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Kelompok Tani Mandiri Rancage Curugrendeng memiliki jumlah anggotanya sebanyak 63 orang dan saat ini berkegiatan dalam usaha budidaya rumput dengan luas kebun mencapai 62 hektar yang tersebar di tiga wilayah yaitu di Subang, Sumedang dan Purwakarta. Hasil panen berupa rumput segar dikirim ke industri peternakan sapi yang ada di sekitar Subang dan Bandung. Setiap kelompok rata-rata dapat mengirim rumput setiap bulannya sekitar 180 ton. Kondisi saat ini kelompok tani masih mengalami masalah dalam peningkatan panen rumput karena keterbatasan sumber daya manusia untuk memanen. Dengan cara panen yang manual dan alat bantu arit dan parang, hasil panennya baru mencapai 6-7 ton/hari/7jam yang dikerjakan oleh lima orang mulai dari memotong, mengumpulkan serta memuat ke dalam mobil truk.Untuk memberikan solusi terhadap permasalahan yang terjadi pada kelompok tani Mandiri Rancage, maka Tim Pengabdian Universitas Subang melakukan pendampingan pelatihan pengoperasian mesin pemotong (reaper 4GL120, hand tractor 101 Diesel 188) untuk memanen rumput,Hasil dari pendampingan pelatihan pengoperasian mesin pemotong, terpilih dua orang operator untuk mengoperasikan mesin pemotong dan hasil aplikasi mesin dilapangan ada peningkatan kapasitas panen rumput rata-rata mencapai 10-14 ton/hari.

This study was conducted to assess and identify the problems of handling reaper and their effects on the farmers adoption in the haor region of Kishoreganj and Brahmanbaria district through personal interviews with a well-structured questionnaire and focus group discussion. Six different characteristics were selected namely, age, level of education, annual family income, farm size, access to information sources, and extent of machine used to study the adoption of reaper by 44 selected farmers. Results of statistical analysis with SPSS software indicated that education, access to information sources, and extent of different machinery use played a very significant role in the adoption of the reaper. It was found that the higher secondary educated respondents scored 11.43, the high extent of media contact respondents scored 14.57 and the medium extent of machinery users scored 8.65 in the case of measuring the satisfaction level within the range of -18 to +18. Based on data from the selected farmers, the result revealed that 82% of them were satisfied. This study also identified some constraints of reaper operation that were obtained from the respondents like slipping and skidding problems on muddy soil, problems in cutting over inclined crops, problems in cutting over flooded crops, problems in cutting over matured crops, etc. Some suggestions were made by the respondents for further improvement of reaper like wheel bit should be more ridge or iron wheel or plastic wheel should be used to overcome the slipping or skidding problem, a binding mechanism should be attached to save both time and labor. [Fundam Appl Agric 2021; 6(1.000): 86-94]

Mechanized harvesting is one of the components of agricultural mechanization used to overcome grain losses and enhance the production compared to the conventional harvesting. Power tiller operated reapers are quite effective for harvesting practices in small fields and especially in mountainous regions where the crops are grown on terraces. Compared to the tractor mount reaper and combine harvester, it saves fuel and cuts the maximum straw to produce the fodder of almost 4000 kg ha-1 after the threshing operation. Thus, in case of wheat crop, it helps to save a significant energy of 1,524,000 kcal ha-1 avoiding the environmental pollution by infield burn of the straw. However, un-optimized use of power tiller operated reaper may result in high maintenance cost, low efficiency and distress among the small land holding farmers. The main objective of this study was to quantify the optimum cutting knife dynamics by optimizing the performance parameters of power tiller operated reaper like cutting speed, operating speed, cutting index, field capacity and fuel consumption. A combination of forward speed at 2.82 km h-1 and cutting speed at 3.42 km h-1 with cutting index of 1.21 was found to be most effective for a minimum grain harvesting loss of 101.33±1.0 kg ha-1 at a fuel consumption of 6.27±0.030 L ha-1. A higher field efficiency of 71% was also recorded at cutting index of 1.21 for the same combination of forward and cutting speeds. Locus of cutter bar knife for the optimum combination of forward and cutting speeds helped to examine the operation of crank and cutter bar, prolonging the life of cutting mechanism. Thus, optimized performance of power tiller operated reaper will help to attain higher field efficiency at low fuel consumption and low maintenance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work is about a portable electric crop cutter machine that is made up of a very straightforward mechanism at a very low cost. Harvesting of the crop is one of the essential operations which call for a widespread quantity of labor. The availability and value of labor at some stage in the harvesting season are a severe problem. India is agriculture primarily based country that takes numerous sorts of crops. Nowadays diverse agricultural machines are accessible which are very expensive due to the current, it is not appropriate for poor farmers. To conquer the drawbacks of existing versions like pollution due to the fuel or gasoline and the fuel cost. The use of mechanical harvesting drives has been inflated in recent years. Farmers use reapers to harvest their crops however this means that especially combine; these are exorbitant making them unaffordable to most small-scale farmers. Now we introduced the solar-powered harvesting drive which is a two-wheel-drive the system used batteries to power the harvesting blades' motors and the solar panels are used to charge the batteries, batteries can also be charged from the home supply through the rectifier. This drive targets smallscale farmers who have an expanse of farm area of fewer than 5 acres. This solar-based machine will be beneficial for them. To cut back the expenses of farmers, these designs facilitate the farmer to reduce the production cost or assembly value and overcome the dependency on petroleum product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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When designing stripping headers, an important parameter is the value of the required strength of the stripping tooth. A method and means for measuring the forces acting on the stripping teeth, necessary for strength calculations, are proposed. To illustrate the application of the proposed method, an example of determining the force acting on a tooth when stripping winter wheat of the "Luchezar" variety with a moisture content of 10.7% under specific conditions is given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Apoptosis is a fundamental remodeling process for most tissues during development. In this manuscript we examine a pro-apoptotic function for the Drosophila DNA binding protein Zfh-2 during development of the central nervous system (CNS) and appendages. In the CNS we find that a loss-of-function zfh-2 allele gives an overall reduction of apoptotic cells in the CNS, and an altered pattern of expression for the axonal markers 22C10 and FasII. This same loss-of-function zfh-2 allele causes specific cells in the NB7-3 lineage of the CNS that would normally undergo apoptosis to be inappropriately maintained, whereas a gain-of-function zfh-2 allele has the opposite effect, resulting in a loss of normal NB 7-3 progeny. We also demonstrate that Zfh-2 and Hunchback reciprocally repress each other's gene expression which limits apoptosis to later born progeny of the NB7-3 lineage. Apoptosis is also required for proper segmentation of the fly appendages. We find that Zfh-2 co-localizes with apoptotic cells in the folds of the imaginal discs and presumptive cuticular joints. A reduction of Zfh-2 levels with RNAi inhibits expression of the pro-apoptotic gene reaper, and produces abnormal joints in the leg, antenna and haltere. Apoptosis has previously been shown to be activated by Notch signaling in both the NB7-3 CNS lineage and the appendage joints. Our results indicate that Zfh-2 facilitates Notch-induced apoptosis in these structures. [Display omitted] • Zfh-2 facilitates Notch-mediated apoptosis during specification of the Drosophila NB 7-3 lineage. • Zfh-2 and Hunchback transcriptionally repress each other in the Drosophila NB 7-3 lineage. • Zfh-2 facilitates Notch-mediated apoptosis during development of cuticular joints in Drosophila appendages. • Zfh-2 induces reaper expression in the leg disc. • Apical constriction results in a distinct spatial patterning of Zfh-2, Notch and apoptosis fragments during disc folding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using technology in a creative-based approach to music learning is beneficial when we refer to the development of creativity as the finality of artistic musical education. In its permanent movement, we notice that the educational process progressively removes everything that becomes dysfunctional outdated. Therefore, both through the act of teaching learning and through the act of evaluation, as the blockages of any nature that stand in the way of creativity are discovered, they can be diminished. This article proposes musical activities that use Reaper software, which provides a good environment for grooming students with aesthetic sensibilities that should always accompany technical knowledge. Moreover, this article serves as a starting point for teachers hoping to develop creativity through music software. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the main results of research on the development of a physical and mathematical model of the technological process of collecting flax seeds with a combing header and the justification of the range of its operating parameters based on software simulation and numerical modeling. The process of harvesting agricultural crops, including oil flax, is an important technological operation of their production in the agricultural sector of Ukraine. The positive dynamics of the growth of oil flax production, which is due to the growing demand for seeds in the domestic and foreign markets, requires the intensification of harvesting equipment technological processes. The main reasons for restraining the production of oil flax are the imperfection of the equipment for harvesting and the inconsistency of the quality indicators of work with the established requirements. One of the directions for solving this problem is the technology of harvesting by stripping plants on the standing. Timely harvesting of oil flax seeds in optimal agrotechnical terms (plant condition, weather conditions, weediness, etc.) with minimal losses and contamination of the heap is one of the important scientific tasks of improving harvesting technology. Improving the efficiency of collecting oil flax seeds and, as a result, improving the quality of products requires new approaches to the development and implementation of technical means in progressive technologies. As a result of numerical modeling of the separation process of a heap in a combing header with a curvilinear casing shape, taking into account the physical and mechanical properties of its components, the dependences of the mass fraction of husk and stem particles leaving its area (an indicator of the quality of cleaning the heap from impurities) δh and the fraction of seeds and capsules leaving with seeds (seed loss index) δs from the rotation frequency of the beater-reflector n1 and the stripping drum n2, the position of the transparent zone of the boundary L and its width B. Solving the compromise problem, namely, maximizing the mass fraction of husk and stalk particles leaving the header area (quality indicator cleaning the heap from impurities) δh and minimizing the proportion of seeds and seed boxes leaving the header area (seed loss index) δs Obtained rational design and technological parameters of the combing type header with a curved casing: rotation frequency of the beaterreflector n1 = 782 rpm, combing drum rotation speed n2 = 671 rpm, transparent position zone of the boundaries L = 0.82 m and its width B = 0.45 m. In this case, the mass fraction of husk and stem particles leaving is δh = 42.4%, and the fraction of losses of seeds and capsules with seeds from the header area is in accordance with δs = 2.5%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Technical and economic performance of mechanized reaping and sickle harvesting methods were assessed under farmer’s field conditions in the Ashanti Region of Ghana for Amankwatia and AGRA rice varieties. Harvesting trials and field measurements were statistically analyzed as a split-plot layout in a randomized complete block design with three replicates at p

Technical and economic performance of mechanized reaping and sickle harvesting methods were assessed under farmer's field conditions in the Ashanti Region of Ghana for Amankwatia and AGRA rice varieties. Harvesting trials and field measurements were statistically analyzed as a split-plot layout in a randomized complete block design with three replicates at p < 0.05. Breakeven analysis for both harvesting options was conducted. Harvesting efficiency, field capacity, grain loss, and harvesting speed, respectively, ranged from 83.53% to 91.16%, 0.019 ha/h to 0.28 ha/h, 0.16% to 0.26%, and 0.19 km/h to 2.43 km/h for manual cutting with the sickle and mechanized reaping, irrespective of rice variety. Manual cutting was better at reducing grain loss irrespective of rice variety whereas Amankwatia offered significantly lower grain losses. The mechanized reaper was economically viable over manual cutting, breaking even after only 150 h of machine use and offering a substantially higher profit margin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. The effect of the low-frequency oscillations of the reaper on crop losses of the domestic combine harvesters is considered. In the study, various speeds of the machine, various mass-geometric and elastic-dissipative characteristics of the units are taken into account. The geometrics of the overhead system of the combine reaping section which ensures smooth running and reduces crop losses for the reaper is determined. Taking into account the mass-geometric and elastic-dissipative characteristics, the amplitude and frequency spectra of the oscillations of the domestic machines of the agroindustrial complex are determined. The mathematical dependence of the reaper oscillations on the combine operation conditions is proposed. Materials and Methods. The mathematical modeling of units vibrations is used with account for the longitudinal-vertical oscillations of the separator body and the heaving of the reaper. The equation in the frequency domain is solved. Research Results . A two-mass oscillatory model is constructed, and the corresponding differential equations of motion are obtained. The graphs of dependences of RMS loads on shoes with different parameters of the suspension are presented. The geometrics of the suspension system of the harvester reaping part ensuring smooth running and lower crop losses for the reaper, is established. The relationship between the change in the number of detachments of the shoes, the linear speed of the machine and the parameters of the reaper suspension is educed. Discussion and Conclusions . The conducted investigation allows drawing the following conclusions. Frequency characteristics of the shoes response are caused by parameters of the reaper and separator suspensions. The reaper suspension system in the domestic grain harvesters does not ensure the continuous operation of the reaper in the copy mode of the soil microrelief which leads to generating additional oscillations of the body and crop loss. The parasitic vibrations strength can be reduced by increasing the extension of the reaping part of the separator body and reducing the rigidity of the reaper suspension.

The main aim of the present article is to provide an in-depth analysis of the interpretation Valentinianism developed about the relation between "sower" and "reaper", linked to the reception of John 4, 35-38. This contribution builds on a synoptic analysis of the only two valentinian passages in which sowing and reaping are respectively matched with "winter" and "summer": Heracleon's fragments 35-36 and «Gospel of Philip» 52, 26-36. The analysis shows the systematic and technical parallelism between sowing and reaping and the psychic and pneumatic economies. Finally, the idea is mooted of a merely anti-marcionite use of John's pericope by Irenaeus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The design of a reaper that provides grinding of stems, which eliminates the need for mulcher application, offers the conditions for introducing a new technology of growing No-Till crops in agrarian enterprises. The substantiation method of the analytical model is proposed, which allows to determine the nature of the stem movement on the side surface of the sunflower header elevator in the process of their interaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In absence of appropriate mechanization, harvesting of both rice and wheat crop is a major production problem in Bangladesh. Acute labor shortages at harvest time cause delays in clearing fields leading to high grain and straw losses. This work is to help small-scale farmers to meet their technological support, by developing a battery operated reaper to harvest rice and wheat crops more efficiently. The research work is on ease of harvesting operation to the small land holders for harvesting rice and wheat crops in less time and at low cost by considering different factors as power requirement, cost of equipment, ease of operation, field condition, and time of operation. The performance was evaluated considering the technical parameters: cutting speed, operating speed, effective field capacity, cutting efficiency, power requirement, cost economics and percentage of grain losses. In this study, the cutting width of the reaper was 0.6 m and the average cutting efficiency and effective field capacity were 98.24% and 0.13 ha hr-1, respectively. Average forward speed of the reaper was 2.17 km hr-1. Labor requirements for developed reaper and manual harvesting were 7.69 man-hr ha-1 and 160 man-hr ha-1, respectively. That's why the harvesting cost of battery operated developed reaper was 85% less as compared with manual harvesting. The cost of this reaper is BDT 59,500 which is also affordable for the small-scale farmers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Groundnut bud necrosis virus induces necrotic symptoms in different hosts. Previous studies showed reactive oxygen species-mediated programmed cell death (PCD) resulted in necrotic symptoms. Transgenic expression of viral protein NSs mimics viral symptoms. Here, we showed a role for NSs in influencing oxidative burst in the cell, by analyzing H 2 O 2 accumulation, activities of antioxidant enzymes and expression levels of vacuolar processing enzymes, H 2 O 2 -responsive microRNA 319a.2 plus its possible target metacaspase-8. The role of NSs in PCD, was shown using two NSs mutants: one in the Trp/GH3 motif (a homologue of pro-apototic domain) (NSs S189R ) and the other in a non-Trp/GH3 motif (NSs L172R ). Tobacco rattle virus (TRV) expressing NSs S189R enhanced the PCD response, but not TRV-NSs L172R , while RNA silencing suppression activity was lost in TRV-NSs L172R , but not in TRV-NSs S189R . Therefore, we propose dual roles of NSs in RNA silencing suppression and induction of cell death, controlled by different motifs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary The Hippo pathway has a central role in coordinating tissue growth and apoptosis. Mutations that compromise Hippo pathway activity cause tissue overgrowth and have been causally linked to cancer. In Drosophila, the transcriptional coactivator Yorkie mediates Hippo pathway activity to control the expression of cyclin E and Myc to promote cell proliferation, as well as the expression of bantam miRNA and DIAP1 to inhibit cell death. Here we present evidence that the Hippo pathway acts via Yorkie and p53 to control the expression of the proapoptotic gene reaper. Yorkie further mediates reaper levels post-transcriptionally through regulation of members of the miR-2 microRNA family to prevent apoptosis. These findings provide evidence that the Hippo pathway acts via several distinct routes to limit proliferation-induced apoptosis.

This research work was carried out to compare the performance of manual reaper against manual harvesting method for rice and wheat. The average field capacity of manual reaper was 0.3482 ha/day for rice and 0.3236 ha/day for wheat with fuel consumption of 0.755 L petrol/h and 0.625 L petrol/h respectively. In manual harvesting, the average field capacity was 0.0312 ha/man-day and 0.0452 ha/man-day for rice and wheat respectively. It was revealed that using manual reaper, harvesting cost could be saved 58% for rice and 53% for wheat, consequently harvesting of selected crops by reaper was efficient than manual harvesting. It was also observed that if manual reaper works below break-even point 0.32 ha and 0.52 ha for rice and wheat respectively, it would not be economically feasible to farmers. Finally, manual reaper could be suggested as better mechanization for harvesting of rice and wheat, cultivated on fragmented lands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Histone modulations have been implicated in various cellular and developmental processes where in Drosophila Mof is involved in acetylation of H4K16. Reduction in the size of larval imaginal discs is observed in the null mutants of mof with increased apoptosis. Deficiency involving Hid, Reaper and Grim [H99] alleviated mof induced apoptosis in the eye discs. mof induced apoptosis leads to activation of caspases which is suppressed by over expression of caspase inhibitors like P35 and Diap1clearly depicting the role of caspases in programmed cell death. Also apoptosis induced by knockdown of mof is rescued by JNK mutants of bsk and tak1 indicating the role of JNK in mof induced apoptosis. The adult eye ablation phenotype produced by ectopic expression of Hid, Rpr and Grim, was restored by over expression of Mof. Accumulation of Mof at the Diap1 promoter 800 bp upstream of the transcription start site in wild type larvae is significantly higher (up to twofolds) compared to mof mutants. This enrichment coincides with modification of histone H4K16Ac indicating an induction of direct transcriptional up regulation of Diap1 by Mof. Based on these results we propose that apoptosis triggered by mof proceeds through a caspase-dependent and JNK mediated pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Com o objetivo de avaliar a influência da colheita na qualidade do café, foram estudados seis diferentes sistemas. O experimento foi conduzido na fazenda Rancho Fundo, município de Campos Gerais, MG, no Departamento de Ciência dos Alimentos da UFLA e no Centro Tecnológico do Sul de Minas da EPAMIG. Em uma lavoura da cultivar Acaiá Cerrado, foram sorteadas, ao acaso, dezoito parcelas com trinta metros de comprimento. A colheita foi realizada quando a lavoura apresentava aproximadamente 20% de frutos verdes. Um terço do café derriçado de cada parcela era formado pela mistura de frutos provenientes da lavoura. O restante do café foi lavado e separado em frutos-bóia e verde/cereja. Os diferentes tipos de café foram colocados no terreiro de secagem até atingirem o teor de água de 11% (b.u.). Após a secagem, o café foi beneficiado e submetido às seguintes avaliações: polifenóis, açúcares totais, redutores e não-redutores, sólidos solúveis totais, acidez titulável total e prova de xícara. Analisando os resultados obtidos, apesar de terem sido observadas diferenças significativas entre os valores médios de polifenóis, açúcares, sólidos solúveis e acidez titulável para os diferentes sistemas de colheita, não foi possível estabelecer uma associação definida entre sistema de colheita e composição química. Não foi possível também distinguir, a partir da prova de xícara, diferenças na qualidade do café em função do sistema de colheita, pois, todas as amostras analisadas apresentaram bebida classificada como mole, apenas mole e dura.Aiming to evaluating the influence of the harvest on coffee quality, six harvest systems with different mechanization level were studied. The present work was developed on the Rancho Fundo farm, Campos Gerais town, MG, in the Food Science Department of the UFLA and in the “Centro Tecnológico do Sul de Minas” of EPAMIG. In a crop of the Acaiá Cerrado cultivars were randomized eighteen plots with thirty meters long each. The harvest was performed when the crop was presenting about 20 % of green fruits. A third of the ripped coffee from each plot was maintained with the mixture of fruit from the crop. The rest of the coffee was washed and separated in float and green/cherry fruits. The different coffees were placed on the drying yard till the water content of 11%(w.b.). After drying, the coffee was processed and submitted to the following evaluation: polyphenol, total, reducing and non-reducing sugars, total soluble solids, total titrable acidity and cup proof. Considering the results obtained, in spite of significant differences was observed among the average values of polyphenol content, sugar content, soluble solids and titrable acidity, for the different mechanized harvest, it was not possible to establish a definite association between harvest system and chemical composition. It was not possible to distinguish on the basis of the cup proof, differences in coffee quality in terms of the harvest system because in all the samples analyzed the drink was classified as soft, only soft and hard.