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Summary This study aimed to isolate and characterise zinc‐chelating peptides from tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) protein hydrolysate. The hydrolysate was fractionated using a multi‐ultrafiltration technique, yielding peptide fractions with molecular weights between 0.5 and 5 kDa. These fractions were further purified using immobilised metal ion affinity chromatography (IMAC‐Zn2+) and reverse high‐performance liquid chromatography (RP‐HPLC). Among the fractions obtained, the peptide fraction F211 exhibited a zinc‐binding capacity of 76.26 ± 2.46 mg g−1. Sequence analysis indicated that zinc binding occurred at amino acids on the F21 peptide and at valine or glutamate residues on the F22 peptide fraction. Structural characterisation revealed that amino nitrogen and oxygen atoms from carboxylate groups were the primary binding sites for Zn2+. Additionally, the zinc–peptide complex demonstrated strong thermal stability, which is significant for potential applications in food processing and storage, where maintaining the integrity of nutritional supplements under varying temperature conditions is crucial. These findings provide a feasible approach for the separation and purification of zinc‐binding peptides from tilapia protein hydrolysates and contribute to the understanding of the binding mechanisms between zinc and peptides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Platycodon grandiflorum is a commonly used Chinese herbal medicine in China, containing saponins, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, fatty acids, volatile oils, polysaccharides, and other active ingredients. It has the effects of regulating immunity, anti‐inflammatory, expectorant, lowering blood lipids, antioxidation, etc., and can be used to treat symptoms such as cough, sore throat, lung pain, and expectoration. Polysaccharides are one of the important bioactive substances in P. grandiflorum, which have better anti‐tumor and enhancing immune activity, and are widely used in medicine, health food, and other fields. P. grandiflorum polysaccharide (PGP) has various biological activities and is the main component and key bioactive substance of P. grandiflorum. It has various biological effects, including immune regulation, antioxidant, anti‐tumor, liver protection, hypoglycemic, and gastrointestinal protection. This paper systematically reviews the research progress on the extraction, separation and purification, structural characteristics, and biological activity of P. grandiflorum polysaccharides in recent years both domestically and internationally, to provide the theoretical basis for improving the utilization of P. grandiflorum polysaccharides and further studying the structure–activity relationship of P. grandiflorum polysaccharides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

C-reactive protein (CRP) plays a crucial role in the diagnosis and monitoring of the non-specific acute phase response in humans. In contrast, rat CRP (rCRP) is an atypical acute-phase protein that possesses unique features, such as a possible incapacity to trigger the complement system and markedly elevated baseline plasma concentrations. To facilitate in vitro studies on these unique characteristics, obtaining high-quality pure rCRP is essential. Here we explored various strategies for rCRP purification, including direct isolation from rat plasma and recombinant expression in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic systems. Our study optimized the recombinant expression system to enhance the secretion and purification efficiency of rCRP. Compared to traditional purification methods, we present a streamlined and effective approach for the expression and purification of rCRP in the Pichia pastoris system. This refined methodology offers significant improvements in the efficiency and effectiveness of rCRP purification, thereby facilitating further structural and functional studies on rCRP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vegetable tannins are environmentally friendly tanning agents. However, they generally impart a dark colour to the tanned leather and highly contribute to the organic load in wastewaters. In this study, we employed a purification protocol separately on chestnut tannin (CT) and sulfited quebracho tannin (QT) to obtain the purified fractions (PCT and PQT). These samples were characterised by GPC, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, FT-IR, and HPLC–DAD techniques and applied for tanning tests. Through the purification process, non-tannin components and smaller molecules such as gallic acid, glucopyranose, and catechin were effectively removed from CT and QT, which consequently led to the reduced moisture content, pH value, and lighter colour of purified fractions. The crust leathers processed with PCT and PQT showed desirable light shades. Moreover, the organic loads in PCT and PQT tanning wastewater were reduced by 13.5% and 19.1%, respectively, when compared to those in traditional CT and QT tanning wastewater. Additionally, the physical and mechanical characteristics of crust leathers processed with PCT and PQT were comparable to those processed with CT and QT. Thus, purification of vegetable tannins may serve as a feasible strategy for producing light-colored vegetable-tanned leather while minimizing organic pollutant discharge during the vegetable tanning process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A combination of different physio‐chemical treatment steps was applied to purify industrially derived crude glycerol at laboratory scale. The full process included acid–base treatments, phase separation, and adsorption, and the glycerol purity and recovery were optimized by varying the pH during saponification and acidification, the solvent‐to‐glycerol ratio, and type of base used in the process to enhance both. The testing campaign resulted in a final purity of up to 87% wt starting from a very low‐quality 'end‐of‐life' waste glycerol sampled from different refineries. The net glycerol recovery at laboratory scale reached 42% of the initial glycerol in the feedstock and the maximum ash removal exceeded 90% given the low quality of the feedstock and high content of impurities and the attempt to achieve high glycerol recovery. The experiment showed that mild operations such as saponification with KOH (pH of 8), acidification with H3PO4 (pH of 6), an ideal 2‐propanol to glycerol volume ratio equal to 3 and potassium hydroxide as a base for the neutralisation step were the optimum conditions despite the differences between samples. The sequence of the processes proposed was therefore considered a viable option to treat any kind of crude glycerol to make it profitable for fuel and chemical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The available prophylactic vaccines for human papillomavirus (HPV) in the market are only effective against specific types of HPV, rendering them ineffective for other types of HPV infections. The objective of this research is to investigate the stability of the recombinant protein constructed, namely chimeric L1/L2 protein from HPV type 52, with improved cross-neutralization ability. The 3D model, predicted using Alphafold, Robetta, I-Tasser, and refined with Galaxy Refinement, is validated using Ramachandran plot analysis. The stability is verified through molecular dynamics simulations, considering parameters such as RMSD, RMSF, Rg, and SASA, where stable conditions are observed. The chimeric L1/L2 protein from HPV type 52 is purified using affinity chromatography, and the His-tag is cleaved using SUMO protease to obtain pure chimeric protein with the size of ~ 55 kDa. Western blot analysis confirms binding to anti-L1 HPV type 52 polyclonal antibody. The obtained vaccine candidate can be utilized as an effective prophylactic vaccine against HPV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: The efficient separation and purification of proteins like C‐phycocyanin (C‐PC) from Spirulina platensis are essential for their commercialization, yet they remain challenging. This study investigated three chromatographic methods for C‐PC purification: weak anion exchange chromatography (DEAE), strong anion exchange chromatography (Q Sepharose), and hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC). RESULTS: Weak anion exchange chromatography achieved a recovery of 36.80 mg unit (57.08%) with a purity of 3.23, outperforming Q Sepharose (yield: 23.21 mg unit means that 46.33%, purity: 2.76) and HIC (yield: 22.95 mg unit means that 17.57%, purity: 3.02). The purified C‐PC consisted of α and β subunits with molecular masses of 16 kDa and 17 kDa, respectively. Further assessment revealed its antioxidant capacity through a 2,2'‐Azino‐bis(3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulfonic acid) (ABTS) assay. The stability of C‐phycocyanin was tested at different pH levels and temperatures. Maximum stability was observed at pH 7, and pH 4 showed the lowest stability. Glutaraldehyde‐treated C‐PC (GC‐PC) demonstrated gradual degradation up to 50 °C, retaining 73.25% after 30 min. Notably, GC‐PC exhibited stability even at higher temperatures, with degradation rates of 57.32% at 70 °C and 50.96% at 80 °C. CONCLUSION: Weak anion exchange chromatography proved superior for C‐PC purification, offering higher yields and purity than Q Sepharose and HIC. The purified C‐PC showed promising antioxidant capacity and stability, particularly GC‐PC, which exhibited resistance to degradation, even at elevated temperatures. These findings underscore the potential of C‐PC as a valuable compound for various applications, with DEAE chromatography being an efficient method for its production and commercialization. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ganoderma lucidum (GL) is a kind of edible fungus with various functions and a precious medicinal material with a long history. Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide (GLP) is one of the main bioactive substances in GL, with anti-tumor, anti-oxidation, anti-cancer, and other biological activities. GLP is closely related to human health, and the research on GLP is getting deeper. This paper reviewed the extraction and purification methods of GLP, the relationship between structure and activity, and the qualitative and quantitative methods. This review provides solutions for the analysis and application of GLP. At the same time, some new methods for extraction, purification and analysis of GLP, the relationship between advanced structures and activity, and future applications of and research into GLP were emphasized. As a kind of bioactive macromolecule, GLP has unique functional properties. Through the comprehensive summary of the extraction, purification, and analysis of GLP and its future prospects, we hope that this review can provide valuable reference for the further study of GLP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lectin (TfgL) was purified from the seeds of Trigonella foenum-graecum (Fenugreek) belonging to fabaceae family by ammonium sulphate precipitation, ion exchange and followed by size exclusion chromatography. SDS–PAGE analysis revealed that TfgL molecular weight is approximately 27 kDa. 2D-PAGE reveals the existence of two isolectins (pI values of 6.3 and 6.7) with acidic nature and charge heterogeneity. The MALDI-TOF–MS and peptide mass fingerprinting investigation of TfgL showed sequence similarity with a lectin. The hemagglutinating activity of TfgL was stable in broad range of temperature 37–90 °C and at varied pHs 3, 7.6 and 10. Far-UV circular dichroism measurements showed that TfgL is mostly composed of α-helix (84.5%), β-sheet (6.5%), β-turns (5%) and unordered structures (4%). TfgL showed conformational stability in wide range of temperatures (20‒90 °C) and pHs (3, 7.6 and 10) but lost its secondary structure in the presence of 6 M Gdn.HCl. Quenching titrations were carried out with acrylamide and iodide quenchers in order to investigate the exposure and accessibility of the protein tryptophan residues. Maximum quenching observed with acrylamide compared to iodide revealed that the Trp residues of TfgL are buried in the protein core, which is hydrophobic in nature. TfgL showed binding affinity towards porphyrin, the association constant (Ka), for MnTSPP and MnTMPyP was calculated to be 1.2 × 106 M‒1 and 3.45 × 106 M‒1, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Impurities in low-grade silicon ore, particularly iron and aluminum, can significantly influence the quality of subsequent products. Therefore, it is vital to eliminate these impurities to improve the purity of low-grade silicon ore. This study introduces a method for removing iron and aluminum impurities from silicon ore. The silicon ore samples were analyzed through X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and potential-pH diagram. The results confirmed that after direct roasting, the quartz crystal transformed from α-quartz to β quartz, causing an increase in quartz volume. After quenching, cracks and pits formed on the quartz surface, facilitating the diffusion and oxidation of impurities. Subsequent pressure leaching enabled the leaching agent to effectively penetrate the quartz interior, thereby removing impurities from the quartz sand. The experimental results revealed that the optimal conditions for removing impurities through direct roasting and quenching involved using a mixed acid solution containing 3% hydrochloric acid and 6 g/L oxalic acid. The leaching process was conducted at a temperature of 200 ℃ for 4 h in a reactor. Under these conditions, the silicon ore exhibited residual Fe and Al contents of 85 and 320ppmw, respectively, achieving the highest removal rates of 97.98% and 97.85%, the SiO2 content in silicon ore increased from 94.08% to 99.42%. Compared with leaching under atmospheric pressure leaching, pressure leaching resulted in a 30% increase in the removal rate of impurities. This study provides valuable practical guidance for purifying low-grade silicon ore used in silicon smelting raw materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

5‐Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) was transformed into 2,5‐diformylfuran (DFF) with nitric acid as the oxidant. The initial HMF content was as high as 12.5 wt %, and water was the sole solvent. This is an intensely exothermic reaction along with the emission of NO2 gas. A high DFF yield of 83.2 % was achieved if the oxidation ability of nitric acid matched with the requirement of target oxidation reaction while mismatched those of side reactions by regulating the initial concentration of nitric acid (59.5 wt %) and reaction temperature (50–60 °C). The oxidation reaction of HMF, overoxidation of HMF, and skeleton‐cracking reaction of FDCA preferred concentrated HNO3, hot HNO3, and concentrated or hot HNO3, respectively. After liquid‐liquid extraction, filtration, and column chromatography, light‐yellow DFF powders with purity of 92.1 wt % and isolated yield of 40.2 % were obtained and confirmed by NMR, FTIR, UV‐Vis, and elemental analysis. HMF was the dominant impurity due to its affinity to DFF. In addition, chromogenic substances were obtained as a byproduct, and they were potential pH indicators. These chromogenic substances had highly conjugated molecular structures, and they were generated via successive β‐protonation‐based ring‐opening reaction of HMF, aldol reaction, and dehydration reaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a tick-borne zoonotic disease that presents with severe hemorrhagic manifestations and is associated with significant fatality rates. The causative agent, Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus (CCHFV), is a high-priority pathogen identified by the World Health Organization with no approved vaccine or specific treatment available. In addition, there is a critical need for enhanced diagnostic tools to improve public health awareness, prevention measures, and disease control strategies. Methods: We designed plasmids to enable the purification of soluble CCHFV glycoprotein Gc expressed in mammalian 293 F cells, followed by purification using affinity and size exclusion chromatography. The purified antigen was analyzed by SDS-PAGE and Western blotting to confirm its reactivity to antibodies from CCHF survivors. Additionally, an in-house indirect ELISA was developed using the purified Gc as a coating antigen. Results: The optimized expression system successfully produced soluble and pure Gc antigen after affinity chromatography. The protein showed specific reactivity with CCHFV-positive serum antibodies in Western blot analysis. The indirect ELISA assay demonstrated high efficacy in distinguishing between CCHFV-positive and -negative serum samples, indicating its potential as a valuable diagnostic tool. Size exclusion chromatography further confirmed the presence of aggregates in our protein preparation. Conclusions: The purified Gc antigen shows promise for developing direct diagnostic assays for CCHFV. The antigen's suitability for subunit vaccine development and its application as bait for monoclonal antibody isolation from survivors could be investigated further. This work lays the foundation for future research into the development of rapid diagnostic tests for field deployment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An exopolysaccharide (EPS)-producing strain, identified as Weissella cibaria HDL-4, was isolated from litchi. After separation and purification, the structure and properties of HDL-4 EPS were characterized. The molecular weight of HDL-4 EPS was determined to be 1.9 × 10⁶ Da, with glucose as its monosaccharide component. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analyses indicated that HDL-4 EPS was a D-glucan with α-(1→6) and α-(1→4) glycosidic bonds. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed that HDL-4 EPS was amorphous. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and atomic force microscope (AFM) observations showed that HDL-4 EPS possesses pores, irregular protrusions, and a smooth layered structure. Additionally, HDL-4 EPS demonstrated significant thermal stability, remaining stable below 288 °C. It exhibited a strong metal ion adsorption activity, emulsification activity, antioxidant activity, and water-retaining property. Therefore, HDL-4 EPS can be extensively utilized in the food and pharmaceutical industries as an additive and prebiotic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Apple polyphenols are one of the major bioactive compounds in apple products and have strong anti-inflammatory effects and the ability to prevent chronic diseases with health benefits. The development of apple polyphenol products is dependent on the extraction, purification and identification of apple polyphenols. The extracted polyphenols need to be further purified to improve the concentration of the extracted polyphenols. This review, therefore, presents the studies on the conventional and novel methods for polyphenols purification from apple products. The different chromatography methods, as one of the most widely used conventional purification methods, for polyphenol purification from various apple products are introduced. In addition, the perspective of the adsorption-desorption process and membrane filtration technique in enhancing the purification of polyphenols from apple products are presented in this review. The advantages and disadvantages of these purification techniques are also discussed and compared in depth. However, each of the reviewed technologies has some disadvantages that need to be overcome, and some mechanisms need to be further identified. Therefore, more competitive polyphenols purification techniques need to emerge in the future. It is hoped that this review can provide a research basis for the efficient purification of apple polyphenols, which can facilitate their application in various fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Protein‐ and peptide‐based therapies have emerged as a possible alternative to antibody‐ and small molecule‐ based therapies for treating cancer, aiming to improve drug localization and enhance effectiveness. Peptides such as cyclotides and acyclotides are known for their exceptional stability, which is attributed to the presence of a cystine knot. These peptides exhibit a diverse array of biological activities, making them promising candidates for therapeutic development. Transcriptomics approaches are frequently employed to gain insights into gene organization and identify variations in transcript expression levels. Furthermore, proteomics and NMR spectroscopy techniques are highly regarded as a potent method for analyzing peptide structures. This review offers a thorough examination of the most recent advancements and developments in the methods employed to isolate and characterize the peptides, including purification, proteomics, and transcriptomics. Furthermore, the article thoroughly analyzes the unique structural features of cyclotides and acyclotides, providing valuable insights into their potential groundbreaking applications. The discussion also explores the issuance of numerous patents in the medical and pharmaceutical field, highlighting the growing interest and potential applications of cyclotides in cancer treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractA new separation technology, three-phase crystallization (TPC), was utilized to purify acrylic acid (AA) from a binary liquid mixture comprising AA and propionic acid (PA). The solid–liquid equilibrium data of AA/PA mixture reported in the literature were adopted to recover the activity coefficients of the liquid mixture; and, subsequently, the vapor–liquid equilibrium conditions of AA/PA mixture were predicted using Raoult’s law and the Wilson equations for the recovered activity coefficients. The reported solid–liquid equilibrium data and the predicted vapor–liquid equilibrium conditions were coupled to determine the three-phase transformation conditions of AA/PA mixture, which were employed to conduct the batch TPC experiments. Upon conclusion of the TPC, the yield and purity were measured to estimate the amount of the AA crystals and volume of the liquid mixture retained in the overall final product, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon‐based nanomaterials have catalyzed breakthroughs across various scientific and engineering disciplines. The key to unlocking a new generation of tailor‐made nanomaterials based on single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) lies in the precise sorting of raw material into individual chiralities, each possessing unique properties. This can be achieved using conjugated polymer extraction (CPE), but to a very limited extent since the process generates only a few chirality‐enriched suspensions. Therefore, it is imperative to comprehend the mechanism of the wrapping of SWCNTs by polymers to unleash CPE's full potential. However, the lack of a diverse palette of chirality‐selective polymers with varying macromolecular parameters has hindered a comprehensive understanding of how the nature of the polymer affects the performance and selectivity of SWCNT isolation. To address this gap, multiple batches of such polymers are synthesized to elucidate the impact of molecular weight and dispersity on the purity and concentrations of the generated SWCNT suspensions. The obtained results explain the inconsistent outcomes reported in the literature, greatly improving the application potential of this promising SWCNT sorting approach. Concomitantly, the discovered significant influence of the macromolecular characteristics of conjugated polymers on the SWCNT isolation efficacy sheds considerable insight into the unresolved mechanism of this sorting technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractCyclodextrin-glucanotransferase (CGTase, EC 2.4.1.19) is a multifunctional enzyme that catalyzes many enzymatic reactions including cyclization, binding, disproportionation and hydrolysis reactions, playing an important role in the enzymatic synthesis of compounds that are widely used in agriculture, pharmaceuticals, food, chemical and biotechnology industries. The present research is aimed to optimize the purification protocol for the extracellular CGTase of alkaliphilc bacterial strain Caldalkalibacillus mannanilyticus IB-OR17-B1 guaranteeing the enzyme homogeneity and its high yield. The improved combination of ultrafiltration and corn-starch (5% w/v) affinity sorption techniques resulted to mild and rapid isolation of electrophoritically homogenic enzyme at 18 × increase of its specific activity and yield 56%. The developed two-step procedure instead the practiced tree-step one using commonly ion-exchange chromatography as final purification technique highly contributes in advance of cost-effectiveness for industrial production and isolation of valuable CGTases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glycated proteins are generated by binding of glucose to the proteins in blood stream through a nonenzymatic reaction. Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) is a glycated protein with glucose at the N‐terminal of β‐chain. HbA1c is extensively used as an indicator for assessing the blood glucose concentration in diabetes patients. There are different conventional clinical methods for the detection of HbA1c. However, enzymatic detection method has newly obtained great attention for its high precision and cost‐effectiveness. Today, fructosyl peptide oxidase (FPOX) plays a key role in the enzymatic measurement of HbA1c, and different companies have marketed HbA1c assay systems based on FPOX. Recent investigations show that FPOX could be used in assaying HbA1 without requiring HbA1c primary digestion. It could also be applied as a biosensor for HbA1c detection. In this review, we have discussed the recent improvements of FPOX properties, different methods of FPOX purification, solubility, and immobilization, and also the use of FPOX in HbA1c biosensors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Supersonic separation is a new gas purification and fuel gas processing technology based on contraction-expansion nozzle. The cyclone in the post-swirl supersonic separator is usually set in front of the diffuser section, which is easy to induce the positive shock wave and destroy the low temperature environment inside the separator. Moreover, the shock wave is difficult to control. Therefore, this study intends to reduce the impact of shock waves by optimizing the structure. Methods Firstly, based on the principles of thermodynamics and aerodynamics, a shock wave control theory for a rear-swirl supersonic separator was proposed. Secondly, according to the theory, a trans-swirl structure which could control shock waves was designed, and a universal design formula for the structure was established. Thirdly, through numerical simulation, the effects of three important structural parameters on the shock waves control were analyzed, namely, the dip angle of the trans-swirl structure, the length of the gradually expansion section and the twist angle of the cyclone blade. Results The separator had the best performance when the dip angle of the trans-swirl structure was set to 3.3°, the length of the gradual expansion section was set to 107 mm, and the blade torsion angle of the cyclone was set to 120°. Conclusions Compared with the traditional cyclone post-separator, the addition of the trans-swirl structure can ensure that the fluid flow area continues to increase in the gradual expansion section, thereby achieving effective control of shock waves and improving the condensation and separation efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to establish a method for purifying total flavonoids in roses using macroporous resin columns, intending to leverage and harness their potential. We screened six macroporous resins to evaluate their capacity for their adsorption and desorption, ultimately identifying X5 macroporous resin as the most effective. To comprehensively understand the adsorption behavior, we analyzed it using various models, such as pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order kinetic models, particle diffusion models, and Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin isotherm models. Employing both single-factor and uniform design, approaches, the focus of this work was on maximizing the total flavonoid recovery rate. A 3-factor and 10-level uniform design table was utilized for optimizing the optimal process parameters and exploring the antioxidant properties of the purified flavonoids. The optimal process conditions for purifying total flavonoids from roses can be summarized as follows: a sample concentration of 2 mg/mL, pH at 2, 55 mL sample volume, eluent ethanol concentration of 75%, eluent volume of 5 BV, and the elution rate set at 1 mL/min. Following purification, the total flavonoid content peaked at 57.82%, achieving an 84.93% recovery rate, signifying substantial antioxidant potential. Consequently, the method established for purifying TFR using X5 macroporous resin in this study proves to be a dependable and reliable method consistent approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Theaflavins (TFs) are a kind of bioactive compound that formed during the fermentation stage of black tea. TFs play a vital role both in the sensory quality and the biological activity of black tea. However, the complex composition of black tea and the low content of TFs in black tea (0.3%–0.7%) make the technology for the preparation of high‐purity TFs a great challenge. This review provides an updated overview for extracting, synthesizing and purifying of TFs. Molecular imprinting technology, an efficient method for extracting bioactive compounds, will be a promising method for the preparation of TFs with high purity. Overall, this review can provide a scientific basis and technical support for the preparation of TFs with high purity and will be helpful for the in‐depth development and further research of TFs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peptides are gaining prominence in various fields, including the pharmaceutical industry. To meet regulatory requirements, they must achieve a certain purity threshold to ensure safe administration. Numerous purification technologies have been employed to purify peptides, aiming to reduce cost and time while being sustainable and efficient. These include chromatography, magnetic nanoparticles, isoelectric focusing, and membrane filtration. The physicochemical properties of peptides are the main driving element behind these technologies. While chromatographic separation remains the gold standard for peptide separation and purification, with various models to predict the elution behaviors of peptides, other technologies have demonstrated their capability to meet the performance of established chromatographic methodologies, with better productivity and reduced cost. This opens the door for further investigational studies to assess these outcomes and potentially introduce new techniques for peptide purification. In this review, we examine these technologies in terms of their efficiency and their ability to meet sustainability requirements, concluding with remarks and an outlook on future advancements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work is based on a detailed study of samples from three industrial bentonite deposits in Russia (10th Khutor, Zyryanskoe) and Kazakhstan (Taganskoe). The samples of the listed bentonites were undergoing stage-by-stage purification from carbonates, organic matter, and non-clay iron-bearing phase procedures. The conducted research revealed changes in the composition of bentonites already at the first stage of purification, which, however, were not noted for all bentonites, as well as a change in the forms of Fe in smectite structure. The latter is probably associated with changes in cis- and trans-vacant positions. Sorption characteristics with respect to 137Cs are determined using the localization and charges in the smectite layer and the slight changes during purification, along with the specific surface area indicators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purification of flavonoids using the macroporous polymer resin method has gained attention in recent years due to its simplicity, precision, cost‐effectiveness, and the ability to separate flavonoids from other constituents. Several studies have been conducted to investigate the efficiency and effectiveness of macroporous polymer resin in purifying flavonoids from various plant sources. This review aims to evaluate the existing literature on macroporous polymer resin purification of flavonoids and provide a comprehensive analysis of the current research trends and advancements in this field. It also highlights the importance of optimizing the adsorption parameters and conditions such as resin type, resin concentration, pH, and temperature for efficient purification of flavonoids using macroporous polymer resin. The key findings of this review reveal that macroporous resins with weak polarity, large surface areas, and pore diameters have a stronger adsorption capacity for flavonoids compared to polar resins. Furthermore, ultrasonic‐solvent assisted extraction often combines with macroporous resin for effective the extraction and purification of flavonoids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Commercial low acyl gellan (LAG) is purified by the fractional dissolution method. An aqueous solution of purified commercial LAG exhibits polyelectrolyte character due to its high molar mass and carboxylic groups in glucuronic acid fragments. The empirical Fuoss equation determines the intrinsic viscosity of purified LAG in salt‐less water. Fractionation of commercial LAG is carried out by ultrasound treatment. LAG fractions are characterized by 1H NMR and FTIR spectroscopy. The intrinsic viscosities of ultrasonically treated LAG samples are measured in 0.025 m of tetramethylammonium chloride (TMACl). The molecular weights of LAG fractions are determined by the Mark–Kuhn–Houwink equation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glycerol is a versatile substance used in food, beverages, cosmetics, and technical applications. It can be derived from fats and oils through 4 different reactions, including: transesterification, directed hydrogenation, hydrolysis, and saponification. Glycerol derived from fat hydrolysis yields superior quality and quantity when compared to saponification. The resulting glycerol water is purified and concentrated through evaporation to yield crude glycerol with a concentration of 86-88%. Two distinct methods are recognized for further improving quality of glycerol: distillation, and the purification of glycerol water through the ion exchange process followed by evaporation. The goal of this research was to improve the purification process of glycerol, for obtaining premium-quality glycerol without the need for distillation, through the utilization of cations. Several combinations of activated carbon and clay were tested, and it was determined that a combination of 70:30 yielded the optimal results, considering the amount of glycerol and ash content. Technological parameters such as reaction durations, pH, and process temperatures were investigated, and it was discovered that the appropriate combination was a process duration of more than 40 minutes, a pH value of 2, and a temperature of 70°C. Besides, it was also determined that the concentration and quality of glycerol derived from cottonseed oil can be enhanced through distillation or purification with cationite. Moreover, different concentrations of glycerol on the elaboration of gingerbread were tested, and the conclusion is that adding 5% of the resulting glycerol to the gingerbread recipe could ensure better preservation of its quality during its shelf life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Enterococcus faecalis CAUM157 (KACC 81148BP), a Gram-positive bacteria isolated from raw cow's milk, was studied for its bacteriocin production. The antimicrobial activity of CAUM157 was attributed to a two-peptide class IIb bacteriocin with potent activity against food-borne pathogen Listeria monocytogenes and periodontal disease-causing pathogens (Prevotella intermedia KCTC 15693 T and Fusobacterium nucleatum KCTC 2488 T). M157 bacteriocins exhibit high temperature and pH stability and resist hydrolytic enzyme degradation and detergent denaturation, potentially due to their structural conformation. Based on amino acid sequence, M157A and M157B were predicted to be 5.176 kDa and 5.182 kDa in size, respectively. However, purified bacteriocins and chemically synthesized N-formylated M157 peptides both showed 5.204 kDa (M157A) and 5.209 kDa (M157B) molecular mass, confirming the formylation of the N-terminal methionine of both peptides produced by strain CAUM157. Furthermore, the strain demonstrated favorable growth and fermentation with minimal bacteriocin production when cultured in whey-based media, whereas a 1.0% tryptone or soytone supplementation resulted in higher bacteriocin production. Although Ent. faecalis CAUM157 innately harbors genes for virulence factors and antimicrobial resistance (e.g., tetracycline and erythromycin), its bacteriocin production is valuable in circumventing the need for live microorganisms, particularly in food applications for pathogen control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Superparamagnetic iron oxide micro- and nanoparticles have significant applications in biomedical and chemical engineering. This study presents the development and evaluation of a novel low-cost microfluidic device for the purification and hyperconcentration of these magnetic particles. The device, fabricated using laser ablation of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), leverages precise control over fluid dynamics to efficiently separate magnetic particles from non-magnetic ones. We assessed the device's performance through Multiphysics simulations and empirical tests, focusing on the separation of magnetite nanoparticles from blue carbon dots and magnetite microparticles from polystyrene microparticles at various total flow rates (TFRs). For nanoparticle separation, the device achieved a recall of up to 93.3 ± 4% and a precision of 95.9 ± 1.2% at an optimal TFR of 2 mL/h, significantly outperforming previous models, which only achieved a 50% recall. Microparticle separation demonstrated an accuracy of 98.1 ± 1% at a TFR of 2 mL/h in both simulations and experimental conditions. The Lagrangian model effectively captured the dynamics of magnetite microparticle separation from polystyrene microparticles, with close agreement between simulated and experimental results. Our findings underscore the device's robust capability in distinguishing between magnetic and non-magnetic particles at both micro- and nanoscales. This study highlights the potential of low-cost, non-cleanroom manufacturing techniques to produce high-performance microfluidic devices, thereby expanding their accessibility and applicability in various industrial and research settings. The integration of a continuous magnet, as opposed to segmented magnets in previous designs, was identified as a key factor in enhancing magnetic separation efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purification of emerging heavy metal antimony contaminated water based on advanced ingenious strategies. An activated modified coconut shell charcoal (CSC) was synthesized and evaluated as a substrate-supported loaded organic photovoltaic material, PM6:PYIT:PM6-b-PYIT, to prepare a surprisingly highly efficient, stable, environmentally friendly, and recyclable organic photocatalyst (CSC–N–P.P.P), which showed excellent effects on the simultaneous removal of Sb(III) and Sb(V). The removal efficiency of CSC-N-P.P.P on Sb(III) and Sb(V) reached an amazing 99.9% in quite a short duration of 15 min. At the same time, under ppb level and indoor visible light (~1 W m-2 ), it can be treated to meet the drinking water standards set by the European Union and the U.S. National Environmental Protection Agency in 5 min, and even after 25 cycles of recycling, the efficiency is still maintained at about 80%, in addition to the removal of As (III), Cd (II), Cr (VI), and Pb (II) can also be realized. The catalyst not only solves the problems of low reuse rate, difficult structure adjustment and high energy consumption of traditional photocatalysts but also has strong applicability and practical significance. The pioneering approach provides a much-needed solution strategy for removing highly toxic heavy metal antimony pollution from the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enzymatic browning, catalysed by the enzyme polyphenol oxidase in fruit and vegetables, limits the efficient use of natural resources and promote food waste. Plums are a popular fruit with consumers around the world and are considered an important raw material in the food industry. Plums are very susceptible to enzymatic browning due to their high phenolic compound content and climacteric nature. The aim of this study is to purify the polyphenol oxidase enzyme from Sarali plum (Prunus domestica) and to determine its biochemical properties, kinetic parameters, pH and thermal stability and inhibition. In this study, polyphenol oxidase enzyme was purified 22.54-fold by affinity chromatography using Sepharose-4B-l-Tyr-p-amino benzoic acid affinity gel. The purity and molecular mass of the enzyme were determined by SDS-PAGE and non-denaturing PAGE (native PAGE). The molecular mass of the enzyme was estimated to be 72.44 kDa by SDS-PAGE. The enzyme was confirmed as PPO by native PAGE as a single band. Kinetic characterization studies were conducted for both catechol and 4-methyl catechol substrates. The optimal pH and temperature for both substrates were found to be 7.0 and 20 °C, respectively. The thermal stability of PPO was investigated, and it retained about 90% of its activity for 90 min at 4 °C. The determination of KM and Vmax was carried out using the Lineweaver–Burk plot. The substrate specificity (Vmax/KM) values for catechol and 4-methyl catechol were determined as 790.91 ± 37.34 and 492.06 ± 13.75 respectively. The enzyme exhibited the best activity towards catechol substrate. IC50, Ki constant and inhibition types were determined for various anti-browning agents on PPO enzyme. Ascorbic acid, l-cysteine, citric acid, salicylic acid and tartaric acid effectively inhibited PPO activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of China Condiment is the property of China Condiment and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Industrial Minerals & Processing / Huagong Kuangwu yu Jiagong is the property of Industrial Minerals & Processing Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Combined extraction of nickel and cobalt from nickel chloride solution using di (2-ethylhexyl) phosphonic acid(P204) and triisooctylamine(N235) as extractants was studied. The effects of organic phase P204 volume fraction, phase ratio, solution pH, saponification rate, organic phase N235 volume fraction, Cl- mass concentration, and reaction temperature on the purification and impurity removal of nickel chloride solution were investigated. The results show that after removing impurities by P204 extraction, N235 is used to extract cobalt and molybdenum from P204 raffinate, the mass concentrations of Ni2+ is 218.10 g/L, and the mass concentrations of Cu2+, Fe3+, Co2+, and Zn2+ in the residual solution 1.1, 1.2, 1.0 and 0.1 mg/L, respectively, under the conditions of 20% volume fraction of P204 in the organic phase of the P204 extraction and impurity removal process, VO/VA = 1.5/1, raw material solution pH = 3.5, saponification rate of 50%, reaction temperature of 40--50 °C, and N235 volume fraction of 16% in the organic phase of the N235 extraction process, VO/VA=1.2/1, Cl- mass concentration ≥280 g/L, reaction temperature of 40~50 °C, P204 Raffinate pH=3.0, and hydrochloric acid acidification concentration of 3 mol/L, which can meet the requirements of producing high quality electrodeposited nickel cathodes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Food & Fermentation Industries is the property of Food & Fermentation Industries and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Saffron, the dried stigma of Crocus sativus L., is a renowned spice and medicinal herb. During its production, a significant amount of floral residues, rich in bioactive compounds, are discarded as agricultural by-products. This study presents a novel approach to the sustainable utilization of these stigmaless floral residues (FRC) by optimizing the extraction and purification of their flavonoids, analyzing their chemical composition, and evaluating their effect on glucose uptake. The extraction of flavonoids from FRC was optimized using single-factor experiments and response surface methodology. The optimal conditions for extraction were an ethanol concentration of 67.7%, a temperature of 67.6 °C, a solid-to-liquid ratio of 1:30, an extraction time of 3 h, and two extractions. The crude extract obtained was then purified using macroporous resin HPD100, selected after comparing the adsorption and desorption characteristics of six different resins. The optimal purification parameters were an adsorption concentration of 40 mg/mL, a loading volume of 7 bed volumes (BV) at a flow rate of 3 BV/h, and 80% ethanol as the eluent with a volume of 4 BV. The resulting flavonoid-enriched extract (FFRC) had an experimental yield of 8.67% ± 0.01 and a flavonoid content of 128.30 ± 4.64 mg/g. The main flavonoids in FFRC were identified as kaempferol glycosides, isorhamnetin glycosides, and quercetin glycosides. Moreover, FFRC significantly stimulated glucose consumption and uptake in C2C12 myotubes, suggesting its potential utility as a natural hypoglycemic agent. This study contributes to the sustainable and value-added utilization of agricultural resources by providing data for the exploitation and application of flavonoids from saffron by-products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Food Research & Development is the property of Food Research & Development Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

To expand the application of konjac glucomannan (KGM) in the food industry, this study investigated the properties and structural changes of KGM under low-concentration ethanol.The changes in gel strength, viscosity, and structure of crude konjac glucomannan purified using low-concentration ethanol were investigated.The findings indicated that the gel strength and viscosity exhibited an initial increase followed by a subsequent decrease in response to the increase in ethanol concentration and elution time.Moreover, the gel strength and viscosity exhibited an upward trend as the elution times increased.The gel strength and viscosity of crude konjac glucomannan were significantly enhanced by 28.6% and 34.7%, respectively, after being purified using 33% (volume fraction)ethanol concentration for 30 min and elution twice.The structural characterization indicated that the intermolecular hydrogen bond force was enhanced after the crude konjac glucomannan was treated with low-concentration ethanol.With the increase of relative crystallinity, ordered short-range structures could be induced locally.The mean particle size bravely changed, and the size was about 270.4 μm. Additionally, the impurities on the surface of KGM were reduced, appearing regular layered and fold distribution.As a result, KGM that is suitable for various processing requirements can be prepared by regulating purification conditions of low-concentration ethanol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resource saving and creation of environmentally safe environment are the guidelines of modern world policy in the field of waste management. This paper considers a possible method of utilization of a by-product of aluminum fluoride production—silica gel—as an alternative high-silica raw material for hydrothermal synthesis of LTA-type zeolites. To obtain synthetic zeolites, industrial silica gel was subjected to sulfuric acid purification and used to obtain one of the hydrogel components—sodium silicate. As a result of investigation of the influence of hydrogel molar composition on the phase composition of the obtained samples, the optimal molar ratios of SiO2:Al2O3, Na2O:Al2O3 and H2O:SiO2 were identified. The phase composition of the obtained samples and morphological pattern were evaluated using X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy techniques. According to the obtained results, the use of hydrogel of composition 1.8SiO2:Al2O3:4Na2O:28H2O allows to obtain a monophase of LTA type zeolite with high ion exchange capacity, the particles of which have a regular cubic shape with the size of the main fraction up to 10 μm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we aimed to isolate and purify catalase from human blood erythrocytes by using a newly synthesized affinity gel. The synthesized ω‐amino hexyl agarose‐1,2,3‐triazole‐5‐carboxylic acid affinity gel was analyzed by FT‐IR. Then, different buffer, pH, and ionic strength parameters were optimized to determine the equilibration, washing, and elution buffer conditions. The catalase was purified from human blood erythrocytes with a specific activity of 45.58 EU/mg, purification fold of 529.50, and a yield of 0.416% using the synthesized new affinity gel. The purity and molecular weight of the enzyme were analyzed by SDS‐PAGE, and a single band at 60 kDa was observed for catalase. The optimum reaction temperature of the catalase was found to be 30°C, while the thermal stability temperature was 60°C. The Km and Vmax of the enzyme for hydrogen peroxide were calculated at 0.125 mM and 2500 U mL−1, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Enamelin is an enamel matrix protein that plays an essential role in the formation of enamel, the most mineralized tissue in the human body. Previous studies using animal models and proteins from natural sources point to a key role of enamelin in promoting mineralization events during enamel formation. However, natural sources of enamelin are scarce and with the current study we therefore aimed to establish a simple microbial production method for recombinant human enamelin to support its use as a mineralization agent. Results: In the study the 32 kDa fragment of human enamelin was successfully expressed in Escherichia coli and could be obtained using immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography purification (IMAC), dialysis, and lyophilization. This workflow resulted in a yield of approximately 10 mg enamelin per liter culture. Optimal conditions for IMAC purification were obtained using Ni2+ as the metal ion, and when including 30 mM imidazole during binding and washing steps. Furthermore, in vitro mineralization assays demonstrated that the recombinant enamelin could promote calcium phosphate mineralization at a concentration of 0.5 mg/ml. Conclusions: These findings address the scarcity of enamelin by facilitating its accessibility for further investigations into the mechanism of enamel formation and open new avenues for developing enamel-inspired mineralized biomaterials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractObjectiveMethodsResultsConclusionAngiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE, EC 3.4.15.1) is a very important factor in the regulation of blood pressure. Also, the inhibition of ACE with natural compounds has been a very important research area in the treatment of high blood pressure. ACE was purified and characterized from sheep plasma. Molecular docking studies and the inhibition effect of thiamine, riboflavin, and captopril on ACE were investigated.Herein, ACE was purified from sheep plasma by affinity chromatography. The effect of thiamine and riboflavin on ACE was researched. Molecular docking studies were performed to understand the molecular interactions between thiamine, riboflavin, and captopril with ACE.The purification coefficient was found to be 8636 fold. The binding energy of thiamine, riboflavin, and captopril was found to be -6.7 kcal/mol, -8.1 kcal/mol, and -5.5 kcal/mol, respectively. Thiamine conformed to three conventional hydrogen bonds with ASP:415, HIS:513, and LYS:454. Riboflavin formed four conventional hydrogen bonds with GLN:281, GLU:376, THR:282, and TYR:520. Captopril formed two conventional hydrogen bonds with ARG:124, one conventional hydrogen bond with TYR:62 and ASN:85, and one carbon-hydrogen bond with ASN:66. Molecular docking results showed that thiamine, riboflavin, and captopril interacted with ACE through hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions. Thiamine and riboflavin indicated significant inhibition effects on ACE. The IC50 values of thiamine, riboflavin, and captopril were found as 960.56 µM, 11.02 µM, and 1.60 nM, respectively. Ki values for thiamine, riboflavin, and captopril were determined as 1352.04 µM, 12.30 µM, and 1.06 nM, respectively.In this work, it was concluded that thiamine and riboflavin may have preventive and therapeutical impacts against high blood pressure with their ACE inhibitor effect. Thiamine and riboflavin showed a lower inhibitory effect with a higher IC50 than captopril. However, when the inhibitory effect of thiamine and riboflavin vitamins is compared to captopril, it is concluded that they may be natural inhibitors with fewer side effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copper radioisotopes are gaining increasing significance for medical use in recent years for both diagnostic and therapeutic applications. To answer the growing clinical demand, fast, reliable and efficient purification methods to isolate copper isotopes from the irradiated target materials used for their production were developed. Chromatographic techniques have been extensively studied and used to isolate copper isotopes from other metals such as nickel, zinc, or cobalt. This review comprehensively surveys the ion exchange and extraction chromatographic methods developed for copper radioisotope purification to produce radiopharmaceuticals for medical use. Key factors such as target material, isotopic enrichment, number of steps and clinical application are discussed. It concludes with thoughts on automated purification and its importance in the future of the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bacillus sp. PM06, previously isolated from sugarcane waste pressmud, could produce dual enzymes α-amylase and cellulase. The isolate's crude enzymes were purified homogeneously using ammonium sulfate precipitation followed by High Quaternary amine anion exchange chromatography. Purified enzymes revealed the molecular weights of α-amylase and cellulase as 55 and 52 kDa, with a purification fold of 15.4 and 11.5, respectively. The specific activity of purified α-amylase and cellulase were 740.7 and 555.6 U/mg, respectively. It demonstrated a wide range of activity from pH 5.0 to 8.5, with an optimum pH of 5.5 and 6.4 for α-amylase and cellulase. The optimum temperature was 50 °C for α-amylase and 60 °C for cellulase. The kinetic parameters of purified α-amylase were 741.5 ± 3.75 µmol/min/mg, 1.154 ± 0.1 mM, and 589 ± 3.5/(smM), using starch as a substrate. Whereas cellulase showed 556.3 ± 1.3 µmol/min/mg, 1.78 ± 0.1 mM, and 270.9 ± 3.8/(smM) of Vmax,Km, Kcat/Km, respectively, using carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) as substrate. Among the various substrates tested, α-amylase had a higher specificity for amylose and CMC for cellulase. Different inhibitors and activators were also examined. Ca2+ Mg2+, Co2+, and Mn2+ boosted α-amylase and cellulase activities. Cu2+ and Ni2+ both inhibited the enzyme activities. Enzymatic saccharification of wheat bran yielded 253.61 ± 1.7 and 147.5 ± 1.0 mg/g of reducing sugar within 12 and 24 h of incubation when treated with purified α-amylase and cellulase. A more significant amount of 397.7 ± 1.9 mg/g reducing sugars was released from wheat bran due to the synergetic effect of two enzymes. According to scanning electron micrograph analysis, wheat bran was effectively broken down by both enzymes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study illustrated here aims on an organic solvent tolerant lipase from Staphylococcus capitis (SCL). The gene part, encoding the mature lipase, was cloned and sequenced. The concluded polypeptide sequence, equivalent to the protein, consist of 388 amino acid residues with a molecular mass of about 45 kDa. A structure-based alignment of the SCL amino acid sequence shows high identities with those many staphylococcal lipases. From this alignment of sequences, the catalytic triad (Ser 117, Asp 308 and His 347) of SCL could be identified. The mature part of the SCL was expressed in Escherichia coli and the recombinant lipase (r-SCL) was purified to homogeneity. The purified r-SCL presented a quite interesting stability at low temperatures (< 30 °C) and the enzyme was found to be highly stable in polar organic solvent and at a pH ranging from 3 to 12. After that, we have demonstrated that the recombinant enzyme may be implicated in the biodegradability of oily wastewater from effluents of fast-food restaurants; the maximum conversion yield into fatty acids obtained at 30 °C, was 65%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

δεκτός in Acts 10:35 may be understood as a term from the Jewish purity and consecration system. With a high degree of consistency, Hebrew רצון and רצה are rendered in cultic contexts in the LXX with words of the δεκ - lexeme. While verbs of the δεκ - lexeme are not uncommon prior to the LXX, adjectives of the δεκ -lexeme are uncommon outside of the LXX prior to the NT, establishing the use of δεκ - adjectives in the LXX as the primary context for δεκτός in Acts. This interpretation is consistent with themes of purity and consecration in the Cornelius episode and throughout Luke-Acts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The application of sodium alginate is limited because of its relatively small adsorption capacity, easy to release cations into water after forming gel with divalent cations, and difficult to realize mass production under the condition of controllable cost. In order to solve the aforementioned problems of sodium alginate gel, this study used activated carbon (AC) as a support material to enhance the mechanical properties of sodium alginate gel. Activated carbon-sodium alginate-oxalate gel particles (CSO) were used to increase the number of its oxygen-containing functional groups and improve the adsorption capacity. The specific surface area of the synthesized CSO particles could reach 1,413.568 m2·g−1. The particle size of CSO particles was 50% in the range of 80–200 um, and 70% in the range of 40–200 um. The surface zero charge of CSO particles was determined to be 3.14. The thermal stability of CSO particles at 200°C was determined by thermal gravimetric analyzer (TGA). By studying the effects of different influencing factors on the process of removing pollutants from water by CSO, it was determined that pH has different effects for different pollutants. The equilibrium adsorption capacity (qe) of CSO for Ni(II), Pb(II), and Cu(II) under the optimum condition of reaction temperature of 50°C was 77.14, 53.04, and 77.66 mg·g−1 , respectively. The adsorption isotherms were fitted to obtain the maximum adsorption capacity (qm) of CSO for Ni(II), Pb(II), and Cu(II) as 75.56, 49.65, and 75.64 mg·g−1. A combination of X-ray electron spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) characterization demonstrated that the main mechanisms for the removal of divalent metal cations by CSO particles involved electrostatic adsorption and ion exchange. Overall, this work provides a good reference for the purification of heavy metal–polluted water by CSO particles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phellinus is a precious perennial medicinal fungus. Its polysaccharides are important bioactive components, and their chemical composition is complex. The polysaccharides are mainly extracted from the fruiting body and mycelium. The yield of the polysaccharides is dependent on the extraction method. They have many pharmacological activities, such as antitumor, immunomodulatory, antioxidant, hypoglycemic, anti-inflammatory, etc. They are also reported to show minor toxic and side effects. Many studies have reported the anticancer activity of Phellinus polysaccharides. This review paper provides a comprehensive examination of the current methodologies for the extraction and purification of Phellinus polysaccharides. Additionally, it delves into the structural characteristics, pharmacological activities, and mechanisms of action of these polysaccharides. The primary aim of this review is to offer a valuable resource for researchers, facilitating further studies on Phellinus polysaccharides and their potential applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focuses on the purification and evaluation of the high-purity quartz (HPQ) potential of vein quartz ore from Pakistan. Vein quartz is grayish-white and translucent, with its mineral composition mainly comprising quartz crystal. Processed quartz sand is obtained from quartz raw ore through purifying technologies, including crushing, ultrasonic desliming, flotation, high-temperature calcination, water quenching, hot pressure acid leaching, and chlorination roasting. The microscopic characteristics show that the vein quartz raw ore has a medium-coarse granular metacrystalline structure, high quartz content, with only a small quantity of fine-grained K-feldspar. The inclusions primarily consist of large-sized primary inclusions and secondary fluid inclusions developed along the micro-fractures, and the content of inclusions in most areas of the crystal is very low or even nonexistent. The quartz ore with such inclusion characteristics is considered a relatively good raw material for quartz. Component analysis shows that the main impurity elements in the quartz ore are Al, K, Ca, Na, Ti, Fe, and Li, with a total impurity element content of 128.86 µg·g−1. After purification, only lattice impurity elements Al, Ti, and Li remain in the processed quartz sand, resulting in a total impurity element content of 24.23 µg·g−1, an impurity removal rate of 81.20%, and the purity of SiO2 reaching 99.998 wt.%. It is suggested that when the quartz raw ore contains high content of lattice impurity elements, such as Al, Li, and Ti, it is difficult to remove them by the current purification method. In industrial production, considering the economic cost, if quartz sand still contains high content of lattice impurity elements Al, Ti, and Li after flotation, it cannot be used as a raw material for high-end HPQ. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]