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The study was conducted in geriatric dogs to evaluate the anesthetic effect of propofol and etomidate in dogs premedicated with butorphanol and diazepam. Twelve adult dogs (males and females) were used in the study and were randomly divided into two groups viz. group P (propofol) and group E (etomidate) six animals each. The dogs were premedicated with diazepam 0.25 mg/kg and butorphanol 0.2 mg/kg fifteen minutes before induction intravenously and separately. General anesthesia was induced with propofol 2 mg/kg in group P or etomidate 1 mg/kg in group E to effect and drugs were administered rapidly over a period of 45 seconds up to effect. Induction quality, recovery quality, and ataxia scores were recorded for each dog. Cardiopulmonary parameters (respiratory, pulse rates, pulse oximeter, and ECG recordings) were recorded before induction and immediately after intubation and before connection to the inhalant gas machine, using a multi-parameter monitor. The mean ± SE induction doses for the propofol and etomidate groups were 2.2 ± 0.16 and 0.97 ± 0.15 mg/kg respectively. Smooth intubation was observed in the propofol group as compared to the etomidate group, as laryngeal reflex was intact in this group. Physiological parameters (pulse rate, respiratory rate, pulse oximeter, capillary refill time, mucous membrane color, ECG recordings and blood pressure) did not vary significantly between the two groups during the anesthesia. There were more adverse reactions in the etomidate group as compared to the propofol group, but the differences were not significant. Neither of the anesthetics, etomidate and propofol, in dogs premedicated with butorphanol and diazepam, had any major adverse effect on the cardiopulmonary system in the geriatric dogs., Ovo je istraživanje provedeno kako bi se procijenio anestetički učinak propofola i etomidata u starijih pasa u kojih je za premedikaciju primijenjen butorfanol i diazepam. Dvanaest odraslih pasa (mužjaka i ženki) nasumično je podijeljeno u dvije skupine po šest jedinki: skupinu P (propofol) i skupinu E (etomidat). Psima je za premedikaciju apliciran diazepam u dozi od 0,25 mg/kg i butorfanol u dozi od 0,2 mg/kg intravenski i odvojeno, 15 minuta prije uvođenja u anesteziju. Opća anestezija inducirana je propofolom u dozi od 2 mg/kg u skupini P i etomidatom u dozi od 1 mg/kg u skupini E do učinka, a pripravci su primijenjeni brzo tijekom 45 sekundi do učinka. za svakog su psa zabilježeni kvaliteta uvođenja u anesteziju, oporavka i intenzitet ataksije. Srčano-plućni pokazatelji (disanje, srčani puls, pulsna oksimetrija i EKG) zabilježeni su prije uvođenja u anesteziju i odmah nakon intubacije te prije spajanja na respirator koristeći se multiparametrijskim monitorom. Prosječne ± SE doze za uvođenje u anesteziju bile su 2,2 ± 0,16 za propofol i 0,97 ± 0,15 mg/kg za etomidat. U skupini u kojoj je dan propofol primijećena je neometana intubacija u usporedbi sa skupinom u kojoj je dan etomidat, zbog izostanka laringealnog refleksa. Fiziološki pokazatelji (disanje, srčani puls, pulsna oksimetrija, vrijeme punjenja kapilara, boja sluznica, EKG i krvni tlak) nisu znakovito varirali u skupinama za vrijeme anestezije. Više je neželjenih reakcija bilo u skupini kojoj je dan etomidat, ali razlike nisu bile znakovite. zaključujemo da ni propofol ni etomidat nemaju znatnijih negativnih učinaka na srčano-plućni sustav starijih pasa kojima je za premedikaciju apliciran butorfanol i diazepam.

U sklopu ovog rada opisana su načela rada i izvedbe sustava za višeparametarsko mjerenje fizioloških veličina. Sustav je zasnovan na EKG pojačalu s mogućnošću mjerenja disanja, realiziran integriranim krugom ADS1292R. Sustav sadržava: pulsni oksimetar realiziran pomoću integriranog kruga MAX30100, sklop za prikupljanje podataka s dva programabilna pojačala MAX9939 i analogno-digitalnim (A/D) pretvornikom MAX1300, biomehaničku vagu realiziranu pomoću integriranog kruga AFE4300 koji mjeri masu tijela pomoću tenzometarskog mosta, mjerenje temperature realizirano je pomoću integriranog kruga MAX31855 i odgovarajućeg termopara. Omogućeno je mjerenje impedancije čovjekova tijela postavljanjem četiri elektrode na ekstremitete: lijeva ruka i noga, desna ruka i noga. Svi navedeni sklopovi povezani su na mikrokontroler TM4C123GH6PZT. Sustav komunicira s računalom pomoću USB sabirnice čije su podatkovne i naponske linije galvanski odvojene te pružaju zaštitu do 5 kV što je u skladu s važećim normama za medicinske uređaje. In this paper, the principles of operation and performance of the system for multiparametric measurement of physiological attributes are described. The system is based on an electrocardiogram amplifier built around ADS1292R integrated circuit. The system includes: pulse oximeter built around MAX30100 circuit, data acquisition circuitry with two programmable gain amplifiers MAX9939 and an analog-to-digital (A / D) converter MAX1300. A biomechanical scale is built around the integrated circuit AFE4300 that measures body mass with strain gauge transducers. Temperature measurement is performed with the integrated circuit MAX31855 and the corresponding thermocouple. It is possible to measure impedance of the human body by placing four electrodes at the extremities: left arm and leg, right arm and leg. All integrated circuits are connected to the TM4C123GH6PZT microcontroller. The system communicates with the computer via USB bus with data and voltage lines galvanically isolated and providing high voltage protection up to 5 kV, which thus complies with the current medical safety standards.

U ovom završnom radu razvijen je sustav za praćenje srčanog ritma načelom pulsne oksimetrije. Opisane su komponente elektroničkog sustava koji omogućuje praćenje srčanog ritma te programska potpora koja omogućuje rad tih komponenti. Za mjerenje srčanog ritma koristi se modul s integriranim senzorom za pulsnu oksimetriju i srčani ritam MAX30100. Radi se o optičkom senzoru koji očitavanja dobiva emitiranjem dviju valnih duljina svjetlosti iz LED dioda. Ugradbeni računalni sustav temelji se na STM32F0Discovery razvojnom sustavu s mikrokontrolerom niske potrošnje STM32F051R8T6. Korisničko sučelje koje omogućuje prikaz mjerenog rezultata izvedeno je putem Android aplikacije na pametnom telefonu, a s ugradbenim sustavom povezuje se putem Bluetooth modula HC 05. In this thesis a system for heart rate monitoring based on pulse oximetry was developed. The components of electronic system that enable heart rate monitoring were described, along with the accompanying software that controls the electronic circuitry. For heart rate monitoring the module with an integrated pulse oximetry and heart rate monitoring sensor MAX30100 was used. This is an optical sensor that provides measurement based on two wavelengths emitted by two LED diodes. The embedded system was build around STM32F0Discovery development kit, based on a low power microcontroller STM32F051R8T6. The user interface enables display of the measurement results through the Android application on a smart phone, which is connected wirelessly with the embedded system through the Bluetooth HC-05 module.