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This study evaluated the genetic diversity of twenty-four Coffea arabica accessions being maintained at Western Highlands Agriculture and Forestry Science Institute (WASI), Vietnam using 18 RAPD and 14 DAMD markers. RAPD markers produced a total of 171 loci with 151 loci (86.82%) were polymorphic while DAMD primers detected a total of 125 loci with 101 loci (80.11%) were polymorphic. The RAPD makers showed a higher PIC (0.31) and Rp (4.56) values than those of DAMD markers (0.24 and 3.12, respectively). The similarity coefficient ranged from 0.536 to 0.854 based on the pooled data. These results indicate a high genetic diversity among C. arabica accessions. Correlation analysis using Mantel's test indicated a moderate correlation (r = 0.544) between RAPD vs DAMD matrices, but a strong correlation between RAPD (r = 0.903)/DAMD (r = 0.860) and pooled data were obtained. PCA revealed the distribution of the 24 C. arabica accessions aligning with UPGMA categorised them into four distinct clusters. In general, coffee varieties belonging to the same geographic origin were grouped into distinct clusters. A high level of genetic diversity among C. arabica varieties could be used for crossing programmes to develop hybrid coffee accessions with the desired traits in Vietnam. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a major cause of healthcare-associated infections (HAIs), particularly in immunocompromised patients, leading to high morbidity and mortality rates. This study aimed to investigate the antimicrobial resistance patterns, virulence gene profiles, and genetic diversity among P. aeruginosa isolates from hospitalized patients in Mazandaran, Iran. Methods: From September 2021 to April 2022, 82 non-duplicate P. aeruginosa isolates were collected from diverse clinical sources. Identification was confirmed using API 20 NE (bioMérieux, Marcy l'Etoile, France). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was conducted using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method according to CLSI guidelines to assess resistance to a range of antibiotics. The virulence profile (exoT, exoY, exoU, toxA, plcH, plcN, algD, aprA, lasB and exoS) of each P. aeruginosa isolate was determined by PCR. The genetic diversity among the strains was evaluated using the random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique. Clustering was based on a Dice similarity coefficient of ≥ 85%. Results: Of the 82 total strains, P. aeruginosa exhibited the highest and lowest resistance toward ticarcillin-clavulanate (98.78%) and colistin (0%), respectively. Moreover, 100% of the P. aeruginosa isolates were MDR. The following prevalence of virulence factor genes was observed: aprA, lasB, algD, toxA, plcH, exoY, and exoT in 100% of isolates. The plcN, exoS, and exoU were identified 98.78%, 67.07%, and 45.12%, respectively. The RAPD patterns obtained with primers 272 and 208 had respectively 2–19 and 6–17 bands. According to the Dice similarity coefficient of higher than 85%, 56 and 39 clusters were recognized. Conclusion: The high rate of multidrug resistance combined with the widespread presence of virulence genes in P. aeruginosa isolates highlights the potential for increased infection severity, morbidity, and mortality in hospitalized patients. The substantial genetic diversity observed among isolates suggests that P. aeruginosa in this region may rapidly evolve, necessitating ongoing surveillance and more targeted antimicrobial strategies. Clinical trial number: Not applicable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The disadvantages of practical date palm micropropagation are tissue browning, low callus proliferation rate, low multiplication efficiency, and vitrification. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of ancymidol (Ancy) and phloroglucinol (PG) on the growth and some biochemical components of the 'Barhee' date palm cultured in vitro. The combination of 0.75 mg·l−1 Ancy and 50 mg·l−1 PG was found to be the most effective in terms of callus regeneration rate (89%) and number of shoots (14.3). A reduction in browning was observed in tissues cultured on media supplemented with 0.75 mg·l−1 Ancy in combination with 25 or 50 mg·l−1 PG. The medium supplemented with 0.75 mg·l−1 Ancy and 50 mg·l−1 PG eliminated shoot vitrification. Effective micropropagation was associated with increased carbohydrate and protein content. In this study, the genetic stability of plants obtained by micropropagation was confirmed by DNA-based RAPD fingerprinting. The results may indicate that the micropropagation protocol used in this study was suitable and applicable to the production of genetically stable date palm plants on a mass scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Black pepper (Piper nigrum) cultivation suffers from pathogenic Phytophthora capsici and Meloidogyne incognita, causing tremendous yield loss. To solve this problem, genetically sustainable disease‐resistant accessions need to be selected and bred. However, the lack of genomic DNA data for Piper sp. could be a major obstacle. In this study, we created R‐pools and S‐pools from resistant and susceptible accessions in bulked segregant analysis (BSA), respectively, selected DNA fragments associated with resistance or susceptibility to P. capsici and M. incognita from RAPD markers and then converted them into SCAR markers. This is the first publication showing the potential of molecular markers, specifically the SCAR marker, to select Piper sp. accessions resistant to both P. capsici and M. incognita. Based on BSA, four RAPD primers were selected: UBC#377, UBC#359, UBC#360 and UBC#408. Five resistance and susceptibility‐specific fragments were isolated, cloned and sequenced to synthesize 16 SCAR primers. We converted the UBC#377 marker into a 46‐377F2R1 marker and the UBC#360 marker into a 30‐360F1R2 marker. While the 46‐377F2R1 marker has the potential to identify P. capsici‐resistant accessions with a 350 bp resistance‐associated band, the 30‐360F1R2 marker showed the potential to find M. incognita‐resistant accessions with a 230 bp resistance‐linked band. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maize (Zea mays L.) is the third most important cereal crop in the world because of its nutritional value and industrial benefits. Molecular markers are used mainly by the breeders to study the genetic variability of genotypes and its application in the breeding process. Two types of molecular markers, 10 random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) primers and 10 start codon target (SCoT) primers, were assayed to determine the genetic diversity of 25 Slovak maize lines and 25 maize cultivars. A high level of polymorphism was found with both RAPD and SCoT markers, which was confirmed by high average polymorphism information content (PIC) values using both techniques. The efficiency of individual marker techniques in the detection of genotype diversity can be compared by calculating the marker index (MI), detecting diversity index (DDI), discriminating power, resolving power (RP) and other indices. A higher MI (11.788), DDI (2.358) and RP (53.08) value was achieved by the SCoT technique compared to the RAPD method. Three joint dendrograms and PCoA plots constructed based on RAPD, SCoT and both methods combined confirmed the unambiguous separation of maize lines and cultivars from each other. The results obtained from the RAPD and SCoT analysis can be used for the selection of potentially suitable biological sources for further marker-assisted breeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pentactina rupicola Nak. 1917 is an endemic species of DPR Korea belonging to the Rosaceae. Molecular phylogenetic research was carried out on 11 species of 6 genera distributed in DPR Korea in the Rosaceae involving P. rupicola. Molecular phylogenetic trees on these species were obtained using ITS, rbcL, and matK gene sequences previously reported in NCBI and was compared with the unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) tree based on random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) markers. Phylogenetic tree and STRUCTURE analysis support the taxonomic status of the P. rupicola as a single species of one genus in this family. These results suggest that the phylogenetic status of P. rupicola can be elucidated using RAPD and SRAP markers in addition to DNA barcoding genes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The current study aimed to detect the mutagenic impacts of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), which is produced by Aspergillus group fungi, via a high-plant genotoxicity test. Different durations of treatment (3 h, 6 h, and 12 h) were used to treat the Vicia faba root tips with varying concentrations of Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) following the approved protocol for plant assays published by the International Program on Chemical Safety (IPCS) and the World Health Organization (WHO). The data obtained indicated that AFB1 not only has the ability to induce various alterations in the process of mitosis, ranging from increasing to decreasing mitotic and phase indices but also leads to many mitotic aberrations. The abnormalities observed varied on the basis of the ratio of AFB1 to treatment time. The aberrations included micronuclei in interphase, stickiness; two groups ring star disturbed and oblique metaphase late separation diagonal bridge and laggard and disturbed. anaphase and telophase. This study showed that biomonitoring Vicia faba is a sustainable method for estimating the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of applied AFB1. Additionally, AFB1 caused changes in the protein profile detected by SDS‒PAGE, with each treated sample displaying a unique electrophoretic pattern due to the formation and disappearance of certain bands. The ISSR and RAPD assays changes in band numbers in all samples compared with the untreated control, and a decrease in genetic template stability (GTS) ratios was observed with higher levels of AFB1. The image cytometric data revealed a correlation between the dosage of AFB1 and its impact on cell cycle components in the meristematic cells of Vicia faba roots. Furthermore, an increase in AFB1 concentrationled to a decrease in B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl2) levels, an increase in chromatin condensation levels, and an increase in poly ADP‒ribose polymorphism (PARP) levels.

Landraces are a critical genetic resource for resilience breeding, offering solutions to prepare agriculture for the challenges posed by climate change. Their efficient utilisation depends on understanding their history and genetic relationships. The current study investigates the phylogenetic relationships of barley landraces from Algeria, varieties from the Near and Middle East, traditional landraces, and modern cultivars from Europe. Using a core set of 33 varieties, including the wild ancestor Hordeum spontaneum from Armenia, genetic diversity was analysed with Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR) markers spanning all barley chromosomes. Based on the SSR-based phylogeny, the Algerian varieties are well clustered with those from the Near East, while distinct from the European varieties. The findings from RAPD markers partially support these results. Using exclusively traditional landraces, where a region of origin can be defined, the SSR markers are analysed separately for each chromosome individually, and the resulting clades are represented by the respective region of origin. This strategy resolves qualitative differences in geographic resolution, depending on the chromosome. While marker HvB23D (chromosome 4) separated the wild H. spontaneum from all domesticated genotypes, markers Bmag19 and Hv13GIII (chromosome 3) reveal four distinct geographic clusters (Maghreb, Near and Middle East, West Europe, Central Europe). These biogeographic patterns suggest a model, where divergence of domesticated barley due to human activity interacted with introgression of individual chromosomes from wild barley, yielding adaptive diversity. These biogeographic patterns suggest a model in which the divergence of domesticated barley, driven by human activity, interacts with the introgression of chromosomes from wild barley, resulting in the creation of adaptive genetic diversity. Our research advances our knowledge of barley landraces’ functional genomics and highlights their potential in molecular breeding, particularly for developing resilient varieties suited to diverse environmental conditions.

Abstract Higher usage of copper oxide nanomaterials in industrial and biomedical fields may cause an increase of these nanoparticles in aquatic environments, which could have a detrimental ecological effect. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the acute toxicity of copper oxide nanoparticles on the freshwater gastropod, Biomphalaria alexandrina. Transmission electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction analysis and UV–VIS spectrophotometer of CuO NPs revealed a typical TEM image and a single crystal structure with average crystallite size of approximately 40 nm also, a sharp absorption band was appeared. Following exposure to sub-lethal concentrations of CuO NPs (LC10, 15.6 mg/l and LC25, 27.2 mg/l), treated snails revealed a significant decrease (p

Physiological and molecular response of Padina pavonica (phaeophyta) marine alga exposed to different cadmium (0, 2.5, 5 and 10 mg/L) concentrations after 4 days of exposure has been investigated. Physiological data revealed decrease in specific growth rate (SGR%), pigments (Chlorophyll a & b, total chlorophyll and total carotendois) content, osmotic potential with increased electric conductivity (EC) under Cd applied concentrations in the studied alga species. Whereas, carotendois pigments content increased in P. pavonica alga as Cd applied concentrations increased. As for molecular test, RAPD marker has been applied, a decrease in polymorphic bands (PB) from 95 to 87 has been recorded when applied Cd concentration increased from 2.5 to 10 mg/L. Whereas, genomic template stability (GTS%) as a qualitative measurement reflect DNA changes induced by Cd treatment was displayed by RAPD marker. Molecular study revealed increased GTS% value from 30.7 to 42.7% when applied Cd concentration increased from 2.5 to 10 mg/L. Based upon observed physiological (significant increase in carotendois content) and molecular data (decrease in the new induced bands number and increase in disappeared bands as Cd concentration increased from 2.5 to 10 mg/L) in P. pavonica alga, the current investigation could be assumed that P. pavonica alga adopted certain mechanism to minimize Cd stress damages.

Higher usage of copper oxide nanomaterials in industrial and biomedical fields may cause an increase of these nanoparticles in aquatic environments, which could have a detrimental ecological effect. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the acute toxicity of copper oxide nanoparticles on the freshwater gastropod, Biomphalaria alexandrina. Transmission electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction analysis and UV–VIS spectrophotometer of CuO NPs revealed a typical TEM image and a single crystal structure with average crystallite size of approximately 40 nm also, a sharp absorption band was appeared. Following exposure to sub-lethal concentrations of CuO NPs (LC10, 15.6 mg/l and LC25, 27.2 mg/l), treated snails revealed a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in total antioxidant capacity, reduced glutathione contents as well as catalase, and sodium dismutase activities were significantly declined (p < 0.05) in comparison to the control group. Also, histopathological alterations were observed in the digestive gland, including ruptured and vacuolated digestive cells, and a marked increase in the number of secretory cells and the severity of the damage increased with rising concentrations. Furthermore, changes in RAPD profiles were detected in the treated snails. In conclusion, our research highlights the potential ecological impact of CuO NPs release in aquatic ecosystems and advocates for improved monitoring and regulation of CuO NPs industrial usage and disposal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The interaction of nano-fertilizers with commercially important crops can be a promising solution to increase both crop yield and quality. This study investigated the effect of iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe3O4 NPs) on four-week-old garden cress (Lepidium sativum L.) seedlings. Iron is an essential micronutrient for plants but is not always available in sufficient quantities, which can lead to chlorosis and even plant death. The seedlings were grown hydroponically, with three concentrations (1 mg/L, 5 mg/L, and 10 mg/L) of the NPs, alongside a control group with no additions. During the experiment, the following methods were employed: measurement of stem and root length, spectrophotometry to determine chlorophyll absorbance and concentration, and the RAPD technique to assess the genotoxicity of Fe3O4 NPs. The study demonstrated a significant increase in the shoot length of cress at all concentrations compared to the control group (p < 0.05; p < 0.01). The light absorption and chlorophyll concentration levels in the experimental groups significantly increased compared to the control group (p < 0.001). Genotoxicity analysis revealed that the genotoxic impact of the NPs on the garden cress genome was only 10%, a statistically insignificant level. The findings suggest that Fe3O4 NPs exhibit low genotoxicity and have the potential to enhance the growth and chlorophyll content of cress seedlings in hydroponic conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Genetic diversity within germplasm holds significant importance in the context of okra breeding programs. However, the limited knowledge regarding the genetic diversity of okra in Palestine poses a challenging obstacle to enhancing the local cultivar. Characterization of Palestinian okra landraces using phenotypic or molecular approaches is limited. Crop characterization usually provides knowledge on diversity within and among crop accessions, which is crucial for breeding efforts and the conservation of germplasm. This study was carried out to evaluate genetic variation in seven okra local landraces. Seven Palestinian okra landraces were grown. DNA was extracted and subjected to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using 27 random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. The banding pattern for each primer was scored. The data matrix was created to facilitate cluster analysis employing the unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) method. From the 15 RAPD markers tested, 92 DNA fragments were identified in total, of these fragments, 76% were polymorphic and 24% were monomorphic, in addition, at least two and no more than eleven DNA fragments were identified. The average resolving power recorded was 2.8. The dendrogram derived from RAPD data categorized the genotypes into two primary clusters. Cluster-I consisted of a single genotype (PARC-OKRA-1). In contrast, Cluster-II further subdivided the genotypes into two subclusters, sub-cluster-II.a represented one genotype accession (UB 405-19), and sub-cluster-II.b included five genotypes (UB 457-19, UB 280-15, UB 457-14, UB 280-12, and UB 457-20). The generated similarity matrix indicated that the similarity coefficients among okra genotypes, as determined by 15 RAPD markers, ranged from 0.226 to 0.678. The present study represents the first application of molecular markers to assess genetic diversity within Palestinian okra landraces. The detection of a high level of polymorphism among RAPD markers demonstrated the efficacy of RAPD markers for identifying polymorphism in Palestinian okra genotypes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni), commonly known as stevia, is a sought-after natural sweetener, but its conventional propagation methods are slow and inefficient. This study aims to enhance the in vitro culture for stevia by investigating the impact of different Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium salt strengths and plant growth hormones on growth and rebaudioside A content. Apical bud-containing shoot segments were used as explants and cultured on various semi-solid and liquid MS media formulations, incorporating cytokinins (BAP and Kin), auxins (NAA and IAA), and different MS major salt concentrations (MS full, ½ MS, and ¼ MS). Assessments of shoot growth parameters, root formation, and HPLC analysis for rebaudioside A content were conducted. The optimal conditions for in vitro growth was found to be in the ¼ MS + Kin 3 mg/L + NAA 0.1 mg/L (semi-solid) medium, resulting in significantly improved shoot growth and enhanced 30.04% rebaudioside A content. Genetic fidelity of regenerated plants was confirmed using RAPD and ISSR markers. These findings offer valuable insights for optimizing in vitro propagation of stevia and potentially enhancing rebaudioside A content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cadmium (Cd) is one of the most important stress factors in plants, with its high mobility in soils, ease of uptake by plants and toxicity at low concentrations. Aluminum (Al) is another phytotoxic metal, the accumulation of which is a crucial agricultural complication for plants, especially in acidic soils. Methods and results: In this study, Bryophyllum daigremontianum clone plantlets were obtained from bulbiferous spurs of a mother plant and separated into four different groups and watered with Hoagland solution and mixtures containing 0, 50, 100, and 200 µM of AlCl3 and CdCl2 each for 75 days. Control groups were maintained under the same conditions without Al and Cd treatment. To simulate acidic soil conditions typical of environments where Al toxicity is prevalent, the soil pH was adjusted to 4.5 by spraying the sulphuric acid (0.2%) with 2-day intervals after each irrigation day. After harvesting, growth parameters such as shoot length and thickness, root, shoot and leaf fresh and dry weights were measured, along with physiological parameters like mineral nutrient status, total protein, and photosynthetic pigment concentrations (chlorophyll a, b, a/b, total chlorophyll, and carotenoid) in both control and experimental groups of B. daigremontianum clones. In response to Al and Cd applications, the plant height, shoot thickness and carotenoid levels were declined, whereas the increments were found in leaf/shoot/root fresh weight, root dry weight, and total protein content. Moreover, differences in genomic alterations were investigated using 21 ISSR and 19 RAPD markers, which both have been used extensively as genetic markers to specify phylogenetic relationships among different cultivars as well as stress-dependent genetic alterations. RAPD primers were used due to their arbitrary sequences and the unknown genome sequence of the plant material used. In contrast, ISSR primers were preferred for a genome-wide genotoxic effect scan via non-arbitrary and more common genetic markers. Distinct types of band polymorphisms detected via RAPD and ISSR markers include band loss, and new band formation under a combination of Al and Cd stress. 17 ISSR and 14 RAPD primers generated clear electrophoretic bands. Conclusion: The study revealed that combined application of Al and Cd affect B. daigremontianum clones in terms of growth, physiology and genotoxicity related to the increasing concentrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ttarakhand has a rich plant biodiversity, many of which have high medicinal properties. Medicinal plants have been used against insects, diseases, and herbivorous mammals through the production of chemical compounds. Various reasons like overexploitation, overgrazing, unsustainable development, etc. lead to their extinction and make them threatened species. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) was established to prioritize species conservation, assess threat status, and develop suitable strategies due to the vast diversity of species. The genetic diversity of these threatened species can be determined using various markers. Molecular marker technology aids in analyzing genetic diversity, population structure, and species adaptation, enabling conservation measures and assessing genetic stability in conserved species. In this article, we have reviewed the genetic diversity of six threatened plants of Uttarakhand (Picrorhiza kurroa, Aconitum heterophyllum, Nardostachys jatamansi, Dactylorhiza hatagirea, Zanthoxylum armatum, Saussurea costus) in India as well as in other countries. A review highlighting the use of recent molecular markers like ISSR, SSR, RAPD, etc. to determine genetic diversity. Most of the medicinal plants show diversity less than 0.5, which indicates that the plants are at extreme risk of extinction. The diversity is calculated based on polymorphism percentage. The analysis of genetic diversity between species using ISSR, nextgeneration sequencing, AFLP, and microsatellite markers reveals low genetic diversity in A. heterophyllum, P. kurroa, N. jatamansi, Z. armatum, D. hatagirea, and S. costus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Wild legumes are widely dispersed and can survive in challenging environments as bacteria dwell in their nodules and help each other. Although Nagaland is home to many wild legume varieties, research on the microbial diversity that goes along with them is still in its infancy. This work aimed to characterize several wild legume root nodules and distinguish possible rhizobial isolates using RAPD and nif-directed RPO1 primer. Nodule bacteria were isolated in Yeast extract culture media. Based on their colony morphology, 150 isolates were selected for performing RAPD with nif-directed RPO1 primer. Eighty-four isolates were bonded with RPO1 primer, and a few biochemical tests were conducted on RPO1-positive isolates. Activities that promoted plant development were also investigated for these isolates. Of all the isolates, 18 exhibited phosphate solubilization capacity, while 38 isolates were found to produce IAA. This study entails a large variety of rhizobia in the nodules, which were able to promote growth. Hence, these isolates promise to be bio-fertilizers that could improve agricultural operations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary objective of the present study was to elucidate the genetic diversity of lentil-nodulating rhizobia in Iran, utilizing an amalgamation of molecular techniques. A total of 116 rhizobia strains were isolated from soil and nodule samples collected from lentil-growing regions of Iran, and their genetic makeup was analyzed using BOX-PCR and RAPD techniques, as well as PCR/RFLP analysis of the 16S–23S IGS region and sequencing of 16S rRNA and glnII genes. The results showed that the rhizobia strains belonged to two different species, Rhizobium leguminosarum and R. laguerreae, with R. leguminosarum being the more predominant species. The strains of R. leguminosarum and R. laguerreae were grouped into different classes using BOX and RAPD techniques, which indicate their distinct genetic composition and evolutionary relationships. The genetic diversity was influenced by geographic location, indicating that different regions may have unique rhizobia populations with distinct genetic characteristics. The high level of genetic diversity observed among the lentil-nodulating rhizobia in Iran underscores the importance of using locally adapted rhizobia strains in lentil cultivation.

Genetic diversity in plant selection refers to varieties and differences in the genetic composition of plant species. In this article, the types of molecular markers most commonly used in determining genetic diversity in plants are examined and their advantages and application in various research fields are covered. Also, future perspectives on this technology and innovations created by them in plant research will be discussed. The development of PCR-based molecular marker techniques plays an important role in the evolution of plant selection programs. It enables faster and more effective access to information about the genetic characteristics of particular economically valuable plant species. In plant selection, more commonly RAPD, ISSR, SRAP, and AFLP scar, SSR markers are used in assessing the genetic diversity of plants and have some positive properties according to the purpose of the study. The use of these marker techniques ensures a grade and reasonable improvement in the selection of plant species. These technologies help to make progress by distinguishing existing variations more efficiently and efficiently to identify the most desirable forms in selection programs. A significant step toward more effective selection processes, growth in crop cultivation, and protection of genetic diversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mercury (Hg) is recognized as a significant global pollutant, particularly in soils subjected to high anthropogenic activities, such as industrial emissions, agricultural runoff, and mining operations. As Hg contamination in the environment continues to rise, it has become increasingly critical to monitor its detrimental effects on ecosystems and living organisms. To address this concern, the current study focused on assessing the impacts of various concentrations of Hg [0 (Control; Tween 20-containing sterile water), 250, 500, 750, and 1000 µM HgCl2] on the genetic and epigenetic integrity of maize (Zea mays). Specifically, the study investigated DNA damage, DNA methylation patterns, and LTR retrotransposon polymorphism using molecular marker techniques, including Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD), Coupled Restriction Enzyme Digestion-Random Amplification (CRED-RA), and Inter-Retrotransposon Amplified Polymorphism (IRAP), respectively. The results demonstrated that exposure to high doses of Hg led to a decrease in DNA methylation and a reduction in genomic template stability (GTS%), indicating a destabilization of genomic structure. In contrast, LTR retrotransposon polymorphism increased, suggesting heightened genomic variability due to Hg stress. These findings underscore the genotoxic and epigenetic effects of Hg, with evidence pointing to its ability to alter DNA methylation and activate retrotransposons, which may contribute to genome instability. Furthermore, the observed changes in DNA methylation and retrotransposon activity highlight their potential as reliable biomarkers for assessing exposure to chemical pollutants like Hg in plants. These biomarkers could play a key role in environmental monitoring and in understanding how plants respond to heavy metal stress at the molecular level, offering insights into both short-term and long-term genetic and epigenetic consequences. This study not only advances our understanding of Hg's impact on maize but also reinforces the need for ongoing research into the broader implications of heavy metal exposure on plant genomes and their adaptive responses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, each of the 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene sequences and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) method were used to confirm the biological classification of three Streptomyces isolates having antiviral activities against Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV). The strongest anti- TMV effect with an inhibition percentage of 97.5 was recorded for S. rochei- IS-02 followed by S. caeaoi-IS-03 (95.5%) and S. aureocirculatus-IS-01 (92.5%) at dilution ½. Lengths of 771, 663 and 693 nts were determined for the partial nucleotide sequences of 16SrRNA gene of S. aureocirculatus-IS-01, S. rochei-IS-02 and S. caeaoi-IS-03, respectively. Sequences producing significant alignments showed identities ranging from 98.41 to 100%. The phylogenetic relationship confirmed the identification of the Streptomyces isolates. A total of 85 DNA fragments (81 polymorphic and 4 monomorphic) were amplified in RAPD assay of the three Streptomyces isolates using eight random primers and contained unique DNA fragments as positive DNA markers. These DNA fragments were distributed as 48, 41 and 42 for the three isolates. The eight primers produced a total amplified DNA fragments of 85 distributed as follows 8, 10, 13, 12, 12, 10, 11 and 9 for the eight oligonucleotide primers, respectively. The similarities between the three Streptomyces species based on RAPD-PCR ranged from 66.332 to 76.158%. The phylogenetic tree showed that S. aureocirculatus-IS-01 and S. rochei-IS-2 were found together in the same cluster, while, S. caeaoi-IS-03 was found in a separate cluster. As a conclusion 16SrRNA and RAPD-PCR methods were confirmed to be more than suitable tools to differentiate between the Streptomyces species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to investigate the intra- and inter-specific genetic relationship of some strawberry- and orange-associated fungi based on DNA markers technique. Five fungal isolates belonging to three different genera were isolated from strawberry and orange samples. The isolates were morphologically characterized as Aspergillus fumigatus, which originated from orange samples; A. flavus and A. niger, both originated from strawberries; and Rhizopus stolonifer and Alternaria alternata, both originated from orange samples. The five fungal isolates were subjected to investigating intra- and inter-specific genetic relatedness, employing the technique of random amplified polymorphic DNA-polymerase chain reaction (RAPD-PCR) marker using ten oligonucleotide primers. The RAPD-PCR analysis revealed a high interspecific relationship between the three Aspergillus species and Rhizopus stolonifer, as well as Alternaria alternata. It also revealed a high intraspecific genetic relationship between A. fumigatus and A. flavus, which were isolated from different environments, surpassing the observed relationships between A. flavus and A. niger, which were isolated from the same environment. This finding confirms genetic homogeneity within the studied Aspergillus species, suggesting a potential for molecular identification of genetic diversity among different individuals in the Aspergillus genus, taking into consideration their respective origins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article describes benefits of the application of zinc oxide submicron particles (ZnO SMPs), zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) and ZnO NPs combined with silver NPs (ZnO + Ag NPs) in chrysanthemum micropropagation. Single node explants of Chrysanthemum × morifolium (Ramat.) Hemsl. 'UTP Burgundy Gold (UBG)' and 'UTP Pinky Gold (UPG)' were inoculated on the Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium and treated with 100 mg · L−1, 200 mg · L−1, or 400 mg · L−1 ZnO SMPs, ZnO NPs (1.5% H2O), ZnO NPs (6% H2O), ZnO + 0.1% Ag NPs (1.5% H2O), ZnO + 0.1% Ag NPs (6% H2O), ZnO + 1% Ag NPs (1.5% H2O) and ZnO + 1% Ag NPs (6% H2O). Generally, the tested materials stimulated the growth and development of plantlets. In 'UBG', the most prominent treatments affecting increases in the number of leaves, micropropagation coefficient, shoot length and shoot FW/DW weight included 400 mg · L−1 ZnO SMPs and 100 mg · L−1 ZnO NPs (6% H2O). In 'UPG', the treatments with 200 mg · L−1 ZnO + 0.1% Ag NPs (6% H2O) and 200 mg · L−1 ZnO + 1% Ag NPs (6% H2O) were the most successful. The latter treatment stimulated an intensive development of root systems in the two studied cultivars. High values of leaf area, perimeter and width were reported in both cultivars for 400 mg · L−1 ZnO + 1% Ag NPs (6% H2O). As compared to the control, the treated plants were characterised by a similar or, most often, lower content of chlorophylls and carotenoids. The randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and start codon targeted polymorphism (SCoT) marker system analyses of the 400 mg · L−1 ZnO SMPs/ZnO NPs/ZnO + Ag NPs-treated chrysanthemums confirmed their genetic fidelity with the control plants. The obtained results can be implemented in the commercial large-scale production of chrysanthemums. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The East African Highland banana (Mutika/Lujugira subgroup) is composed of triploid (AAA) cooking and beer banana varieties that are adapted to the high-altitude region of the Great Lakes region of East Africa. Banana production is affected by several biotic and abiotic factors. Breeding opportunities in bananas are limited due to female sterility and parthenocarpy. The genetic diversity of crops enables breeders to develop new germplasm. Molecular markers have been used widely to dissect crop plants' genetic diversity. This study assessed the genetic variation in 27 varieties from the Mutika/Lujugira subgroup using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD). No genetic variation was observed among the banana varieties, and the 18 ten-mer primers produced monomorphic banding profiles. The genetic homogeneity of this banana subgroup is not congruent with their extensive morphological variation. Domestication and the bottleneck effect are often cited as the cause of reduced diversity in crop plants. On the other hand, several mechanisms, including somatic mutations, transposable elements, polyploidy, genome plasticity, and epigenetic mechanisms, are known to increase plant phenotypic variability. Further in-depth research is needed to explain the puzzle between the genetic and morphological diversity in the Mutika/Lujugira subgroup. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study detected the prevalence of gram-negative bacteria (GNB) among Iraqi acute leukemia patients and measured their serum levels for C- reactive protein (CRP), procalcitonin (PCT) and lipopolysaccharide- binding protein (LBP). Besides, random amplification of polymorphic DNA )RAPD( typing was utilized to investigate the genetic relationship among GNB isolates. Out of 458 clinical samples collected from 260 acute leukemia patients, 70 (15%) isolates of GNB were diagnosed as Klebsiella pneumoniae 23 (33%), Escherichia coli 21 (30%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa 18 (26%) and Acinetobacter baumannii 8 (11%). These isolates were collected from urine (39 (57%)), blood (23 (32%)) and swabs (8 (11%)). Furthermore, GNB infections were higher among patients with acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML) (40 (57%)) than those with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) (30 (43%)). The concentrations of CRP, PCT and LBP recorded higher levels among men, women and children groups than control groups. Most of GNB isolates were highly resistant to ticarcillin, piperacillin, ceftazidime and cefepime, followed by gentamicin, tobramycin and ciprofloxacin. Imipenem and meropenem were more effective against GNB isolates, except for A. baumannii. Multidrug resistant (MDR) pattern was noticed among all isolates of K. pneumoniae (23 (100%)) and A. baumannii (8 (100%)), whereas 18 (85%) and 12 (66%) of E. coli and P. aeruginosa respectively showed MDR pattern. RAPD typing yielded different genotypic patterns among GNB isolates exceeded 14, 12, 11 and 9 in P. aeruginosa, E. coli, K. pneumoniae and A. baumannii respectively. The increased serum levels of CRP, PCT and LBP indicated the possible vital role of these markers in predicting the severe infections of GNB in acute leukemic population. The genetic diversity among GNB isolates surveyed by RAPD typing requires the continuous monitoring of the prevalence of pathogenic GNB associated with specific genotypic pattern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Black cumin is one of the important medicinal aromatic plants belonging to the Ranunculaceae family. It is mostly used in the Middle East and for some diseases, especially in the Iranian region. It is important to know the genetic resources of such important medicinal and aromatic plants. Characterization of genetic resources sheds light on both the conservation of genetic resources and the future breeding studies. In this study, a total of 8 black cumin plants were characterized with 17 RAPD primers. Presence (1) and absence (0) scoring of gel images was performed using the Agarose Gel Electrophoresis (AGE) method. In genetic characterization, phylogenetic dendrogram with Bayesian statistics and Principal Coordinate Analysis (PCoA) with Jaccard similarity index were performed. As a result of the findings, the Nigella damascena, one of the black cumin plant species, was 100% separated from the Nigella sativa species. Additionally, Nigella sativa species differed among Konya, Eskişehir and Çameli genotypes. It gave similar results to Bayesian statistics in PCoA. The analysis indicated that Konya, Eskişehir and Çameli genotypes of Nigella sativa species have a higher potential to be used in breeding studies compared to other genotypes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phalaenopsis is one of the most well-known genera of the orchid family and has relatively good growth due to its high adaptability. The Phalaenopsis breeding program and full investigation of progenies takes three to five years, which can be reduced by using molecular markers. In this research, in order to decrease the process of selecting superior genotypes, progenies obtained from crosses between 5 different cultivars were examined using IRAP and RAPD markers. Among 299 bands produced in RAPD, 86% of the bands were polymorphic. The average number of polymorphic bands was 13.5 bands per primer and the minimum genetic similarity (43%) was obtained between 'Sevilla'x'Sevilla' and 'Manila'x'Bombay' hybrids, while the maximum similarity (72%) was found between 'Sevilla'x 'Okayama' and 'Okayama'x'Sevilla' hybrids based on Nei similarity coefficient. From 6 selected IRAP primer combinations, 83 bands were produced, among them 72 bands were considered polymorphic bands. The highest ratio of polymorphism was obtained by 3'LTRLTR6150, 3'LTR-3'LTR primers combination and the lowest by Sukkula -3'LTR. The maximum genetic similarity, 82%, using IRAP marker was observed between 'Sevilla'x'Okayama' and 'Sevilla'x'Manila' hybrids and the lowest amount, 32%, was obtained between 'Sevilla'x'Sevilla' and 'Manila'x'Bombay' hybrids, indicating the genetic proximity and distance, respectively, of the studied genotypes. Recombined genotypes obtained in this research, which had different band patterns with their parents, can be used for breeding programs and introducing new cultivars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pistacia lentiscus var. chia is a valuable crop for its high-added-value mastic, a resin with proven pharmaceutical and cosmeceutical properties harvested from the male tree trunk. To achieve the maximum economic benefits from the cultivation of male mastic trees, it is important to develop early sex diagnosis molecular tools for distinguishing the sex type. Thus far, the work on sex identification has focused on Pistacia vera with promising results; however, the low transferability rates of these markers in P. lentiscus necessitates the development of species-specific sex-linked markers for P. lentiscus var. chia. To our knowledge, this is the first report regarding: (i) the development of species-specific novel transcriptome-based markers for P. lentiscus var. chia and their assessment on male, female and monoecious individuals using PCR-HRM analysis, thus, introducing a cost-effective method for sex identification with high accuracy that can be applied with minimum infrastructure, (ii) the effective sex identification in mastic tree using a combination of different sex-linked ISSR and SCAR markers with 100% accuracy, and (iii) the impact evaluation of sex type on the genetic diversity of different P. lentiscus var. chia cultivars. The results of this study are expected to provide species-specific markers for accurate sex identification that could contribute to the selection process of male mastic trees at an early stage for mass propagation systems and to facilitate future breeding efforts related to sex-linked productivity and quality of mastic resin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The basal stem rot disease incidence ranged from 0 to 5% in Karnataka India during the year 2019–20. Twenty pathogenic isolates of Ganoderma sp varied with cultural characteristics and virulence on coconut seedlings of the variety Tipatur Tall. The identity of each isolate was confirmed through morphological characters and through ITS sequencing. Two isolates viz., G4 and G5 were identified as Ganoderma applanatum and remaining all isolates were identified as G. lucidum. The genetic diversity analysis of Ganoderma isolates was done using ten Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and fifteen Inter Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) primers. Among the ten RAPD primers, only eight primers recorded polymorphism (33.30–66.70%). The primer SBS-Q3 exhibited the highest polymorphism of 66.70%. In case of ISSR primers, all primers recorded polymorphism (33.30–60.00%). The primer UBC866 was the most polymorphic primer with 60.0% polymorphism. RAPD and ISSR markers were compared for their efficacy in assessing the genetic diversity by taking the band frequency, Shannon's index, polymorphic information content, resolving power, and mean resolving power into consideration, and it was concluded that ISSR was marker of choice over RAPD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bird of paradise plants belong to families Strelitziaceae and Heliconiaceae, two close-related families in the Zingiberales order. This study aimed to study the genetic diversity and relationship of species among and within Strelitziaceae and Heliconiaceae using molecular RAPD markers and compare them to morphological characters. Samples used comprised two species from Strelitziaceae and eight species from Heliconiaceae. Twenty OPA primers showed that 17 out of 20 OPA primers were successfully amplified. Primer OPA-10 was the most informative and recommended, followed by OPA-5, OPA-7, OPA-9, OPA-11, OPA-17, OPA-18, OPA-19, and OPA-20. Heliconiaceae and Strelitziaceae were high genetic diversity (P=100%, I=0.388±0.016, He=0.237±0.013) with low similarities (0.09-0.39). Heliconiaceae was more genetically diverse than Strelitziaceae. Heliconiaceae produced P=98.88%, I=0.409±0.017, and He=0.254±0.014. Strelitziaceae produced P=60.53%, I=0.366±0.049, and He=0.251±0.033. The tree topology based on the RAPD marker differs slightly from morphology. However, the morphological characteristics are important to support and complement it. Strelitziaceae was strongly separated from Heliconiaceae, which supports the monophyly of both families. Heliconiaceae was separated into two subclusters and paraphyletic. Subcluster 1 comprises subgenera Heliconia and Stenochlamys. Subcluster 2 comprises subgenera Griggsia and Stenochlamys. In conclusion, the molecular RAPD marker proved the powerful of classification at the family level but moderate at subgenus, section, and species levels. Nonetheless, it is considered a simple and valuable method to provide a primary reference for taxonomic delimitation, conservation and breeding efforts of the bird of paradise plants in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Genetic diversity of Cambodian melons was evaluated by the analysis of 12 random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and 7 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers using 62 accessions of melon landraces and compared with 231 accessions from other areas for genetic characterization of Cambodian melons. Among 62 accessions, 56 accessions were morphologically classified as small-seed type with seed lengths shorter than 9 mm, as in the horticultural groups Conomon and Makuwa. Gene diversity of Cambodian melons was 0.228, which was equivalent to those of the groups Conomon and Makuwa and smaller than those of Vietnamese and Central Asian landraces. A phylogenetic tree constructed from a genetic distance matrix classified 293 accessions into three major clusters. Small-seed type accessions from East and Southeast Asia formed clusters I and II, which were distantly related with cluster III consisting of large-seed type melon from other areas. All Cambodian melons belonged to cluster I (except three accessions) along with those from Thailand, Myanmar, Yunnan (China), and Vietnam ("Dua thom" in the northwest), thus indicating genetic similarity in these areas. In addition, the Cambodian melons were not differentiated among geographical populations. Conomon and Makuwa were classified into cluster II, together with melon groups from the plains of Vietnam. The presence of two groups of melons in Southeast Asia was also indicated by population structure and principal coordinate analysis. These results indicated a close genetic relationship between Cambodia and the neighboring countries, thus suggesting that Cambodian melons are not directly related to the establishment of Conomon and Makuwa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Species identification is the first step in the examination of newly isolated microorganism strains, including the cases when they are intended for application in the development of probiotic preparations or starters for different food products. The thorough identification process of newly isolated strains combines the application of different physiological, biochemical, and molecular genetic methods. The aim of the present study was to identify the species-level lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains isolated from spontaneously fermented sourdoughs prepared from different flour types: Khorosan wheat, wheat, barley, buckwheat, spelled, spelt, and corn. Both classical phenotypic (cellular morphology characterization, and API 50 CHL) and molecular genetic methods (RAPD, ARDRA-analysis, 16S rDNA sequencing, and species-specific PCR) were applied. It was found that cultures with a short-rod morphology predominated among the 30 sourdough isolates. According to the RAPD profiles obtained, the isolates were divided into nine genotypes corresponding to nine genetically distinct strains. It was determined that individual sourdoughs made with different flour types shared cultures with a common genotype. The analysis of the physiological and biochemical profiles of the LAB isolates performed with the API 50 CHL system divided them into two groups according to their identification: Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (Lp. plantarum) 1 and Levilactobacillus brevis (Lv. brevis) 3. According to the 16S rDNA restriction profile, the LAB isolates showed two profiles corresponding to the Lp. plantarum and Lv. brevis groups. 16S rDNA sequencing and a comparison of the partially read 16S rDNA sequences of the studied isolates confirmed that some of them belonged to the Lv. Brevis species, but did not provide sufficient evidence that the rest of the cultures belonged to the Lp. Plantarum species. The species-specific PCR clearly separated the isolates from the Lp. plantarum group into two groups: isolates of the Lp. plantarum species and isolates of the Lp. paraplantarum species. The summary of the results of the conducted polyphasic taxonomic study determined the investigated LAB strains isolated from spontaneously fermented sourdoughs as representatives of the Lv. brevis, Lp. plantarum ssp. paraplantarum, and Lp. paraplantarum species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Relative pupillary afferent disorder (RAPD) plays a crucial role in diagnosing optic nerve dysfunction. This paper introduces an innovative equipment design with a high-speed pupil detection algorithm and a binocular independent stimulation optical path. The proposed algorithm utilizes the grayscale characteristics of the pupil region to achieve rapid and accurate pupil detection and tracking. Initially, a pupil threshold is estimated using eigenvalues, enabling the calculation of the pupil centroid. Subsequently, leveraging the unique characteristics of the pupil region, a dynamic tracking algorithm, a second-order partial derivative threshold algorithm, and a pupil diameter extraction algorithm are employed to precisely locate the centroid. By incorporating a binocular independent stimulus light path design, the algorithm overcomes limitations associated with the current measurement equipment. The experimental results demonstrate the algorithm's high robustness and fast detection speed, meeting the tracking speed requirement of 1250 frames per second for a single eye. These advancements have the potential to significantly enhance the diagnosis and assessment of optic nerve dysfunction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Domestication is the important step to increase the production and productivity of the snakeskin gourami in Indonesia. At the initial step of domestication, information on phenotype, genotype and early development stage are needed. This paper will describe the result of studies on phenotype, genotype and early development of snakeskin gourami from nine populations in Indonesia; Jambi, South Sumatra, and Lampung( Sumatra), West Java, Central Java and East Java (Java) and West Kalimantan, Central Kalimantan and South Kalimantan (Kalimantan) were carried out. The results showed that the highest intra-population similarity index value from sharing component analysis was Central Java population (73.3%), while the lowest was South Sumatra population (16.7%). The genetic relationship showed that the first cluster represented by populations from South Sumatra, Lampung, East and West Jawa. Even the hatching phase was the most critical phase in the early development of snakeskin gourami but the early development performance of fertilized eggs, embryos, and larvae showed no differences between observed populations. The survival rate of larvae for East Java, West Kalimantan and Lampung were 92%, 86% and 82%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The investigation was carried out to evaluate the influence of the dicamba (3,6-Dichloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid) (DIC) and casein hydrolysate (CH) on the callus growth, shoot multiplication, and some biochemical constituents of date palm cv. Barhee cultured in vitro. Both DIC and CH were required for callus growth and shoots regeneration. The medium supplemented with 4.0 mg l−1 DIC in combination with 1.0 g l−1 CH gave the highest callus weight (287 mg), while the maximum response rate and the number of shoots per jar (86.67% and 15.07 shoots/jar) were found in MS media equipped with 4 mg l−1 DIC and 0.5 mg l−1 CH combination. The total amount of phenolic compounds was significantly reduced to 0.82 and 0.79 mg GAE g–1 in shoots cultured in the medium equipped with 4.0 mg l−1 DIC with 0.5 and 1.0 g l−1 CH, which is reflected in the rate of browning. The results showed that the highest shoots content of endogenous IAA (3.71 and 3.50 μg g−1), were obtained in response to 4 mg l−1 DIC + 1.0 g l−1 CH and 4.0 mg l−1 DIC + 0.5 g l−1 CH, respectively. The macronutrient K, P, Ca, and free amino acids content significantly increased in the in vitro shoots regenerated on the media supplemented with 4.0 mg l−1 DIC + 1.0 g l−1 CH. The genetic stability of this study was confirmed by the DNA-based fingerprinting method RAPD. The RAPD binding patterns indicated no variation among tissue culture-derived plants. The in vitro propagation protocol described herein can be introduced to the production of genetically stable date palm plants.