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Several typical negative phenomena can be observed in a structurally gion. Economic factors (often linked to higher unemployment rates, frastructure, and services) but also demographic factors (ageing role. The overall quality of life in a given locality is usually enced by leisure opportunities, environmental quality or crime to a combination of these factors that young and talented people gion. Structurally disadvantaged regions are paying considerable of the Brain Drain, as the exodus of highly skilled labour further and social situation. The aim of this study is to find out what push ence young, university-educated individuals to make migration focus on the individuals who live in the Ústí Region, one of the regions in the Czech Republic. Based on a qualitative analysis of cus groups, the main factors that are important for young people defined. Subsequently, a quantitative survey was conducted (N=462), university students under 25 years of age residing in the Ústí nad on Friedman's ANOVA and subsequent post hoc analysis, the main gration were identified. Three main push factors (i.e. driving 'Opportunity to spend leisure time'; 'Good job'; and 'Convenient of residence'. Pull factors (i.e. what keeps individuals in the tions' and 'Affordable housing'. The results of the study can be used to develop strategies for talent stabilization. Highlights for public administration, management and planning: Push and pull factors for migration decisions of university-educated in the structurally disadvantaged region are analysed. Perception of push and pull factors is studied focusing on the spondent would be better off or worse off if they moved from the Based on descriptive and statistical analysis, it was found that individuals mostly miss more cultural, sporting and social more leisure opportunities), a good job and a comfortable and to live in (push factors). Pull factors, on the other hand, include social connections of birth) and affordable housing. Local municipalities can for retaining talent in the region on these findings. Future research should delve deeper into social and psychological not yet been explored in detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background The migration of healthcare professionals from developing countries to more developed nations poses a significant challenge to healthcare systems in low- and middle-income countries. This study aimed to determine the proportion of doctors in Ghana who intend to migrate abroad and to identify the sociodemographic and "pull and push" factors that influence their intention. Methodology A cross-sectional survey was conducted among doctors in Ghana between March 1, 2024, and March 15, 2024, via an online-based semi-structured questionnaire. Doctors working in Ghana, regardless of nationality, were included. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression analyses were conducted to identify factors associated with the intention to emigrate. Statistical significance was set at a p-value of

Background: The migration of healthcare professionals from developing countries to more developed nations poses a significant challenge to healthcare systems in low- and middle-income countries. This study aimed to determine the proportion of doctors in Ghana who intend to migrate abroad and to identify the sociodemographic and "pull and push" factors that influence their intention. Methodology: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among doctors in Ghana between March 1, 2024, and March 15, 2024, via an online-based semi-structured questionnaire. Doctors working in Ghana, regardless of nationality, were included. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression analyses were conducted to identify factors associated with the intention to emigrate. Statistical significance was set at a p-value of < 0.05. Results: Almost all the doctors who responded to the questionnaire consented to participate (99.4%, 641/645). More than half (53.8%, n = 345) of the respondents were medical officers. Most respondents intended to migrate to practice abroad (71.8%, n = 460). The United States (59.7%), the United Kingdom (39.1%), and Canada (34.8%) were the most preferred destinations. After adjusting for covariates, young doctors between 20–29 years [(Adjusted Odd Ratios) AOR = 2.69, 95% CI = 1.13—6.39)], male doctors (AOR = 1.53, 95% CI = 1.04—2.25), doctors in lower professional ranks, and doctors in the field of diagnostics (AOR = 5.70, 95% CI = 1.16 – 28.03) had significantly higher odds of intending to migrate. In descending order of magnitude, the respondents strongly agreed that better remuneration (1.22 ± 0.63), better quality of life (1.22 ± 0.67), better working conditions (1.26 ± 0.69), and better postgraduate training (1.41 ± 0.80) were pull factors. The push factors were economic challenges (1.17 ± 0.49), a lack of a conducive working environment (1.56 ± 0.86), slow career progression (1.95 ± 1.07), excessive workload (2.07 ± 0.12), personal circumstances (2.26 ± 1.19), and poor postgraduate training (2.48 ± 1.22). Conclusion: A substantial proportion of doctors in Ghana are considering emigration, driven by a combination of attractive opportunities abroad and challenging conditions in Ghana. Addressing these issues through improved remuneration, better working environments, and enhanced career development and training opportunities is crucial to retaining healthcare professionals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the critical assets directed at agricultural production is labour. In this context, the effects of migration on farm labour among rice farmers in Mamou Prefecture, Guinea Conakry, were assessed. To achieve this goal, 140 respondents were sampled using a multi-stage sampling procedure. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyse the data to present results and test for correlation between ranked variables. Prominent among the push factors responsible for farm labour migration were poverty ( x ¯ = 1.98 , SD = 0.83), poor healthcare services ( x ¯ = 1.97 , SD = 0.74) and unemployment x ¯ = 1.96 SD = 0.61),) while good government policies ( x ¯ = 1.99 , SD = 0.75) and food security ( x ¯ = 1.93 , SD = 0.63) were the pull factors. The highest-ranked migration types with effects on farm labour migration were short term ( x ¯ = 1.98 , SD = 0.45), internal ( x ¯ = 1.97 , SD = 0.78) and individual ( x ¯ = 1.94 , SD = 1.45) migration. Farm labour was unavailable (77.1%) in the study area on a cumulative scale. There was an inverse relationship between unemployment (rho = −0.019, p = 0.024), method of land preparation (rho = −0.219, p = 0.009), marital status (rho = −0.178, p = 0.036), family/friends (rho = −0.184, p = 0.030) and farm labour availability, whereas the relationship was direct for the availability of raw materials for production (rho = 0.240, p = 0.004) and farm labour availability. The enacting and sustaining of enabling government policies to improve the livelihoods and the intensifying of agricultural mechanisation are recommended in order to stem migration and sustain farm labour availability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Migration & Ethnic Themes: MET / Migracijske i Etničke Teme is the property of Institut za istrazivanje migracija / Institute for Migration Research (IMIN) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article examines push and pull factors for Japanese retirees in Thailand as part of international retirement migration (IRM). Additionally, it studies levels of social integration, subjective wellbeing, life satisfaction, cultural assimilation and factors that hinder it. It examines the moderating and mediating effect of the relationship between independent and dependent variables. A quantitative method using a questionnaire was used and found that economic, health and social factors are significant in influencing retirees’ push and pull motivations. As for social integration, subjective well-being, life satisfaction and cultural assimilation, there is positive feedback from retirees. Factors that hinder cultural assimilation are language barriers and cultural differences. The results show a positive and strong association between language acquisition and social integration, between social integration and cultural assimilation, and between attitudes and cultural assimilation. There is a moderating effect between language acquisition and cultural assimilation. The results also show that there is no mediating effect for local support on the relationship between attitudes and social integration.

The study aimed at assessing the effects of rural youths' migration pattern on small-scale fish farming in southwest Nigeria. Primary data were obtained from 440 fish farmers with the aid of a well-structured questionnaire, using multi-stage random sampling technique. Data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics and likert scale rating techniques. The results showed that majority of the fishers were married males with mean age, household size and fishing experience of 44 years, 6 persons and 14 years respectively. It was further revealed that scarce employment opportunities (89.1%), flood/drought (85.7%), poverty (79.8%) and insurgency/displacement (75.5%) were the major push factors triggering rural youth's migration in the study area while attractive wages/high income (98.0%), diverse employment opportunities (90.2%), alternative source of income during off season (86.1%) and availability of improved technologies (70.7%) were the major pull triggering youths' migration in the study area. Thus, provision of loan to fishers at flexible interest rate, availability of improved fishing equipment, establishment of vocational training centres, integrating rural youth into empowerment programmes and provision of improved fishing methods to attract youth were the main strategies that could be used to checkmate rural youth migration in the study area. It was therefore recommended that Bank of Agriculture should be encourage to give out minimal loan interest rate to fishers at flexible repayment plans, empowerment/skills acquisition/entrepreneurship programmes should be established. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is no consensus in the economics theory about the determinants of household saving. The article composes vector error correction (VEC) models to identify the determinants of household saving in the East Central European countries from 2005–2020. Its novelty is that it identifies push and pull factors in accordance with the Keynesian and neoclassical theories whose mixed approach has not been included in the methodology of relevant papers in relation with East Central European countries. The examined countries are indicated to be homogenous from macroeconomic perspective. Results confirm that household saving increases because of decreases in consumer confidence, unemployment, and inflation rates. Increases in the deposit rate and real house price index are related to these pull factors, while decreases in the official share index correlates withincreases in household saving. Results can serve as guidelines for policy makers about incentives which stimulate household saving most effectively in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the findings of the push and pull factors that cause professionals to leave academia. Previous research has mostly focused on academic professionals' intent to leave their current organisations and largely neglected occupational turnover, that is, the cases where faculty abandon an academic career. The study included 40 semi-structured interviews and a national survey (N = 410) conducted in 2017. The interviewees consisted of three groups: previous faculty members who left academia, members of universities' upper management (deans, vice-rectors and HR managers) and upper managers and HR managers of public and private organisations employing previous academic faculty members. The survey was sent to all scholars who had left academia in Finland during 2010–2015. The qualitative empirical analysis suggests that most of the internal push factors that caused the academic professionals to leave were inversed external pull factors that lured them away from academia. However, it also hints that in many cases, certain individual factors seem to mediate the two. In practice this means that individual factors, such as lack of interest in research and/or teaching and unwillingness to compete in some positions, also contribute to the decision to leave academia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As globalization accelerated in the 1980s, new types of migration emerged. One of these is internal circular migration flows, which are related to the length of stay of immigrants. Internal circularity can be from rural to urban within the borders of a country, or from rural to rural or from urban to urban. Internal circular migration, the periodic movement of individuals within a country for economic opportunities, holds significant social and economic implications. This phenomenon fosters cultural exchange, adaptation, and diversity, but can also strain social bonds due to family separations. In this study, some possible impacts of those flows are discussed.

The phenomenon of missing children is a serious growing concern worldwide, with alarming numbers reported in recent years. The lack of a universally common definition and response to this problem has resulted in inaccurate statistics, with a large number of cases going unreported or under-recognized. Numerous reported cases are successfully resolved, while, regrettably, others have dramatic outcomes and, unfortunately, still others remain unsolved. Identifying the psychological and social factors that contribute to the phenomenon of missing children is crucial for both intervention and prevention efforts. This article emphasizes the need for a comprehensive understanding of the psychological and social factors contributing to the phenomenon of missing children to aid in effective early intervention and prevention.

The term slum is often used to describe hectic settlements with poor facilities and bad living conditions. The majority of city dwellers reside in slums, which are typically deprived of the most basic utilities. According to UN-HABITAT's definition of slum refers to a group of people who live in close residences in urban areas and who require enough living space, long-term housing, access to consumption of water, and a proper sanitation system. Slums developed in Pakistan, like many other third-world nations, are a result of rising urbanization, and the government's incapacity to provide rural migrants in urban centers with housing needs. Hyderabad is one of the fastest-growing cities in the State that has seen significant industrialization. Qasimabad sub-local, being the area most affected by the urbanization process in the Hyderabad region, as a result, 3508 agricultural land parcels were turned into a housing development. The aim of this research is to identify the factors and slum development in urban areas of Qasimabad through the data collection process, specific observation is made, and reports are reviewed. Secondary data is collected in the form of census reports, master plans, and various evaluations, used to examine the issues with slums. However, the results show that the primary cause of the overpopulation of slums and environmental degradation in urban areas is the declination of secondary cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Mostariensia: Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities is the property of University of Mostar and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article examines push and pull factors for Japanese retirees in Thailand as part of international retirement migration (IRM). Additionally, it studies levels of social integration, subjective wellbeing, life satisfaction, cultural assimilation and factors that hinder it. It examines the moderating and mediating effect of the relationship between independent and dependent variables. A quantitative method using a questionnaire was used and found that economic, health and social factors are significant in influencing retirees' push and pull motivations. As for social integration, subjective well-being, life satisfaction and cultural assimilation, there is positive feedback from retirees. Factors that hinder cultural assimilation are language barriers and cultural differences. The results show a positive and strong association between language acquisition and social integration, between social integration and cultural assimilation, and between attitudes and cultural assimilation. There is a moderating effect between language acquisition and cultural assimilation. The results also show that there is no mediating effect for local support on the relationship between attitudes and social integration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Strategic Issues of Northern Hungary ECONOMY-REGION-SOCIETY / Észak-magyarországi Stratégiai Füzetek GAZDASAG-REGIO-TARSADALOM is the property of University of Miskolc, Faculty of Economics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Treaties & Documents / Razprave in Gradivo is the property of Institut za Narodnostna Vprasanja and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Why are certain labour markets more resilient to economic shocks? Why are some economies deeply affected by migration? Modern migration theory remains based on simplistic neo-classical utility maximizing assumptions, despite a failure to fully answer real-world migration questions. The aim of this paper is to show that neo-classical dynamics are differentiated between subpopulations that make up the workforce. Using disaggregated data from Germany and a dynamic spatial vector autoregressive model that allows for spillovers, the paper teases out several aspects of regional labour market resilience. Results highlight that regions stand to benefit from supporting place-specific policies tailored to local circumstances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to accomplish three things: (1) to determine the manner in which child labor is exploited; (2) to identify the ecological elements (push and pull) that contribute to the exploitation of child labor; and (3) to determine the challenges that are associated with the management of child labor. It is possible for adults to exploit children through the use of child labor in a number of vocations, including those in the agricultural industry, the garment industry, manufacturing, mining, service industries, and the informal sector. Children's employment is influenced by a number of environmental factors, such as poverty, a dearth of educational possibilities, and a lack of awareness regarding the rights of children. The study discusses a number of elements that operate as pushes and pulles, as well as barriers, that could be encountered when attempting to address the problem of child labor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The number and distribution of health workers per capita are significant factors for countries to achieve their goals in the health sector. However, there is a global shortage of skilled health workers. The immigration of health professionals or their intention to emigrate is a critical problem, especially for source countries. This situation directly affects the access, equity, and quality of necessary health services. In this article, we discussed the intentions of physicians to emigrate and the factors that pull and push physicians, including the methods that can be applied. Method: It was designed as a descriptive and cross-sectional study in accordance with the research problem. A total of 504 physicians from Turkey participated in the study. The data were collected using a personal information form and a scale consisting of "Push Factors, Pull Factors, Negative Impacts of Migration, and Positive Impacts of Migration". Mean and standard deviation were used in the study. Results: The results indicate that physicians in Türkiye intend to emigrate. Also, physicians would prefer to emigrate to developed countries such as Germany, the USA, and England if they have the opportunity to leave Türkiye. Working and living conditions are the first factors pushing them, followed by the phenomenon of violence in healthcare. The participants think that if they emigrate, new physicians in Turkey cannot be replaced quickly, and this will further increase the heavy workload of their colleagues. Conclusion: Considering these results, it is necessary to develop policies for trained healthcare workers to work in source countries and to reduce the level of the emigration tendency of health workers, especially in developing countries such as Türkiye. In particular, these policies should include micro and macro policies related to violence in healthcare and the improvement of working conditions. Otherwise, the effective, efficient, and interrupted delivery of health services may be disrupted.

AbstractChinese international students compose the largest group of full-tuition-paying students globally and are important to hosting destinations both culturally and financially. However, the obstructed international mobility caused by COVID-19 has changed their international applications. As the world gradually resumes its previous mobility level, it is important to comprehend what pull factors can effectively attract students for marketing purposes. This quantitative research re-examines the established pull factors considered and valued by prospective Chinese international students and their parents and discovered that (1) a combination of five to six factors can be sufficient for Chinese students to decide on an overseas destination, (2) cost, global rankings, and Chinese employment prospects have become the most substantial factors in destination choices, (3) opportunities for immigration and overseas employment are no longer significant, and (4) students and parents view international education with different interpretations. The marketing implications are discussed.

Migration is a practice of shifting from the place of residence and living permanently in a new region or country but in some cases it can be on temporary or floating bases. There are diverse forms of migration which are usually named as Rural-Rural migration(R–R), Rural–Urban Migration(R–U) Urban–Rural migration (U–R), Urban-Urban migration (U–U), and Internal Migration. The present study provides the scenario about the factors which causes the rise in the floating population in the Katra region of Jammu and Kashmir region. Basically, Katra is a business hub where ample numbers of employment and job opportunities are available for every individual irrespective of his level of education and economic status. The reveals that in Katra town of the state the local population is less than the floating migrant population. On finding the causes for more migration in Katra region, it was found that the preliminary cause for a shift to Katra region is high level of employment opportunities and increased earnings. Besides this quest for high standard of living with adequate Health care facilities, better educational facilities and increment in the efficiency level of an individual also accounts for the main causes of shift to Katra region. The study also analyzed that the people who are migrated to Katra actually experiencing the good quality of life style, better infrastructural facilities, having access to various employment opportunities and availing the best of the facilities including the ownership of different assets after the migration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Patient decision-making concerning therapy choice has been thoroughly investigated in the Push/Pull framework: factors pushing the patient away from biomedicine and those pulling them towards Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM). Others have examined lay etiology as a potential factor in CAM use. We conducted semi-structured interviews with patients employing only biomedicine and those using CAM. The coded and segmented data was quantified and modelled using epistemic network analysis (ENA) to explore what effects push/pull factors and etiology had on the decision-making processes.There was a marked difference between our two subsamples concerning push factors: although both groups exhibited similar scaled relative code frequencies, the CAM network models were more interconnected, indicating that CAM users expressed dissatisfaction with a wider array of phenomena. Among pull factors, a preference for natural therapies accounted for differences between groups but did not retain a strong connection to rejecting conventional treatments. Etiology, particularly adherence to vitalism, was also a critical factor in both choice of therapy and rejection of biomedical treatments. Push factors had a crucial influence on decision-making, not as individual entities, but as a constellation of experienced phenomena. Belief in vitalism affects the patient's explanatory model of illness, changing the interpretation of other etiological factors and illness itself. Scrutinizing individual push/pull factors or etiology does not explain therapeutic choices; it is from their interplay that decisions arise. Our unified, qualitative-andquantitative methodological approach offers novel insight into decision-making by displaying connections among codes within patient narratives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Health & Nursing Management / Sağlık ve Hemşirelik Yönetimi Dergisi is the property of Logos Medical Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

IntroductionSince 2019, Lebanon is experiencing an unprecedented exodus of doctors, seriously threatening the national health system, which is expected to continue without quick and effective solutions. Therefore, this study aimed to understand the factors that push Lebanese doctors to migrate and the factors that retain others in the country. Additionally, this study aims to propose solutions to preserve an adequate supply of medical care amidst the crisis.MethodsQualitative semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions were conducted using pre-developed guides. Purposive and snowball sampling was adopted to recruit physicians who emigrated and physicians staying in Lebanon. Transcripts of interviews and focus groups were coded using Dedoose software and analyzed through a combination of inductive and deductive approaches.ResultsEmigration was found to be the result of numerous interconnected factors. The main drivers for emigration were declining income, career problems, reduced quality of care, unhealthy work environment, and the deteriorated political and socio-economic contexts leading to instability and insecurity. As for the retention factors, they included affective attachment and sense of belonging to the professional environment and the country, followed by recognition and valorization at work. Several recommendations were developed to maintain quality of care delivery, including reforms of the health system, development of focused human resource retention strategies based on resource mapping evidence, negotiations with recruiting institutions to endorse the code ethics ending unethical practices draining countries' human resources, provision of financial incentives to doctors, and the recognition and valorization of physicians. Other rapid interventions were suggested, such as short-term medical missions to mitigate shortages in certain specialties, telemedicine, adaptation of recruitment processes to compensate for resources shortages in certain specialties, and adoption of task-shifting approaches to alleviate the workload on overburdened specialists.DiscussionThe findings of this study shed the light on the different factors influencing migration while framing them in the Lebanese context. These findings and recommendations should inform stakeholders and policy makers about the interventions needed to restore the quality of care. The feasibility and sustainability of most formulated recommendations depend on several factors, with political and socio-economic security and stability being the most crucial ones.

Copyright of Nova Economia is the property of Nova Economia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: The health workforce of a nation is crucial to its economic productivity and development. In Nigeria, the emigration of healthcare professionals from the country has become alarming and is fueled by various factors. This study thus determined to study the push and pull factors encouraging the emigration of medical consultants from Nigeria as well as their perceptions of what can be done to retain Nigeria's health workforce in the country. Methodology: An online survey of 238 consultants (fellows) of the West Africa College of Physicians, West Africa College of Surgeons, and the National Postgraduate Medical College of Nigeria under the auspices of the Medical and Dental Consultants Association of Nigeria (MDCAN) was conducted. A structured questionnaire was used as the instrument for data collection. The data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23. Results: Push factors promoting the emigration of doctors identified in this study included the occurrence of armed conflict (66.0%), the inadequacy of job opportunities (69.7%), poor remuneration (69.7%) as well as the need to improve professional skills (82.4%). Pull factors supporting the emigration of the doctors included the need for better prospects for their professional practice (65.1%) and their children (84.9%), better remuneration (87.4%), and the assurance of better security (76.1%). Availability of incentives (82.4%), as well as improved security (85.3%) among other factors, were identified as being effective in retaining Nigeria's health workforce. Conclusion: The problem of doctors' emigration from Nigeria persists and is fueled by various factors that need to be addressed urgently for improving the retention of the country's health workforce. It is recommended that a holistic approach confronting issues of training, availability of an enabling environment as well as the professional progression of doctors be adopted in tackling this emigration problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to empirically investigate the interrelationships between push and pull factors associated with the consumption of women’s professional basketball games. Multiple factors pertaining to sport consumers’ internal needs, identified as “push” factors, contain various intangible socio-psychological motivations representing an individual’s intrinsic desires that drive consumers toward certain goal-driven behaviors. On the other hand, “pull” factors, related to the supply side, refer to the different aspects of sport products the management of sport teams provides. It is imperative to obtain a better understanding of the push– pull interaction so that sport marketers can design their products to satisfy spectators’ expectations with different needs. Spectators (N = 628) attending WNBA games responded to an on-site survey. CFA was conducted to ensure the psychometric properties of the scales, which showed that the overall model fit the data well. A canonical correlation analysis was performed, and two significant functions were revealed by the dimension reduction analysis. The first function [F(40,2,683) = 4.49, p < 0.001]: I-Want-Everything-Consumer suggests that the market segment comprises individuals with multiple needs (ranged from 0.55 to 0.85) and expectations (ranged from 0.55 to 0.89), both of which need to be met simultaneously. Thus, sports marketers can satisfy WNBA consumers’ needs by enhancing the quality of tangible pull factors. The second function [F(28,2,222) = 2.38, p < 0.001]: Achievement Seekers revealed that the consumers motivated by vicarious achievement (–0.59) expect game promotion (–0.55) rather than the quality of the opposing team (0.42), indicating that sport marketers should provide tailored promotional strategies to satisfy this segment of consumers. Specifically, the findings of this study can be used to segment consumers based upon fan motives (i.e., push factors) and position products accordingly by managing the controllable aspects of sport products (i.e., pull factors). This study provides empirical evidence of the relationship between WNBA consumers’ multiple needs and attributes associated with the WNBA core product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emigration of doctors from Nigeria has been on the increase in recent years, with no obvious efforts to manage or mitigate the negative impacts of this growing trend on the already weak health system. This study assessed the emigration intentions of doctors undergoing residency training at the premier tertiary healthcare center in Nigeria and the factors that influence these intentions. This mixed-method study was cross-sectional in design. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to identify the factors that influence the emigration intentions of resident doctors at the University College Hospital, Ibadan, Southwest Nigeria. In-depth interviews (IDIs) were also conducted to further explore the push and pull factors identified from the survey and their migration preferences. A total of 244 resident doctors completed the questionnaires and 10 participated in the IDIs. Overall, 57.4% of the respondents had emigration intentions and 34.8% had made various attempts at emigrating. Major factors that encouraged resident doctors to emigrate to developed countries included better working and living conditions, good salary and the opportunity for career advancement in destination countries. Family ties was the single most important factor that deterred resident doctors from emigrating. The UK was found to be the top preferred destination. Strategic approaches and multisectoral collaborations will be required to address doctors' emigration from Nigeria. These efforts should be targeted at not just the health sector but should also include the social and economic aspects of the lives of resident doctors, to improve their living conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to empirically investigate the interrelationships between push and pull factors associated with the consumption of women’s professional basketball games. Multiple factors pertaining to sport consumers’ internal needs, identified as “push” factors, contain various intangible socio-psychological motivations representing an individual’s intrinsic desires that drive consumers toward certain goal-driven behaviors. On the other hand, “pull” factors, related to the supply side, refer to the different aspects of sport products the management of sport teams provides. It is imperative to obtain a better understanding of the push–pull interaction so that sport marketers can design their products to satisfy spectators’ expectations with different needs. Spectators (N = 628) attending WNBA games responded to an on-site survey. CFA was conducted to ensure the psychometric properties of the scales, which showed that the overall model fit the data well. A canonical correlation analysis was performed, and two significant functions were revealed by the dimension reduction analysis. The first function [F(40,2,683) = 4.49, p < 0.001]: I-Want-Everything-Consumer suggests that the market segment comprises individuals with multiple needs (ranged from 0.55 to 0.85) and expectations (ranged from 0.55 to 0.89), both of which need to be met simultaneously. Thus, sports marketers can satisfy WNBA consumers’ needs by enhancing the quality of tangible pull factors. The second function [F(28,2,222) = 2.38, p < 0.001]: Achievement-Seekers revealed that the consumers motivated by vicarious achievement (–0.59) expect game promotion (–0.55) rather than the quality of the opposing team (0.42), indicating that sport marketers should provide tailored promotional strategies to satisfy this segment of consumers. Specifically, the findings of this study can be used to segment consumers based upon fan motives (i.e., push factors) and position products accordingly by managing the controllable aspects of sport products (i.e., pull factors). This study provides empirical evidence of the relationship between WNBA consumers’ multiple needs and attributes associated with the WNBA core product.

Various factors have been reported to encourage students to study abroad and choose their destination, including academic and economic factors. Simultaneously, it has been reported that international students are at high risk of developing mental health problems, including depression, anxiety, isolation, and even suicide, due to a number of driving forces. Given that prospective international students who go abroad are part of the population with low life satisfaction, why do they take such a risk to go abroad? In this study, interviews with 10 international students studying at a national university in Japan revealed that they face several difficulties in their destination country that may cause them to experience mental health problems. It also revealed that mental health problems were among the factors that influenced the international students' decision to study abroad. For some students, studying abroad was a way to escape a stressful previous environment in which they felt psychologically maladjusted, and getting away from such a stressful environment was one of the main reasons behind their decision to go abroad. Some others reported that their psychological distress played a secondary role in their decision and that they had other primary reasons for choosing to study abroad. Some students chose to study abroad not in spite of, but because of, psychological difficulties in their home countries, suggesting that more attention must be paid to mental health issues as a factor driving students to study abroad. • Mental health issues can be a factor that encourage students to study abroad. • Students face difficulties studying abroad, which affect their mental health. • Overcoming hardships in studying abroad can improve students' confidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the effect of push and pull factors of travel motivation, which is one of the main reasons behind someone's travels, on customer-based destination equity. For this purpose, 468 data were gathered from foreign tourists in Alanya, Turkey. Explanatory factor analysis was used due to the addition of new variables in the scale of push and pull factors of travel motivation. Velicer's minimum average partial (MAP) test and Horn's parallel analysis were used to determine the factor numbers in the explanatory factor analysis. In the customer-based destination equity scale, confirmatory factor analysis was used because this scale was taken as it is. Relationships between dependent and independent variables were examined by correlation and regression analyses. The study results demonstrate that push and pull factors of travel motivation affect destination awareness, destination association, perceived destination quality, economic value of destination, and destination loyalty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leadership effectiveness is an invariably crucial ingredient in the recipe for entrepreneurial success. Evidently, this fact warrants an assessment of the factors which presumably influence the degree of leadership effectiveness of women entrepreneurs. Among others, two such elements are the entrepreneurial stimulus and the industry affiliation of women entrepreneurs. This study tries to make a case for the variance in leadership effectiveness and group management traits, with respect to differing entrepreneurial stimuli and industry affiliations of women entrepreneurs, respectively. It develops on a questionnaire-based quantitative self-assessment of leadership effectiveness Style of 120 women entrepreneurs from Central India. The findings suggest that women entrepreneurs influenced by pull factors perceive their leadership to be more effective than those affected by push factors. Furthermore, those belonging to service-dominant sectors seem to recognise a greater quantum of group management traits than their counterparts from the manufacturing-dominant sectors. Eventually, this study furthers the results to an inquiry into the plausible reasons behind them, thereby, generating a guidepost for subsequent efforts into the arena of enhancing leadership effectiveness among women entrepreneurs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article investigates the main economic and non-economic determinants of population emigration from Lithuania. Our study offers a new approach for modelling the push and pull factors considering the push–pull link. We construct the relative variables and deploy mixed models for the macro data of Lithuania and 24 European destinations over 2010–2019. Our findings reveal that such economic variables as relative economic welfare, unemployment and income inequality are the key push–pull factors. The study results indicate that changes in relative welfare have the highest power to change Lithuanian emigration with the main impact recorded the same year, while changes in relative income inequality and unemployment affect fewer emigrants, and it takes one year for the effect to materialise. The obtained higher importance of relative welfare compared to the average wage suggests that the goods and services provided by the state play a role in the personal cost–benefit calculation of prospective emigrants. This study addresses the research gap on the quantitative push–pull factor evaluation, the timing of their impact, connectivity of the push–pull factors and structural changes, providing a foundation for future research on the root causes of emigration.

This qualitative-constructivist study sought to investigate the social and economic circumstances affecting the 'push' and 'pull' factors that shaped the educational aspirations of the poor. With data collected through interviews of seven (7) participants chosen through purposive sampling and categorized as 'poor' by the City Social Welfare and Development Office, this paper employed the inductive thematic analysis. Results showed that the educational aspirations of the poor were affected by social circumstances such as having no family support, a large family, and limited schooling of the household members, while economic circumstances such as being poor, having low-wage parents, and working at an early age respectively. The poor's educational aspirations were shaped by the 'push' factors of low earning potential and lack of opportunities for advancements and 'pull' factors of high employment probability and better economic conditions. Generally, the participants had high educational aspirations and viewed education as a treasure/tool, support, and protection. Discussions, implications, conclusions, and recommendations were advanced from the themes that emerged from the series of in-depth interviews with the participants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]