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In this article, we prove that for a convergent sequence of residually absolutely irreducible representations of the absolute Galois group of a number field F with coefficients in a domain, which admits a finite monomorphism from a power series ring over a p -adic integer ring, the set of places of F where some of the representations ramifies has density zero. Using this, we extend a result of Das–Rajan to such convergent sequences. We also establish a strong multiplicity one theorem for big Galois representations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present new examples of PGL 2 (F 7) and PSL 2 (F 7) number fields ramified at a single prime. To find these number fields we employ the following methods: (i) Specializing a modification of Malle's PGL 2 (F 7) polynomial, (ii) Modular method: computation of Katz modular forms of weight one over F ‾ 7 with prime level, and (iii) Searching for polynomials with prescribed ramification. Method (i) quickly generates many PGL 2 (F 7) number fields unramified at 7 including those fields ramified at only a single prime. Method (ii) can be used to show the existence of PGL 2 (F 7) or PSL 2 (F 7) number fields ramified only at primes that divide the level; we can then use method (iii) to find polynomials for those fields in many cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we establish some modified defect relations for the Gauss map g$g$ of a complete minimal surface S⊂Rm$S\subset \mathbb {R}^m$ into a k$k$‐dimension projective subvariety V⊂Pn(C)(n=m−1)$V\subset \mathbb {P}^n(\mathbb {C})\ (n=m-1)$ with hypersurfaces Q1,...,Qq$Q_1,\ldots,Q_q$ of Pn(C)$\mathbb {P}^n(\mathbb {C})$ in N$N$‐subgeneral position with respect to V(N≥k)$V\ (N\ge k)$. In particular, we give the upper bound for the number q$q$ if the image g(S)$g(S)$ intersects each hypersurface Q1,...,Qq$Q_1,\ldots,Q_q$ a finite number of times and g$g$ is nondegenerate over Id(V)$I_d(V)$, where d=lcm(degQ1,...,degQq)$d=\text{lcm}(\deg Q_1,\ldots,\deg Q_q)$, that is, the image of g$g$ is not contained in any hypersurface Q$Q$ of degree d$d$ with V⊄Q$V\not\subset Q$. Our results extend and generalize the previous results for the case of the Gauss map and hyperplanes in a projective space. The results and the method of this paper have been applied by some authors to study the unicity problem of the Gauss maps sharing families of hypersurfaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Perianal fistula and its recurrence is a challenging entity for surgeons. It is a well-establi1shed fact that magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings influence surgical procedures and reduce the rate of recurrence. In this study, we assessed the contrast-enhanced (CE) three dimensional T1 sequences [sampling perfection with application optimized contrast using different flip angle evolution (SPACE) and volumetric interpolated breath-hold examination (VIBE)] in a 3T MRI system to evaluate perianal fistulas and compared them with two-dimensional (2D) sequences.

Introduction Perianal fistula and its recurrence is a challenging entity for surgeons. It is a well-establi1shed fact that magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings influence surgical procedures and reduce the rate of recurrence. In this study, we assessed the contrast-enhanced (CE) three dimensional T1 sequences [sampling perfection with application optimized contrast using different flip angle evolution (SPACE) and volumetric interpolated breath-hold examination (VIBE)] in a 3T MRI system to evaluate perianal fistulas and compared them with two-dimensional (2D) sequences. Materials and Methods Forty-four patients (mean age, 38.8 ± 15.3 [standard deviation]; 32 males, 12 females) with perianal fistula were included in this prospective study. The patients underwent conventional noncontrast, 2D sequences, diffusion-weighted imaging, followed by postcontrast, 2D T1 images in both axial and coronal planes, and 3D sequences at 3T. Acquisition times were recorded for each sequence. Each postcontrast sequence was evaluated in terms of image quality, presence of artifacts, fistula type, presence of an abscess, visibility, and number of internal orifices. The surgical findings were considered the gold standard. The imaging findings were compared with the surgical findings. Results In all three sequences, the fistula type and abscess were identified correctly in all patients. The sensitivity value for identification of ramifications utilizing CE 3D T1 VIBE sequence, CE 3D T1 SPACE, and CE 2D T1 images was 100, 86, and 36%, respectively. The number of internal orifices was identified by the CE 3D T1 VIBE and CE 3D T1 SPACE sequences in 100 and 92% of patients, respectively. CE 2D T1 images correctly identified internal orifices in 80% of patients. The overall scan time for each 3D sequence was shorter than for the combined postcontrast 2D sequences. Conclusion CE 3D T1 SPACE and CE 3D T1 VIBE sequences outperformed conventional CE 2D sequences in the evaluation of perianal fistulas in terms of visibility and the number of internal orifices with a shorter scanning time. Among the 3D sequences, CE 3D T1 VIBE is slightly superior to CE 3D T1 SPACE sequence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the use of Sedum species in landscape design, focusing on their adaptability to different pedoclimatic conditions and their ability to thrive in conditions of neglect. The article discusses the importance of understanding a plant's place of origin and natural habitat when considering its cultivation in a different area and the benefits and drawbacks associated with different types of substrates. Sedums are identified as an excellent choice for those who want to enjoy the aesthetic value of plants without the hassle of regular upkeep. The study investigates the growth and survival patterns of three Sedum cultivars in different growth media without additional watering or fertilization. The findings have the potential to provide insights into landscaping solutions and the evolution of these succulent species in arduous conditions. The study also explores Romanian identity and tradition by incorporating traditional motifs and patterns as mosaics into the landscape, creating a new style of landscaping. In addition to our main objective, we were interested in displaying an intricate landscape design to further illustrate the negative visual impact an un-cared-for outdoor environment can have.

Let α be a non-zero algebraic unit which is not a root of unity and K be a number field of degree d over Q . In this paper, we prove the following: Let P be a prime ideal of O K which lies above a rational odd prime p such that P O K (α) = P 1 e 1 P 2 e 2 ⋯ P g e g , where max 1 ≤ i ≤ g { e i } ≤ p and e 1 + ⋯ + e g = [ K (α) : K ]. Then h (α) ≥ c , where c > 0 is an effectively computable constant depending only on p and [ K : Q ] = d. This generalizes a result of Petsche. Also, we prove the following: Let P be a prime ideal of O K which lies above 2 such that P O K (α) = P 1 e 1 P 2 e 2 ⋯ P r e r , where e 1 + ⋯ + e r = [ K (α) : K ]. Then M (α) ≥ C (K) , where C (K) > 1 is a constant which depends only on [ K : Q ] = d. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

COVID-19 had major negative consequences globally for travel for visits to friends and relatives (VFR), which is an under-researched segment of tourism. This paper responds to the need for extended research on VFR travel by examining the impacts of COVID-19 on the VFR sector and its spatial imprint in South Africa. VFR travel sector was second only to business travel in terms of the negative impacts of COVID-19 restrictions imposed in South Africa. An uneven geography is observed of the impact of COVID-19 on VFR travel mobilities. Using data on VFR trips and bednights the analysis discloses the greatest absolute declines in VFR travel occurred in South Africa’s major metropolitan areas. By contrast, in terms of the relative decline and local impacts for destinations of the COVID-19 hollowing out of VFR travel a different pattern emerges. The worst affected spaces were remote, mainly rural localities which are in South Africa’s poorest and most economically distressed areas.

The key issues in fractal geometry concern scale invariance (self-similarity or self-affinity) and the notion of a fractal dimension D which exceeds the topological dimension d . In this regard, we point out that the constitutive inequality D > d can have either a geometric or topological origin, or both. The main topological features of fractals are their connectedness, connectivity, ramification, and loopiness. We argue that these features can be specified by six basic dimension numbers which are generally independent from each other. However, for many kinds of fractals, the number of independent dimensions may be reduced due to the peculiarities of specific kinds of fractals. Accordingly, we survey the paradigmatic fractals from a topological perspective. Some challenging points are outlined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Russell–Myhill theorem threatens a familiar structured conception of propositions according to which two sentences express the same proposition only if they share the same syntactic structure and their corresponding syntactic constituents share the same semantic value. Given the role of the principle of universal instantiation in the derivation of the theorem in simple type theory, one may hope to rehabilitate the core of the structured view of propositions in ramified type theory, where the principle is systematically restricted. We suggest otherwise. The ramified core of the structured theory of propositions remains inconsistent in ramified type theory augmented with axioms of reducibility. This is significant because reducibility has been thought to be perfectly consistent with the ramified approach to the intensional antinomies. Nor is the addition of reducibility to ramified type theory sufficient to restore other intensional puzzles such as Prior's paradox or Kripke's puzzle about time and thought. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Let p be an odd prime number, and a be an integer divisible by p exactly once. We prove that the Galois group G of the trinomial Xp² + aX + a over the field Q of rational number, is either the full symmetric group Sp², or AGL(1, p²) ≤ G ≤ AGL(2, p). And we show that G ≃ Sp², except possibly when p ≡ 1 (mod 8), and each prime divisor q of p + 1 satisfies q ̸≡ -1 (mod 4), and p divides the l-adic valuation vl(a) of a for each prime divisor l of a/p. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Let α be a non-zero algebraic integer of degree d which is not a root of unity. We prove that, if there exists an odd prime p with either (1) p ≤ d + 1 and p O Q (α) = P 1 P 2 ⋯ P d where P 1 , ... , P d are distinct prime ideals of O Q (α) , or (2) p ≤ d and p O Q (α) = P 1 e 1 P 2 e 2 ⋯ P g e g , where max 1 ≤ i ≤ g { e i } ≤ p and ∑ i = 1 g e i = d , then M (α) ≥ p / 2. We also prove that if the residual degrees of primes in O Q (α) which are lying above 2 are 1 , then M (α) ≥ 2 1 / 4 . This generalizes a result of Garza. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

COVID-19 had major negative consequences globally for travel for visits to friends and relatives (VFR), which is an under-researched segment of tourism. This paper responds to the need for extended research on VFR travel by examining the impacts of COVID-19 on the VFR sector and its spatial imprint in South Africa. VFR travel sector was second only to business travel in terms of the negative impacts of COVID-19 restrictions imposed in South Africa. An uneven geography is observed of the impact of COVID-19 on VFR travel mobilities. Using data on VFR trips and bednights the analysis discloses the greatest absolute declines in VFR travel occurred in South Africa's major metropolitan areas. By contrast, in terms of the relative decline and local impacts for destinations of the COVID-19 hollowing out of VFR travel a different pattern emerges. The worst affected spaces were remote, mainly rural localities which are in South Africa's poorest and most economically distressed areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given a generically finite local extension of valuation rings V⊂W$V \subset W$, the question of whether W is the localization of a finitely generated V‐algebra is significant for approaches to the problem of local uniformization of valuations using ramification theory. Hagen Knaf proposed a characterization of when W is essentially of finite type over V in terms of classical invariants of the extension of associated valuations. Knaf's conjecture has been verified in important special cases by Cutkosky and Novacoski using local uniformization of Abhyankar valuations and resolution of singularities of excellent surfaces in arbitrary characteristic, and by Cutkosky for valuation rings of function fields of characteristic 0 using embedded resolution of singularities. In this paper, we prove Knaf's conjecture in full generality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Let K be a number field. The Pólya field concept is used to know when the module of integer-valued polynomials over the ring of integers K of K has a regular basis. In [C. W.-W. Tougma, Some questions on biquadratic Pólya fields, J. Number Theory  229 (2021) 386–398], the author used cohomological results from [C. B. Setzer, Units over totally real C 2 × C 2 fields, J. Number Theory  12 (1980) 160–175] to answer questions raised in [A. Leriche, Pólya fields, Pólya groups and Pólya extensions: a question of capitulation, J. Théor. Nr. Bordx. 23 (2011) 235–249; A. Leriche, Cubic, quartic and sextic Pólya fields, J. Number Theory  133 (2013) 59–71] on biquadratic Pólya fields. Here we first prove that number fields were omitted from the list of exceptional fields cited in [A. Leriche, Pólya fields, Pólya groups and Pólya extensions: a question of capitulation, J. Théor. Nr. Bordx. 23 (2011) 235–249; A. Leriche, Cubic, quartic and sextic Pólya fields, J. Number Theory  133 (2013) 59–71]. We therefore identify new biquadratic Pólya fields, where the prime number 2 is totally ramified. This result corrects and completes some others on the literature. On the other hand, we show that the main results of [C. W.-W. Tougma, Some questions on biquadratic Pólya fields, J. Number Theory  229 (2021) 386–398] and this paper can be proved with a single method using Kuroda/Kubota's unit formula without cohomological results of [C. B. Setzer, Units over totally real C 2 × C 2 fields, J. Number Theory  12 (1980) 160–175]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Let K be a number field. The Pólya field concept is used to know when the module of integer-valued polynomials over the ring of integers [Formula: see text] of K has a regular basis. In [C. W.-W. Tougma, Some questions on biquadratic Pólya fields, J. Number Theory 229 (2021) 386–398], the author used cohomological results from [C. B. Setzer, Units over totally real [Formula: see text] fields, J. Number Theory 12 (1980) 160–175] to answer questions raised in [A. Leriche, Pólya fields, Pólya groups and Pólya extensions: a question of capitulation, J. Théor. Nr. Bordx. 23 (2011) 235–249; A. Leriche, Cubic, quartic and sextic Pólya fields, J. Number Theory 133 (2013) 59–71] on biquadratic Pólya fields. Here we first prove that number fields were omitted from the list of exceptional fields cited in [A. Leriche, Pólya fields, Pólya groups and Pólya extensions: a question of capitulation, J. Théor. Nr. Bordx. 23 (2011) 235–249; A. Leriche, Cubic, quartic and sextic Pólya fields, J. Number Theory 133 (2013) 59–71]. We therefore identify new biquadratic Pólya fields, where the prime number 2 is totally ramified. This result corrects and completes some others on the literature. On the other hand, we show that the main results of [C. W.-W. Tougma, Some questions on biquadratic Pólya fields, J. Number Theory 229 (2021) 386–398] and this paper can be proved with a single method using Kuroda/Kubota’s unit formula without cohomological results of [C. B. Setzer, Units over totally real [Formula: see text] fields, J. Number Theory 12 (1980) 160–175].

Introduction: Facial Nerve (FN) is the main motor nerve of muscles of facial expression. As it courses, within the parotid gland, the FN divides into divisions and then into terminal branches. Various surgical procedures of this region may inadvertently injure the FN owing to its variant branching pattern, resulting in facial asymmetry. Aim: To analyse the branching pattern of FN in the parotid region of Indian origin. Materials and Methods: This was a descriptive, cross-sectional study done on 50 embalmed cranial halves, in the Department of Anatomy, PSG Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India from October 2020 to March 2022. Well-embalmed and preserved adult cadavers irrespective of age, sex and side were included. After piece meal dissection of the parotid gland, the Facial Nerve Trunk (FNT) was identified and its branching pattern studied and classified according to Davis RA et al., classification. The data thus, obtained was analysed using statistical software Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) 21.0. Results: The FNT bifurcated in 98% and trifurcated in 2% specimens. The branching pattern of FN based on Davis RA et al., system showed a frequency as follows: Type I: 0%, Type II: 8%, Type III: 26%, Type IV: 16%, Type V: 48% and Type VI: 2%. Conclusion: Type V branching pattern showed the highest frequency. Results inferred from this study might help surgeons in anticipating the variant course, branching and interconnections of the FNT in the parotid region and thus, may aid in minimising iatrogenic nerve injuries to avoid unnecessary facial disabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

If $K$ is the splitting field of the polynomial $f(x)=x^4+px^2+p$ and $p$ is a rational prime of the form $4+n^2$, we give appropriate generators of $K$ to obtain the explicit factorization of the ideal $q{\mathcal O}_K$, where $q$ is a positive rational prime. For this, we calculate the index of these generators and integral basis of certain prime ideals.

COVID-19 is a trigger event which is changing the complexion of African tourism and the directions of African tourism research. This article offers an overview and commentary on the state of African research produced during the uncertain times of 2020-2021 in specific response to the immediate impacts and changes which have been catalysed by the pandemic. The article is a progress report to capture and profile the body of focussed contributions on COVID-19 and tourism which have appeared for sub-Saharan Africa. Further, it is a contribution towards strengthening our understanding of tourism and change in the Global South. Overall, the discussion serves to highlight an emerging African scholarship which is engaged on a range of issues around three core themes of ramification, adaptation and transformation.

Introduction: Facial Nerve (FN) is the main motor nerve of muscles of facial expression. As it courses, within the parotid gland, the FN divides into divisions and then into terminal branches. Various surgical procedures of this region may inadvertently injure the FN owing to its variant branching pattern, resulting in facial asymmetry. Aim: To analyse the branching pattern of FN in the parotid region of Indian origin. Materials and Methods: This was a descriptive, cross-sectional study done on 50 embalmed cranial halves, in the Department of Anatomy, PSG Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India from October 2020 to March 2022. Well-embalmed and preserved adult cadavers irrespective of age, sex and side were included. After piece meal dissection of the parotid gland, the Facial Nerve Trunk (FNT) was identified and its branching pattern studied and classified according to Davis RA et al., classification. The data thus, obtained was analysed using statistical software Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) 21.0. Results: The FNT bifurcated in 98% and trifurcated in 2% specimens. The branching pattern of FN based on Davis RA et al., system showed a frequency as follows: Type I: 0%, Type II: 8%, Type III: 26%, Type IV: 16%, Type V: 48% and Type VI: 2%. Conclusion: Type V branching pattern showed the highest frequency. Results inferred from this study might help surgeons in anticipating the variant course, branching and interconnections of the FNT in the parotid region and thus, may aid in minimising iatrogenic nerve injuries to avoid unnecessary facial disabilities.

The key issues in fractal geometry concern scale invariance (self-similarity or self-affinity) and the notion of a fractal dimension D which exceeds the topological dimension d. In this regard, we point out that the constitutive inequality D>d can have either a geometric or topological origin, or both. The main topological features of fractals are their connectedness, connectivity, ramification, and loopiness. We argue that these features can be specified by six basic dimension numbers which are generally independent from each other. However, for many kinds of fractals, the number of independent dimensions may be reduced due to the peculiarities of specific kinds of fractals. Accordingly, we survey the paradigmatic fractals from a topological perspective. Some challenging points are outlined.

In this paper we consider a tower of number fields ⋯ ⊇ K (1) ⊇ K (0) ⊇ K arising naturally from a continuous p -adic representation of Gal (Q ¯ / K) , referred to as a p -adic Lie tower over K. A recent conjecture of Daqing Wan hypothesizes, for certain p -adic Lie towers of curves over F p , a stable (polynomial) growth formula for the genus. Here we prove the analogous result in characteristic zero, namely: the p -adic valuation of the discriminant of the extension K (i) / K is given by a polynomial in i , p i for i sufficiently large. This generalizes a previously known result on discriminant-growth in Z p -towers of local fields of characteristic zero. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main goal of this work is to develop a robust framework for an exhaustive description of essential properties of a fractal object. For this purpose, the inherent features of fractal sets are scrutinized. The topological, metrological, morphological, and topographical attributes of fractal systems are delineated. The criteria of the fractal connectedness are established. The characteristics of the fractal connectivity and ramification are ascertained. The index of the fractal loopiness is introduced. The quantifications of the fractal heterogeneity, lacunarity, and anisotropy are briefly sketched out. A set of key attributes which enable a proper characterization of fractal system are suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We use the k[V]-module generator of the dual module of the polynomial ring k[V] over its subring of invariants of a finite group to construct modular invariants and show that it behaves better than the transfer homomorphism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Let L / K be a finite Galois extension of p -adic fields with group G. It is well-known that O L contains a free O K [ G ] -submodule of finite index. We study the minimal index of such a free submodule, and determine it exactly in several cases, including for any cyclic extension of degree p of p -adic fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes cubic function fields L / K with prescribed ramification, where K is a rational function field. We give general equations for such extensions, an explicit procedure to obtain a defining equation when the purely cubic closure K ′ / K of L / K is of genus zero, and a description of the twists of L / K up to isomorphism over K. For cubic function fields of genus at most one, we also describe the twists and isomorphism classes obtained when one allows Möbius transformations on K. The paper concludes by studying the more general case of covers of elliptic and hyperelliptic curves that are ramified above exactly one point. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Let X ⊂ ℙn be an unramified real curve with X(ℝ) ≠ 0. If n ≥ 3 is odd, Huisman [9] conjectured that X is an M-curve and that every branch of X(ℝ) is a pseudo-line. If n ≥ 4 is even, he conjectures that X is a rational normal curve or a twisted form of such a curve. Recently, a family of unramified M-curves in ℙ3 providing counterexamples to the first conjecture was constructed in [11]. In this note we construct another family of counterexamples that are not even M-curves. We remark that the second conjecture follows for generic curves of odd degree from the de Jonquières formula. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

COVID-19 is a trigger event which is changing the complexion of African tourism and the directions of African tourism research. This article offers an overview and commentary on the state of African research produced during the uncertain times of 2020-2021 in specific response to the immediate impacts and changes which have been catalysed by the pandemic. The article is a progress report to capture and profile the body of focussed contributions on COVID-19 and tourism which have appeared for sub-Saharan Africa. Further, it is a contribution towards strengthening our understanding of tourism and change in the Global South. Overall, the discussion serves to highlight an emerging African scholarship which is engaged on a range of issues around three core themes of ramification, adaptation and transformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

If K is the splitting field of the polynomial f(x) = x4 + px² + p and p is a rational prime of the form 4+n², we give appropriate generators of K to obtain the explicit factorization of the ideal qOK, where q is a positive rational prime. For this, we calculate the index of these generators and integral basis of certain prime ideals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We prove that for any prime p > 2 , q = p ν a power of p , n ≥ p and G = S n or G = A n (symmetric or alternating group), there exists a Galois extension K / F q (T) ramified only over ∞ with Gal (K / F q (T)) = G. This confirms a conjecture of Abhyankar for the case of symmetric and alternating groups over finite fields of odd characteristic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Let K be a number field. We investigate the indices I(K) and i(K) of K introduced respectively by Dedekind and Gunji-McQuillan. Let n be a positif integer, we then prove that for any prime p < n, there exists K a number field of degree n over Q such that p divide i(K). This result is an analogue to Bauer's one for i(K). We compute I(K) and i(K) for cubic fields and infinite families of simplest number fields of degree less than 7. We solve questions and disprove the conjecture stated in [1 ]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article gives an expanded proof of the theorem of Llorente and Nart, [10], on the decomposition of a rational prime in a cubic field. We use this theorem to determine the decomposition of a prime p in a cyclic cubic field as well as in a pure cubic field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Microglia are the endogenous immune cells of the brain and act as sensor of infection and pathologic injury to the brain, leading to a rapid plastic process of activation that culminates in the endocytosis and phagocytosis of damaged tissue. Microglia cells are the most plastic cells in the brain. Microglia isolation from their environment as well as culturing them in the presence of serum alter their function and lead to a rapid loss of their signature gene expression. Previous studies have identified pivotal factors allowing microglia culture in the absence of serum. Here, we have further characterized the function, expression of markers, metabolic status and response to pro and anti-inflammatory stimulus of microglia isolated by magnetic-activated cell sorting and cultured in a chemically defined medium. We have compared this new method with previous traditional protocols of culturing microglia that use high concentrations of serum.

Hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth), like common vetch (V. sativa L.), is one of the most widespread cultivated forage vetches. In Russia, hairy vetch is sown both in spring and winter planting seasons. V. villosa populations may contain spring, semi-spring, semi-winter and winter biotypes. Three hairy vetch varieties (Nezhnostebelnaya, Siverskaya 2 and Ukrainka) were studied in mono- and binary agrophytocoenosis with oat, rape and barley at spring sowing under the conditions of Leningrad Province of the Russian North-West in 2010-2012. Biotype composition of vetch variety populations was determined to identify adaptive biotypes. Some biological and agronomic characters were analysed. Comparative evaluation of hairy vetch variety populations was performed to test the role of agrophytocoenosis (and its phytocomponent) as a possible factor of biotype variability in vetch varieties and their biological and agronomic characters.

Microglia are the endogenous immune cells of the brain and act as sensor of infection and pathologic injury to the brain, leading to a rapid plastic process of activation that culminates in the endocytosis and phagocytosis of damaged tissue. Microglia cells are the most plastic cells in the brain. Microglia isolation from their environment as well as culturing them in the presence of serum alter their function and lead to a rapid loss of their signature gene expression. Previous studies have identified pivotal factors allowing microglia culture in the absence of serum. Here, we have further characterized the function, expression of markers, metabolic status and response to pro and anti-inflammatory stimulus of microglia isolated by magnetic-activated cell sorting and cultured in a chemically defined medium. We have compared this new method with previous traditional protocols of culturing microglia that use high concentrations of serum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The concept of assessing that, the knowledge and awareness of the subject of tooth morphology among the final year BDS students and house officers is helpful in their clinical practice. Methodology: The study was conducted among the final year BDS students and house officers. Data was collected by a predesigned proforma. The sample size calculated was 310 by keeping proportion 52% and confidence interval 95% and margin of error 5% in open epi. 3.01. Results: Results of the survey and feedback revealed that the technical difficulties had been faced during clinical practice in different fields of dentistry due to the lack of basic knowledge of the subject. Conclusion: Knowledge and awareness of the subject lays the foundation headed for a skillful dentist and an assertive clinician. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we combined a Pradeep Kumar (PK)-probe with a ligation–transcription–ramified RCA (LTR) dual-amplification system for the isothermal colorimetric detection of miRNA 25-3P, where the PK-probe transformed from its pink color to colorless in the presence of the amplification byproduct pyrophosphate (PPi), thereby allowing the simple naked-eye qualitative detection of the miRNA. Through this double-amplification strategy, the limit of detection reached as low as 91.4 aM—quite extraordinary sensitivity for a colorimetric miRNA detection system based on absorbance readings. Our detection system also operated with high specificity, the result of using two different target-selective ligation steps (linear DNA ligation and circular DNA ligation) mediated by SplintR ligase, and so could discriminate single-mismatched from perfectly matched target sequences. We suspect that this ultrasensitive and selective PK-probe/LTR dual-amplification system should be a great colorimetric diagnostic for the detection of any miRNA with high efficiency. [Display omitted] • Ultrasensitive (aM scale) colorimetric detection of miRNA managed by Dual-amplification system under isothermal condition. • High selectivity (selective to single mismatch) ensured by two different target-selective twice ligation. • PK-probe/LTR dual-amplification system should be a great colorimetric diagnostic for the detection of any miRNA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]