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This article analyses the first licensing process carried out after the adoption of the Broadcasting Act in Poland in 1992. Great excitement surrounded the award of the first television licenses – especially nationwide licenses. However, this article focuses on an analysis of this process in the case of radio broadcasting. It is based on documents gathered in the Archives of the National Broadcasting Council, particularly on reports of meetings with the candidates for radio broadcasting. The analysis also includes articles published in newspapers. A personal interview with the Vice-Chair of the National Broadcasting Council was also used. The study aimed to determine the shape of the Polish radio market desired by the National Broadcasting Council and the focus of this institution during the first licensing process. The author noted that the Council concentrated on the financial aspects of the submitted applications. This thesis corresponds well with the trend observed by media experts in the transformation of media systems in Eastern Europe in the early 1990s and how market logic prevailed when shaping the new media system.

In this work, novel cooperative communication strategies like Decode and Forward based relay schemes, joint maximum likelihood signal detection in combinational Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) cooperative relay cognitive networks are used. The joint cooperative signal detection using Maximum-Likelihood (ML) detector at each relays, and associated path links improves the quality of services at the destination node, which can be dynamically altered using different relay combinations and associated iterative computational complexity accumulated during ML detection. Here the relay performs ML decoding and transmit the detected symbols to the destination and also to the multiple antennas equipped for cooperative communication. The same ML detection at the destination combines the MIMO based diversity to narrow down the error probability among different orthogonal transmissions. The combination of iterative signal detection and relay assisted decoding scheme shows superior error rate performance when compared to non-iterative hard decoded signal detection. The simulations results proved the influence of MIMO assisted cooperative communication and the associated performance penalty gaps that come with imperfect channel state information at the destination node.

The work proposes methods for the study of artificial, magnetically oriented, ionosphere inhomogeneities and for its practical implementation. The developed approach makes it possible to determine the most probable longitudinal sizes and distances comparable with the wavelength of heat radiation between inhomogeneities along and across the Earth’s magnetic field, as well as the speed and direction of their movement. The method uses a software-defined radio system, which enables the remote performance of the necessary measurements. The results of observations in experiments on the formation of magnetically oriented artificial inhomogeneities at Arecibo Observatory are presented. They confirm that the topology of magnetically oriented ionospheric inhomogeneities can be determined based on the proposed method.

An algorithm for filtering the coordinates of a fluctuating object in a security bistatic radio system with the use of a maximum a posteriori probability criterion is presented. Simulation of the algorithm and estimation of its efficiency are described. Plots of the rms error deviation are given.

The development of streaming radio has been very developed, radio in digital form is also known as internet radio because to access streaming radio you must use the internet media. However, there are several radio stations in Ponorogo that still use conventional radio whose coverage is limited because they use an antenna to reach the signal range, and can only reach local areas because Ponorogo has several highlands and several mountains. This study aims to create a Networked Streaming Radio application so that Ponorogo radio station broadcasts can reach any place that has an internet connection and can accommodate the Ponorogo radio station industry which still does not have an Android-based streaming radio as a media convergence collaboration movement for the Ponorogo radio discussion forum. This research uses the waterfall which consists of five stages, namely: identification, design, implementation, verification, maintenance. Testing this streaming radio application using the black box method shows the application is running well and there are no errors. Testing using 6 different media and resolutions was carried out to find out whether the Ponorogo Radio application could run well on various media/smartphones and different resolutions.

This article discusses the features of the noise immunity of short-pulse ultra-wideband (UWB) radio systems in indoor operation (INDOOR). Such a mode of operation of UWB radio systems has pronounced features that are associated with multipath propagation of a signal inside a room. The principles of modeling the UWB radio communication channel indoors are considered, the results of the influence of the environment on the UWB signal are given, an analytical expression is obtained for calculating the error probability of the UWB radio system when operating indoors with multipath propagation.

This paper provides an overview of recent developments in Joint Communication and Radar Sensing (JCRS) systems and networks. Our discussion will focus on radio system and network architectures that can be used for JCRS and on approaches to select, generate and process waveforms suitable for both communication and sensing. In addition, advantages and challenges of assembling a network out of several JCRS nodes are addressed. Finally, we give an outlook to possible applications of JCRS networks, which we see in autonomous driving and low altitude air traffic control.

Данная работа посвящена функциональному исследованию и применению Ñ‚ÐµÑ Ð½Ð¾Ð»Ð¾Ð³Ð¸Ð¹ радиозащиты. В настоящее время область Ñ€Ð°Ð´Ð¸Ð¾Ñ‚ÐµÑ Ð½Ð¸ÐºÐ¸ стремительно развивается, и люди активно внедряют ее в Ñ€Ð°Ð·Ð»Ð¸Ñ‡Ð½Ñ‹Ñ ÑÑ„ÐµÑ€Ð°Ñ . Ð Ð°Ð´Ð¸Ð¾Ñ‚ÐµÑ Ð½Ð¾Ð»Ð¾Ð³Ð¸Ñ имеет большие преимущества, но также имеет очевидные недостатки, то есть к ней легко получить доступ третьи лица без разрешения. В последние годы линейно возросло использование Ñ‚ÐµÑ Ð½Ð¾Ð»Ð¾Ð³Ð¸Ð¹ радиопередачи в ÑÐ¸ÑÑ‚ÐµÐ¼Ð°Ñ Ð¾Ñ Ñ€Ð°Ð½Ð½Ð¾Ð¹ и пожарной сигнализации., This work is devoted to functional research and application radio protection technologies. Currently, the field of radio engineering is rapidly developing, and people are actively introducing it in various fields. Radio technology has great advantages, but it also has obvious disadvantages, that is, it can be easily accessed by third parties without permission. In recent years, the use of radio transmission technologies in burglar and fire alarm systems has increased linearly.

Şehirlerde nüfus artışıyla birlikte ulaşım en büyük sorunlardan biri haline gelmektedir. Karayolu ulaşımının ekonomik, çevresel ve sistemsel olumsuz etkilerinden dolayı gün geçtikçe alternatif ulaşım çeşitlerine yatırım artmaktadır. Bu sebeplerden dolayı metropollerde raylı ulaşım yatırımları ile ilgili kısa, orta ve uzun vade projeksiyonlar geliştirilmektedir. Bu tez kapsamında raylı ulaşımda en hayati sistemlerden biri olan telsiz sistemi networkü üzerinde yapılan yenilikler ele alınmıştır. Telsiz sisteminde kullanılan TETRA teknolojisi ve buna ait cihazlar hakkında bilgiler verilmiştir. Mevcut sistem network mimarisinin genişleyen raylı sistemlerde neden şartları karşılamadığı teknik ölçümler ile izah edilmiştir. Tasarlanan yeni mimari sahada aktif olarak kurulmuştur. Kurulan sistem aktif olarak çalıştıktan sonra yeni ölçüm ve veriler toplanmıştır. Eski ve yeni sistemlerin karşılaştırılması yapılmıştır. Yeni kurulan TETRA Telsiz Sistemine ait Network Altyapısının uzun vadede ihtiyacı karşılaması hedeflenmiştir. With the increase in population in cities, transportation becomes one of the biggest problems. Due to the economic, environmental and systemic negative effects of road transportation, investments in alternative transportation types are increasing day by day. For these reasons, short, medium and long-term projections for rail transportation investments in metropolises are being developed. Within the scope of this thesis, the innovations made on the radio system network, which is one of the most vital systems in rail transportation, are handled. Information about TETRA technology used in the radio system and its devices are given. It has been explained by technical measurements why the current system network architecture does not meet the conditions in the expanding rail systems. The newly designed architectural site is actively established. After the established system was active, new measurements and data were collected. Comparison of old and new systems was made. The Network Infrastructure of the newly established TETRA Radio System is aimed to meet the demand in the long term.

Subglacial hydrological systems require innovative technological solutions to access and observe. Wireless sensor platforms can be used to collect and return data, but their performance in deep and fast-moving ice requires quantification. We report experimental results from Cryoegg: a spherical probe that can be deployed into a borehole or moulin and transit through the subglacial hydrological system. The probe measures temperature, pressure and electrical conductivity in situ and returns all data wirelessly via a radio link. We demonstrate Cryoegg's utility in studying englacial channels and moulins, including in situ salt dilution gauging. Cryoegg uses VHF radio to transmit data to a surface receiving array. We demonstrate transmission through up to 1.3 km of cold ice – a significant improvement on the previous design. The wireless transmission uses Wireless M-Bus on 169 MHz; we present a simple radio link budget model for its performance in cold ice and experimentally confirm its validity. Cryoegg has also been tested successfully in temperate ice. The battery capacity should allow measurements to be made every 2 h for more than a year. Future iterations of the radio system will enable Cryoegg to transmit data through up to 2.5 km of ice.

this article discusses the features of simulation short-pulse ultra-wideband radio communication systems in the organization of communication networks in autonomous groups of unmanned aerial vehicles. The model of the ultra-wideband radio system and factors affecting the parameters of the communication network that arise when constructing a radio network in a mobile unmanned aerial vehicles group (that changes its configuration and altitude during the flight) are considered. The results of modeling such a radio system are presented, the requirements for the radio system and recommendations for its construction are formulated.

The 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) submitted the 5G New Radio (NR) system specifications to International Telecommunication Union (ITU) as a candidate fifth generation (5G) mobile communication system (formally denoted as IMT-2020 systems). As part of the submission, 3GPP provided a self-evaluation for the compliance of 5G NR systems with the ITU defined IMT-2020 performance requirements. This paper considers the defined 5G use case families, Ultra Reliable Low-Latency Communication (URLLC), massive Machine Type Communication (mMTC) and enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB), and provides an independent evaluation of the compliance of the 3GPP 5G NR self-evaluation simulations with the IMT-2020 performance requirements for connection density, reliability, and spectral efficiency for future mobile broadband and emerging IoT applications. Independent evaluation indeed shows the compliance of the 3GPP 5G NR system with the ITU IMT-2020 performance requirements for all parameters evaluated by simulations., 14 pages, 16 figures, 26 tables, IEEE Access

The authors propose a new method for mathematical modeling of detecting tactical radio by adversary signal intelligence system. The method is based on the apparatus of tensor calculus with regard for the features of new-generation signal intelligence systems. The method is intended for evaluating the radio deception level of tactical radio system in providing the required radio deception level.

We examine the ability of market forces, augmented by an “interference limit,” to improve the efficiency with which radio systems co-exist. In a bargaining game with incomplete information, an interference limit can increase the likelihood that two radio system operators can come to a mutually beneficial agreement about both the level of interference that should exist between two radio systems and the price the benefiting party should pay to establish that level of interference. It can achieve this by changing the bargaining environment in a way that makes it more likely that an efficiency enhancing agreement can occur. By imposing a cost upon the system operator from using low quality receivers, it can also lead to the manufacture of higher quality receivers. An interference limit’s ability to improve the efficiency of the co-existence of two radio systems depends, in part, on whether the regulator has “good” information regarding the level of benefit and harm that operators experience from a given level of interference. The better this information, the greater the likelihood than an interference limit will improve efficiency. When the regulator doesn’t have good information about the harm that an interfered-with operator experiences from a given interference limit level, an interference limit can lead to a less efficient level of co-existence of radio systems.

In the industrial revolution 4.0, the Internet of Things (IoT) system is being seen everywhere. The data is constantly exchanged between divices in the IoT system and Edge or Cloud server with different protocols. Data, that is exchanged between IoT gateway and IoT server, usually uses 2 protocols: MQTT and AMQP. The selection of a good protocol is foundation for the entire IoT system works effectively. In this paper, we present the results of research and evaluation of the effectiveness in using the above two protocols based on experiments, simulating data transmission environment with different latency and packet loss rate. The condition is simulated with the real condition in IoT system, which is using in the Internet Radio system. Finally, a protocol is recommended for different environment’s conditions.

The antenna is an important component of the radio system. It is responsible for converting high-frequency current or signal into a magnetic wave propagating in space or replacing the electromagnetic wave propagating in free space into a high-frequency current or signal for processing by the receiver. In recent years, high standards and strict requirements have been put forward on the structure and performance of antennas, and especially bandwidth, gain, and directivity have become the most important performance indicators of antennas. How to design high-gain antennas has become a hot topic. The “block” left-handed material based on the left- and right-handed structure is used as the antenna dielectric substrate or the antenna coating to increase the gain of the antenna. This article summarizes the high-gain antenna elements based on left-handed materials.

currently, optical motion capture systems are widespread. The natural desire to create a cheap and accurate system leads to the search for new technical solutions. One of the promising areas are ultra-wideband technologies, the current level of development of which allows them to be used to solve this problem.

© 2019 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting/republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes,creating new collective works, for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted component of this work in other works. Cooperative-Intelligent Transport systems are new applications developed on top of communications between vehicles and between vehicles and fixed infrastructure. Their architecture envisages devices deployed along the routes and streets, transmitting and receiving different kind of messages belonging to different services. Quite often, these devices will be located in isolated places with very low number of vehicles passing nearby. Being in isolated places, these devices will require to be feed with rechargeable batteries and alternative power sources, the usage of which need to be very efficient. The fact of continuously transmitting messages whenever there is no vehicle to receive them demands a solution. In this paper, we propose to use a well-known saving power strategy already used in Internet of Things, the Wake-up Radio systems. As vehicular communications are based on IEEE 802.11 standard, we propose to use a Wake-up Radio system based on this standard as well, being thus no additional hardware needed for the wake-up transmitter. The paper analyses the feasibility of using this solution on several vehicular applications.

Automatic recognition of production tasks is a key aspect of an industrial Internet-of-things (IOT)environment. Often, the positions the tasks are executed at are of additional importance for process supervision and quality assurance. The complex structure of typical industrial environments including equipment, furniture and production objects leads to problems in obtaining the line-of-sight (LOS)connection necessary for precise localization with many RF-based systems. In this contribution, a method to obtain position estimates at a restricted set of points-of-interest via a machine-learning approach is proposed. The method is based on feature extraction on channel impulse responses (CIRs)of a Ultra-Wideband (UWB)radio system. It produces promising results in realistic scenarios, while the amount of data needed is small enough to enable retraining the database in a small amount of time. Additionally, the approach does not require calibration or synchronization of the UWB system and therefore could also be deployed in an existing system without additional configuration.

The high frequency (HF) radio channel is highly variable and unpredictable. On the other hand, being largely utilized around the globe, the HF spectrum is densely occupied, characterized by significant levels of interference. Therefore, spectral congestion is always a severe issue to be addressed. One year data (June 2012–June 2013) of HF spectral occupancy measurements collected by a dedicated measurement system installed in Cyprus have been examined in order to characterize and model the HF interference environment over the eastern Mediterranean region. An investigation into the short-term temporal variability of HF spectral occupancy for selected indicative allocations has been conducted. With a view to extend the data analysis from descriptive to predictive and from qualitative to quantitative, time series analysis has been applied to model the HF spectral occupancy of the indicative ranges in the HF spectrum. We categorized different time series models for different occupancy patterns. Analysis for three broadcast allocations covering three different portions of the HF spectrum namely, lower (5.950–6.200 MHZ), middle (11.650–12.050 MHZ), and upper (17.550–17.900 MHZ), is presented. Results of this investigation are expected to be useful for radio system design and frequency management strategies.

Full duplex radio increases the frequency efficiency but its performance is limited by the self-interference (SI). We first analyze the multiple noises in the full duplex radio system and model such noises as an α-stable distribution. Then we formulate a novel non-Gaussian SI problem. Under the maximum correntropy criterion (MCC), a robust digital non-linear self-interference cancellation algorithm is proposed for the SI channel estimation. A gradient descent based algorithm is derived to search the optimal solution. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm can achieve a smaller estimation error and a higher pseudo signal to interference plus noise ratio (PSINR) than the well-known least mean square (LMS) algorithm and least square (LS) algorithm.

Thanks to the efforts of various research groups over the past decade in the area of tunable microwave passive components, the idea of tunability has become very well established within the RF/microwave community [1]-[5]. Many different designs have shown that tunable microwave components can improve the performance of a radio system in many ways.

In Japan, there are many natural disasters that often expose residents to the risk of serious damage. To minimize such damage, the Japanese government has built a disaster information network using a radio system, and as part of it, an outdoor acoustic mass notification system is routinely operated. However, its intelligibility may be reduced by outdoor noise, which is increased by rainfall. In the present study, long-term surveys of rainfall rate and outdoor noise were conducted at four sites with different surrounding environments and the relationship between them was analyzed to clarify the effects of the rainfall rate on the physical characteristics of outdoor noise. The results indicated that the median sound pressure level for each 1/3 octave band increased with increasing rainfall rate, mainly above mid-frequencies of around 500 Hz to 1 kHz, though the frequency at which the level began to rise depended on the time period and site. Furthermore, a newly proposed macroscopic model for estimating the sound pressure level of outdoor noise under rainy conditions indicated that the distance from the loudspeaker of the system to ensure a certain speech-to-noise ratio could be significantly reduced by heavy rainfall.

Radio in a college has now developed sufficiently. Radio Unas is a radio broadcast owned by the National University that is managed by the Unas TV and Radio Laboratory. Present online radio or website based radio streaming. Radio streaming is a technology that sends audio files simultaneously to many users. The purpose of this research is to build and develop a National University online radio using Icecast as a freeware and winamp streaming radio as software used for radio broadcast media. The design of this information system through several discussions is a needs analysis, system design, testing and implementation. With streaming radio at the National University, the public and students of the National University do not miss the latest information about the National University and become a means of entertainment for National University students and the public as long as they are connected to the internet. From the trial results of the National University's online radio site, the streaming radio system can help the public and students of the National University to provide streaming radio content, listen to music and view activities from the National University Radio through the website

Статья продолжает цикл работ автора по теме полунатурного моделирования более известного за рубежом как HIL-моделирование. В статье предложен алгоритм декомпозиции любой радиотехнической системы и последующего сшивания её частей при подстройке всего лишь одного из двух стабилизирующих параметров схемы сшивания. Кроме того, проанализирована возможность использования схемы сшивания в качестве согласующего устройства между фрагментами системы с точки зрения устойчивости системы. Всё это позволяет существенно сократить объём отладочных работ, выполняемых при полунатурном моделировании радиотехнических систем, как в области исследования элементарных систем, так и при отработке вариантов создания сложных мультисистем. В качестве доказательства правильности предложенного метода произведён аналитический расчёт, в общем виде показывающий возможность подстройки только одного стабилизирующего параметра в схеме сшивания декомпозированной системы, при этом сходимость параметров декомпозированной и исходной систем может быть достигнута за несколько итераций, а в некоторых случаях такой сходимости можно добиться и за одну итерацию. В заключении статьи выполнен расчёт с использованием численного примера для практического подтверждения предлагаемого метода. Для наглядности и правильного понимания описываемых действий приведены иллюстрации, как производимых операций, так и результатов вычислений., The article continues the cycle of the author's works on the subject of HIL-simulation. The article proposes an algorithm for the decomposition of any radio system and the subsequent coupling of its parts by adjusting only one of the two stabilizing parameters of the coupling scheme. In addition, the possibility of using a coupling scheme as a matching device between fragments of the system through the aspect of system stability was analyzed. All this makes it possible to significantly reduce the amount of debugging work performed in HIL-simulation of radio systems, both in the field of research of elementary systems and in working out options for creating complex multisystems. As a proof of the correctness of the proposed method, an analytical calculation was performed, in general, showing the possibility of adjusting only one stabilizing parameter in the coupling scheme of a decomposed system, while convergence of the parameters of the divided system to the parameters of the original system can be achieved in several iterations. In some cases, this convergence can be achieved in one iteration. In the conclusion of the article, the calculation was performed using a numerical example for practical confirmation of the proposed method. For clarity and correct understanding of the described actions, illustrations are given of both the operations performed and the results of the calculations., №1(24) (2019)

Effective communication during disasters is essential for emergency management, responders, and impacted populations. Recent hurricanes have drawn attention to the potential utility of push-to-talk (PTT) applications with some such as Zello, garnering over 6 million downloads during the week prior to Hurricane Irma. PTT technology integrates a two-way radio system to transmit and receive messages via point-to-point communication lines. With rapid implementation of newer technology and applications often driven by anecdotal reports and the media, the actual performance impact of such technology in the face of disasters is challenging to assess. This article attempts to characterize advantages and limitations of PTT in the context of hurricanes through primary news article sources.

Prospective 5G New Radio (NR) systems offer unprecedented capacity boost by the ultradense deployments of small cells operating at mmWave frequencies, with massive available bandwidths. They will facilitate the provisioning of exceptionally demanding mission-critical and resource-hungry applications that are envisaged to utilize the 5G communications infrastructure. In this work, we provide an analytical framework for 5G NR system analysis in terms of queuing theory. We consider a multiservice queuing system with a limited resource with customers that demand varying amount of resource within their service time. Such an approach provides more accurate performance evaluation compared to conventional multiservice models. For the considered model, we propose a method that allows to calculate the stationary probability distribution to the specified accuracy. Our findings are illustrated with a numerical example.

The article describes modern approaches to the choice and synthesis of modulating functions used for various purpose radio system signal generation.

In this paper we present a new communications solution for remote villages in developing countries. The system is based in the Near Vertical Ionospheric Skywave (NVIS) technique, able to achieve coverage areas up to 250 Km without line of sight. It is a low-cost, low-power system that can be easily installed and put into operation. The radio system communicates with a smartphone, where a messaging app is running, so text and low resolution images can be sent without the need of any mobile operator. The system has been tested between one of the Andean communities of the Sacred Valley of Incas in Peru and Urubamba, the nearest city.

With the massive deployment of IoT applications, Wake-up Radio, which represents the ultimate frontier in low power communication, has received an increased interest and has been demonstrated for several applications. However, when considering these different applications, the requirements are widely spread in terms of range, energy consumption, latency or protocols. This results in a large panel of wake-up radio hardware solutions as shown by the benchmark paper. At the same time, advanced submicron technologies such as 28nm FD-SOI technologies offer the opportunity to develop new architectures of tunable radios. In this paper, we will present our proposed wake-up radio system architecture exploiting highly tunable building blocks. Then, based on a simplified model of the wake-up, we will analyze the capability of the protocol to exploit this flexibility to improve the performance and to answer the requirements of the different applications. The benefits and the costs will be finally evaluated as a function of the different power criteria which impact the lifetime of the systems.

Different atmospheric refraction conditions could affect the radio marginal line-of-sight (LoS) distance and the scope of operation of radio system significantly. For vast number of radio system users to understand and use the standards of radio marginal LoS distance more intuitively, this paper presents a grading evaluation method based on the radio line-of-sight index as characterization factor, according to the degree and probability of radio marginal LoS distance deviating from the standard line-of-sight. On the basis of this, the possible influence of the radio line-of-sight index of different levels on the radio system is analyzed, as well as the influence of atmospheric refraction on the radio line-of-sight is described intuitively. This paper gives the distribution of the percentage of time of near ground the radio line-of-sight index in China.