROVA during the implementation of the System of direc-tion and planning of the economy proposed by Humberto Pe-rez. Tablada expresses his own critical assessment of the economic khozraschet that Cuba adopted from the USSR after joining the CMEA (1972) and holding the First Congress of the Communist Party of Cuba (1975). He comments on the grave consequences of the aggressive policy of the United States towards revolutionary Cuba. Tablada also reveals the peculiarities of trade relations between Cuba and the USSR and the actualization of Che Guevara's ideological legacy dur-ing the period of "rectification". At that time, Cuba faced a crisis due to changes in the terms of trade with the COME-CON countries and tried to resist a number of negative socio-economic consequences of the introduction of khozraschet. Tablada comments on the specifics of Cuba's plight after the collapse of the Socialist Bloc. The footnotes to the interview provide comments on Tablada's statements, especially on those that are controversial.

Introduction. There is not enough data on the used intensive technologies of processing pig manure into organic fertilizer to accurately calculate the content of nutrients in the final products and, accordingly, their doses of application. Aim of the Article. To determine the efficiency of pig manure processing technology, which includes liquid fraction rectification, by the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of manure and final products, and to trace the redistributing total nitrogen between the final products on the example of a pilot pig breeding complex production. Materials and Methods. For the study, there was chosen a typical pig-breeding complex, where the pig manure processing included slurry acidification, flocculation, separation into fractions in a decanter centrifuge, rectification of liquid fraction, passive composting of solid fraction, and long-term storing of liquid fraction. The technology allows producing three types of end products: solid organic fertilizer, concentrated liquid (ammonia water), and fertilizer solution. Quantity and quality of pig manure and the end products were calculated by the known methods. Experimental studies were performed to compare the results. Samples were analyzed in the analytical laboratory of Institute for Engineering and Environmental Problems in Agricultural Production in 2022. Three replications were carried out for each sample. The experimental data were statistically analysed in MS Excel. Results. Quantitative and qualitative characteristics of pig manure, its solid and liquid fractions, and end products were calculated. The difference between the calculated and actual values does not exceed 10.2% that indicates the reliability of calculations. Discussion and Conclusion. The introduction of a new technology at the pig-breeding complex has reduced atmospheric emissions by 10% due to the nitrogen conservation, has reduced operating costs for transporting organic fertilizer by 47% due to the concentration of nutrients in a smaller volume and has improved soil fertility through fertilizer irrigation.

Abstract In this paper, a novel flyback synchronous rectification (SR) strategy for both continuous conduction mode (CCM) and discontinuous conduction mode (DCM) is proposed. The hybrid mode is suitable for the wide input voltage range, and large load range, which can widen the application range. The proposed strategy can reduce the body diode conduction time in the turning‐on interval in both the DCM and CCM and eliminate the cross‐conduction between the primary switch and secondary switch that existed in the conventional CCM SR converter by adding several logic units. A 12‐V/3‐A output mixed‐mode flyback converter prototype is designed and fabricated to verify the strategy. Measurement results show that with the proposed SR strategy, the efficiency is improved by approximately 5.5% in CCM and 0.5% in DCM.

The aim of this research is to determine the influence stillage filtrate on the synthesis of volatile impurities in alcohol, with subsequent removal through the rectification process in a rectification unit operating in an energy-saving mode at pressures lower than atmospheric. The study was conducted at the state enterprise (hereinafter - SE) "Kozlivsky Distillery" located at: Ternopil region, Kozlivsky district, urban-type settlement Kozliv, using gas chromatographic method for determining the content of microcomponents (acetaldehyde, methanol, fusel oil components, esters) using capillary columns. The rectification unit includes various components such as the mash column, hydroselection column, rectification column, methanol column, impurity concentration column and "zero" column. During the research, technological parameters of operation of each unit component were studied, and the concentration of organic impurities in alcohol at different stages was determined. The results of this study allow improving the efficiency of the rectification unit, which is of great importance in alcohol production. Research was conducted on the impact stillage filtrate on the synthesis of volatile impurities in alcohol during fermentation. The research was carried out with the full use iltrate of stillage at the stage of preparing the fermenting substrate. The mash had different concentrations of dry substances. The stillage filtrate was obtained by centrifugation of native stillage and its suspended matter concentration did not exceed 1%. The influence of the amount stillage filtrate and the number of cycles of its recirculation on the biosynthesis of volatile organic compounds during fermentation was studied. The research results showed that the use stillage filtrate at the stage of preparing the fermenting substrate contributes to reducing water consumption and slows down the synthesis of acetaldehyde and higher alcohols during fermentation. With repeated use stillage filtrate, the synthesis process changes, which affects the concentration of volatile organic compounds in the fermentation mash. This impact should be taken into account when selecting operating modes of the rectification unit. Therefore, to obtain high-quality rectified alcohol, it is necessary to adjust the appropriate operating mode of the rectification unit and consider the influence stillage filtrate on the fermentation process.