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Abstract Radiocarbon is a radionuclide of considerable interest due to its long half-life and high environmental mobility. Since carbon is the biological backbone of the biosphere, radiocarbon can incorporate very quickly into the natural carbon cycle. Considering the importance of the radionuclide, articles on radiocarbon research belonging to various fields: age dating, soil dynamics, environmental mobility, metrology, nuclear research, and radiological impact were reviewed to provide an overview about the radiocarbon starting from its origin to management to reduce the radiological hazard. The review also highlighted less explored research areas such as: (a) impact of seasonal variation on environmental dynamics of 14C, (b) root uptake of 14C or transfer from contaminated soil to vegetation, (c) data of model parameters for radiological environmental impact assessment, (d) impact of climate change on C dynamics in the environment and (e) development of technologies for 14C management in nuclear waste, which needs to be more explored in future research. Furthermore, the review shows that environmental 14C dynamics, transport modelling, and radiological impact assessment modelling studies are less explored in non-temperate regions and need more attention in future research.

In the current scenario, global food productions need to be incredibly enormous to feed everyone. Though food supply plays a tremendous role in reaching out to the people, meanwhile advancement in food processing technology is a predominant factor in increasing food availability. In the food industry, there was a huge number of technologies for food processing that made food more convenient to eat and might be stable for extended storage. Among the food processing technologies, cold plasma may be one of the novel non-thermal technology that functions at atmospheric pressure or low-pressure processing technology. Cold plasma is an eco-friendly technique involved in food preservation, mainly destructing microbes in food thereby extending its shelf life. Cold plasma processes the food without degrading the physical, chemical, biological, nutritional and sensory qualities of food products. This review elaborates on cold plasma utilization and its quality changes in various foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Radiocarbon is a radionuclide of considerable interest due to its long half-life and high environmental mobility. Since carbon is the biological backbone of the biosphere, radiocarbon can incorporate very quickly into the natural carbon cycle. Considering the importance of the radionuclide, articles on radiocarbon research belonging to various fields: age dating, soil dynamics, environmental mobility, metrology, nuclear research, and radiological impact were reviewed to provide an overview about the radiocarbon starting from its origin to management to reduce the radiological hazard. The review also highlighted less explored research areas such as: (a) impact of seasonal variation on environmental dynamics of 14C, (b) root uptake of 14C or transfer from contaminated soil to vegetation, (c) data of model parameters for radiological environmental impact assessment, (d) impact of climate change on C dynamics in the environment and (e) development of technologies for 14C management in nuclear waste, which needs to be more explored in future research. Furthermore, the review shows that environmental 14C dynamics, transport modelling, and radiological impact assessment modelling studies are less explored in non-temperate regions and need more attention in future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyolefins, widely used for packaging, construction, and electronics, facilitate daily life but cause severe environmental pollution when discarded after usage. Chemical recycling of polyolefins has received widespread attention for eliminating polyolefin pollution, as it is promising to convert polyolefin wastes to high-value chemicals (e.g., fuels, light olefins, aromatic hydrocarbons). However, the chemical recycling of polyolefins typically involves high-viscosity, high-temperature and high-pressure, and its efficiency depends on the catalytic materials, reaction conditions, and more essentially, on the reactors which are overlooked in previous studies. Herein, this review first introduces the mechanisms and influencing factors of polyolefin waste upcycling, followed by a brief overview of in situ and ex situ processes. Emphatically, the review focuses on the various reactors used in polyolefin recycling (i.e., batch/semi-batch reactor, fixed bed reactor, fluidized bed reactor, conical spouted bed reactor, screw reactor, molten metal bed reactor, vertical falling film reactor, rotary kiln reactor and microwave-assisted reactor) and their respective merits and demerits. Nevertheless, challenges remain in developing highly efficient reacting techniques to realize the practical application. In light of this, the review is concluded with recommendations and prospects to enlighten the future of polyolefin upcycling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrosynthetic reactions are performed in either custom‐made reactors that are developed and machined in‐house or commercially available systems that offer good reproducibility but come at a high cost. To bridge this divide between customizability and reproducibility, we have developed the Open‐ESyn, which is a suite of 3D‐printed components compatible with the popular ElectraSyn. This collection of parts increases the electrosynthesis that can be performed with the ElectraSyn, expanding, for example, the scale, temperature and the type of electrodes that can be used. The standardized reactor environment can be inexpensively recreated, thereby maintaining the reproducibility of the ElectraSyn ecosystem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pyrolysis is an environmentally friendly and efficient method for converting biomass into a wide range of products, including fuels, chemicals, fertilizers, catalysts, and sorption materials. This review confirms that scientific research on biomass pyrolysis has remained strong over the past 10 years. The authors examine the operating conditions of different types of pyrolysis, including slow, intermediate, fast, and flash, highlighting the distinct heating rates for each. Furthermore, biomass pyrolysis reactors are categorized into four groups, pneumatic bed reactors, gravity reactors, stationary bed reactors, and mechanical reactors, with a discussion on each type. The review then focuses on recent advancements in pyrolysis technologies that have improved efficiency, yield, and product quality, which, in turn, support sustainable energy production and effective waste management. The composition and yields of products from the different types of pyrolysis have been also reviewed. Finally, a techno-economic analysis has been conducted for both the pyrolysis of biomass alone and the co-pyrolysis of biomass with other raw materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Electrosynthetic reactions are performed in either custom‐made reactors that are developed and machined in‐house or commercially available systems that offer good reproducibility but come at a high cost. To bridge this divide between customizability and reproducibility, we have developed the Open‐ESyn, which is a suite of 3D‐printed components compatible with the popular ElectraSyn. This collection of parts increases the electrosynthesis that can be performed with the ElectraSyn, expanding, for example, the scale, temperature and the type of electrodes that can be used. The standardized reactor environment can be inexpensively recreated, thereby maintaining the reproducibility of the ElectraSyn ecosystem.

A potentially successful method for absorbing solar energy and preventing climate changes brought on by the burning of fossil fuels is the production of solar hydrogen. Despite enormous potential for future uses, solar energy is seen to be the most alluring and sustainable of the renewable energy sources powering water splitting. Photovoltaic (PV), photocatalytic (PC) and photo-electrochemical (PEC) are the three primary methods for producing hydrogen from solar energy. For the production of direct solar hydrogen, the PEC water splitting holds promise. Numerous advantages of PEC water splitting include its comparatively high solar to chemical energy conversion, simple and safe product collection, high reliability, and sustainability in a massive generation. The main objective of this review is to provide a thorough analysis of the engineering aspects of the PEC method that are readily available for stimulating hydrogen production with main challenges and advances. In the first part, an overview of recent advancements in solar H 2 generation, along with the fundamental operating principles, reactor design, efficiency and durability are discussed. This review also explores and analyses solar technologies based on solar-to-hydrogen (STH) efficiency, resilience, commercial affordability, and environmental sustainability to compare them to the present industrial H 2 generation methods. The efficiency trend indicates that PV-EC systems have the highest STH efficiency (32%), preceded by PEC (19%) and PC systems and solely PV−EC systems can ensure over a decade of long-term durability for feasible solar production of hydrogen. Although the PEC system's estimated LCOH is 8.43 $/kg H 2 , this research shows that it is improbable that the system will produce hydrogen at a cheaper price or with greater application flexibility. Lastly, the challenges and prospects for additional PEC technology research are explored. [Display omitted] • Hydrogen energy is a current necessity to control global warming caused by fossil fuels. • PEC water splitting is a promising method for hydrogen production from solar. • Recent advances and challenges in PEC water splitting are discussed. • Cost and environmental impact of PEC water splitting are explained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have a wide range of applications in many fields, such as electronic devices, composites, sensors, catalysts, hydrogen storage materials, biomedicine, and energy, due to their unique structure and excellent physicochemical properties. As new composite materials require more and more precise control of carbon nanotube growth, the traditional research on carbon nanotube growth mechanism and growth parameter mechanism is difficult to meet the demand for precise control of carbon nanotube growth under complex conditions such as in-situ growth on the surface of composite materials. Given, Because of, it has become one of the hotspots to explore the growth mechanism of CNTs on the microscopic scale by high-end characterization tests and simulations under complex conditions, and then precisely regulate the growth of CNTs. This paper summarizes the latest research progress on the growth mechanism, preparation, and application of CNTs in recent years, and focuses on the research progress on the latest application of CNTs in different fields of high-end materials, especially in the control of carbon nanotube growth by intelligent algorithms and other aspects of the proposed new understanding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presence of persistent organic compounds in wastewater poses significant challenges to both biotic community and natural environment, resulting in a severely adverse effect on the ecosystem. In view of the urgent scenarios, the removal of pollutants from wastewater effluent has a significant potential to restore ecological equilibrium and maintain the social value of sustainability. Among the various methods used for wastewater treatment, photocatalytic advanced oxidation processes have gained as a viable and promising alternative approach. The objective of this review paper is to provide a comprehensive exploration of the various photocatalytic materials used in wastewater treatment with potential scopes for future enhancements. Further, various factors affecting the removal of pollutants from wastewater are highlighted. In particular, the selection, design aspects and scaleup criteria of photocatalytic reactors could assist in the establishment of commercial scale process. This review stimulates research on the kinetic study in order to get a deeper understanding of the mechanisms involved in the formation of novel photo-catalyst materials. Thus, photo catalytic advanced oxidation process could become as a spectacular treatment method for wastewater.

The storage and transfer of energy require a safe technology to mitigate the global environmental issues resulting from the massive application of fossil fuels. Fuel cells have used hydrogen as a clean and efficient energy source. Nevertheless, the storage and transport of hydrogen have presented longstanding problems. Recently, liquid organic hydrogen carriers (LOHCs) have emerged as a solution to these issues. The hydrogen storage technique in LOHCs is more attractive than those of conventional energy storage systems like liquefaction, compression at high pressure, and methods of adsorption and absorption. The release and acceptance of hydrogen should be reversible by LOHC molecules following favourable reaction kinetics. LOHCs comprise liquid and semi-liquid organic compounds that are hydrogenated to store hydrogen. These hydrogenated molecules are stored and transported and finally dehydrogenated to release the required hydrogen for supplying energy. Hydrogenation and dehydrogenation are conducted catalytically for multiple cycles. This review elaborates on the characteristics of different LOHC molecules, based on their efficacy as energy generators. Additionally, different catalysts used for both hydrogenation and dehydrogenation are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research presents the development of an optimization model to estimate parameters for reactive power compensators in medium voltage networks using reactors. The proposed mathematical modeling belongs to the family of nonlinear programming models. The proposed mathematical model considers multiple measures regarding applied voltage in terminals of the reactor as well as data regarding active and reactive power behavior and input current. The objective function considered corresponded to the minimization of the mean square error between the measured and calculated variables. To solve the proposed optimization model is employed the General Algebraic Modeling System (GAMS) software. Numerical results in two reactors with nominal compensation capabilities of about 2 Mvar and 6.75 Mvar, operated with 13, and 25 kV, demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed optimization model to characterize the electrical circuit of these compensation devices. Different nonlinear programming algorithms available in GAMS were employed in the solution of the proposed optimization model with objective functions lower than 1 x 10-10, which confirms that the measured and calculated variables have the same numerical behavior, which allows concluding that the characterized circuit reflects the expected electrical behavior of the reactors under different voltage input. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water pollution is currently one of the major problems that the scientific community must solve in the twenty-first century. This issue is made even more challenging by the fact that conventional effluent treatment processes usually show poor degradation performance for a variety of recalcitrant chemical components, remaining present after simple treatments. In this scenario, advanced oxidative processes emerge as a possible solution. Due to their simplicity, the Fenton and photo-Fenton processes have attracted the attention of the scientific community for decades. This review presents a critical analysis of the feasibility of these processes for full-scale diffusion. Seeking to elucidate this point, a broad review of the literature on Fenton and photo-Fenton processes is carried out, focusing on homogeneous processes, in the last two decades (2000–2021). With this review, the authors intend to fill part of the gap of studies in the literature about the potential applicability of scaling up the Fenton and photo-Fenton processes. Fundamentals, characteristics, process parameters, chemical and photochemical reactor designs, and scale-up challenges are examined in detail. Examples of applications of these oxidative processes in pilot and full-scale conditions are presented. Finally, this review concludes with current trends and future perspectives with the aim of helping researchers in the field to direct their topics and contribute to further development of scale-up studies in advanced oxidative processes, especially with Fenton reactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microplastics (MPs) are regarded as a pervasive contaminant that poses threats to the environment and human safety. However, the high energy storage potential of the C–C and C–H bonds in MPs has led to increased attention toward technological methods for upgrading plastic waste to high‐value‐added fuels. Aqueous photocatalysis has emerged as a promising approach for upgrading MPs due to its solar‐driven properties and ability to generate various radicals. While extensive investigations and reviews have been conducted on photocatalysts and the resulting products within this system, there is an emerging need to comprehensively understand the entire process to enhance efficiency and selectivity further. In this review, significant advancements in the overall system are summarized, including reactants, pretreatments, photocatalysts, additives, and reactors, to enable efficient and selective reactions based upon the principles of state‐of‐the‐art photocatalytic microplastic upgrading. Furthermore, the shortcomings are clarified with proposed possible breakthrough points in each research direction. Ultimately, the significance of developments in pretreatments is highlighted, paving the way for future research possibilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Torrefaction is a thermochemical process, where biomass is obtained in temperature range from from 200 to 300 °C, in inert atmosphere with the aim to increase carbon content of biomass. In this paper, emphasis is on biomass feedstock types, different effects on torrefaction success, and torrefaction reactors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to the world Summit of sustainable Development, the major reason for lack of safe water is either scarcity of water or contamination of water sources. Therefore this study eye on developing nations, seeks to find sustainable, yet economically and socially practical solution to the problems associated with polluted water. To fulfil the objectives of the present study, two medicinal value plants Dhav (Anogeissuslatifolia wall.) and Aragvadha (Cassia fistula Linn.) were selected and absorbents were prepared from the bark of both the plants. Then the reactors were prepared using the different compositions of sand, gravel, absorbents of Dhavand Aragvadha and cotton. In this way four filter reactors were prepared. The feeding rate of raw water is maintained at 0.5 litre per hour. The results revealed that Dhav plant absorbent was found more effective thanAragvadha. All reactors shows different efficiencies for different parameters suggesting that reactors should be prepared based on need or targeted parameters. Over all reactor 4 shows better efficiency for all the parameters. The main exclusivity of the present reactor is low cost with no electricity demand. The prepared reactors are environment friendly and easily implementable but further study is required to prove it on large scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urbanization and population rise considerably increase the generation of solid wastes. The recycling of solid wastes through vermicomposting is a sustainable approach. The current study aimed to investigate the effect of earthworm (Eisenia fetida and Eugilius euganiae)-processed/mixed solid waste manure (vermicompost) on the development, productivity, and chemical characteristics of chili and brinjal in different wooden reactors (R). A mixture of palash leaf litter, biogas slurry, food wastes from a hostel kitchen and households, and municipal solid waste (MSW) were used during the study. The effects of different reactors; process parameters; earthworm cultures, such as R1–R9 with different widths and lengths at a constant height (30 cm); pH, salt, and moisture content; temperature; C:N ratios; N, P, K, and pathogen content; and the type of mono/-polyculture on vermicompost were tested with respect to chili and brinjal production. The average net increase in the worms' zoomass in reactor R1 at different mixed worm densities (E. fetida + E. eugeniae) under optimum conditions was observed. Compared to a monoculture reactor, the yield of both chili and brinjal were significantly greater in the polyculture reactor with vermicompost soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

H2O2 plays an irreplaceable role in many aspects of human society, such as paper bleaching, medical disinfection, wastewater treatment, organic synthesis, hydrometallurgy and the electronic industry. However, the unsustainability of the current industrial production process of traditional anthraquinone has a serious conflict with the green sustainable development. The photo/electrocatalytic H2O2 production from renewable energy has the advantages of being more economical, low‐carbon and green, and in line with the requirements of energy economy. These catalytic methods of green H2O2 production have played a demonstrative role in the development of many small molecules, contributing to a fundamental understanding of general catalysis and providing a scientific perspective for future new energy cycles. In this review, the authors aim to integrate the reaction process and mechanism of photocatalytic and electrocatalytic H2O2 production, summarize the development and application of photocatalytic and electrocatalytic H2O2 production in recent years, and assess the modern technologies promoted in the process of H2O2 production research, including the development of flux production equipment and reaction coproduction, etc. This review intends to provide a clear logic profile and new directions for the development of H2O2 production, and calls for more researchers to provide more insights into the development of this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper outlines the main features of a new high efficiency ( η > 62%) high power (∼18 MW D ^0 ) neutral beam (NB) concept based on pragmatic solutions suitable with the reactor requirements. The injector is modular (several beamlines in parallel) with independent ion sources referenced to the ground potential and gas neutralizers held at +1 MV. This topology leads to numerous simplifications; it overcomes the main issues of conventional NB systems, such as the complex 1 MV electrical setup, the difficult ion source remote maintenance, the high caesium consumption. The other key parameter is the gas neutralization concept which minimizes the amount of gas by operating at a low gas target and low neutralizer duct conductance. The implementation of an energy recovery system for the residual 1 MeV D ^− is essential to attain a high wall-plug efficiency. These specific features require thin laminar D ^− beams provided by a pre-acceleration up to 100 keV in slotted grid apertures to form thin blade-like beamlets, followed by the post-acceleration to 1 MeV by merging the beamlets in a single beam in five gaps (+200 kV per gap). All these specific aspects minimize the beams losses and thermal loads along the beamline and enhance the injector reliability and availability.

The BFS complex comprising two fast critical facilities – BFS-1 and BFS-2 – is a unique experimental base for research into fast reactor physics, reactor safety, core optimization, justification of the closed fuel cycle parameters. The critical facilities have the same pitch of the core lattice, they are loaded with the same materials for core simulations but they differ in size. Over 60 years of the BFS operation, IPPE specialists have gained considerable experience in operating the facilities and carrying out experiments. More than 150 critical assemblies have been studied in BFS.

According to the world Summit of sustainable Development, the major reason for lack of safe water is either scarcity of water or contamination of water sources. Therefore this study eye on developing nations, seeks to find sustainable, yet economically and socially practical solution to the problems associated with polluted water. To fulfil the objectives of the present study, two medicinal value plants Dhav (Anogeissuslatifolia wall.) and Aragvadha (Cassia fistula Linn.) were selected and absorbents were prepared from the bark of both the plants. Then the reactors were prepared using the different compositions of sand, gravel, absorbents of Dhavand Aragvadha and cotton.In this way four filter reactors were prepared. The feeding rate of raw water is maintained at 0.5 litre per hour. The results revealed that Dhav plant absorbent was found more effective thanAragvadha. All reactors shows different efficiencies for different parameters suggesting that reactors should be prepared based on need or targeted parameters. Over all reactor 4 shows better efficiency for all the parameters. The main exclusivity of the present reactor is low cost with no electricity demand. The prepared reactors are environment friendly and easily implementable but further study is required to prove it on large scale.

In recent years, photocatalysts are becoming attractive to researchers in exploring their application for treatment of air pollutants. Exposure to ultra-violet visible (UV–VIS) light on photocatalysts often makes them active in decomposing various toxic materials into less or environment-friendly products. Thus, identification, as well as simple synthesis and processing of photocatalysts, could ultimately lead to technologies for the cost-effective mitigation of environmental hazards. A bibliometric analysis has been carried out here to understand and assess the development in photocatalyst research. The data retrieved from the Scopus database on the topic for 2000–2020 were analyzed to investigate the research activities of the past to foresight the future. Various facets of bibliometry were investigated to produce this holistic article. The contribution of various countries, institutions, and authors were investigated. Numerous facets of photocatalyst such as types of photocatalysts, their modification through metal and non-metal doping, their pollutants treatment potency, types of reactors for photocatalysis, factors influencing treatment performance, and models used for designing reactors were examined. In brevity, substantial growth was observed in the last two decades. Contribution of China, the USA, Japan, and India were notable. Chinese universities contributed majorly to the research. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental Journal was the topic's main journal and Titanium dioxide was the hotspot in photocatalytic research. The research development, problem disclosure, adopted strategies, and materials explored on the photocatalysis for air pollution treatment over recent years across the world could be insightful to the researchers and eventually will be beneficial to formulate new research strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Steam methane reforming is one of the most promising processes to convert natural gas into valuable products such as hydrogen. In this study, a one-dimensional model was used to model and optimise an industrial steam methane reformer, using mass and thermal balances coupled with pressure drop in the reformer tube. The proposed model was validated by the experimental data. Furthermore, the effects of flowrate and temperature of the feed, tube wall temperature, and tube dimension on the reformer performance were studied. Finally, a multiobjective optimisation was done for methane slip minimisation and hydrogen production maximisation using genetic algorithm. The results illustrated the optimum feed flowrate of 2761.9 kmol h–1 (minimum 32 mol.% produced hydrogen and maximum 0.15 mol.% unreacted methane). This is one of the few studies on investigation of steam methane reformer using a simple and effective model, and genetic algorithm.

The co-torrefaction of several biomasses may be a viable solution in the study area, as it produces biofuels and addresses waste-treatment concerns. This review evaluates biomass through ultimate, proximate, and FTIR analyses, and the mechanism of the co-torrefaction process is observed for product quality with a synergistic effect. Furthermore, the parameters of co-torrefaction, including temperature, reaction time, mass yield, energy yield, and the composition of the H/C and O/C ratio of the co-torrefied materials, are similar to those for coal composition. Different reactor types, such as fixed-bed, fluidized-bed, microwave, and batch reactors, are used for co-torrefaction, in which biomass blends with optimized blend ratios. The co-torrefaction process increases the bio-solid yield and heating value, the capacity to adsorb carbon dioxide, and the renewable fuel used for gasification. One of the objectives of this study is to adopt a process that must be viable, green, and sustainable without generating pollution. For this reason, microwave co-torrefaction (MCT) has been used in many recent studies to transform waste and biomass materials into an alternative fuel using a microwave reactor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The electrochemical carbon dioxide (CO2) reduction provides a means to upgrade CO2 into value‐added chemicals. When powered by renewable electricity, CO2 electroreduction holds the promise of chemical manufacturing with carbon neutrality. A commercially relevant CO2 electroreduction process should be highly selective and productive toward desired products, energetically efficient for power conversion, and stable for long‐term operation. To achieve these goals, designing gas‐diffusion catalytic electrodes and prototyping reactors built upon in‐depth understandings of the reaction mechanisms are of paramount importance. In this review, the fundamentals of gas‐diffusion electrodes are briefly presented. Then, the most recent advances in developing high‐performance CO2 reduction using gas‐diffusion electrodes are overviewed. Reactor engineering aiming at enhancing productivity, energy efficiency, CO2 single‐pass utilization, and operating lifetime is further discussed. Challenges in developing CO2 electroreduction systems are included. The prospects for advancing CO2 electroreduction toward practical applications are also narrated.

The effects of transmutation produced helium and hydrogen must be included in ion irradiation experiments to emulate the microstructure of reactor irradiated materials. Descriptions of the criteria and systems necessary for multiple ion beam irradiation are presented and validated experimentally. A calculation methodology was developed to quantify the spatial distribution, implantation depth and amount of energy-degraded and implanted light ions when using a thin foil rotating energy degrader during multi-ion beam irradiation. A dual ion implantation using 1.34 MeV Fe+ ions and energy-degraded D+ ions was conducted on single crystal silicon to benchmark the dosimetry used for multi-ion beam irradiations. Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy (SIMS) analysis showed good agreement with calculations of the peak implantation depth and the total amount of iron and deuterium implanted. The results establish the capability to quantify the ion fluence from both heavy ion beams and energy-degraded light ion beams for the purpose of using multi-ion beam irradiations to emulate reactor irradiated microstructures.

The effects of transmutation produced helium and hydrogen must be included in ion irradiation experiments to emulate the microstructure of reactor irradiated materials. Descriptions of the criteria and systems necessary for multiple ion beam irradiation are presented and validated experimentally. A calculation methodology was developed to quantify the spatial distribution, implantation depth and amount of energy-degraded and implanted light ions when using a thin foil rotating energy degrader during multi-ion beam irradiation. A dual ion implantation using 1.34 MeV Fe+ ions and energy-degraded D+ ions was conducted on single crystal silicon to benchmark the dosimetry used for multi-ion beam irradiations. Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy (SIMS) analysis showed good agreement with calculations of the peak implantation depth and the total amount of iron and deuterium implanted. The results establish the capability to quantify the ion fluence from both heavy ion beams and energy-degraded light ion beams for the purpose of using multi-ion beam irradiations to emulate reactor irradiated microstructures.

This paper examines the degradation trends of polymeric materials during heat conversion and solvolysis processes. The presence of different fractions of polymeric materials, such as PET, PP, SBR, ABS, resin, and tier waste, necessitates the use of different procedures for degradation, transformation, and further elimination from the natural environment. A significant part of the work was devoted to discussing the issue of thermal pyrolysis, taking into account the chemical composition and the possible impact of the process reaction mechanism, the type of raw material used, and the influence of the process temperature on the yields of low, medium, and high boiling products. The issue was extended to the possibility of decomposition of polymers based on the use of catalytic additives for the improvement and efficiency of the process and the structural modification of reactors. The major goal of this investigation of these various options was to generate a spectrum of accessible strategies for polymeric material degradation. The optimal technique depends on the polymer type and predicted final product qualities. Different catalysts, such as ZSM-5 (Zeolite Socony Mobil-5 one of the most efficient catalysts), ZSM-5 with ammonium groups, and ZSM-5 with 10% Ni, improved the efficiency of several heating processes. The final products after polymeric material degradation were determined by the type and conditions of the degradation processes, results of the materials characterisation, and the scale of the reactors utilised. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnetically controlled reactors (MCRs) are widely used as reactive power compensation equipment owing to their favorable properties of smoothly adjusting their inductance value through dc bias. However, the dc bias and the rotational magnetization at corner and T-joint areas make the cores of MCRs saturated, resulting in high magnetostriction and vibration. Thus, the electromagnetic vibration analysis of MCRs must consider the vector hysteretic magnetostriction effect. In this article, a vector hysteretic magnetostriction model of silicon steel is proposed by combining the quadratic domain rotation model with the vector inverse Jiles–Atherton model firstly. Then, based on the measured magnetization and magnetostrictive characteristics curves of silicon steel, the model’s parameters are optimized by velocity controllable particle swarm optimization (VCPSO). Finally, the vector hysteretic magnetostriction model is combined with the finite element method (FEM) to simulate the vector vibration characteristics of MCR under dc bias. The simulation results show that the vector property of electromagnetic vibration and magnetic field at the T-joint area is higher than that at other areas. And the MCR vibration test results are consistent with the simulation results, which verify the accuracy of the proposed model in simulating electromagnetic vibration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing agricultural, industrial and domestic activities have led to an alarming increase of organic and inorganic pollutants in the aquatic systems. These pollutants can harm the environment and the living beings; thus the ecological and environmental momentousness of keeping the water resources contamination free has become a sensational concern for researchers. There was an immediate need to develop a methodology for complete removal of contaminants from water resources for sustainable co-existence of all creatures. Conventional water treatment processes like adsorption, coagulation, etc. have high operational costs and produce secondary pollutants. Other traditional methods have proven to be limited techniques due to fast charge recombination, less visible light usage, etc. This led to the emergence of photocatalysis as a propitious environment friendly process for water purification. The employment of semiconductor catalysts in photocatalysis has proven to be potent in degradation of variety of organic impurities to minimally hazardous substances. This paper reviews the potential of cadmium sulphide-based photocatalysts for organic dye degradation and its superiority over other heavily exploited photocatalysts. The complete mechanism of photocatalysis and the degradation of pollutant have been discussed.