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Introduction: Concomitant chemoradiation with cisplatin is standard treatment for non-metastatic head and neck cancers, but often limited by toxicities, especially deranged renal function and hearing complications. This leads to limited cycles of cisplatin due to challenges in administration and is not suitable for patients with poor renal function and hearing issues. Need of the study: Not enough data is available for patients who are not suitable for cisplatin administration along with radiation either due to sensitivity to cisplatin or the adverse effects mentioned earlier. Docetaxel has been recently observed to benefit such patients in overall response outcome including Disease Free Survival (DFS) and Overall Survival (OS) when administered concurrently with radiation. Improved clinical response with minimal toxicity to normal tissue is seen with docetaxel, as it is a phase-specific agent. Therefore, this would be a good alternative to Cisplatin in patients with deranged kidney function and sensorineural hearing loss. Aim: To estimate the adverse event profile and compliance of docetaxel with radiation. Methodology: This prospective observational study will be conducted in the department of Medical Oncology and Radiation Oncology at Sidharth Gupta Memorial Cancer Hospital, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Sawangi (M), Wardha, Maharashtra, India, starting from May 2024 to May 2025. Patients with pathologically confirmed non-metastatic Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (HNSCC), who are planned for Concurrent Chemoradiation (CCRT) but not suitable for cisplatin, will receive concurrent weekly docetaxel at a dose of 15 mg/sqm. Radiotherapy (RT) will be delivered according to the institutional protocol, daily dose of 200 cGy for five days a week will be given. Continuous monitoring during treatment will include weekly clinical evaluations, regular blood tests (haemoglobin, blood counts, renal functions), and grading of adverse events (CTCAE v5 criteria). Treatment response will be assessed via clinical evaluation and CECT scans (RECIST v1.1). Statistical analysis will be performed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 26.0 and will involve analysis of categorical variables with Chi-square and Fisher-exact tests, and continuous variables with unpaired t-tests and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). Time to event analysis will be done using the Kaplan-Meier method with p-value

Introduction: Concomitant chemoradiation with cisplatin is standard treatment for non-metastatic head and neck cancers, but often limited by toxicities, especially deranged renal function and hearing complications. This leads to limited cycles of cisplatin due to challenges in administration and is not suitable for patients with poor renal function and hearing issues. Need of the study: Not enough data is available for patients who are not suitable for cisplatin administration along with radiation either due to sensitivity to cisplatin or the adverse effects mentioned earlier. Docetaxel has been recently observed to benefit such patients in overall response outcome including Disease Free Survival (DFS) and Overall Survival (OS) when administered concurrently with radiation. Improved clinical response with minimal toxicity to normal tissue is seen with docetaxel, as it is a phase-specific agent. Therefore, this would be a good alternative to Cisplatin in patients with deranged kidney function and sensorineural hearing loss. Aim: To estimate the adverse event profile and compliance of docetaxel with radiation. Methodology: This prospective observational study will be conducted in the department of Medical Oncology and Radiation Oncology at Sidharth Gupta Memorial Cancer Hospital, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Sawangi (M), Wardha, Maharashtra, India, starting from May 2024 to May 2025. Patients with pathologically confirmed non-metastatic Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (HNSCC), who are planned for Concurrent Chemoradiation (CCRT) but not suitable for cisplatin, will receive concurrent weekly docetaxel at a dose of 15 mg/sqm. Radiotherapy (RT) will be delivered according to the institutional protocol, daily dose of 200 cGy for five days a week will be given. Continuous monitoring during treatment will include weekly clinical evaluations, regular blood tests (haemoglobin, blood counts, renal functions), and grading of adverse events (CTCAE v5 criteria). Treatment response will be assessed via clinical evaluation and CECT scans (RECIST v1.1). Statistical analysis will be performed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 26.0 and will involve analysis of categorical variables with Chi-square and Fisher-exact tests, and continuous variables with unpaired t-tests and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). Time to event analysis will be done using the Kaplan-Meier method with p-value <0.05 considered significant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The immune system is involved in the initiation and progression of cancer. Research on cancer and immunity has contributed to the development of several clinically successful immunotherapies. These immunotherapies often act on a single step of the cancer–immunity cycle. In recent years, the discovery of new nanomaterials has dramatically expanded the functions and potential applications of nanomaterials. In addition to acting as drug-delivery platforms, some nanomaterials can induce the immunogenic cell death (ICD) of cancer cells or regulate the profile and strength of the immune response as immunomodulators. Based on their versatility, nanomaterials may serve as an integrated platform for multiple drugs or therapeutic strategies, simultaneously targeting several steps of the cancer–immunity cycle to enhance the outcome of anticancer immune response. To illustrate the critical roles of nanomaterials in cancer immunotherapies based on cancer–immunity cycle, this review will comprehensively describe the crosstalk between the immune system and cancer, and the current applications of nanomaterials, including drug carriers, ICD inducers, and immunomodulators. Moreover, this review will provide a detailed discussion of the knowledge regarding developing combinational cancer immunotherapies based on the cancer–immunity cycle, hoping to maximize the efficacy of these treatments assisted by nanomaterials. Nanomaterials-assisted immunotherapy restores the cancer–immunity cycle by boosting one or several steps of cancer–immunity cycle or ease of immunosuppression in tumor macroenvironment, in which nanomaterials function as drug delivery platforms, ICD nano-inducers or immunomodulators. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective(s): The current systematic study has reviewed the therapeutic potential of gold nanoparticles as nano radiosensitizers for cancer radiation therapy. Materials and Methods: This study was done to review nano radiosensitizers. PubMed, Ovid Medline, Science Direct, SCOPUS, ISI web of knowledge, Springer databases were searched from 2000 to September 2013 to identify appropriate studies. Any study that assessed nanoparticles, candidate of radio enhancement at radiotherapy on animals or cell lines was included by two independent reviewers. Results: Gold nanoparticles can enhance radiosenstivity of tumor cells. This effect is shown in vivo and in vitro, at kilovoltage or megavoltage energies, in 15 reviewed studies. Emphasis of studies was on gold nanoparticles. Radiosensitization of nanoparticles depend on nanoparticles’ size, type, concentration, intracellular localization, used irradiation energy and tested cell line. Conclusion: Study outcomes have showed that gold nanoparticles have been beneficial at cancer radiation therapy.

Introduction: Application of nanoparticles as radio sensitizer is a promising field to improve efficiency of radiotherapy.Methods:This study was conducted to review nano radio sensitizers. PubMed, Ovid Medline, Science Direct, Scopus, ISI web of knowledge, and Springer databases were searched from 2000 to May 2013 to identify relevant studies. Search was restricted to English language. Results: We included any study that evaluated nanoparticles, volunteer of radio enhancement at radiotherapy on animals or cell lines. Nanoparticles can increase radio sensitivity of tumor cells. This effect was shown in vivo and in vitro, at kilovltage or megavoltage energies, in 24 reviewed studies. Focus of studies was on gold nanoparticles. Radio sensitizing effects of nanoparticles depend on nanoparticles’ size, type, concentration, intracellular localization, used irradiation energy and tested cell line.Conclusion: Literature suggests potency of nanoparticles for increasing cell radio sensitivity. Reviewed results are promising and warrant future clinical trials.

Objective(s): The current systematic study has reviewed the therapeutic potential of gold nanoparticles as nano radiosensitizers for cancer radiation therapy. Materials and Methods: This study was done to review nano radiosensitizers. PubMed, Ovid Medline, Science Direct, SCOPUS, ISI web of knowledge, Springer databases were searched from 2000 to September 2013 to identify appropriate studies. Any study that assessed nanoparticles, candidate of radio enhancement at radiotherapy on animals or cell lines was included by two independent reviewers. Results: Gold nanoparticles can enhance radiosenstivity of tumor cells. This effect is shown in vivo and in vitro, at kilovoltage or megavoltage energies, in 15 reviewed studies. Emphasis of studies was on gold nanoparticles. Radiosensitization of nanoparticles depend on nanoparticles' size, type, concentration, intracellular localization, used irradiation energy and tested cell line. Conclusion: Study outcomes have showed that gold nanoparticles have been beneficial at cancer radiation therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Application of nanoparticles as radio sensitizer is a promising field to improve efficiency of radiotherapy. Methods: This study was conducted to review nano radio sensitizers. PubMed, Ovid Medline, Science Direct, Scopus, ISI web of knowledge, and Springer databases were searched from 2000 to May 2013 to identify relevant studies. Search was restricted to English language. Results: We included any study that evaluated nanoparticles, volunteer of radio enhancement at radiotherapy on animals or cell lines. Nanoparticles can increase radio sensitivity of tumor cells. This effect was shown in vivo and in vitro, at kilovltage or megavoltage energies, in 24 reviewed studies. Focus of studies was on gold nanoparticles. Radio sensitizing effects of nanoparticles depend on nanoparticles' size, type, concentration, intracellular localization, used irradiation energy and tested cell line. Conclusion: Literature suggests potency of nanoparticles for increasing cell radio sensitivity. Reviewed results are promising and warrant future clinical trials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To evaluate the acute toxicity of 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2DG) by oral (p.o.) and intravenous (i.v.) routes, and also the cardio-respiratory effects following high doses of 2DG in animal models. Methods The LDs0 of 2DG (in water) was determined in rats and mice by p.o. route and in mice by i.v. route. The effect of 2-DG (250 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg, and 1000 mg/kg, i.v.) was studied on various cardio-respiratory parameters viz., mean arterial blood pressure, heart rate and respiratory rate in anaesthetised rats. The effect of 2DG (500 mg/kg, 1000 mg/kg, and 2000 mg/kg, p.o.) was also studied on various respiratory parameters viz., respiratory rate and tidal volume in conscious rats and mice using a computer program. Results The p.o. LD50 of 2DG was found to be >8000 mg/kg in mice and rats, and at this dose no death was observed. The LD50 in mice by i.v. route was found to be 8000 mg/kg. At this dose 2 out of 4 mice died and the death occurred within 6 h. A significant increase in the body weight was observed after p.o. administration of 2DG in rats at 500 mg/kg, 1000 mg/kg, and 2000 mg/kg doses. There was no significant change in the body weight at 4000 mg/kg and 8000 mg/kg by the p.o. route in rats and up to 8000 mg/kg by p.o. as well as i.v. routes in mice. Intravenous administration of 2DG (250 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg, and 1000 mg/kg) in anaesthetised rats showed a time-dependent decrease in the mean arterial blood pressure. There was no change in the heart rate in any of the treatment groups. The tidal volume was not changed significantly by p.o administration in conscious rats, but a significant decrease in the respiratory frequency at 500 mg/kg and 1000 mg/kg doses was observed. In the mice also there was no change in the tidal volume after p.o, administration, but the respiratory frequency decreased significantly at 2000 mg/kg dose. Conclusion 2DG is a safe compound but can cause a fall in the blood pressure and a decrease in respiratory frequency at high doses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cancer treatment has improved significantly over the past decade and there is an ongoing focus on not only finding more and better ways to treat cancers but also to improve quality of life of the cancer survivor. One-half of the estimated 1.2 million new cases of invasive cancer will receive radiation therapy as a part of their cancer treatment and despite best efforts, 5% of patients will develop severe reactions to radiation therapy. The goal of radiation therapy is to eradicate tumors with minimal, if any, adverse effects. However despite preventive measures permanent damage may occur. This leads often, to painful and disabling conditions. Conventional treatment of these lesions often has frustrating results. Hyperbaric Oxygenation (HBO) has been proposed asa part of the overall treatment since the mid 1960s and several studies have reported beneficial effects. Hyperbaric oxygen helps reduce morbidity, disfiguring sequelae and further need for corrective surgery. It is also being evaluated for its role in enhancing radiosenstivity in selected head and neck tumors. This article reviews the role of Hyperbaric oxygen in the management of cancers and the sequalae of side effects due to radiation. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Nanoparticle-based radio-sensitizers can amplify the effects of radiation therapy on tumor tissue even at relatively low concentrations while reducing the potential side effects to healthy surrounding tissues. In this study, we investigated a hybrid anisotropic nanostructure, composed of gold (Au) and titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ), as a radio-sensitizer for radiation therapy of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). In contrast to other gold-based radio sensitizers, dumbbell-like Au-TiO 2 nanoparticles (DATs) show a synergistic therapeutic effect on radiation therapy, mainly because of strong asymmetric electric coupling between the high atomic number metals and dielectric oxides at their interfaces. The generation of secondary electrons and reactive oxygen species (ROS) from DATs triggered by X-ray irradiation can significantly enhance the radiation effect. After endocytosed by cancer cells, DATs can generate a large amount of ROS under X-ray irradiation, eventually inducing cancer cell apoptosis. Significant tumor growth suppression and overall improvement in survival rate in a TNBC tumor model have been successfully demonstrated under DAT uptake for a radio-sensitized radiation therapy.

Nanoparticles (<100 nm) evades the immune system's clearing mechanisms long enough to reach the targeted disease tissue efficiently. We have, therefore, hypothesized that nano-formulated Tunicamycin would have a better efficacy and consequently it will be a better candidate for treating solid tumor including breast cancer in the clinic. Tunicamycin, a potent inhibitor of asparagine-linked (N-linked) protein glycosylation has been found earlier (I) inhibits angiogenesis in vitro by arresting cells in G1; (II) in vivo angiogenesis in Matrigel™ implant in nude mice; and (III) prevents the progression of a double- and a triple-negative breast tumor in athymic nude mice by inducing "ER stress" in tumor microvasculature. Tunicamycin could work alone or in combination with radiation/radiotherapy. To evaluate nano-formulated Tunicamycin, we have synthesized Tunicamycin encapsulated in peptide nanotubes, nanotubes bound to gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) conjugated with Tunicamycin, Tunicamycin conjugated with nanotubes, Au NPs bound to tubes and conjugated with Tunicamycin, and Au NPs conjugated with Tunicamycin. Functionalization of the nanoparticles was characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier Transformed Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and absorbance spectroscopy. The 3-(4,5-methylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-dipheyl-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay indicated that nanoparticles (1 μg/mL) inhibited capillary endothelial cells proliferation, i.e., angiogenesis ~50% within one hour of treatment whereas the native Tunicamycin had no effect. The nano-formulated Tunicamycin blocked the cell cycle progression by inhibiting either both cyclin D1 and CDK4, or cyclin D1, or the CDK4 expression as well as the expression of phospho Rb (serine-229/threonine-252). Phosphorylation of p53 at serine-392 was down-regulated but not the total p53. Increased expression of GRP-78/Bip identified "ER stress". Upregulated expression (1.6-5.5 fold) of phopsho-PERK and significant reduction of mannosylphospho dolichol synthase (DPMS) expression supported induction of unfolded protein response ( upr ) signaling. Down regulated expression of caspase-9 and caspase-3 proposes a non-canonical pathway of cell death during "ER stress" induced by nano-formulated Tunicamycin., Competing Interests: Disclosure: The authors declare no conflict of interest.