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Blackleg, caused by Leptosphaeria maculans, is a major oilseed rape disease present in many traditional growing regions worldwide and is also becoming increasingly important in Tunisia. Cultivation of oilseed rape varieties harbouring major blackleg resistance genes (R‐genes) in an integrated approach represents the most effective means of controlling this fungal threat; knowledge of the pathogen population structure is a prerequisite for its efficient use. Leptosphaeria spp. isolates (145) were collected and characterized during 2018–2020 from oilseed rape stubble originating from seven northern Tunisian regions. As in most other growing areas, L. maculans and L. biglobosa occurred together on diseased plants. Most isolates (78.6%, n = 114) were L. maculans. For those, a combination of differential set phenotyping and PCR‐based avirulence gene analyses was used to perform race typing. Overall, 30 races were identified, carrying at least two and up to eight of the 11 avirulence genes tested. The most predominant race (14.9%) carried AvrLm7, AvrLepR1 and AvrLepR2 and was detected each year and in six out of the seven regions sampled, indicating the effectiveness of major R‐genes Rlm7 and LepR1 in Tunisia. Rlm2 was overcome by all Tunisian L. maculans isolates, but most were avirulent on Rlm6 and LepR2 (>50%), suggesting that using these R‐genes would provide protection in Tunisia. Both mating types were identified, with MAT1‐2 being twice as frequent as MAT1‐1. These results endorse the need for regular race surveillance of the local pathogen population at temporal and regional scales to develop appropriate blackleg management strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coffee berry disease (CBD) is not present in the Americas and presents a potential risk for growing coffee. Therefore, Colombia, which has been in scientific cooperation with the Centro de Investigação de Ferrugens do Cafeeiro (CIFC) of Portugal for more than 30 years, has been evaluating the genetic resistance of nine populations of C. arabica to 13 isolates of Colletotrichum kahawae JM Waller and PD Bridge, which are diverse in terms of aggressiveness and geographical origin. The phenotypes observed in the interaction between C. arabica and C. kahawae were used to develop a statistically reliable scale (p-value ≥ 0.001) to categorize resistance in C. arabica into five classes, and this scale was used to classify the nine populations of C. arabica evaluated. The results allowed us to corroborate the potential of Timor Hybrid CIFC 1343 (TH CIFC 1343) as a source of genetic resistance to CBD and to identify new genetic sources not yet explored for the development of varieties in Colombia that may eventually mitigate the effects of CBD in the face of increasing rainfall events and minimum temperatures due to climate change, which can favor disease development. Additionally, the results suggest that the existence of races in the C. arabica–C. kahawae complex is probable, and a selection of genotypes was identified as a possible differential series of races in C. kahawae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stem rust of barley and wheat is caused by the obligate pathogen Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici (Pgt) and stem rust of oat is caused by P. graminis f. sp. avenae (Pga). Stem rust can be a very destructive disease of cereal crops and, until the development of resistant host varieties, was responsible for millions of dollars of losses to producers. Genetic host resistance is the most common and effective method to control stem rust on cereals. Knowledge of the virulence genes and races present in the pathogen population is important to identify effective host resistance genes for use by cereal plant breeders. The objectives of this study were to determine the incidence and severity of P. graminis in wheat, barley and oat in Manitoba, Canada, and assess the virulence frequencies and races of isolates collected from Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Ontario, Canada during 2020 to 2022. Stem rust incidence and severity was very light in Manitoba in 2020, 2021 and 2022. Virulence was not observed on resistance genes Sr30, Sr24 and Sr31 from Canadian collections of Pgt isolates made during 2020 to 2022. Race QFCSC was the most common race of Pgt in Canada, and races MCCFC and TPMKC were also common in Manitoba in 2022. Virulence to resistance genes Pg6, Pg10 and Pg16 was not observed among Pga isolates. The most common race of Pga from Manitoba and Saskatchewan was TGN, followed by SGB and TJS. The most frequent Pga races were TDJ, TDD and TGN in Ontario. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) poses a major risk to worldwide rice cultivation due to its ability to cause bacterial blight (BB). Identifying the Xoo race patterns, and using resistant genes specific to a particular race is a promising strategy to develop varieties with durable resistance. In the present research, 300 Xoo isolates were confirmed and purified from 40 rice-producing areas of Bangladesh to determine the existing races/pathotypes of Xoo. The sensitive rice varieties IR24, BRRI dhan49, and Purbachi showed susceptible reactions against the tested isolates. Fourteen monogenic differentials and 18 pyramid lines were challenged against 300 isolates of Xoo. Bacterial blight resistance genes Xa1, Xa2, Xa3, Xa4, xa5, Xa7, xa8, Xa10, Xa11, xa13, Xa14, Xa21, Xa23, and Xa27 were found in each monogenic differential. By analyzing patterns of the reaction of 300 Xoo isolates on monogenic differentials, 13 pathotypes/races were determined. The effectiveness of the host plant R genes Xa4, xa5, Xa7, xa8, Xa10, xa13, Xa14, Xa21, and Xa27 against bacterial blight has been determined by analyzing frequency resistances and the responses of near isogenic and pyramid lines. Races 1, 3, and 6 were dominantly widespread across the country and were regarded as important races since they had the greatest number of isolates (25%, 23.33%, and 9.67% respectively). Race 2 was the most ubiquitous among the pathotypes, whereas Race 3 was the most virulent, having circumvented every evaluated resistance gene. The bacterial-blight resistant R genes Xa21 and Xa27 have shown resistance against eight and ten races out of thirteen different races, respectively (i.e., 54.7 and 44.3% of the isolates tested). In the evaluation of 50 pyramid lines against the 5 most virulent races, the combinations of Xa4, Xa7, xa13, and Xa21 or the combinations of Xa4, xa5, Xa7, xa13, and Xa21 genes were effective. At present, the suitable and effective R genes i.e., xa5, Xa7, xa8, xa13, Xa21, Xa23, and Xa27 could be utilized for the development of a durable BB-resistant variety in Bangladesh. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractPuccinia coronata var avenae f. sp. avenae (Pca), the causal fungus of crown rust of oats, is a significant threat to oat production in the eastern prairie region (Manitoba and eastern Saskatchewan; EPR), Ontario and Quebec (eastern Canada; EC), in Canada. Development of oat lines with effective resistance to Pca has been a priority for oat breeding programmes in Canada, and helped mitigate reductions in oat yield and quality. This requires knowledge of the virulence characteristics of the Pca population in Canada. Our objectives were to determine the incidence and severity of Pca in Canada, the presence and frequency of virulence and races in Pca populations and compare the traditional extensive sampling method (few isolates per field from many fields) to an intensive sampling method (many isolates per field from a few fields) for obtaining genetically diverse collections. The incidence and severity of crown rust of oat in Canada was lower in 2016 to 2020 than has been reported in previous years. Virulence to all the 24 Pc genes studied was observed over the 5 years in EC and the EPR. The most effective genes were Pc94, Pc98 and Pc101 in EC and Pc50, Pc96, Pc97 and Pc98 in the EPR. Approximately 81% of 424 races identified were of unique virulence phenotypes over the 5 years, indicating a highly variable Pca population in Canada. Races JTQG-91 and GTQG-91 were the most common races identified. Collections of Pca obtained using the extensive sampling method were observed to be more genetically diverse than collections obtained using the intensive sampling method in 2018 and 2020, but not in 2019. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pseudoperonospora cubensis, causal agent of cucurbit downy mildew, is a common and highly variable pathogen of cucurbit vegetables. Pathogen virulence can be considered on two different levels, that is, pathotypes and races. Pathotypes characterize the interactions between pathogen isolates and the set of genotypes represented by different species and/or genera of the host plant family. Races are characterized by the interactions between pathogen isolates and the set of genotypes (e.g., cultivars, lines, accessions) of one host species (or very closely related species). Differential sets for pathotype and/or race determination are composed of distinct (different) genotypes. Until recently, only differentiation of pathotypes was used to characterize P. cubensis. Most recent research of virulence variation in P. cubensis populations in the Czech Republic working with the Cucumis melo differential set demonstrated the existence of a large number of races of this pathogen. The differential capacity of this set was primarily created for the determination and denomination of virulence phenotypes/races of cucurbit powdery mildew (Golovinomyces orontii, Podosphaera xanthii). However, this set is also efficient for differentiating virulence phenotypes in P. cubensis. This means that one set of C. melo differential genotypes can be used for two independent plant–pathogen systems: cucurbit powdery mildew and cucurbit downy mildew. Results showed that isolates of P. cubensis developing identical virulence reaction patterns at the level of pathotype, develop different reaction patterns at the level of races and vice versa. It is demonstrated and explained that pathotypes and races are two different categories for the assessment of virulence variation, which should be clearly defined, recognized and used within international scientific and breeding communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Because discrimination is systemic, efforts to counter it must also be systemic. The South African case is instructive because it is extreme: Apartheid deliberately excluded the majority of the population, Black South Africans, from fully participating in society, but post-Apartheid efforts to achieve transformation have had limited success. This article examines the university system, where transformation involves increasing the size of the system; improving scientific quality and changing the racial composition. This will require more Black South Africans to do PhDs, to select academic careers and to be selected into the top universities. Policy interventions can be developed for each of these elements, but will they be complementary or contradictory? We simulate a calibrated model to address this question. Results reveal direct trade-offs, with different combinations resulting in different benefits. By highlighting the differential gains of different policy combinations, this article can support informed policy-making about a highly complex issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of global warming, it is crucial to focus on the effects of temperature on the emergence of new lineages of endemic pathogen species, such as Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst) the causal agent of yellow rust on wheat. We characterized the thermal aptitude of representative isolates from the most recent common European Pst races. We assessed two key aggressiveness components—infection efficiency (IE) and latency period (LP)—under warm and cold thermal regimes, comparing 10 Pst isolates collected from 2010 to 2020 with three "old" reference isolates. The significant differences observed suggest that this species has the potential to adapt to temperature changes, but that such adaptation probably did not drive the establishment of neither the previously dominant races 'Warrior' and 'Warrior(-)', nor the following most recent races. These races display "generalist" behavior with respect to temperature, with 'Warrior(-)' showing no more aggressiveness than the races replaced since the 1990s. The differences in competitive success between emerging Pst lineages are probably due to the deployment of resistance genes in wheat and the advantages of new forms of virulence emerging independently of thermal adaptability. However, variations in thermal adaptability for both aggressiveness components suggested an impact of geographic origin within the 'Warrior' and 'Warrior(-)' races, as previously reported for the "old" reference isolates. Furthermore, the independence of thermal adaptability established for IE and LP implies that the effects of temperature may depend on the stage of the epidemic (early or late), potentially modifying seasonal dynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the potential economic and labour market impacts of a hypothetical but plausible migration scenario of 250,000 new migrants inspired by Austria's experience in 2015. Using the agent-based macroeconomic model developed by Poledna et al. (Eur Econ Rev, 151:104306, 2023. 10.1016/j.euroecorev.2022.104306, the study explores the detailed labour market outcomes for different groups in Austria's population and the macroeconomic effects of the migration scenario. The analysis suggests that Austria's economy and labour market have the potential to be resilient to the simulated migration influx. The results indicate a positive impact on GDP due to increased aggregate consumption and investment. The labour market experiences an increase in the unemployment rates of natives and previous migrants. In some industries, the increase in the unemployment rates is more significant, potentially indicating competition among different groups of migrants. This research provides insights for policymakers and stakeholders in Austria and other countries that may face the challenge of managing large-scale migration in the near future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Arab Journal of Plant Protection is the property of Arab Society for Plant Protection and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract This article examines the works of the Argentinian naturalist Florentino Ameghino (1854-1911) and the German zoologist Hermann von Ihering (1850-1930) concerning the origin and classification of human ‘races’ and the development of human culture. The research is primarily founded on an analysis of letters exchanged between these two scholars, emphasizing the significance of skulls as tangible evidence in the reconstruction of human evolution. The article delves into Ihering’s pivotal role in the formulation of a standardized craniometric system, following which it explores Ameghino’s propositions regarding the origin and local development of the human species. Subsequently, the reception of Ameghino’s ideas by Ihering and the latter’s investigations into the origins of human culture are scrutinized. This investigation illuminates a network of local, transnational, and transatlantic connections, within which study objects, instruments, and epistemes were disseminated. The collective nature of anthropological practices is underscored, underpinned by the principles of collaboration, alliance, and competition at multiple levels. In conclusion, the authors argue that the relationship between Ameghino and Ihering demonstrates the extent to which anthropological knowledge evolved into a collective, transnational, and dialogical endeavor. Even theories and hypotheses that have subsequently become marginalized in the history of anthropology are recognized as crucial stepping stones in the construction of anthropological knowledge.

Corn cultivation is relevant to the province of Tayacaja, a region with the greatest biodiversity in the Huancavelica State, although to date there are no published studies. Phenotypic characterization pursues measuring the genetic diversity of a group of genotypes, using appropriate morphological descriptors. The main objective of this work was to study the agro-morphological characteristics and productive potential of 25 starchy corn varieties, evaluated in four contrasting environments of the province of Tayacaja, Perú, during the crop cycle 2019–2020. For this purpose, 25 plant and ear characteristics were chosen, using principal components (PC) and cluster analysis. The experiments were established in an alpha-lattice design, with three replications, in experimental units of two rows, with 0.20 m between plants and 0.80 m between furrows, 4 m long. The agro-morphological characterization grouped the 25 varieties within 6 well-defined clusters, giving an overview of the existing phenotypic variability among the evaluated starchy corn varieties. The varieties G 6 , G 14 , G 20 , G T3 , and G 18 were the genotypes with the most outstanding characteristics, which facilitated their separation from the rest of the materials studied. The multivariate analysis brought together representative varieties of certain races, with typical plant and ear characteristics. The study revealed the existence of a good productive and agronomic potential for the development of genetic materials for cancha (toasted kernel grains), choclo (fresh corn), and mote corn production; as well as the presence of anthocyanin in the grain, information that, together with the agro-morphological characterization, could be very useful to enhance gains in the selection process in future genetic improvement work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Verticillium wilt caused by soil‐borne fungus Verticillium dahliae results in serious quality, yield and economic losses in tomato fruit production in tomato‐growing areas around the world. In this study, V. dahliae isolates obtained from six different major grafted tomato production areas in Antalya province of Türkiye were characterized for races, pathotypes and vegetative compatibility groups using the specific PCR primers. Out of 66 isolates, 60 were determined to be race 2. Six isolates were not identified as race 1 or race 2. Fifty‐six isolates were determined as defoliating pathotypes (D) while 10 isolates were identified as non‐defoliating (ND) pathotypes. The isolates were clustered into four vegetative compatibility groups (VCGs): VCG1A (61), VCG2A or VCG4B (3), VCG2B (1) and VCG6 (1). According to the results of this study, the race 2, D pathotype and VCG1A isolates were dominant and widely distributed in the region. Additionally, the V. dahliae isolates fall into two major groups based on the dendrogram constructed from molecular data by Dice similarity index. The dendrogram showed significant diversity among the V. dahliae isolates particularly in the Elmalı region compared to other regions. The study is the first comprehensive research with the current disease and race 2 was identified for the first time in grafted tomatoes. These findings will lead to the development of V. dahliae‐resistant grafted tomatoes and breeding programs in Türkiye. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores two central poles of Rudolf Steiner's thought: racial/ethnic hierarchy (primitive/degenerate/earthly vs. advanced/sophisticated/spiritual) and universalism (of the "I" and the eventual disappearance of racial and ethnic differentiations in the future). The relationship between these two poles has been fiercely debated by scholars, anthroposophists, and lay people over the past twenty years. In contrast to previous studies on Steiner's rac(ial)ism that have focused on how it can be contextualized within the philosophy, sciences, and Theosophy of his day and followed its manifestations in different stages of his life, this article takes an internalist approach, examining how Steiner's racial doctrine is integral to his teachings as a whole. Demonstrating that the ostensible dichotomy between the two poles on the conceptual plane is false, the article also points to the two incongruous and irreconcilable aspects of Steiner's personality: while taking a strong stand against racism he also disseminated extremist racial views. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista FACE is the property of Universidad de Pamplona and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The seasonal effect on growth, survival, and protein content in haemolymph, fat body, and silk gland of the silkworm, Bombyx mori L. hybrid races viz. PM x CSR2, CSR4 x CSR2 and CSR2 x CSR4 using mulberry variety Kanva-2/M5 during rainy, winter and summer seasons have been investigated. The protein level in the haemolymph, fat body, and silk gland was higher in PM x CSR2 during the winter season followed by CSR4 x CSR2 and CSR2 x CSR4. During the summer season, the protein content in all the tissues was low. The protein content was high in winter due to the slow rate of development and growth of the silkworms, which allowed larvae to consume more food and convert the food into protein due to extended larval duration, resulting in improved cocoon characters. The changes in the protein concentration of haemolymph, fat body, and silk gland are correlated with the degree of food absorption, and conversion and utilization during the different seasons. The season has played a significant role in increasing the activity of proteins level in haemolymph, fat body and silk gland. The growth and development of silkworms and mortality rate are also influenced by season. A significantly highest weight of 3.005±0.68 g was recorded in PM x CSR2 during the winter season when compared with other races and seasons. Results showed CSR4xCSR2 and CSR2xCSR4 breeds are more susceptible in all seasons with a high rate of mortality with 10 % and 12 % in the summer season has been recorded. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revue de Synthèse is the property of Brill Academic Publishers and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Purpose: The pathogenesis of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is complex and may vary between different races. It has been suggested that the anatomical balance between skeletal tissues and soft tissues around the upper airway is a key pathophysiologic factor of OSA. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the anatomical balance of the upper airway between Dutch and Chinese patients with OSA based on cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study performed in two centers and included Dutch and Chinese adults with OSA. CBCT scans in the supine position were obtained for both Dutch and Chinese OSA groups. The primary outcome variable was the anatomical balance of the upper airway, defined as the ratio of the tongue area and the maxillomandibular enclosure area. Results: A total of 28 Dutch adults (mean age ± SD of 46.6 ± 14.1 years, body mass index [BMI] of 26.8 ± 3.5 kg/m2, and apnea-hypopnea index [AHI] of 15.7 ± 7.1 events/h) and 24 Chinese adults (age 41.0 ± 12.4 years, BMI 26.5 ± 3.3 kg/m2, and AHI 16.5 ± 7.8 events/h). There were no significant differences in AHI, age, BMI, and sex between the two groups (P = 0.14–0.76). The Dutch group had a significantly larger tongue area and tongue length compared to the Chinese group (P = 0.01 and P < 0.01). On the other hand, the Chinese group had a smaller maxilla length compared to the Dutch group (P < 0.01). However, the anatomical balance of the upper airway of both groups was not significantly different (P = 0.16). Conclusion: Within the limitations of this study, no significant difference was found in the anatomical balance of the upper airway between Dutch and Chinese patients with mild to moderate OSA. Trial registration: The present study was registered at the ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT03463785. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Information on the races of Puccinia triticina Erikss. in Novosibirsk Province is needed to identify sources of effective genes for leaf rust resistance. The goal hereof was monitoring genetic variability of the P. triticina population in the Ob riverside forest-steppe, Novosibirsk Province, and detecting effective resistance genes to develop wheat cultivars resistant to the disease. Materials and methods. In 2015–2019, affliction of Thatcher lines (Tc) and cultivars under the disease pressure was assessed, and P. triticina structure in the Ob forest-steppe of Novosibirsk Province was monitored. P. triticina genotypes were identified using the Long–Kolmer system. Additionally, a set of cultivars with the Lr19, Lr20, Lr28, Lr39; 6 – Lr6Agi2, Lr6Agi1, LrKu, and LrSp2 genes was employed. Results. A high frequency of virulence was detected for cultivars with the Lr3ka, Lr10, Lr1, Lr2a, Lr2c, Lr3a, Lr11, Lr18, Lr20, Lr30, Lr16, Lr17, and LrB genes (66.7–100 %). The P. triticina structure consisted of 27 races, including 12 common ones: TGTT GB, TGTR GB, TQTT GB, TQTR GB, TGPT GB, THFR GB, KHTT GB, PHKT GB, PQTT GB, THTP BB, PGFR GB, and SGPR GB. Genotypes with the Lr6Agi2, Lr6Agi1, LrKu, Lr39, Lr42, Lr12, Lr19, Lr24, Lr25, Lr28, Lr35, Lr45, Lr47, Lr50, Lr52, LrSp2, Lr6Agi1+Lr19, Lr6Agi2+Lr10+Lr34, Lr11+Lr13+Lr22a, Lr13+LrTb, Lr24+Lr26, Lr37+Lr13, Lr37+Lr1, Lr34+Lr13, Lr43+Lr24, and Lr49+Lr34 genes were resistant to P. triticina under the infection pressure. Some wheat genotypes varied in leaf rust resistance across the years (0–5 % for TcLr29 and TcLr21, 0–10 % for CSP 44 and TcLr44, 0–20 % for TcLr13, 1–30 % for TcLr37, and 15–80 % for Pavon F 76). Conclusion. The local leaf rust population has changed slightly over the years of study (the Lr18 and Lr38 genes have lost resistance), and was very different from the population before 2010.

Copyright of Revista Chapingo Serie Horticultura is the property of Universidad Autonoma Chapingo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Summary: Limited information is available regarding the susceptibility or resistance of soybean cultivars to Meloidogyne enterolobii. Recently, a new race of this species was detected in Brazil parasitising cotton and soybean. This nematode has the potential to pose a problem in both of these crops, since it is pathogenic and virulent to several economically important plants that have resistance genes to other Meloidogyne species. The aim of this study was to assess the responses of EMBRAPA's main soybean cultivars with confirmed resistance to M. incognita and M. javanica to the two races of M. enterolobii detected in Brazil. Additionally, this study aimed to characterise the aggressiveness of these nematode races. The experiments were conducted in a plastic house, in a factorial scheme with 16 soybean cultivars × two M. enterolobii races (guava and cotton), totalling 32 treatments × eight replications, and evaluated with two replications over time. Soybean sowing took place in pots containing 1.7 l of a mixture of soil, sand and Bioplant® substrate (1:1:1), previously autoclaved. Each soybean plant was inoculated with 5000 eggs of M. enterolobii. After 75 days for the first experiment, and 90 days for the second, the following variables were evaluated: gall index (GI), egg mass index (EMI), total number of eggs per g root (NEGR) and the reproduction factor (RF). Both races of M. enterolobii showed reproductive ability in all soybean genotypes (with or without known genetic resistance), albeit with moderate to low values in comparison to their reproduction on tomato plants. The race from cotton was considered statistically more aggressive than the guava population on soybean cultivars. Only 'BRS 7180 IPRO' was moderately resistant to both races in both experiments. In view of the importance and prospects for expansion of the soybean crop, the findings of this study contribute to a better understanding of the resistance and aggressiveness exhibited by the two races of M. enterolobii , Moreover, the study highlights the significant challenge that lies ahead in developing breeding programmes to select soybean genotypes with multiple resistance to Meloidogyne spp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies on the population structure and variation of Magnaporthe oryzae in fields are of great significance for the control of rice blast disease. In this study, a total of 462 isolates isolated from different areas of Hunan Province in 2016 and 2018 were analyzed for their population structure and variation tendency. The results showed that from 2016 to 2018, the concentration of fungal races of M. oryzae increased and the diversity decreased; furthermore, 218 isolates in 2016 belonged to ZA, ZB, ZC, ZE, ZF and ZG, with a total of 6 groups and 29 races, in which the dominant-population ZB group accounted for 66.2%; meanwhile, in 2018, 244 isolates were classified into 4 groups and 21 races, including ZA, ZB, ZC and ZG, in which the dominant-population ZB group accounted for 72.54%. In 2018, isolates of ZD, ZE and ZF populations were absent, and the number of total races and isolates of the ZA and ZC groups decreased. Fungal pathogenicity was identified, with 24 monogenic lines (MLs) carrying 24 major R genes. The resistance frequency of R genes to fungal isolates in 2018 decreased significantly, in which except Pikm was 64.5%, the other monogenic lines were less than 50%. Rep-PCR analysis for isolates of Guidong in Hunan also showed that fungal diversity decreased gradually. The influence of R genes on fungal variation was analyzed. The pathogenicity of isolates purified from Xiangwanxian 11 planted with monogenic lines was significantly more enhanced than those without monogenic lines. All the results indicated that in recent years, the fungal abundance in Hunan has decreased while fungal pathogenicity has increased significantly. This study will greatly benefit rice-resistance breeding and the control of rice blast disease in Hunan Province. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Angular Leaf Spot (ALS) caused by Pseudocercospora griseola is responsible for 54% yield loss in Uganda's common beans. Host plant resistance is a safe and cost-effective management strategy for this disease. Identification of resistant common bean genotypes to prevailing races is vital to utilize the crop. Therefore, the objective of this study was to identify genotypes that are resistant to the commonly occurring and virulent P. griseola races in Uganda for breeding purposes. Twenty-seven common bean genotypes and three control varieties (Mexico54, MCM5001, and CAL96) were screened at field conditions for ALS resistance at testing site (National Agricultural Research Laboratories - Kawanda) under natural disease infection. The genotypes were also evaluated in the screen house using frequently occurring P. griseola races: 61:63, 1:6 and 21:39. Variability in the severity of ALS on both leaves and pods was significant whereas the difference between seasons and the interaction between the seasons and genotypes was only significant for yield. The disease severity scores were higher (mean of 3.2) on leaves than on pods (mean of 2.9). Ninety-three percent, 33.3% and 15% of the genotypes were resistant to P. griseola races 21:39, 1:6 and 61:63, respectively. A large-seeded genotype AFR703 was resistant to all the three P. griseola races. A medium seed size genotype AFR702 and three small seed genotypes (G148, G18842 and G6727) were resistant to both 21:39 and 1:6 but moderate resistance to 61:63 whereas a large-seeded genotype AND279 was resistant to both 61:63 and 21:39 but moderate to 1:6. All of these six genotypes (AFR703, AFR702, G148, G18842, G6727 and AND279) expressed moderate resistance to P. griseola races on leaves under field conditions. Thus, these common bean genotypes could be used as sources of ALS resistance for breeding programs to address the ALS constraint; and genes responsible for resistance have to be characterized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wheat stripe rust caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici is a destructive disease. Its pathogen frequently adapts to newly invaded regions and overcomes resistance in wheat cultivars. This disease is especially important in China due to its favorable conditions for the stripe rust epidemic and the recombination population structure of pathogens. Xinjiang is a vast epidemic region in China, but very limited research on this disease has been performed in this region. In this study, we identified 25 races from 129 isolates collected from winter wheat fields from five different regions (Nileke, Xinyuan, Gongliu, Huocheng, and Qapqal) of Yili, Xinjiang, using the Chinese set of 19 differential wheat lines. All isolates were virulent on the differentials Fulhad and Early Premium, but no isolates were virulent on Yr5. Among the 25 races, Suwon11-1 was the most prevalent, followed by CYR34. Both races were found in four out of the five locations. It is important to continue monitoring stripe rust and its pathogen races in this region, as it forms a pathway between China and Central Asia. Collaborative research is essential for controlling stripe rust in this region, other regions in China, and neighboring countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study analyzes sex ratio at birth in Spain from the late 19th century to the present. A detailed examination has been performed for the period between 1975 and 2019, considering over 20 million birth records. In addition to verifying the low reliability of the birth records during the early 20th century, we have also found that, in contrast to general beliefs, this ratio is not consistent. Our data suggest that parental age and race, birth order and intensity of solar radiation, all clearly influence this indicator. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Whether labor market competition is shaping anti-immigration attitudes is a contentious issue. We conduct a novel test of ethnic competition theory by comparing the attitudes toward immigration of workers with fixed-term contracts to those with permanent jobs in Europe. Fixed-term contract workers are particularly at risk of competition as they have to compete for jobs in the foreseeable future. In the first step of our investigation, we analyze cross-sectional data (European Social Survey, 2002–18) from 18 Western European countries. We find that—contrary to our expectation—fixed-term workers are less anti-immigration. The effect is substantively small. In the second step, we use a fixed-effects design with longitudinal data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (GSOEP, 1999–2015) to rule out time-constant unobserved heterogeneity. We find that transitioning from a fixed to a permanent contract does not affect anti-immigration attitudes. Our combined results thus add to the growing body of studies that do not find evidence for labor market competition as an explanation of anti-immigrant attitudes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mexico and several Central American countries have developed a culinary system based on maize (Zea mays L.). The deployment of this system has turned maize grain into a staple food and has promoted the generation of a wide variety of native morphotypes or races. These races' origins have a long generational history built by thousands of families of small producers dedicated to their cultivation, selection, and protection. The variety of native maize races has also promoted different forms of processing, with nixtamalization being one of the most relevant. This type of alkaline cooking increases the bioavailability of nutrients from the maize grain and allows the preparation of tortillas , one of the most consumed products in Mexico. Milpa , a traditional form of maize cultivation, is another contribution that increases the variety of plant products for a rich gastronomy and supplements the caloric value of the maize grain. Reports have indicated that the maize grain of native races is also a source of bioactive compounds that are still uncharacterized in different races. These compounds can be used for techno-industrial purposes and as a way to benefit the health of people in rural and semi-urban areas through food. This review aims to demonstrate the existence of a diverse array of maize races, each adapted to specific geographical conditions in Mexico. This represents significant biological and genetic diversity that should be preserved within the national territory, as these materials are used in the preparation of a large number of foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

7 monovoltine races of Romanian silkworm Bombyx mori L. were breeded in specific Transylvania conditions, assuring the same microclimate conditions, being fed with the same mulberry leaves (Ukraina 107). The results obtained showed a high homogeneity, the differences were due to the variability and genotype characteristic for each individual of every race. Results and standard deviations are within the race standard. The study permitted a ierarchy of the races, following the biological characteristics, microclimate conditions, quantity, quality and breeding technology.

Downy mildew is one of the most spread and harmful diseases of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). The aim of the study was to determine the races of the pathogen of the disease of the oomycete Plasmopara halstedii (Farl.) Berl. et de Toni in several regions of the Russian Federation (the Republic of Adygeya, Krasnodar Krai, Stavropol Territory, Volgograd, Lipetsk, Saratov and Rostov regions) and the sensitivity of its isolates to the fungicide mefenoxam. The races were determined using an international standard set of nine sunflower differential lines carrying different genes of resistance to P. halstedii (genes are named Pl). In total, over all the years of research (more than 30 years), 11 P. halstedii races were identified in Russia; the most common of these in recent years have been races 330, 334, 710 and 730. Sunflower lines HA-337, Rha-340 and Rha-419 have also been tested for resistance to the identified races. Sunflower lines 803-1 (Pl5+), Rha-340 (Pl8) and Rha-419 (Plarg) were resistant to all P. halstedii races that have been found in the regions of the Russian Federation. The sensitivity of the pathogen isolates to the fungicide mefenoxam was determined by a laboratory method using sunflower seeds of the universally susceptible to downy mildew VNIIMK 8883 variety treated with the preparation Apron XL, FS (mefenoxam 350 g/l, Syngenta, Switzerland) in accordance with the recommended in the Russian Federation dose (3 l/t of seeds). Mefenoxam-resistant isolates of P. halstedii have been found in the Krasnodar Krai. To protect sunflower crops from downy mildew, it is necessary to select and cultivate genotypes with resistance to the complex of P. halstedii races.

Abstract : This article studies the notion of ‘pride’ in Doris Lessing’s The Grass is Singing. As internal emotion, pride is not easily spotted. It is a sentiment which conceals itself through mutual exchanges between people of different social classes or people held by family ties such like marital. These two entities are the stepping stones Doris Lessing uses to unfold the expression of pride in her novel. Pride is paramount throughout the novel. It is omnipresent in social relations between whites and blacks, men and women, poor and rich. It is expressed first through the relation between members of any class; people are tempted to look down upon each other for the sake of social status. It is also expressed in the relationships between people of different races and sexes. What Lessing wants to show is pride is a human prerogative; it depends neither on the color of the skin nor on the sex. In opposition, its positive connotation must be also taken into account, that is the pride to belong to a society which defends some values, a society which is not perverted.

Puccinia triticina, which is the causative agent of wheat leaf rust, is widely spread in China and most other wheat-planting countries around the globe. Cultivating resistant wheat cultivars is the most economical, effective, and environmentally friendly method for controlling leaf rust-caused yield damage. Exploring the source of resistance is very important in wheat resistance breeding programs. In order to explore more effective resistance sources for wheat leaf rust, the resistance of 112 wheat accessions introduced from the U.S. National Plant Germplasm System were identified using a mixture of pathogenic isolates of THTT, THTS, PHTT, THJT and THJS which are the most predominant races in China. As a result, all of these accessions showed high resistance at seedling stage, of which, ninety-nine accessions exhibited resistance at adult plant stage. Eleven molecular markers of eight effective leaf rust resistance genes in China were used to screen the 112 accessions. Seven effective leaf rust resistance genes Lr9, Lr19, Lr24, Lr28, Lr29, Lr38 and Lr45 were detected, except Lr47. Twenty-three accessions had only one of those seven effective leaf rust resistance gene. Eleven accessions carried Lr24+Lr38, and 7 accessions carried Lr9+Lr24+Lr38, Lr24+Lr38+Lr45, Lr24+Lr29+Lr38 and Lr19+Lr38+Lr45 respectively. The remaining seventy-one accessions had none of those eight effective leaf rust resistance genes. This study will provide theoretical guidance for rational utilization of these introduted wheat accessions directly or for breeding the resistant wheat cultivars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two pathogenicity groups of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. spinaciae, the causal agent of Fusarium wilt of spinach (Spinacia oleracea), were described recently based on virulence of isolates on proprietary spinach inbreds. In this study, a wide range in severity of wilt was observed for 68 spinach cultivars inoculated with an isolate of each pathogenicity group, with 22 (32.4%) cultivars displaying differential responses to the isolates. In a second set of trials, seven spinach cultivars were inoculated with five isolates of each pathogenicity group. The cultivars had similar wilt responses to isolates within each group. In both sets of trials, the most severe wilt developed on cultivars inoculated with pathogenicity group 2 isolates when daylength was shorter and light intensity lower. To test whether light intensity exacerbates severity of Fusarium wilt, three spinach cultivars were inoculated with two isolates of each pathogenicity group and grown with or without shading. Shaded plants developed more severe wilt than nonshaded plants. This difference in wilt severity was greatest for plants inoculated with pathogenicity group 2 isolates. We propose naming isolates of pathogenicity groups 1 and 2 as races 1 and 2 of F. oxysporum f. sp. spinaciae, respectively, and recommend the cultivars Kiowa (susceptible to both races) and Magnetic (susceptible to race 2 and highly resistant to race 1) as differentials. Results of this study should help breeders screen spinach germplasm for resistance to both races of F. oxysporum f. sp. spinaciae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tan spot disease, which is caused by Pyrenophora tritici-repentis (Ptr), is one of the most significant wheat diseases in Kazakhstan, an important wheat-growing region in Central Asia. In this study, we aimed to investigate the race composition of Ptr responsible for tan spot in Kazakhstan through the phenotypic and genotypic characterization. During 2019–2020, samples of Ptr isolates were collected for analysis in six regions of the Republic of Kazakhstan from commercial and experimental fields of bread and durum wheat affected by tan spot disease. Race classification was based on inoculation bioassay of 167 isolates to four corresponding differential wheat genotypes, with a PCR assay used to identify the effector genes. The characterization of these isolates showed they belonged to four different known races (Races 1–4) in addition to one potential atypical race that does not fit into the current race system. We identified two races, Races 1 and 2, as critical for wheat production in Kazakhstan, as they occur throughout the study area. Most isolates exhibited amplification of the ToxA gene, a necrosis-causing effector, which is consistent with the inoculation results; only Races 3 and 4 did not show amplification of the ToxA gene. Inoculating wheat with the sixteen isolates of Ptr resulted in disease, the classification of which was similar to that caused by Race 8, according to the current wheat differential set. However, according to the genetic characterization, these isolates did not possess the associated effector gene expected for Race 8 assignment; therefore, we designated them as isolates of an atypical race. According to our results, race classification should be based on both phenotypic and genotypic analyses, where possible, to adequately capture the breadth of physiological variation among Ptr isolates, in addition to the possible expansion of the differential set. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Lung adenocarcinoma is a molecularly heterogeneous disease. Several studies, including The Cancer Genome Atlas Research Network (TCGA) and Lung Cancer Mutation Consortium (LCMC), explored the genetic alterations among different ethnic groups. However, minority groups are often under-represented in these relevant studies and the genomic alterations among racial groups are not fully understood. Methods: We analyze genomic characteristics among racial groups to understand the diversities and their impact on clinical outcomes. Results: Native Americans had significantly higher rates of insertions and deletions than other races (P<0.001). Among patients with lung adenocarcinomas, EGFR and KRAS were the highest discrepancy genes in the different racial groups (P<0.001). The EGFR exon 21 L858R point mutation was three times higher in Asians than in all other races (P<0.001). Asians, Whites, and Blacks had 4.7%, 3.1%, and 1.8% ALK rearrangement, respectively (P<0.001). White patients had the highest rates of reported KRAS G12C (15.51%) than other races (P<0.001). Whites (17.2%), Blacks (15.1%), and Other (15.7%) had higher rates of STK11 mutation than Asians (3.94%) (P<0.001). RET rearrangement and ERBB2 amplification were more common in Asian patients than in Other racial groups. Apart from point mutations, structural variations, and fusion genes, we identified a significant amount of copy number alterations in each race. Conclusions: The tumor genomic landscape is significantly distinct in different races. This data would shed light on the understanding of molecular alterations and their impacts on clinical management in different lung cancer patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Relevance. One of the most common diseases of potatoes and other nightshade family species is late blight caused by a pathogenic oomycete of the Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary. At least 100 species of phytophthora have been described in nature, affecting a wide range of plant species. The phytophthora population is heterogeneous and is represented by races, as well as different types of mating. This leads to a rapid adaptation of the pathogen and the emergence of new, more aggressive, and resistant races. Phytophthora is a parasite, the damage from which cannot be avoided within the organic farming framework. Therefore, it is particularly important to know the pathogenesis and racial composition of phytophthora in each individual region of Solanaceae cultivation.Research methodology. Differentiation and collection of material from the natural population were carried out using potato varieties with known R-genes in the genome. Isolation and introduction into the culture were carried out from leaves with the dampening chambers method, followed by cultivation on nutrient media. The pathogen was identified by microscopic analysis. Culture filtrates were obtained on the liquid nutritious medium, followed by liquid filtration and autoclaving. Phytotoxic activity was determined by the effect on the seedlings of the nightshade, grass, and pea families by the standard method. Molecular genetic analysis of the isolates was carried out by ISSR analysis; the primer, amplification mixture, and temperature profile of the reaction were selected according to the literature data; the calculation of genetic characteristics was carried out using POPGENE software packages.Results. Samples of seven Phytophthora infestans isolates were collected and introduced into culture. As a result of in vitro cultivation, morphological differences were revealed, expressed in the structure and color of the mycelium, the shape of the colonies, the nature of sporulation, the color of the reverse, and the medium under the colonies. The genetic differences of the natural phytophthora material introduced into the culture, collected from potato varieties with single resistance genes (R1, R3, R4), were revealed. Differences in the phytotoxic activity of the studied isolates' cultural filtrates were revealed. The isolated isolates demonstrate differentiation at the phenotypic, genetic and physiological levels, which allows us to speak about their belonging to races.

Abstract Southern corn rust (SCR) caused by Puccinia polysor a Underw is one of the most devastating maize diseases, resulting in substantial yield losses worldwide. The pathogen is an obligate biotrophic parasite that is difficult to culture on artificial media. In recent years, the disease has become prevalent—both globally and in China—and increasing difficult to control because of its wide distribution, long-distance migration, multiple physiological races and fast evolution, all of which have contributed to a considerable increase in the risks of associated epidemics. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of P. polysora, with emphasis on its global distribution (particularly in China), life and disease cycle, population genetics, migration, physiological races, resistance genes in maize and management. Understanding the underlying factors and processes in SCR epidemics should facilitate management of the disease and breeding for resistant maize varieties.

Background. Downy mildew (DM) caused by the fungus Plasmopara halstedii (Farl) Berl. & De Toni) is one of the most harmful diseases of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). Due to the pathogen’s attacks, annual seed harvest losses range between 30% and 70%. Lines resistant to new races of the pathogen should be obtained for the development of commercial sunflower hybrids.Materials and methods. Downy mildew resistance of 323 lines and 10 cultivars from the sunflower collection was assessed in the field at the Kuban Experiment Station of VIR in 2017–2018. Line VIR 845, susceptible during all years of observations, was used as a control. Resistance genes were identified by means of the molecular analysis using diagnostic markers of the Plarg, Pl6 and Pl8 genes that confer resistance to many known P. halstedii races.Results. The founder varieties of VIR’s lines were susceptible to a varying extent. Thirty-nine lines were resistant in 2016 and 2018; among those, 36 lines were susceptible in 2017. Presumably, a more virulent P. halstedii race became widespread in 2017, compared to the races that prevailed in 2016 and 2018, so the genes that determined resistance in 2016 and 2018 turned out to be ineffective. Lines ТА 716-18, VIR 768, and VIR 800, having originated from interspecific hybrids, exhibited absence of pathogenic damage during 3 years of the trials. Molecular markers of the Plarg, Pl6 and Pl8 genes were detected in most lines that demonstrated resistance in 2016 and 2018. There were no markers in lines VIR 768 and VIR 800, whereas in ТА 716-18 the markers of Plarg and Pl8 were present.Conclusion. As a result of the long-term studies, a trait-specific genetic collection was established for sunflower. It comprises genotyped lines with various effective DM resistance genes. Lines ТА 716-18, VIR 768 and VIR 800 appeared highly resistant to the pathogen and probably possess new resistance genes/alleles introgressed from wild species.

Studies on the population structure and variation of Magnaporthe oryzae in fields are of great significance for the control of rice blast disease. In this study, a total of 462 isolates isolated from different areas of Hunan Province in 2016 and 2018 were analyzed for their population structure and variation tendency. The results showed that from 2016 to 2018, the concentration of fungal races of M. oryzae increased and the diversity decreased; furthermore, 218 isolates in 2016 belonged to ZA, ZB, ZC, ZE, ZF and ZG, with a total of 6 groups and 29 races, in which the dominant-population ZB group accounted for 66.2%; meanwhile, in 2018, 244 isolates were classified into 4 groups and 21 races, including ZA, ZB, ZC and ZG, in which the dominant-population ZB group accounted for 72.54%. In 2018, isolates of ZD, ZE and ZF populations were absent, and the number of total races and isolates of the ZA and ZC groups decreased. Fungal pathogenicity was identified, with 24 monogenic lines (MLs) carrying 24 major R genes. The resistance frequency of R genes to fungal isolates in 2018 decreased significantly, in which except Pikm was 64.5%, the other monogenic lines were less than 50%. Rep-PCR analysis for isolates of Guidong in Hunan also showed that fungal diversity decreased gradually. The influence of R genes on fungal variation was analyzed. The pathogenicity of isolates purified from Xiangwanxian 11 planted with monogenic lines was significantly more enhanced than those without monogenic lines. All the results indicated that in recent years, the fungal abundance in Hunan has decreased while fungal pathogenicity has increased significantly. This study will greatly benefit rice-resistance breeding and the control of rice blast disease in Hunan Province.

Colletotrichum is a fungal genus comprising several pathogenic species that cause anthracnose in an array of key cash and food crops in the world's tropical, subtropical, and temperate regions. Considerable losses in various crops due to anthracnose in the African tropics have been reported despite the efforts to curb the disease. Several options are used to manage the disease in the region with little success. The challenges in managing Colletotrichum species include toxicity, high cost, inadequate farmers' knowledge of applying synthetic fungicides, variable and cross-infection nature of pathogenic species, physiological variability of pathogens, and unavailability of biological control agents to farmers in rural areas in tropical Africa. Several species of Colletotrichum are also known to develop mechanisms that allow them to counter immunity factors of the host plants. Consolidated information on the species prevalent, losses, and evaluation of the current control methods for anthracnose in the African tropics are essential for developing and adopting sustainable management strategies for anthracnose. This review discusses the key pathogenic Colletotrichum species in Africa, infection mechanisms, colonisation in several hosts, and the plant-pathogen interaction and losses due to the disease. Pathogen identification methods, disease management options, challenges, and prospects for the management of anthracnose in tropical Africa are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The breeding and maintenance of racehorses and horse racing are an industry that generates tens of billions of dollars and generates hundreds of thousands of jobs worldwide, along with the development and conservation of the natural environment. Ancestral influence approaches a complex concept with a novelty character, which cannot be reduced to a single constant on the basis of which it can be evaluated, and modern discoveries introduce new perspectives based on certain variables. Final investigations into the selection of English Thoroughbred horses for horse racing based on the algorithm of ancestral influence on progeny demonstrate the creation of favorable conditions for winning status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Meloidogyne chitwoodi is one of the most devastating pests of potato in the U.S. Pacific Northwest (PNW). Nematode-infected tubers develop external as well as internal defects, making the potato tubers unmarketable, and resulting in economic losses. Draft genome assemblies of three M. chitwoodi genotypes—race 1, race 2 and race 1 pathotype Roza—were generated using Illumina and PacBio Sequel RS II sequencing. The final assemblies consist of 30, 39, and 38 polished contigs for race 1, race 2 and race 1 pathotype Roza, respectively, with average N50 of 2.37 Mb and average assembled genome size of approximately 47.41 Mb. On average, 10,508 genes were annotated for each genome. Benchmarking universal single-copy ortholog (BUSCO) analysis indicated that 69.80% of the BUSCOs were complete whereas 68.80, 0.93, and 12.67% were single copy, duplicated, and fragmented, respectively. These highly contiguous genomes will enrich resources to study potato–nematode interactions and enhance breeding efforts to develop nematode-resistant potato varieties for the PNW.[Graphic: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.

Wheat stripe rust caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici is a destructive disease. Its pathogen frequently adapts to newly invaded regions and overcomes resistance in wheat cultivars. This disease is especially important in China due to its favorable conditions for the stripe rust epidemic and the recombination population structure of pathogens. Xinjiang is a vast epidemic region in China, but very limited research on this disease has been performed in this region. In this study, we identified 25 races from 129 isolates collected from winter wheat fields from five different regions (Nileke, Xinyuan, Gongliu, Huocheng, and Qapqal) of Yili, Xinjiang, using the Chinese set of 19 differential wheat lines. All isolates were virulent on the differentials Fulhad and Early Premium, but no isolates were virulent on Yr5. Among the 25 races, Suwon11-1 was the most prevalent, followed by CYR34. Both races were found in four out of the five locations. It is important to continue monitoring stripe rust and its pathogen races in this region, as it forms a pathway between China and Central Asia. Collaborative research is essential for controlling stripe rust in this region, other regions in China, and neighboring countries.