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A field experiment was conducted to study the persistence and reduction of quinalphos residues in cauliflower curd by applying quinalphos 25 EC twice at 250 g a.i./ha at 10 days intervals. The limit of quantification (LOQ) was 0.05 µg/g, recovery ranged from 97 to 113%, and the relative standard deviation was less than 7%. The initial deposition of quinalphos residues in cauliflower curd was 1.72 µg/g and reached below LOQ level after 15 days of application. Dissipation of the residue followed first-order kinetics with a half-life of 2.32 days. The reduction of quinalphos residue was evaluated using various household processes. The greatest reduction (82%) was observed when washing was followed by cooking or boiling, while the smallest reduction (55.8%) was found when washing alone was performed. A waiting period of 9 days is recommended for safe consumption of cauliflower based on the FSSAI MRL value of 0.1 µg/g. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we developed a new fluorescence "on–off–on" sensor utilizing water‐soluble cobalt/zinc–nitrogen co‐doped graphene quantum dots (Co/Zn‐N‐GQDs) to recognize quinalphos pesticide in vegetable and fruit samples. Primarily, the synthesis method employed a one‐pot hydrothermal approach, using betel leaves as a natural precursor and cobalt ("Co"), zinc ("Zn"), and urea ("N") as dopant sources. The Co/Zn‐N‐GQDs probes underwent comprehensive analytical characterization. The Co/Zn‐N‐GQDs were synthesized with a remarkable luminescence yield of 31.49%, exhibiting excitation at 320 nm and emission peak at 393 nm. Interestingly, the luminescence of Co/Zn‐N‐GQDs was selectively "Turned Off" by Cu2+ via a static quenching setup. Remarkably, quenched fluorescence was surprisingly reactivated upon adding quinalphos to the quench setup, indicating a direct correlation between luminescence reactivation and quinalphos concentration. Briefly, this phenomenon is ascribed to the functional groups in quinalphos, such as quinoxalinyl and phosphorothioate, which chelate with Cu2+ ions, disrupting the nonfluorescent Cu2+‐Co/Zn‐N‐GQDs complex. The design sensor demonstrated a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.11 μM and a broad linear span of 0.5 to 200 μM. In conclusion, Cu2+‐Co/Zn‐N‐GQDs sensor showed immediate applicability, stability, and reproducibility, making it highly effective for quinalphos sensing in various samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Yellow stem borer, Scirpophaga incertulas Walker and leaf folder, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Guenee are two dominant species among the rice insect pests and cause considerable economic losses in India. Various strategies have been applied for managing these pests and insecticides as chemical control factors are the first line of defense but it has become difficult to manage these pests due to the development of resistance. Therefore, identification of new molecules with selective properties, novel mode of action, low toxicity to non-targets and environmental safety is required with a view of sustainable pest management. In this direction, a new molecule i.e., flubendiamide 20 WG was evaluated under field conditions to access its bio-efficacy against yellow stem borer and leaf folder during rainy seasons of 2019 and 2020. The results of present investigations indicate that spray of flubendiamide 20 WG @ 25 g a.i. ha−1 first at tillering stage (30 days after transplanting) and second at panicle initiation stage (50 days after transplanting) or whenever the pests cross economic threshold level was found effective and best insecticidal treatment in mitigating the damage caused by yellow stem borer and leaf folder and consequently translated in higher grain yield during both the experimental seasons. Bio-efficacy of other insecticides viz. chlorpyriphos 20 EC @ 500 ml g a.i. ha−1, cartap hydrochloride 4G @ 750 g a.i. ha−1 and quinalphos 20 AF @ 200 ml a.i. ha−1 against yellow stem borer and leaf folder was significantly inferior to flubendiamide 20 WG @ 25 and 30 g a.i. ha−1 but superior over the control. No phytotoxicity symptoms were inflicted by foliar application of flubendiamide 20 WG (20, 25 and 30 g a.i. ha−1) on the rice crop during both the years of study. Phytotoxicity was recorded zero on scale of 0–10 indicating its 100% safety to the crop. Flubendiamide 20 WG was also found safe to different natural enemies viz. green mirid bug Cyrtorhinus lividipennis Reuter; seven spotted lady beetle, Coccinella septempunctata (Linnaeus) and spiders (Araneae: Aranidae) recorded in the rice field. Population of green mirid bug Cyrtorhinus lividipennis Reuter; seven spotted lady beetle, Coccinella septempunctata (Linnaeus) and spiders (Araneae: Aranidae) was recorded 1.74, 1.65 & 1.96/10 hills in the application of flubendiamide 20 WG @ 25 gm a.i. ha−1 as compared to 1.86, 1.70 & 2.12 in control, respectively during rainy season, 2020 indicating a non-significant difference among the treatment and control. Maximum grain yield (35.27 & 36.56 q ha−1) was observed in the treatments having the application of flubendiamide 20 WG @ 30 gm a.i. ha−1 during 2019 & 2020 crop seasons, respectively and it was at par with 25 g a.i. ha−1. The residues of flubendiamide 20 WG at 25 and 50 g a.i. ha−1 analyzed at harvest were below 0.01 mg kg−1 (limit of quantification) in paddy straw, grain and field soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among the eight treatments (plant-based and selective chemical insecticides) imposed on castor against lepidopteran defoliators of castor exhibited significant variation (p £ 0.01; F-value = 5.199) with respect to natural parasitization of castor semi-looper. Among the eight treatments, natural parasitization was significantly highest (80.12%) in T1 (Cucumber + T. chilonis @ 2 lakh eggs/ha at 30 days after sowing (DAS)) followed by T0 (Control) (76.08%). Further, T7 (Pongamia oil @ 2%) (74.39%), T3 (Profenophos 50 EC @ 0.03%) (74.14%), T6 (Neem oil @ 2%) (71.46%), T5 (Mahuva oil @ 2%) (71.19%) and T2 (Fenvalerate 20 EC @ 0.02%) (69.64%) were found next in the order with respect to natural parasitization of castor semi-looper. Significantly lowest natural parasitization was recorded in T4 (Quinalphos 25 EC @ 0.05%) (63.07%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The photocatalytic degradation of Quinalphos, an organic pesticide, in the presence of modified ZnO metal composites, namely ZnO/MgO and ZnO/SnO2, was investigated at normal pH in the presence of sunlight. The structural and morphological properties of both the synthesized nanocomposites were characterised by different spectral techniques. The effect of pesticide concentration, catalyst dosage, and pH on the photocatalytic degradation efficiency was investigated. The photocatalytic activity of the respective nanocomposites on the degradation of Quinalphos was confirmed by UV-Visible spectroscopy. Moreover, the recycling ability of the prepared nanocomposites was also conducted and analyzed. However, the photocatalytic efficiency of ZnO/SnO2 nanocomposite was more efficient than the ZnO/MgO nanocomposite for the treatment of pesticide effluent, achieving 98 % and 95 % of total organic carbon (TOC) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removals, respectively. The present study therefore concluded that the ZnO/SnO2 nanocomposite was the more stable and well organised composite, which could be the preferred treatment of industrial and agricultural wastewater containing organic contaminants within a short span of time.

Quinalphos is a long-term, wide-spectrum organophosphate insecticide with residual problems in the natural environment. Cunninghamella elegans (C. elegans) is a member of Mucoromycotina. Since the degradation products of its exogenous compounds are similar to those of mammals, it is often used to simulate the metabolism pathways of mammals. In this study, the detailed metabolic pathways of quinalphos were investigated with C. elegans. Quinalphos was degraded by 92% in 7 days, while ten metabolites were produced. The metabolites were analyzed and identified by GC–MS. To determine the responsible enzymes in quinalphos metabolism, piperonyl butoxide (PB) and methimazole included in the culture flasks, and the kinetic responses of quinalphos and its metabolites by C. elegans were measured. Results indirectly demonstrated that cytochrome P450 monooxygenases were involved in the metabolism of quinalphos, but that methimazole inhibited the metabolism less efficiently. Comprehensive metabolic pathways can be deduced from the detailed analysis of metabolite profiles in control and inhibitor assays. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Five bacterial strains for biodegradation study were initially isolated from quinalphos exposed soil from cotton field of Indian Agricultural Research Institute, India by Serial dilution and enrichment technique. Amongst them, two strains Pantoea agglomerans and Acinetobacter sp. dcm5A were exposed to different concentrations (50-250 ppm, parts per million) of quinalphos to evaluate their tolerance and the optimum concentration of quinalphos supported growth. Growth kinetics of the isolates was studied by means of optical density of the culture media (150 rpm, rotation per minute) at 30oC for 15 days. The optimal concentration of quinalphos for the growth of Pantoea agglomerans was 100 ppm, while for Acinetobacter sp. dcm5A was 200 ppm. Bacterial strains Pantoea agglomerans and Acinetobacter sp. dcm5A degraded quinalphos 60% and 79.7% respectively in 7 days incubation and 100% degradation by both strains was observed after 13 days of incubation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The photocatalytic degradation of Quinalphos, an organic pesticide, in the presence of modified ZnO metal composites, namely ZnO/MgO and ZnO/SnO2, was investigated at normal pH in the presence of sunlight. The structural and morphological properties of both the synthesized nanocomposites were characterised by different spectral techniques. The effect of pesticide concentration, catalyst dosage, and pH on the photocatalytic degradation efficiency was investigated. The photocatalytic activity of the respective nanocomposites on the degradation of Quinalphos was confirmed by UVVisible spectroscopy. Moreover, the recycling ability of the prepared nanocomposites was also conducted and analyzed. However, the photocatalytic efficiency of ZnO/SnO2 nanocomposite was more efficient than the ZnO/MgO nanocomposite for the treatment of pesticide effluent, achieving 98 % and 95 % of total organic carbon (TOC) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removals, respectively. The present study therefore concluded that the ZnO/SnO2 nanocomposite was the more stable and well organised composite, which could be the preferred treatment of industrial and agricultural wastewater containing organic contaminants within a short span of time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Five bacterial strains for biodegradation study were initially isolated from quinalphos exposed soil from cotton field of Indian Agricultural Research Institute, India by Serial dilution and enrichment technique. Amongst them, two strains Pantoea agglomerans and Acinetobacter sp. dcm5A were exposed to different concentrations (50-250 ppm, parts per million) of quinalphos to evaluate their tolerance and the optimum concentration of quinalphos supported growth. Growth kinetics of the isolates was studied by means of optical density of the culture media (150 rpm, rotation per minute) at 30oC for 15 days. The optimal concentration of quinalphos for the growth of Pantoea agglomerans was 100 ppm, while for Acinetobacter sp. dcm5A was 200 ppm. Bacterial strains Pantoea agglomerans and Acinetobacter sp. dcm5A degraded quinalphos 60% and 79.7% respectively in 7 days incubation and 100% degradation by both strains was observed after 13 days of incubation.

An ever-increasing use of pesticides in agricultural fields has led to a catastrophic decline in crop quality and, ultimately soil fertility. To control various pests, quinalphos is commonly used in India's tea plantations. This study aims to investigate the effects of the Quinalphos organophosphate insecticide on the non-target beneficial organism Eudrilus eugeniae earthworms and the biomarkers that respond to its effects. Earthworm species, especially E. eugeniae, remains as the most trustworthy and well-suited model organism for conducting a wide variety of environmental studies. The median lethal concentration (LC50) was identified as 3.561 µg cm−2 (contact filter paper) and 1.054 mg kg−2 (artificial soil toxicity). The 5% and 10% of LC50 value 3.561 µg cm−2 was exposed to earthworm to analyze the sublethal effects at pre-clitellum, clitellum, and post-clitellum segments. Specific enzymatic activities of neurotransmitter enzyme acetylcholinesterase; antioxidant enzymes such as lipid peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and catalase; and detoxification enzymes including glutathione S transferase, reduced glutathione, carboxylesterase, and Cytochrome P450 were analyzed. Exposure of E. eugeniae earthworm to subacute exposures of pesticides caused significant alterations in these stress markers in a concentration-dependent manner. Morphological abnormalities like bulginess, coiling, and bleeding were observed after exposure of the insecticide treatments. Histological cellular disintegration, a reduced NRRT time, and an inhibited proteolytic zone were also identified in pesticide-exposed earthworms. Studies demonstrate that the organophosphate insecticide quinalphos causes acute toxicity in E. eugeniae; hence, it is suggested that non-target eco-friendly E. eugeniae earthworms may be at risk if exposed to the excessive concentrations of quinalphos organophosphate insecticide in soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study focussed on the effect of quinalphos on protein content and behaviour of freshwater fish, Cyprinus carpio. An experiment was conducted by exposing the fishes to sublethal concentration of quinalphos along with a control setup for a period of 20 days. The result revealed that protein content of test value showed significance decrease with the control during the study. Certain behavioural changes like disrupted shoaling, localization towards the bottom of chamber and caudal bending was observed in tested fishes. The result demonstrates that the alteration in protein content and behaviour of fish reflects the toxicity of quinalphos. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: There is insufficient evidence on the effectiveness of gastric lavage in organophosphorus poisoning. This study was done to quantitate the level of chlorpyrifos and quinalphos retrieved in gastric lavage fluid.Methods: Patients presenting within six hours of ingesting quinalphos or chlorpyrifos with International Program on Chemical Safety Poison Severity Score (IPCS PSS) grade 2 or more were included in the study. After the stabilisation of patients, gastric lavage was performed with alliquotes of 200 ml of normal saline till aspirate became clear. Quantification of the pesticide was done in the first 10 ml of lavage fluid aspirated out and in blood with gas chromatography with triple quadruple mass spectrometer (GC-MSMS).Results: There were six patients in each pesticide group. Mean time for reaching hospital after the ingestion of pesticide was 2.8 ± 1.1(range 1.25-6) hours. Median quantity of chlorpyrifos in the lavage fluid was 10.24 (IQR 14.36) µg/L and in quinalphos, it was 1360.62 (IQR 1691.2) µg/L. Other compounds detected in lavage fluid and confirmed in blood were endosulfan, diazinon, pirimiphos, pyridafenthion, pyrazophos, pirimiphos ethyl, and azinphos.Conclusion: Chlorpyrifos and quinalphos are detected in lavage fluid after one hour of ingestion and few milligrams are retrieved by gastric lavage. The presence of other pesticides including endosulfan were confirmed in lavage fluid.

About one million tons of pesticide effluents were discharged into natural streams and water bodies from local industries and agricultural fields. In view of growing environmental issues there is a requirement for the termination of pesticides and its residues from local and commercial water streams. Photocatalytic degradation method is regarded as a convenient method for the treatment of organic contaminants because of its low cost, lack of secondary pollutants and ecofriendly character. In this study, an enhanced and visible light effective ZnO/MgO nanocomposite photocatalyst has been synthesized by a wet chemical method using zinc acetate dihydrate and magnesium chloride as precursor. The prepared sample has been examined to diagnose its structural, morphological, optical and fluorescence properties using XRD, UVVis, SEM, EDX, FT-IR and fluorescence spectral analysis. The organophosphorus pesticide, Quinalphos, has a wide application worldwide, particularly to control the population of pests. Due to its toxic character, it is necessary to eradicate Quinalphos and its residues from the environment. The synthesised ZnO/MgO nanocomposite is analysed to degrade Quinalphos pesticide under direct sunlight at neutral pH. The photocatalytic performance of ZnO/MgO nanocomposite is examined by loading 4 mg/L of the catalyst in 20 ppm of the Quinalphos solution to achieve 98% degradation with in forty minutes. Moreover, this nanocomposite could be separated and utilised up to five cycles with no change in its activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fresh water fish, Cyprinus carpio is an important human food source in South India and the fish is constantly exposed to pesticides, which are used extensively to control agricultural pests. Experimental studies were done to determine of LC50 value of an Organopesticide - Quinalphos (Ekalux 25% Emulsified Concentration) for 96 hours. The estimated LC50 value was 1.38µg/L. Freshwater edible fish, Cyprinus carpio were exposed to sublethal concentration (0.275µl/L) of commercial grade Quinalphos for 20 days and observed histopathological changes. Histopathological studies of gill showed drastic changes from that of normal cells for 20 days of exposure. The present study depicts that severity of Quinalphos toxicity to juveniles of Cyprinus carpio is time dependant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Red emissive CDs were synthesized using Grewia asiatica fruit via microwave assisted method. • Prepared red emissive CDs exhibited λ Em/Ex at 672/420 nm with quantum yield of 21 %. • The GA-CDs served as a probe for detecting quinalphos pesticide via IFE mechanism. • The developed method exhibited wider linearity in the range of 0.25–200 μM with a LOD of 0.00146 μM. • The as-synthesized GA-CDs acted as probes for bioimaging of yeast cells. A sustainable and eco-friendly approach was developed for the fabrication of red emissive carbon dots via microwave-assisted method using Grewia asiatica fruits as a source. The as-prepared Grewia asiatica -carbon dots (GA-CDs) exhibited red emission at 672 nm upon the excitation at 420 nm with a quantum yield of 21 %. The characteristic emission intensity of GA-CDs (λ Em = 672 nm) is selectively quenched by quinalphos (QLP) pesticide via inner filter effect. The as-prepared GA-CDs serve as a versatile turn-off fluorescent probe for QLP sensing, displaying wider linear range (0.25–60 μM) with an impressive detection limit of 0.00159 μM. The integration of GA-CDs with fluorescence spectrometry offers to establish a rapid, simple and miniaturize analytical strategy for QLP assay in vegetable, water and soil samples. Furthermore, the bioimaging and cytotoxicity characteristics of GA-CDs were evaluated on yeast cells and lung cancer cells, respectively. This method provides a facile and convenient pathway for the on-site detection of QLP in food and agriculture samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Concurrent exposure to a multitude of environmental toxicants pose serious health hazard to humans and animals. The present investigation was conceptualized to determine deleterious effects of concomitant subacute arsenic and quinalphos exposure on antioxidant responses of liver and erythrocytes of Wistar rats. Fifty-four Wistar rats were divided into nine groups with six animals in each. Animals were exposed to either quinalphos (1/100th and 1/10th of LD50) through oral gavage daily or arsenic (50 and 100 ppb) in drinking water alone and in combination for 28 days. While treatment with different toxicants alone also significantly reduced hemoglobin concentration, hepatic biomarkers and levels of antioxidant parameters as compared with control values, concomitant exposure significantly (P < 0.05) elevated levels of hepatic transaminases and alkaline phosphatase. Moreover, along with significant depletion in activities of SOD, CAT, TTH, AChE, and enzymes of glutathione complex, a significant enhancement of lipid peroxidation was also recorded in liver and erythrocytes in co-exposed animals in a dose-dependent manner when compared with exposure to individual toxicant. More severe alterations occurred in hepatic histo-architecture of rats receiving combined treatment as compared with those treated with either toxicant. Results indicated that oxidative damage in erythrocytes was more than that of the liver of rats on concomitant exposure of arsenic and quinalphos in a dose-dependent manner. In nutshell, our results revealed that combined treatment of quinalphos with arsenic potentiated toxic effects of either toxicant on antioxidant machinery of liver and erythrocytes and hepatic histomorphology of exposed Wistar rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: There is insufficient evidence on the effectiveness of gastric lavage in organophosphorus poisoning. This study was done to quantitate the level of chlorpyrifos and quinalphos retrieved in gastric lavage fluid. Methods: Patients presenting within six hours of ingesting quinalphos or chlorpyrifos with International Program on Chemical Safety Poison Severity Score (IPCS PSS) grade 2 or more were included in the study. After the stabilisation of patients, gastric lavage was performed with alliquotes of 200 ml of normal saline till aspirate became clear. Quantification of the pesticide was done in the first 10 ml of lavage fluid aspirated out and in blood with gas chromatography with triple quadruple mass spectrometer (GC-MSMS). Results: There were six patients in each pesticide group. Mean time for reaching hospital after the ingestion of pesticide was 2.8 ± 1.1(range 1.25-6) hours. Median quantity of chlorpyrifos in the lavage fluid was 10.24 (IQR 14.36) µg/L and in quinalphos, it was 1360.62 (IQR 1691.2) µg/L. Other compounds detected in lavage fluid and confirmed in blood were endosulfan, diazinon, pirimiphos, pyridafenthion, pyrazophos, pirimiphos ethyl, and azinphos. Conclusion: Chlorpyrifos and quinalphos are detected in lavage fluid after one hour of ingestion and few milligrams are retrieved by gastric lavage. The presence of other pesticides including endosulfan were confirmed in lavage fluid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The prevalence of insecticides and toxic metals in nature is a potential threat to mammalian well being. Simultaneous exposure to co-existing environmental toxins can severely impair cardiovascular health possibly by compromising the cardiac antioxidant system. The present study was conceptualized to determine the consequences of concurrent exposure to arsenic and quinalphos on the antioxidant status of cardiac tissue in rats. Fifty-four adult Wistar rats of either sex were randomly allocated to nine groups of six rats each. Animals were subjected to either individual or simultaneous oral administration of quinalphos (1/100th or 1/10th of LD50) and arsenic (50 or 100 ppb) incorporated in drinking water, for 28 days. Significantly (p

Acute toxicity of commercial grade organophosphate insecticide, Quinalphos (25% Emulsified concentration) to common carp (Cyprinus carpio) was tested through bioassay. The acute toxicity of Quinalphos to the fingerlings exposed for 96 hr was found to be 2.75ppm. For the sub lethal toxicity study, the fishes were exposed to two concentration viz., 1/10th of LC50 (0.275 ppm) and 1/5th of LC50 (0.55 ppm) along with lethal concentration (2.75 ppm) for 48 hr. The carps were under stress and mortality was insignificant in both sub lethal and lethal concentrations. Considerable variation in absorption efficiency and O: N ratio was noticed. The alteration observed Indicated deficiencies in the functioning of the digestive system in fishes exposed to the pollutant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study was conducted to find out the best management practice on sesame HT-2 variety against A. catalaunalis at the Research Farm of Oilseeds Section, Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, CCSHAU, Hisar during kharif, 2016 and 2017. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design with twelve treatments viz., T1-Quinalphos 25% EC @ 2L/ha; T2-NSKE @ 5% spray; T3-Neem oil @ 2%; T4-Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki @ 1 kg/ha; T5-First spray of NSKE @ 5% followed by second spray of quinalphos @ 2L/ha; T6-First spray of neem oil @ 2% followed by second spray of quinalphos @ 2l/ha; T7-First spray of Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki @ 1 kg/ha followed by second spray of quinalphos @ 2l/ha; T8 - Intercrop with cluster bean (3:1); T9 - Intercrop with pearl millet (3:1); T10 - Intercrop with cluster bean (3:1) + two sprays of quinalphos; T11-Intercrop with pearl millet (3:1) + two sprays of quinalphos; T12 - Untreated control. Observations were made on A. catalaunalis larval count before and 5, 10 and 15 days after spray, flower and pod damage at flowering and pod formation stage, respectively. Seed yield at time of harvest was also observed and the data obtained subjected to ANOVA after suitable transformations. Yield obtained was analyzed by paired 't' test. Pooled data revealed that maximum reduction in larval counts was found in treatment sesame intercropped with pearl millet+ 2 sprays of quinalphos (86.77%) followed by sesame intercropped with cluster bean+ 2 sprays of quinalphos (76.49%) and sesame with 2 sprays of quinalphos (74.99%). Minimum flower (4.45%) and pod damage (3.07%) were observed with the treatment sesame intercropped with pearl millet+ 2 sprays of quinalphos. Maximum seed yield (887.10 kg/ha) and benefit cost ratio (1.88:1) was observed with sesame intercropped with pearl millet with two sprays of quinalphos. This treatment was found to be the most effective, and thus, sesame intercropped with pearl millet can be incorporated with two sprays of quinalphos for best cost benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we developed a new fluorescence "on-off-on" sensor utilizing water-soluble cobalt/zinc-nitrogen co-doped graphene quantum dots (Co/Zn-N-GQDs) to recognize quinalphos pesticide in vegetable and fruit samples. Primarily, the synthesis method employed a one-pot hydrothermal approach, using betel leaves as a natural precursor and cobalt ("Co"), zinc ("Zn"), and urea ("N") as dopant sources. The Co/Zn-N-GQDs probes underwent comprehensive analytical characterization. The Co/Zn-N-GQDs were synthesized with a remarkable luminescence yield of 31.49%, exhibiting excitation at 320 nm and emission peak at 393 nm. Interestingly, the luminescence of Co/Zn-N-GQDs was selectively "Turned Off" by Cu 2+ via a static quenching setup. Remarkably, quenched fluorescence was surprisingly reactivated upon adding quinalphos to the quench setup, indicating a direct correlation between luminescence reactivation and quinalphos concentration. Briefly, this phenomenon is ascribed to the functional groups in quinalphos, such as quinoxalinyl and phosphorothioate, which chelate with Cu 2+ ions, disrupting the nonfluorescent Cu 2+ -Co/Zn-N-GQDs complex. The design sensor demonstrated a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.11 μM and a broad linear span of 0.5 to 200 μM. In conclusion, Cu 2+ -Co/Zn-N-GQDs sensor showed immediate applicability, stability, and reproducibility, making it highly effective for quinalphos sensing in various samples., (© 2024 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Introduction: Organophosphate compound poisoning is one of the most common causes for admission to the Medical Intensive Care Unit. Parkinsonism is a primary neurotoxic manifestation of organophosphate intoxication. In this case report, we present the case of a 26 year old man who had the experience of organothiophosphate poisoning. Case presentation: A 26 year old man was admitted with tremors in upper and lower limbs together with the rigidity of all 4 limbs as well as difficulty in swallowing and in daily activities like walking, rising from chair, and turning on bed. He had consumed organophosphorus compound quinalphos, 15 days before. The basal ganglia changes were documented radiologically by Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). Gradual recovery was observed by treatment with dopaminergic agents and central anticholinergics over few weeks. Only 0.5% of organophosphate poisoning patients develop neurotoxic manifestations in the form of extrapyramidal syndromes such as Parkinsonism. Discussion: The occurrence of Parkinsonism as a complication of organophosphate poisoning raises safety concerns, especially in developing countries. Yet, this study is the first case report on Organothiophospahate induced Parkinsonism. Conclusion: Clinicians should be aware of the possibility of extrapyramidal manifestations following organophosphate poisoning and the patients should be asked for regular follow-ups as the symptoms may appear even 1 month after the poisoning.

Quinalphos (QP) is one of the most commonly used organophosphate pesticide for agriculture. In this study, adult Swiss albino male mice were orally administered with 0.25, 0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg of QP (Ekalux 25 E.C.) for ten consecutive days and the reproductive function was assessed at 35 and 70 days after QP treatment. At highest dose (1.0 mg/kg), QP exposure resulted in significant decrease in motility and increase in sperm head defects and DNA damage. Pharmacokinetic data showed a threefold increase in concentration of QP in the testis as compared to serum. QP was detectable in testes even after 24 hr of administration indicating slow clearance from tissue. In addition, high oestradiol, low testosterone level with a parallel increase in aromatase and cytochrome P450 transcript levels was observed. Significant decrease in fertilisation, lower blastocyst rate and poor blastocyst quality was observed when spermatozoa collected from QP exposed mice were subjected to in vitro fertilisation. In conclusion, exposure of QP to male mice decreases the sperm functional competence and fertilising ability, which appears to be mediated through elevated oxidative stress and altered steroidogenesis in testes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present research aims to investigate the adsorption of a commonly used, quinalphos organophosphate pesticide on to four different agricultural soils of Punjab, India. The results revealed that the highest adsorption of quinalphos was observed on soil D (Loamy Sand). The data obtained after analyzing adsorption isotherms were subjected to classical Linear and Non-Linear (Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin) Isotherms. Linear isotherms were classified as S and L-type according to Giles classification. The experimental data is best suited to the logarithmic form of the Freundlich and Temkin models. In kinetics studies, the regression results showed the best fitting to the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The desorption studies of quinalphos were carried out using tap and distilled water as eluents and revealed that the leaching potential of the pesticide was higher in soil C (low organic matter content). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The genotoxic effects of quinalphos (QP) were evaluated in the erythrocytes of Cyprinus carpio using the comet, micronucleus, and nuclear abnormality assays. The 96 h LC50 value of quinalphos, estimated by static renewal system, was 10.9 µL/L. On the basis of the LC50 value, two sublethal concentrations (1.09 and 2.18 µL/L) of the compound were used together with cyclophosphamide (5 mg/L) as the positive control. The fish were exposed for 35 d, and sampling was done at the end of 7, 14, 21, 28, and 35 d. Our results reveal a significant dose-dependent increase in the frequencies of DNA strand breaks, micronucleus, and nuclear abnormalities. Similar responses were also observed in fish exposed to the positive genotoxin cyclophosphamide. The collective findings demonstrated that quinalphos exerts a genotoxic effect on C. carpio. The results further confirmed that the comet, micronucleus, and nuclear abnormality assays are useful tools in determining the potential genotoxicity of pesticides towards aquatic organisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sperm motility performance is strongly linked to the reproductive success of a fish. Since fish’s sperm cells are extruded in the aquatic medium where fish live and reproduce, these tiny cells have to counter all the problems of environmental contamination or pesticide pollution. To overview the perspective, an experiment was accomplished to elucidate the effects of different sub-lethal concentrations [0.00ppm, 0% of median lethal concentration (LC50); 0.47ppm, 10% of LC50; and 0.94ppm, 20% of LC50] of quinalphos 25EC (QP) on sperm motility parameters such as - motility (MOT %), curvilinear velocity (VCL), straight line velocity (VSL), and linearity (LIN %) and morphological changes of silver barb (Barbonymus gonionotus) sperm. After partial dilution in the extender (Alsever’s solution), the fish sperm were exposed to QP for 2 (hour, h) or make the final dilution step during video recording on the microscope stage. The results of the study showed that compared with fresh sperm, incubating for 2 ​h at 4 ​°C reduced sperm motility. Incubation with QP for 2 ​h had a significant (P ​

The present work demonstrates the degradation of two persistent and highly toxic organophosphorus pesticides, i.e. monocrotophos (MCP) and quinalphos (QP), which are an inevitable part of Indian agricultural practices. The major emphasis lies in using the naturally and easily available, inexpensive sunlight for water purification. Thus, TiO2 was modified into sulphur-doped TiO2 (S–TiO2) to make it active under sunlight via wet impregnation method. Various catalysts were synthesized by varying the dopant ratio and characterized using FESEM, EDS, XRD, UV-DRS and TEM. With doping, a significant decrease in band gap energy from 3.2 to 2.9 eV was noticed. FESEM revealed that the particles are spherical shaped and slightly agglomerated. Particle size was found to decrease from 33 nm for P25 to 26.82 nm for doped TiO2. According to the various results obtained, 0.7:1 (S:Ti) dopant ratio catalyst was concluded to give optimum results. Further, the degradation studies were carried out under sunlight by varying and optimizing various parameters, i.e. dopant concentration, calcination temperature, catalyst loading, pH and initial concentration. Maximum degradation of 95.36% and 98.09% for MCP (25 mg/L) and QP (20 mg/L) is obtained, respectively, with 0.7:1 (S:Ti) as optimum dopant ratio. Kinetics was studied using Langmuir–Hinshelwood–Hougen–Watson (LHHW) model and was found to obey pseudo-first-order kinetics. The mineralization of pesticides into simpler compounds was confirmed by COD analysis and degradation pathway is also proposed for both the pollutants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prevalence of insecticides and toxic metals in nature is a potential threat to mammalian well being. Simultaneous exposure to co-existing environmental toxins can severely impair cardiovascular health possibly by compromising cardiac antioxidant system. The present study was conceptualized to determine the consequences of concurrent exposure to arsenic and quinalphos on antioxidant status of cardiac tissue in rats. Fifty-four adult Wistar rats of either sex were randomly allocated to nine groups of six rats each. Animals were subjected to either individual or simultaneous oral administration of quinalphos (1/100th or 1/10th of LD50) and arsenic (50 or 100 ppb) incorporated in drinking water, for 28 days. Significantly (p<0.05) declined cardiac antioxidant biomarkers viz. total thiols, catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione-s-transferase, glutathione reductase along with increased (p<0.05) malondialdehyde levels indicated oxidative damage to heart following simultaneous administration of higher doses of quinalphos and arsenic when compared not only to control rats but also to rats exposed to either toxicant. Likewise, significant reduction in activity of cardiac acetylcholinesterase (AChE) was seen in rats co-exposed to higher doses of quinalphos and arsenic. These results show that simultaneous co-exposure to arsenic and quinalphos particularly at their higher doses imposed severe cardiac oxidative stress in rats as reflected by reduced antioxidant biomarkers, increased lipid peroxidation and reduced AChE activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Độc cấp tính và ảnh hưởng của thuốc bảo vệ thực vật hoạt chất quinalphos đến enzyme cholinesterase (ChE) ở tôm càng xanh(Macrobrachium rosenbergii)giai đoạn hậu ấu trùng 34 ngày tuổi được đánh giánhằm xác định giá trị LC50 của hoạt chất này và ảnh hưởng của thuốc đến ChE trong cơtôm ở nồng độ dưới ngưỡng gây chết. Phương pháp nước tĩnh, không thay nước được áp dụng để xác định LC50vàảnh hưởng của quinalphos ở nồng độ 1%, 10% và 20% LC50-96h đến ChEcủa tômtrong 48 giờ. Kết quả ghi nhậnquinalphos rất độc đối với tôm càng xanh, LC50-96h là 0,69 µg/L. ChE ở thịt tôm rất nhạy cảm với hoạt chất quinalphos; ở nồng độ 1%LC50-96h, quinalphos đã gây ức chế ChE ở cơ tôm đến mức có thể gây ảnh hưởng bất lợi cho đa số thủy sinh vật. Tỷ lệ ức chế ChE đạt cao nhất ở thời điểm 24 giờ sau phơi nhiễm và lần lượt là 43,3%, 44,1% và 58,6% ởcác nghiệm thức 1%, 10% và 20% LC50-96 giờ. Kết quả cho thấy quinalphos độc cấp tính cao đối với tôm càng xanh giai đoạn hậu ấu trùng và ChE tôm rất nhạy cảm với thuốc này.

Insecticides and toxicants abound in nature, posing a health risk to humans. Concurrent exposure to many environmental contaminants has been demonstrated to harm myocardial performance and reduce cardiac oxidative stress. The purpose of this research was to study the protective effect of vitamin C (Vit C) on quinalphos (QP)-induced cardiac tissue damage in rats. Eighteen albino male rats were randomly categorised into three groups (n = 6). Control, QP group: rats received distilled water. QP insecticide treatment: an oral administration of QP incorporated in drinking water. QP + Vit C group: rats received QP and Vit C. All the experiments were conducted for ten days. Decline of cardiac antioxidant biomarkers catalase (CAT) and reduced glutathione (GPx) along with increased proinflammatory markers tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) indicated oxidative and inflammatory damage to the heart following administration of QP when compared to control rats. The light microscopic and ultrastructure appearance of QP-treated cardiomyocytes exhibited cardiac damage. Administration of Vit C showed decreased oxidative and inflammatory biomarkers, confirmed with histological and electron microscopic examination. In conclusion, Vit C protected the heart from QP-induced cardiac damage due to decreased inflammation and oxidative stress.

This study was designed to determine alterations in renal biomarkers, antioxidant profile, and histomorphology of renal tissue following subacute exposure to quinalphos alone or in conjunction with arsenic in rats. A total of 54 adult Wistar rats were randomly divided into nine groups of six rats each and were administered sub-lethal concentrations of quinalphos (1/100th and 1/10th of LD50) orally daily and arsenic (50 and 100 ppb) in drinking water for 28 days. Significantly (p < 0.05) decreased levels of antioxidant biomarkers in renal tissue, viz., total thiols, catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione-s-transferase, and glutathione reductase along with increased (p < 0.05) thiobarbituric acid reacting substance (TBRAS) levels indicated that significant oxidative damage to renal tissue occurred following repeated administrations of quinalphos at either dose levels or arsenic at the concentration of 100 ppb when compared with the control rats. The alterations in the antioxidant parameters were observed to be more pronounced in co-administered groups as compared with either toxicant administered group. Similarly, activity of renal acetylcholinesterase was decreased after repeated exposure to quinalphos or arsenic, but inhibition was higher (up to 48%) in rat renal tissue co-exposed with quinalphos and arsenic at the higher concentration. These findings corroborated with the histopathological alterations in renal tissue of toxicant exposed rats. The altered plasma and tissue antioxidant biomarkers along with histopathological changes in the kidney at higher dose level of either toxicant indicate that renal tissue is significantly impacted by these toxicants, and these effects become more pronounced after their co-administration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Self-poisoning with organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) has high morbidity and mortality. The most toxic OP formulations have been progressively banned in Sri Lanka over the past three decades. However, respiratory failure (RF) requiring ventilation remains a major contributor to fatalities. Therefore, this study was conducted to examine the frequency of RF and death after poisoning with the currently available OPs to determine if further bans might be warranted to reduce the burden of OP poisoning in Sri Lanka. Methods: Five hundred and forty patients with confirmed OP self-poisoning were prospectively observed throughout their hospital stay following admission to Peradeniya hospital in the Central Province of Sri Lanka. Clinical data including the time and duration of intubation were documented prospectively in structured datasheets. Results: One hundred and forty-nine patients required ventilation (27%), and 34 (23%) of those died. Males with alcohol co-ingestion were more likely to develop RF. Compared to other OPs, profenofos (Odds Ratio [OR] = 2.5, 95% CI: 1.5–3.9), and quinalphos (OR = 4.5, 95% CI: 1.6–12.6) were more likely to, and chlorpyrifos (OR = 0.2, 95% CI: 0.1–0.4) less likely to lead to RF than other OPs. Profenofos was also associated with higher mortality (OR = 2.3, 95% CI: 1.1–4.6) than other OPs. The median time to intubation was longer for profenofos, but the duration of intubation was similar for all OP formulations. Conclusion: RF and deaths following OP ingestion continue to be a major problem in Sri Lanka, with profenofos being the major current agent of concern. Strategies to replace profenofos and quinalphos use with less toxic insecticides should be explored. Doctors should be alert to the high probability of delayed and prolonged RF after profenofos poisoning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Study were conducted to find out the efficacy of commercially available insecticides formulations, Emmamectin benzoate 0.5% SG (0.5 g/lit. of water), Quinalphos 25% EC (2.0 ml/lit.), Novaluron 10% EC (1.0 ml/lit.), Neem oil 2% (20 ml/lit.), Karanj oil 2% (20 ml/lit.) against the Spilosoma obliqua in Clusterbean. The descending order of most effective insecticide was: Emmamectin benzoate > Quinalphos > Novaluron. During 2015, the maximum population reduction over control was found after 7 days of application of second spray at 15 days of interval viz., 75.4 and 72.0% due to Emmamectin benzoate and Quinalphos, respectively. A similar trend was found in 2016 and 2017. Thus, Emmamectin benzoate was found most effective against the Spilosoma obliqua. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Study was conducted to evaluate the effect of insecticides namely, Imidacloprid 17.8% SL (0.33 ml/lit.), Acetamaprid 20% SP (0.4 g/lit. of water), Thiamethoxam 25% WG (0.5 g/lit.), Quinalphos % 25 EC (2.0 ml/lit.), Neem oil 2% (20 ml/lit.) and Karanj oil 2% (20 ml/lit.) against the Thrips, Megalurothrips usitatus in Green gram. The most effective insecticide was Imidacloprid > Thiamethoxam > Acetamaprid. The maximum population reduction over control was found after 7 days of 2nd spray at 15 days of interval viz., 80.7, 75.8 and 81.5% due to Imidacloprid during 2015, 2016 and 2017 years of treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Field studies on evaluation of pongamia and neem oil soap at various concentrations against okra leaf hopper, Amrasca biguttula biguttula (Ishida) was carried out during the year 2018- 19. Treatments i.e. T1: Pongamia oil soap 0.6%; T2: Pongamia oil soap 1%; T3: Pongamia oil soap 2%; T4: Neem oil soap 0.6%; T5: Soap solution 0.5%; T6: Quinalphos 25 EC @ 0.05%; T7: Standard check applied once at vegetative stage and twice during reproductive stage. Quinalphos 25 EC @ 0.05% was effective followed by pongamia oil soap 2 per cent, pongamia oil soap 1 per cent, neem oil soap 0.6 per cent and pongamia oil soap 0.6 per cent. The effectiveness of the soap reduced after seven days of treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]