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As an extension to previous work, the ImageJ macro script RAPID (ratio‐method pattern indexing) has been developed to allow instant indexing of calibrated and uncalibrated zone axis aligned electron diffraction patterns of cubic lattices using the Rn ratio principle. The program can be used to index zone axis aligned selected‐area electron diffraction patterns, nanobeam electron diffraction patterns, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) Kikuchi patterns and even fast Fourier transforms of high‐resolution (scanning) TEM images. The program allows the user to quickly assess whether the material under investigation belongs to the cubic crystal system, is pseudo‐cubic or is not cubic at all by adjusting the boundary parameters and allowed errors for lattice indexing. The software also allows one to distinguish between the P, I and F Bravais lattices for certain zone axis directions. For calibrated diffraction patterns, the lattice parameters can be obtained, allowing verification of the material under investigation or phase identification in connection with a structural database. In addition, the program can be employed for determination or verification of the used instrument's camera constant when reference materials are used. Therefore, it is a convenient tool for on‐site crystallographic analysis in TEM laboratories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The Resection And Partial Liver Transplantation with Delayed total hepatectomy (RAPID) procedure involves left hepatectomy with orthotopic implantation of a left lobe and right portal vein ligation. This technique induces volumetric graft increase, allowing for a right completion hepatectomy within 15 days. Notably, there is a lack of data on the hemodynamics of small-for-size grafts exposed to portal overflow without triggering small-for-size syndrome. Methods: A prospective single-center protocol included 8 living donors and 8 RAPID noncirrhotic recipients. Comprehensive clinical and biological data were collected, accompanied by intraoperative arterial and portal flow and pressure measurements. Early kinetic growth rate (eKGR%) and graft function were assessed using computed tomography and 99Tc-mebrofenin scintigraphy on postoperative days 7 and 14. Findings were compared with retrospective data from 13 left living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) recipients. Results: The median Graft-body weight ratio was 0.41% (interquartile range: 0.34--0.49), markedly lower than in LDLT. However, there was no significant difference in eKGR between RAPID and LDLT grafts. Sequential analysis revealed variable eKGR per day: 10.6% (7.8--13.2) in the first week and 7.6% (6--9.1) in the second week posttransplantation. Indexed portal flow (indexed portal vein flow) was significantly higher in RAPID compared with left LDLT (P = 0.01). No hemodynamic parameters were found to correlate with regeneration speed. We modulated portal flow in 2 out of 8 cases. Conclusions: This study presents the first report of hemodynamic and volumetric data for the RAPID technique. Despite initial graft volumes falling below conventional LDLT recommendations, the study highlights acceptable clinical outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), a standard method recommended for the diagnosis of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) requires 2–4 h to get the result. Although antigen test kit (ATK) is used for COVID-19 screening within 15–30 min, the drawback is its limited sensitivity. Hence, a rapid one-step quadruplex real-time RT-PCR assay: termed ƩS COVID-19 targeting ORF1ab, ORF3a, and N genes of SARS-CoV-2; and Avocado sunblotch viroid (ASBVd) as an internal control was developed. Based on strategies including designing high melting temperature primers with short amplicons, applying a fast ramp rate, minimizing hold time, and reducing the range between denaturation and annealing/extension temperatures; the assay could be accomplished within 25 min. The limit of detection of ORF1ab, ORF3a, and N genes were 1.835, 1.310, and 1 copy/reaction, respectively. Validation was performed in 205 combined nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swabs. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value were 92.8%, 100%, 100%, and 97.1%, respectively with 96.7% accuracy. Cohen’s Kappa was 0.93. The newly developed rapid real-time RT-PCR assay was highly sensitive, specific, and fast, making it suitable for use as an alternative method to support laboratory diagnosis of COVID-19 in outpatient and emergency departments.

Abstract Nearly 60 million people worldwide are infected with Hepatitis C Virus (HCV), a bloodborne pathogen which leads to liver cirrhosis and increases the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. Those with limited access to healthcare resources, such as injection drug users and people in low- and middle-income countries, carry the highest burden. The current diagnostic algorithm for HCV is slow and costly, leading to a significant barrier in diagnosis and treatment for those most at risk from HCV. There remains no available vaccine for HCV, and infection is often asymptomatic until significant cirrhosis has occurred, which makes screening incredibly important to prevent liver damage and transmission. Recent investigation has sought to address these issues through improvements in various aspects of the diagnostic procedure, using methods such as isothermal amplification techniques for viral RNA amplification, the use of viral protein as an analyte, and the incorporation of streamlined, self-contained testing systems to reduce administrative skill requirements. This review provides a comprehensive overview of current commercial standards and novel improvements in HCV diagnostics, as well as a framework for future integration of these improvements to develop a one-step diagnostic that meets the needs of those most affected. Graphical Abstract

Background: Trio exome sequencing can be used to investigate congenital abnormalities identified on pregnancy ultrasound, but its use in an Australian context has not been assessed. Aims: Assess clinical outcomes and changes in management after expedited genomic testing in the prenatal period to guide the development of a model for widespread implementation. Materials and methods: Forty‐three prospective referrals for whole exome sequencing, including 40 trios (parents and pregnancy), two singletons and one duo were assessed in a tertiary hospital setting with access to a state‐wide pathology laboratory. Diagnostic yield, turn‐around time (TAT), gestational age at reporting, pregnancy outcome, change in management and future pregnancy status were assessed for each family. Results: A clinically significant genomic diagnosis was made in 15/43 pregnancies (35%), with an average TAT of 12 days. Gestational age at time of report ranged from 16 + 5 to 31 + 6 weeks (median 21 + 3 weeks). Molecular diagnoses included neuromuscular and skeletal disorders, RASopathies and a range of other rare Mendelian disorders. The majority of families actively used the results in pregnancy decision making as well as in management of future pregnancies. Conclusions: Rapid second trimester prenatal genomic testing can be successfully delivered to investigate structural abnormalities in pregnancy, providing crucial guidance for current and future pregnancy management. The time‐sensitive nature of this testing requires close laboratory and clinical collaboration to ensure appropriate referral and result communication. We found the establishment of a prenatal coordinator role and dedicated reporting team to be important facilitators. We propose this as a model for genomic testing in other prenatal services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Invasive fungal infections are a major health threat with high morbidity and mortality, highlighting the urgent need for rapid diagnostic tools to detect antifungal resistance. Traditional culture-based antifungal susceptibility testing (AFST) methods often fall short due to their lengthy process. In our previous research, we developed a whole-slide imaging (WSI) technique for the high-throughput assessment of bacterial antibiotic resistance. Building on this foundation, this study expands the application of WSI by adapting it for rapid AFST through high-throughput monitoring of the growth of hundreds of individual fungi. Due to the distinct "budding" growth patterns of fungi, we developed a unique approach that utilizes specific cell number change to determine fungi replication, instead of cell area change used for bacteria in our previous study, to accurately determine the growth rates of individual fungal cells. This method not only accelerates the determination of antifungal resistance by directly observing individual fungal cell growth, but also yields accurate results. Employing Candida albicans as a representative model organism, reliable minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of fluconazole inhibiting 100% cells of Candida albicans (denoted as MIC100) was obtained within 3h using the developed method, while the modified broth dilution method required 72h for the similar reliable result. In addition, our approach was effectively utilized to test blood culture samples directly, eliminating the need to separate the fungi from whole blood samples spiked with Candida albicans. These features indicate the developed method holds great potential serving as a general tool in rapid antifungal susceptibility testing and MIC determination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nearly 60 million people worldwide are infected with Hepatitis C Virus (HCV), a bloodborne pathogen which leads to liver cirrhosis and increases the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. Those with limited access to healthcare resources, such as injection drug users and people in low- and middle-income countries, carry the highest burden. The current diagnostic algorithm for HCV is slow and costly, leading to a significant barrier in diagnosis and treatment for those most at risk from HCV. There remains no available vaccine for HCV, and infection is often asymptomatic until significant cirrhosis has occurred, which makes screening incredibly important to prevent liver damage and transmission. Recent investigation has sought to address these issues through improvements in various aspects of the diagnostic procedure, using methods such as isothermal amplification techniques for viral RNA amplification, the use of viral protein as an analyte, and the incorporation of streamlined, self-contained testing systems to reduce administrative skill requirements. This review provides a comprehensive overview of current commercial standards and novel improvements in HCV diagnostics, as well as a framework for future integration of these improvements to develop a one-step diagnostic that meets the needs of those most affected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: African swine fever (ASF) is a lethal and highly contagious transboundary animal disease with the potential for rapid international spread. In the absence of a widely available and definitively proven vaccine, rapid and early detection is critical for ASF control. The quick and user-friendly lateral flow assay (LFA) can easily be performed by following simple instructions and is ideal for on-site use. This study describes the development and validation of two LFAs for the rapid detection of ASF virus (ASFV) in pig serum. Methods: The highly immunogenic antigens (p30 and p72) of ASFV Georgia 2007/1 (genotype II) were expressed in plants (Nicotiana benthamiana) and were used to immunize BALB/c mice to generate specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against the p30 and p72 proteins. mAbs with the strongest binding ability to each protein were used to develop p30_LFA and p72_LFA for detecting the respective ASFV antigens. The assays were first evaluated using a spike-in test by adding the purified p30 or p72 protein to a serum sample from a healthy donor pig. Further validation of the tests was carried out using serum samples derived from experimentally infected domestic pigs, field domestic pigs, and feral pigs, and the results were compared with those of ASFV real-time PCR. Results: p30_LFA and p72_LFA showed no cross-reaction with common swine viruses and delivered visual results in 15  min. When testing with serially diluted proteins in swine serum samples, analytical sensitivity reached 10  ng/test for p30_LFA and 20  ng/test for p72_LFA. Using real-time PCR as a reference, both assays demonstrated high sensitivity (84.21% for p30_LFA and 100% for p72_LFA) with experimentally ASFV-infected pig sera. Specificity was 100% for both LFAs using a panel of PBS-inoculated domestic pig sera. Excellent specificity was also shown for field domestic pig sera (100% for p30_LFA and 93% for p72_LFA) and feral pig sera (100% for both LFAs). Conclusion: The results obtained in this study suggest that p30_LFA and p72_ LFA hold promise as rapid, sensitive, user-friendly, and field-deployable tools for ASF control, particularly in settings with limited laboratory resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), a standard method recommended for the diagnosis of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) requires 2–4 h to get the result. Although antigen test kit (ATK) is used for COVID-19 screening within 15–30 min, the drawback is its limited sensitivity. Hence, a rapid one-step quadruplex real-time RT-PCR assay: termed ƩS COVID-19 targeting ORF1ab, ORF3a, and N genes of SARS-CoV-2; and Avocado sunblotch viroid (ASBVd) as an internal control was developed. Based on strategies including designing high melting temperature primers with short amplicons, applying a fast ramp rate, minimizing hold time, and reducing the range between denaturation and annealing/extension temperatures; the assay could be accomplished within 25 min. The limit of detection of ORF1ab, ORF3a, and N genes were 1.835, 1.310, and 1 copy/reaction, respectively. Validation was performed in 205 combined nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swabs. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value were 92.8%, 100%, 100%, and 97.1%, respectively with 96.7% accuracy. Cohen's Kappa was 0.93. The newly developed rapid real-time RT-PCR assay was highly sensitive, specific, and fast, making it suitable for use as an alternative method to support laboratory diagnosis of COVID-19 in outpatient and emergency departments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The universal genetic code, which specifies the 20 standard amino acids (AAs), forms the basis for all natural proteins. Researchers have developed efficient and robust in vivo and in vitro strategies to overcome the constraints of the genetic code to expand the repertoire of AA building blocks that can be ribosomally incorporated into proteins. This review summarizes the development of these in vivo and in vitro systems and their subsequent use for engineering of peptides and proteins with new functions. In vivo genetic code expansion employing engineered othogonal tRNA/aaRS pairs has led to the development of proteins that selectively bind small molecules, cleave nucleic acids and catalyze non‐natural chemical transformations. In vitro genetic code reprogramming using Flexizymes coupled with mRNA display has resulted in potent macrocyclic peptides that selectively bind to therapeutically important proteins. Through these examples, we hope to illustrate how genetic code expansion and reprogramming, especially when coupled with directed evolution or in vitro selection techniques, have emerged as powerful tools for expanding the functional capabilities of peptides and proteins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Periodontitis is a common immune-inflammatory oral disease. Salivary biomarkers could be a viable addition to their routine if a simple, non-invasive collection procedure is employed to minimize the disease load. Biomarkers including, matrix metalloproteinase-8, salivary interleukin-1β, and Porphyromonas gingivalis, pyridinoline cross-linked carboxyterminal telopeptide of type I collagen all have elevated incidence in the study populations and are closely connected to periodontitis. Herein, we reviewed the recent literature about periodontitis diagnostic technologies that are quick and non-invasive in clinical settings. A web-based article search by different databases like Directory of Open Access Journals, PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, Embase, and Cochrane electronic databases was done. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Depending on the characteristics of the existing buildings, earthquakes can cause damage at different levels and have a significant impact on the environment. The structural damages after the earthquakes have shown the importance of analysing both the existing and the damaged buildings. In this study, the Turkish rapid seismic assessment method, which was used for the existing building stock before a possible earthquake, was applied to the damaged reinforced concrete (RC) buildings after the 6 February earthquakes in Kahramanmaraş (Türkiye). The building data were used as a result of field observations in the provinces of Adıyaman, Hatay, and Kahramanmaraş, where the greatest destruction was caused by these earthquakes. Five RC buildings from each province were considered. The rapid assessment method was applied to a total of 15 buildings with different levels of damage. For this purpose, pre-earthquake images of the buildings were obtained, and an earthquake performance score was obtained for each building, taking into account the sustained damage during the earthquake. The primary aim of this study is to show the effects of structural irregularities on earthquake behaviour and to demonstrate the applicability of the rapid assessment methods used before the earthquake. The results obtained clearly demonstrate the effectiveness of rapid evaluation methods for existing building stock. Structural analyses were also carried out in this study to address the fact that the height of the ground storey is higher than the other storeys, which is one of the factors leading to a soft storey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Guided wave array-based structural health monitoring (SHM) is a promising solution for diagnosing damage in metal-connected structures. In this field, the reconstruction algorithm for probabilistic inspection (RAPID) is one of the most widely used algorithms for performing damage localization. In this paper, a density clustering RAPID based on an array-compensated damage index is proposed. A new probability distribution function was constructed based on a new damage index, which is adaptive to different elements in the sensor array to compensate for performance variation. Then, the imaging matrix of the RAPID algorithm was density-clustered to obtain the location and degree of damage. Finally, the method was verified by experiments on a stiffened aluminum plate. The experimental results demonstrate that the method achieves damage localization and enables quantitative damage diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The effect of wind‐induced vertical velocity on the meridional coherence of Atlantic meridional overtuning circulation (AMOC) is examined using theory, observations, and a numerical model. Two cases are considered: (a) the AMOC computed in depth coordinates and (b) the AMOC computed in isopycnal coordinates. In depth space, the difference between the AMOC at different latitudes is largely explained by vertical transport across the 1000m depth surface induced by Ekman pumping. In density space, this difference is explained by Ekman‐driven heave of the neutral surface separating the upper and lower limbs. This adiabatic “sloshing” changes the relative volumes of the upper and lower AMOC limbs, obscuring the distribution and advection of the diapycnal transports which characterize the AMOC.

Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis (SSPE) is a rare, slowly progressive disorder that affects the entire nervous system. It primarily involves the cerebral cortex, subcortex and optic nerves. Caused by a mutated strain of the measles virus, the disease is mostly irreversible and devastating. It presents with gradually progressive cognitive impairment, extrapyramidal symptoms and sometimes seizures. Although commonly seen in unvaccinated children, SSPE of adult onset is uncommon. The disease is fatal and currently has no treatment. There have been many different presentations of this disorder, ranging from optic nerve involvement to gradual cognitive decline, but none have a good prognosis; ultimately, patients may become akinetic and mute. Here, the authors present an uncommon case of SSPE occurring at an older age (26-year-old male), with a rapid and atypical presentation resembling severe post-viral syndrome, which was later diagnosed as SSPE.

Abstract Background There is an increasing disease trend for SARS-COV-2, so need a quick and affordable diagnostic method. It should be highly accurate and save costs compared to other methods. The purpose of this research is to achieve these goals. Methods This study analyzed 342 samples using TaqMan One-Step RT-qPCR and fast One-Step RT-LAMP (Reverse Transcriptase Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification). The One-Step LAMP assay was conducted to assess the sensitivity and specificity. Results The research reported positive samples using two different methods. In the RT-LAMP method, saliva had 92 positive samples (26.9%) and 250 negative samples (73.09%) and nasopharynx had 94 positive samples (27.4%) and 248 negative samples (72.51%). In the RT-qPCR method, saliva had 86 positive samples (25.1%) and 256 negative samples (74.8%) and nasopharynx had 93 positive samples (27.1%) and 249 negative samples (72.8%). The agreement between the two tests in saliva and nasopharynx samples was 93% and 94% respectively, based on Cohen’s kappa coefficient (κ) (P

Background: There is an increasing disease trend for SARS-COV-2, so need a quick and affordable diagnostic method. It should be highly accurate and save costs compared to other methods. The purpose of this research is to achieve these goals. Methods: This study analyzed 342 samples using TaqMan One-Step RT-qPCR and fast One-Step RT-LAMP (Reverse Transcriptase Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification). The One-Step LAMP assay was conducted to assess the sensitivity and specificity. Results: The research reported positive samples using two different methods. In the RT-LAMP method, saliva had 92 positive samples (26.9%) and 250 negative samples (73.09%) and nasopharynx had 94 positive samples (27.4%) and 248 negative samples (72.51%). In the RT-qPCR method, saliva had 86 positive samples (25.1%) and 256 negative samples (74.8%) and nasopharynx had 93 positive samples (27.1%) and 249 negative samples (72.8%). The agreement between the two tests in saliva and nasopharynx samples was 93% and 94% respectively, based on Cohen's kappa coefficient (κ) (P < 0.001). The rate of sensitivity in this technique was reported at a dilution of 1 × 101 and 100% specificity. Conclusions: Based on the results of the study the One-Step LAMP assay has multiple advantages. These include simplicity, cost-effectiveness, high sensitivity, and specificity. The One-Step LAMP assay shows promise as a diagnostic tool. It can help manage disease outbreaks, ensure prompt treatment, and safeguard public health by providing rapid, easy-to-use testing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Access to safe and nutritious food is critical for maintaining life and supporting good health. Eating food that is contaminated with pathogens leads to serious diseases ranging from diarrhea to cancer. Many foodborne infections can cause long-term impairment or even death. Hence, early detection of foodborne pathogens such as pathogenic Escherichia coli strains is essential for public safety. Conventional methods for detecting these bacteria are based on culturing on selective media and following standard biochemical identification. Despite their accuracy, these methods are time-consuming. PCR-based detection of pathogens relies on sophisticated equipment and specialized technicians which are difficult to find in areas with limited resources. Whereas CRISPR technology is more specific and sensitive for identifying pathogenic bacteria because it employs programmable CRISPR-Cas systems that target particular DNA sequences, minimizing nonspecific binding and cross-reactivity. In this project, a robust detection method based on CRISPR-Cas12a sensing was developed, which is rapid, sensitive and specific for detection of pathogenic E. coli isolates that were collected from the fecal samples from adult goats from 17 farms in Tennessee. Detection reaction contained amplified PCR products for the pathogenic regions, reporter probe, Cas12a enzyme, and crRNA specific to three pathogenic genes--stx1, stx2, and hlyA. The CRISPR reaction with the pathogenic bacteria emitted fluorescence when excited under UV light. To evaluate the detection sensitivity and specificity of this assay, its results were compared with PCR based detection assay. Both methods resulted in similar results for the same samples. This technique is very precise, highly sensitive, quick, cost effective, and easy to use, and can easily overcome the limitations of the present detection methods. This project can result in a versatile detection method that is easily adaptable for rapid response in the detection and surveillance of diseases that pose large-scale biosecurity threats to human health, and plant and animal production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The integrity of plate structures in numerous facilities and vehicles is essential for ensuring safety. Guided wave testing is a prominent non-destructive testing (NDT) technique, especially for wide plate or long pipe structures. It can be related to tomography techniques to visualize defect information. One way to obtain data for tomography is through experimentation. However, a numerical approach, such as a computational simulation, could also be a feasible option because it can efficiently handle various defect cases. In this study, a dynamic analysis was performed to acquire the guided wave signal on a plate containing a wall-thinning defect, for which previous studies were insufficient. Acquired signals are compared to each other, and studies have demonstrated that wall-thinning defects can be visualized. This approach to signal data acquisition is expected to enhance the efficiency of data collection in several fields, such as machine learning implementation in NDT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To contribute to healthcare improvements, qualitative health research must adapt to the demanding pace of constantly changing healthcare practices and policies. To meet this challenge, researchers need methods for rigorous and rapid data analysis. This article introduces the Rapid Group Analysis Process (Rap-GAP), a new approach for rapid qualitative data analysis. This method is more efficient than other rapid qualitative analysis methods. It allows for the direct involvement of diverse participants in the analysis process, including patients or healthcare decision-makers with limited qualitative research experience, while keeping the analysis grounded in the primary data (e.g., transcripts). These attributes make Rap-GAP a unique and valuable alternative to traditional qualitative analysis. This article describes the 5-step Rap-GAP process and 3 case studies that demonstrate how to use the method and adapt it for different analytical goals. Future research will evaluate and describe the outcomes of Rap-GAP compared to traditional qualitative analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Starting antiretroviral therapy (ART) same-day, or as soon as possible after HIV diagnosis is advised in guidelines worldwide. Especially during acute HIV infection (AHI), rapid ART start may be more urgent because of a higher risk of transmission or symptoms of acute retroviral syndrome. During this phase, rapid ART start may have additional benefits for viral reservoir size and host immunity. We explored perceptions of rapid ART start among participants of The Netherlands Cohort Study on Acute HIV infection (NOVA study), who started ART rapidly after diagnosis of AHI. We conducted 20 in-depth qualitative interviews with NOVA study participants between October and December 2018. Data were analyzed thematically, using inductive and iterative coding techniques. Roughly half of the participants stated they felt well-informed about the importance of (rapid) ART. Starting ART rapidly was perceived positively by almost all participants, mostly because of the expected benefits on their health, and to prevent HIV transmission. Rapid ART start was seen as a way to cope with the diagnosis. However, a more negative perception was that rapid ART start confronted participants with their diagnosis, when they were still adjusting to a new situation. Our results show that among people diagnosed during AHI, rapid ART is well-accepted. These results should be encouraging to HIV care providers who encounter people with AHI in their clinical practice and to researchers who carry out cure-related studies, in which early ART is often included. The Clinical Trial Registration number is NCT05728996. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Guided waves-based structural health monitoring (SHM) methods have potential for practical applications, since they are sensitive to small damages and are able to realize large area monitoring. Among these methods, the Reconstruction Algorithm for Probabilistic Inspection (RAPID), using a Piezoelectric transducer (PZT) sensor array, is one of the most widely used imaging algorithms to perform active damage monitoring and localization. However, since the sensing paths are distributed inside the sensor array with the non-uniform density, the RAPID algorithm can only localize damage when it is occurring inside of the array. If the damage occurs outside of the array or both inside and outside of the array, that is, multi-type damage, the performance of RAPID algorithm would not be satisfactory. In this paper, a scattering coefficient-based RAPID algorithm with damage indexes separation and imaging fusion is proposed. The amplitude of damage scattered signal at the corresponding time of fight is adopted as the weight in the probability distribution function, and damage indexes are then classified into two categories in the RAPID algorithm for the inside and outside damage localization respectively. Finally, an experiment on the complex composite plate, with the center large hole and surrounding bolt holes, is carried out to verify this proposed method. Experimental results show that this method can realize multi-type damage localization with errors less than 40 mm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The identification of influenza viruses and SARS-CoV-2 has garnered increasing attention due of their longstanding global menace to human life and health. The point-of-care test is a potential approach for identifying influenza viruses and SARS-CoV-2 in clinical settings, leading to timely discovery, documentation, and treatment. The primary difficulties encountered with conventional detection techniques for influenza viruses and SARS-CoV-2 are the limited or inadequate ability to identify the presence of the viruses, the lack of speed, precision, accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity, often resulting in a failure to promptly notify disease control authorities. Recently, point-of-care test methods, along with nucleic acid amplification, optics, electrochemistry, lateral/vertical flow, and minimization, have been demonstrated the characteristics of reliability, sensitivity, specificity, stability, and portability. A point-of-care test offers promising findings in the early detection of influenza viruses and SARS-CoV-2 in both scientific research and practical use. In this review, we will go over the principles, advantages, limitations, and real-world applications of point-of-care diagnostics. The significance of constraints of detection, throughput, sensitivity, and specificity in the analysis of clinical samples in settings with restricted resources is underscored. This discussion concludes with their prospects and challenges.

Optimal implementation research and practice often relies on rapidly performing, analyzing, and interpreting qualitative work such as interviews. Performing interviews in person and with traditional approaches to transcription can present substantial burdens, including logistics of in-person meetings, and the cost and time of both conducting and transcribing interviews. Recent advances in language processing technology coupled with technocultural shifts largely due to the COVID pandemic have decreased barriers to rapidly conducting qualitative implementation science work. In this viewpoint, we describe how using Zoom™ for videoconferencing with Otter.ai automated transcription allowed for rapid qualitative work in a qualitative implementation science study, and how this combination of technologies could facilitate further rapid qualitative work in the future.

Introduction: Fine needle aspiration cytology of head and neck region is well-accepted as a diagnostic procedure. It is a safe, simple, rapid, cost-effective, and minimally invasive way of diagnosing inflammatory, noninflammatory and neoplastic lesions. Aim : To study the role of FNAC in diagnosing head & neck lesions in the paediatric age group. Material and Method: This is the hospital-based study of 120 lesions of the head and neck region belonging to the age group of 0-18 years. Cytological results are interpreted and analyzed according to anatomical site and then categorized based on interpretation. Result: Out of 120 cases 20 % cases belong to the age group 0-5yrs, 24.16% belong to 6-10yrs & 55.83% belong to the 11-18yrs age group. According to the anatomical distribution of lesions maximum cases accounting for 81.67% are lymph node lesions followed by thyroid lesions, miscellaneous, and then least salivary gland lesions which account for 2.5%. In the lymph node, thyroid, salivary gland, and miscellaneous lesions predominant lesions are respectively reactive lymphoid hyperplasia (71.42%), thyroiditis (42.85%), sialadenitis (33.34%) &epidermal cyst (40%) Conclusion: FNAC in resource-limited settings, healthcare providers should realize the importance of FNAC as an initial screening tool for superficial lesions in paediatric population. The presumptive diagnosis after FNAC of palpable lesions in paediatric age group avoids the unnecessary definitive operative procedure. Thus, FNAC is an easy, simple, rapid, and cost-effective diagnostic procedure for paediatric age group.

For the purpose of the peaceful, safe and reliable application of nuclear technology, the monitoring of radioactive gas is one of the most important items for on-site inspection of CTBTO and safety monitoring of nuclear installations, which could rapidly and correctly discriminate nuclear activity of violation treaty of CTBT (Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty) and identify the leakage of nuclear installations. Since radio-xenon isotopes (mainly 131m,133,133m,135Xe) have distinguished features including high fission yields, leaking easily and spreading worldwide, notable decay properties and low ambient concentrations, which are seen as important monitoring objects. Based on the proposed principle combined with these techniques including dynamic adsorption at -110 ℃ ultra low temperature, impurity removal with hollow fiber membranes, and gamma spectrum monitoring with low background, a rapid and highly sensitive on-site automatic monitoring system for radioxenon was developed, which could sample, separate and measure radioxenon on-site with a rapid and efficient way. During the development process, the technological flow diagram for whole system was established, and the critical hardware components including impurity removal column, adsorption column, lead shield chamber, and sample container were designed. And then these elements were assembled as four modules about sampling, preprocessing, refrigeration and measurement units combined with other components such as three hollow fiber membranes, four flowmeters, two pressure sensors and a HPGe detector and so on. Meanwhile, two control softwares including upper computer and off-line control versions were designed. And the methods of efficiency calibration, recovery test, calculation of activity concentration and MDC (minimum detectable activity) of xenon, and uncertainty evaluation were studied. Then these parameters were tested including detection efficiency, recovery of stable xenon, MDCs of 133Xe and 135Xe, and uncertainties of measuring results. The experimental results show that the recovery of stable xenon is 79.9%, the MDC of 133Xe is less than 0.26 Bq/m3 within a 120 min cycle including sampling, enrichment and measurement, when the activity concentration of 222Rn and sampling volume are 20 Bq/m3 and 2 m3, respectively. Compared with technical specifications of other systems, the elapsed time of a cycle of the system developed in this paper decreases larger than 10 times of SAUNA-OSI and XESPM-Ⅲ systems, while the MDC of the systems is smaller than other rapid systems. Because this developed system has following features about high sensitivity, shorter monitoring period, automation during total process, it will provide a dominant and straightforward contribution to the on-site inspection (OSI) of CTBT, safety monitoring of the gaseous effluents and emergency monitoring for nuclear facilities, and will be a powerful supplement for current monitoring technique and systems.

Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis (SSPE) is a rare, slowly progressive disorder that affects the entire nervous system. It primarily involves the cerebral cortex, subcortex and optic nerves. Caused by a mutated strain of the measles virus, the disease is mostly irreversible and devastating. It presents with gradually progressive cognitive impairment, extrapyramidal symptoms and sometimes seizures. Although commonly seen in unvaccinated children, SSPE of adult onset is uncommon. The disease is fatal and currently has no treatment. There have been many different presentations of this disorder, ranging from optic nerve involvement to gradual cognitive decline, but none have a good prognosis; ultimately, patients may become akinetic and mute. Here, the authors present an uncommon case of SSPE occurring at an older age (26-year-old male), with a rapid and atypical presentation resembling severe post-viral syndrome, which was later diagnosed as SSPE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, we present a method for rapid ratiometric fluorescence detection of hypochlorite (ClO–) by carbon quantum dots (CDs). Glutathione (GSH) was utilized as the starting material for the synthesis of CDs through a hydrothermal process. A maximum fluorescence intensity at an emission wavelength of 435 nm was observed under an excitation wavelength of 335 nm. The inner filter effect (IFE) of curcumin (CCM) on CDs could be utilized to reduce the fluorescence intensity of CDs at 435 nm, while an emission peak emerged at 540 nm. ClO– could rapidly oxidize CCM due to its oxidizing properties, which weakened the IFE, leading to a decrease in the fluorescence intensity of CCM at 540 nm, while the fluorescence intensity of CDs at 435 nm is restored. In addition, CDs exhibited excellent selectivity and sensitivity in the fluorescence detection of ClO–, and a substantial sensitivity in the detection of ClO– was established within a concentration range of 1–1500 μM with a limit of detection of 36.54 nM. The spiked recovery tests of tap water, swimming pool water, and milk samples showed the feasibility of using CDs for the ratiometric fluorescence detection of ClO– in real samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rapid detection of fish freshness is of vital importance to ensuring the safety of aquatic product consumption. Currently, the widely used optical detecting methods of fish freshness are faced with multiple challenges, including low detecting efficiency, high cost, large size and low integration of detecting equipment. This research aims to address these issues by developing a low-cost portable fluorescence imaging device for rapid fish freshness detection. The developed device employs ultraviolet-light-emitting diode (UV-LED) lamp beads (365 nm, 10 W) as excitation light sources, and a low-cost field programmable gate array (FPGA) board (model: ZYNQ XC7Z020) as the master control unit. The fluorescence images captured by a complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) camera are processed by the YOLOv4-Tiny model embedded in FPGA to obtain the ultimate results of fish freshness. The circuit for the YOLOv4-Tiny model is optimized to make full use of FPGA resources and to increase computing efficiency. The performance of the device is evaluated by using grass carp fillets as the research object. The average accuracy of freshness detection reaches up to 97.10%. Moreover, the detection time of below 1 s per sample and the overall power consumption of 47.1 W (including 42.4 W light source power consumption) indicate that the device has good real-time performance and low power consumption. The research provides a potential tool for fish freshness evaluation in a low-cost and rapid manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The available three-dimensional (3-D), time-dependent neutron transport algorithms and codes (deterministic or Monte Carlo) are very computationally intensive and are impractical for the simulation of real-world reactors. Henceforth, commonly approximate forms of the transport equation (e.g., diffusion or SPn) are used with expected loss of accuracy. We have developed a hybrid deterministic and Monte Carlo algorithm that not only preserve a Monte Carlo–level accuracy but can achieve a solution in seconds or minutes. This algorithm has been incorporated into the RAPID code system and tested for a number of benchmark problems. This novel time-dependent algorithm, referred to as tRAPID, utilizes a transient fission matrix methodology and allows for fast and accurate simulation of 3-D time-dependent neutron transport problems. The tRAPID algorithm is used to calculate neutron kinetics parameters (such as $${l_{eff}}$$ l eff and Rossi- $$\alpha $$ α) and 3-D time-dependent prompt and delayed fission source distributions for two reference models: the Flattop-Pu critical assembly and the Jožef Stefan Institute TRIGA Mark-II benchmark core. Results are compared to experiments reported in the International Criticality Safety Benchmark Evaluation Project Handbook as well as to a reference Serpent Monte Carlo calculation. The tRAPID results are in excellent agreement with both the experimental data and Serpent predictions, while requiring minimal computing resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study is to validate the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) rea-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assay, the Neogen Amplified Nucleic Single Temperature Reaction (ANSR) assay, and the Vitek ImmunoDiagnostic Assay System (VIDAS) SLM procedure against the FDA cultural procedure for Salmonella detection in green chile pepper. Green chile was artificially contaminated with Salmonella according to the FDA guidelines (FDA. Guidelines for the Validation of Microbiological Methods for the FDA Foods Program, 3rd Edition. 2019. www.fda.gov/media/83812/download?attachment (17 March 2024, date last accessed)) at a fractional recovery level (where 50%–25% tests positive and at a level +1 log greater for each organism tested). Enriched samples were tested directly by the ANSR Salmonella test and by qPCR, and were subcultured into Rappaport-Vassiliadis and tetrathionate brilliant green broth for cultural detection and qPCR. For the VIDAS-SLM assay, the selective enrichments were further cultured in M broth before testing. Presumptive salmonellae were confirmed with biochemical tests, serology, and qPCR. All three rapid assays were compared favorably with the FDA-BAM (Bacteriological Analytical Manual) method. No significant differences at P  < .05 were found between the procedures using McNemar's χ 2 test. The three procedures were found to be rapid and reliable alternatives to cultural detection of Salmonella enterica in green chile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CT perfusion (CTP) imaging is increasingly used for routine evaluation of acute ischemic stroke. Knowledge about the different types of CTP software, imaging acquisition and post-processing, and interpretation is crucial for appropriate patient selection for reperfusion therapy. Conventional vendor-provided CTP software differentiates between ischemic penumbra and core infarct using the tiebreaker of critically reduced cerebral blood volume (CBV) values within brain regions showing abnormally elevated time parameters like mean transit time (MTT) or time to peak (TTP). On the other hand, RAPID automated software differentiates between ischemic penumbra and core infarct using the tiebreaker of critically reduced cerebral blood flow (CBF) values within brain regions showing abnormally elevated time to maximum (Tmax). Additionally, RAPID calculates certain indices that confer prognostic value, such as the hypoperfusion and CBV index. In this review, we aim to familiarize the reader with the technical principles of CTP imaging, compare CTP maps generated by conventional and RAPID software, and discuss important thresholds for reperfusion and prognostic indices. Lastly, we discuss common pitfalls to help with the accurate interpretation of CTP imaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ditylenchus destructor and D. dipsaci are important nematodes that have a significant economic impact on agronomic and horticultural plants worldwide. Microscopic observation alone may not distinguish between D. destructor and D. dipsaci. Accurate and rapid identification of these two species is essential for effective pest management. In the present study, a species-specific PCR assay was developed to detect and differentiate D. destructor and D. dipsaci based on the rDNA-ITS sequences. The primers developed in this study can specifically amplify fragments of DNA from D. destructor and D. dipsaci in the target population, without amplifying DNA from other non-target nematodes within the genus Ditylenchus. The sensitivity test revealed that this procedure has the ability to detect single second-stage juveniles (J2) of D. dipsaci at a dilution of 1/128 and D. destructor at a dilution of 1/64. Additionally, it can detect genomic DNA (gDNA) at concentrations of 10 pg/µL for D. dipsaci and 1 ng/µL for D. destructor. These results align with previously reported results obtained through RPA and LAMP methods. Furthermore, the primers developed in this study for D. destructor not only were able to amplify six different haplotypes of nematodes but also successfully detected it in infested plant roots and soil samples, thereby shortening the time and reducing the number of steps required for detection. Thus, this assay, which does not necessitate taxonomic or morphological expertise, significantly enhances the diagnosis of D. destructor and D. dipsaci in infested fields. This advancement aids in the early control of these nematodes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Progress toward hepatitis C virus (HCV) elimination is impeded by low testing and treatment due to the current diagnostic pathway requiring multiple visits leading to loss to follow-up. Point-of-care testing technologies capable of detecting current HCV infection in one hour are a 'game-changer.' These tests enable diagnosis and treatment in a single visit, overcoming the barrier of multiple visits that frequently leads to loss to follow-up. Combining point-of-care HCV antibody and RNA tests should improve cost-effectiveness, patient/provider acceptability, and testing efficiency. However, implementing HCV point-of-care testing programs at scale requires multiple considerations. This commentary explores the need for point-of-care HCV tests, diagnostic strategies to improve HCV testing, key considerations for implementing point-of-care HCV testing programs, and remaining challenges for point-of-care testing (including operator training, quality management, connectivity and reporting systems, regulatory approval processes, and the need for more efficient tests). It is exciting that single-visit testing, diagnosis, and treatment for HCV infection have been achieved. Innovations afforded through COVID-19 should facilitate the accelerated development of low-cost, rapid, and accurate tests to improve HCV testing. The next challenge will be to address barriers and facilitators for implementing point-of-care testing to deliver them at scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A simple, rapid, sensitive and eco-friendly liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was developed for simultaneous determination of free cordycepin (3′-deoxyadenosine) and isocordycepin (2′-deoxyadenosine) in 10 kinds of Cordyceps samples. The samples were prepared by ultrasonic extraction at 75 °C for 30 min with boiling water as the extraction solvent. The LC separation was performed on an Agilent poroshell 120 SB-Aq C18 column (3.0 × 50 mm, 2.7 μm) in isocratic mode with an eco-friendly mobile phase (2% ethanol containing 0.2% acetic acid) at a flow rate of 0.6 mL min−1, and detected by MS/MS in positive mode with multiple reaction monitoring (MRM). The developed method showed good linearity (r > 0.9990), sensitivity (LODs = 0.04 pg, LOQ = 0.1 pg), precision (RSD ≤ 3.8%) and stability (RSD ≤ 3.6%). The recoveries of developed method were 94.4–109.5% (RSD ≤ 5.5%). Compared with reported methods, the current method was rapid (less than 35% analytical time), sensitive (more than 5 folds), and eco-friendly (less than 10 μL harmful organic solvent). 10 different kinds of Cordyceps samples (40 batches) were tested by the developed method. Codycepin was only found in Cordyceps millitaris and C. millitaris fruiting body, and isocordycepin was detected in Cordyceps sinensis and other 6 Cordyceps samples. The developed method would be an improved method for the quality evaluation of Cordyceps samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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