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Summary: Fermentation may beneficially increase the bioaccessibility of minerals in legumes. In this study, the contents and in vitro bioaccessibilities of Ca, Mg, Fe and Zn were determined in lupin whole seed and dehulled seed during soaking, cooking and then fermentation with Bacillus subtilis into a natto analogue. For total mineral content, a significant loss (P < 0.05) of Mg was observed after cooking for both whole and dehulled seed. During pre‐processing, the Ca bioaccessibilities of whole and dehulled were highest (P < 0.05) in the soaked seed and for Mg was highest (P < 0.05) in the cooked samples. At all fermentation times, the bioaccessibility of all minerals was higher (P < 0.05) in the dehulled than the whole seed. Significant increases (P < 0.05) in bioaccessibility during fermentation were observed for Fe at 48 h and Zn 24 h in dehulled seed, providing the first evidence for the beneficial effect of lupin fermentation by B. subtilis in terms of Fe and Zn availability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introducing grain legumes, i.e., pulses, into any food pattern effectively increases dietary fiber and other bioactive food components of public health concern; however, the impact depends on the amount consumed. Given the convergence of preclinical and clinical data indicating that intake of at least 300 g (1.5 cup) of cooked pulse per day has clinically observable benefit, the feasibility for a typical consumer was demonstrated by creation of a fourteen-day menu plan that met this criterion. This menu plan, named Bean Cuisine, was comprised of a combination of five cooked pulses: dry beans, chickpeas, cowpeas, dry peas, and lentils. As reported herein, the impact of each menu day of the fourteen-day plan on gut microbial composition and predicted function was evaluated in female C57BL/6J mice, a strain commonly used in studies of metabolic dysfunction-associated chronic diseases. We report that pulse-related effects were observed across a wide variety of food item combinations. In comparison to a pulse-free human cuisine, all pulse menu days enriched for a gut ecosystem were associated with changes in predicted metabolic pathways involving amino acids (lysine, tryptophan, cysteine), short-chain fatty acids (butyrate, acetate), and vitamins (B1, B6, B9, B12, K2) albeit via different combinations of microbiota, according to the PICRUSt2 estimates. The predicted metabolic functions correlating with the various pulses in the menus, indicate the value of a food pattern comprised of all pulse types consumed on a regular basis. This type of multi-pulse food pattern has the potential to enhance the taxonomic and functional diversity of the gut microbiome as a means of strengthening the resilience of the gut ecosystem to the challenges associated with the daily activities of living. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The coastal saline zone of West Bengal in India is the home to millions of the world's poorest and most vulnerable people. Due to a gradual increase in salt accumulation on soils of the coastal saline zone of West Bengal in India from winter to summer days, cultivation of the second crop in the winter season becomes possible in a limited area. To address these issues, field experiments was conducted in rainy and winter seasons of 2016–17 and 2017–18 at the farmer's field of the coastal saline zone (CSZ) of West Bengal, India. The experiment was carried out to study the system productivity, nutrient uptake, and profitability vis-à-vis salinity dynamics of the crops in rice-pulse-based cropping systems under different land elevations (medium upland and medium lowland). The experiment was conducted in a strip-split plot design having horizontal factors namely, Factor A: Six dates of sowing of rice at an interval of one week (2nd week of June to 3rd week of July), Factor B: Two land situations (medium upland and medium lowland) and Two Cropping Systems (Rice-Lathyrus and Rice-Lentil) as vertical factor, replicated four times. The results suggest that irrespective of land situation, early sown rice (15 June to 21 June) produces higher dry matter and grain yield compared to late sown crops. This early sowing of rice also facilitated the better performance of subsequent lathyrus and lentil, by avoiding the worst situation of the salinity build-up and drought stress later in the winter. Moreover, significantly higher productions were obtained from medium-lowland situations for both the cropping systems. Sowing date has also significantly influenced macro-nutrient uptake (NPK) by rice and pulse grains. It may be concluded that early sowing of rice may be a potential option for intensification of rice-pulse-based cropping systems under CSZ of West Bengal, India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The physicochemical, rheological properties, and digestibility of flours and starches from pigeon pea, cowpea, pinto bean, and navy bean are investigated. Pinto bean flour (PBF) and Pinto bean starch (PBS) show the highest water absorption capacity (WAC), while cowpea flour (CPF) and cowpea starch (CPS) show the highest oil absorption capacity (OAC)‐ than other pulse flour or starches. All pulse flours show higher solubility than all pulse starches. However, the swelling power (SP) of all flours is lower than starches and SP is comparatively different among starches. Paste clarity, and relative crystallinity (RC), are higher in all flours compared to starches. However, pasting properties and consistency index (K) are lower in flour compared to starches. All the flours and starches exhibit CA‐type crystallinity.The Scanning Electron Microscrographs reveals smooth granular surfaces of all starch and flour. Both flours and starches show flow behavior (n < 1) and viscosity decreased with increasing shear rate indicating the non‐Newtonian fluid behavior. All starches show higher rapidly digestible starch (RDS) and resistant starch (RS) content but lower slowly digestible starch (SDS) content than all flours. These flours and starches can be used as valuable ingredients for formulating functional food, soup, and starch gel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the effects of incorporating sprouted chickpeas, at a 25% enrichment level, into bread production as either grits (90% of particles ≥500 µm) or flour (90% of particles ≤250 µm). The focus was to investigate the role of particle size on dough and bread. In addition to the functional, mixing and pasting properties of ingredients, gluten aggregation, mixing, extensional, leavening, and pasting properties of the blends were assessed during bread-making, as well as bread volume and texture. Chickpea particle size influenced water absorption capacity (1.8 for grits vs. 0.75 g/g for flour) and viscosity (245 for grits vs. 88 BU for flour), with flour showing a greater decrease in both properties. With regard to dough properties, dough development time (16.6 vs. 5.3 min), stability (14.6 vs. 4.6 min), and resistance to extension (319 vs. 235 BU) was higher, whereas extensibility was lower (105 vs. 152 mm) with grits, compared to flour. During bread-making, grits resulted in a higher specific volume (2.5 vs. 2.1 mL/g) and softer crumb (6.2 vs. 17.4 N) at all the considered storage times. In conclusion, sprouted chickpea grits can be effectively used as a new ingredient in bread-making favouring the consumption of chickpea, without compromising product quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stress impairs fertility, at least in part, via inhibition of gonadotropin secretion. Luteinizing hormone (LH) is an important gonadotropin that is released in a pulsatile pattern in males and in females throughout the majority of the ovarian cycle. Several models of stress, including acute metabolic stress, suppress LH pulses via inhibition of neurons in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus that coexpress kisspeptin, neurokinin B, and dynorphin (termed KNDy cells) which form the pulse generator. The mechanism for inhibition of KNDy neurons during stress, however, remains a significant outstanding question. Here, we investigated a population of catecholamine neurons in the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS), marked by expression of the enzyme dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH), in female mice. First, we found that a subpopulation of DBH neurons in the NTS is activated (express c-Fos) during metabolic stress. Then, using chemogenetics, we determined that activation of these cells is sufficient to suppress LH pulses, augment corticosterone secretion, and induce sickness-like behavior. In subsequent studies, we identified evidence for suppression of KNDy cells (rather than downstream signaling pathways) and determined that the suppression of LH pulses was not dependent on the acute rise in glucocorticoids. Together these data support the hypothesis that DBH cells in the NTS are important for regulation of neuroendocrine and behavioral responses to stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Technologies associated with using concentrated energy flows are increasingly used in industry due to the need to manufacture products made of hard alloys and other difficult-to-process materials. This work is devoted to expanding knowledge about the processes accompanying the impact of laser pulses on material surfaces. The features of these processes are reflected in the acoustic emission signals, the parameters of which were used as a tool for understanding the accompanying phenomena. The influence of plasma formations above the material surface on self-oscillatory phenomena and the self-regulation process that affects pulse productivity were examined. The stability of plasma formation over time, its influence on the pulse performance, and changes in the heat flux power density were considered. Experimental data show the change in the power density transmitted by laser pulses to the surface when the focal plane is shifted. Experiments on the impact of laser pulses of different powers and durations on the surface of a hard alloy showed a relationship between the amplitude of acoustic emission and the pulse performance. This work shows the data content of acoustic emission signals and the possibility of expanding the research of concentrated energy flow technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant stable carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) isotope values can be used to directly investigate crop husbandry practices such as manuring; a key variable in understanding the scale and intensity of past farming practices. We present new results from a four-year experiment examining the impact of manuring on the δ13C and δ15N values of a heritage cultivar of the broad or faba bean (Vicia faba), the ‘Celtic black broad bean’. This paper builds upon our previous pilot study (Treasure ER, Church MJ, Gröcke DR (2016) The influence of manuring on stable isotopes (δ13C and δ15N) in Celtic bean (Vicia faba L.): archaeobotanical and palaeodietary implications. Archaeol Anthropol 8:555–562. ). Our results indicate that manuring increased δ15N values in beans, with a mean value of 0.5 ± 0.4‰ in control samples compared to a mean value of 2.1 ± 1.3‰ in the most intensively manured plots. It was not always possible to distinguish between an unmanured and manured crop on the basis of δ15N values, although manured crops consistently exhibited larger variation in δ15N. Bean δ13C values show no clear relationship with manuring, although large variability (> 3‰) was found within crops cultivated under the same conditions. Manuring also increased plant biomass production, seed-size and the bean per plant ratio. Overall, we suggest that high δ15N values (> 1.5‰) in archaeobotanical remains of pulses can be attributed to small-scale, intensive cultivation that is typical of gardens where manuring rates are very intensive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, metasurfaces composed of lumped nonlinear circuits have been reported to exhibit the capability of detecting specific electromagnetic waves, even when the waves are of the same frequency, depending on their respective waveforms or, more precisely, their pulse widths. Herein, three types of metasurface absorbers (MSAs) are presented which are composed of a square‐patch structure loaded with linear circuit components, including lumped resistors or resistors in parallel with capacitors/inductors, which can mimic the waveform‐selective absorption behavior in the terahertz (THz) region. By judiciously selecting suitable values for the linear circuit components, these MSAs can achieve near‐perfect absorption of incident continuous waves or longer pulses while exhibiting reduced absorption of short pulses at the same THz frequency. These linear circuit structures can be referred to as pseudo‐waveform‐selective MSAs because their waveform‐selective absorption characteristics are primarily derived from the dispersion behavior of the resonator structures, as opposed to the frequency conversion commonly observed in nonlinear circuits. These outcomes and discoveries introduce an additional degree of freedom for waveform discrimination in the THz frequency range, potentially enabling a broader range of applications, including but not limited to detection, sensing, and wireless communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of food texture, oral processing, bolus characteristics, and in vitro digestive conditions on the starch and protein digestibility of al dente and soft-cooked commercial red lentil pasta. For that, samples were cooked as suggested by the provider and their texture properties were promptly analysed. Then, normal and deficient masticated pasta boluses were produced by four healthy subjects, characterised in terms of their oral processing, bolus granulometry, texture and viscoelastic properties, and finally subjected to static in vitro digestion, according to the INFOGEST consensus for both adults and the older adult population. Normal masticated boluses exhibited greater saliva impregnation and lower proportions of large particles, hardness, and stiffness than deficient masticated boluses. Likewise, insufficiently masticated al dente–cooked pasta boluses caused a delay in oral starch digestion owing to the larger particles attained during food oral processing, while reduced intestinal conditions in the elderly only interfere with the release of total soluble proteins in all samples. This work evidences the importance of considering the initial texture of products, oral capabilities, processing behaviour, and physical and mechanical properties of food boluses in digestion studies, opening new prospects in designing pulse-based foods that meet the nutritional requirements of the world's population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Over the last three decades, Saskatchewan, home to over 40% of Canada's cropland, has seen transformative shifts in dryland crop production. Notably, the adoption of herbicide-tolerant canola in 1995 and the increase in nitrogen-fixing pulse crops like lentils and chickpeas have moved agricultural practices away from traditional fallow and tilled fields to more continuous crop rotations. Methods: Our study, analyzing survey data from 1991-1994 and to 2016-2019, evaluates how these changes have influenced fertilizer usage, focusing on application rates, timing, and types. Results: We anticipated that integrating nitrogen-fixing pulses and genetically modified herbicide-tolerant (GMHT) canola would promote more sustainable fertilization methods. Indeed, our results show significant reductions in nitrogen fertilizer use - by 49% to 73% in the earlier period and 3% to 19% more recently - due to the integration of these crops. Discussion: GMHT canola, by reducing the dependency on synthetic nitrogen fertilizers, demonstrates a shift in fertility dynamics by enhancing nutrient uptake efficiency. This adaptation has not only reduced fertilizer costs but also contributed to more sustainable crop management. These findings highlight the environmental benefits of updated crop rotations, emphasizing the improved efficiency of fertilizer use. More broadly, they highlight the potential of expanded pulse cultivation to boost agricultural sustainability and reduce greenhouse gas emissions through better nitrogen management. While the transferability of these findings may be limited by the study's regional focus and sample size, they hold value for informing sustainable practices in similar agricultural settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of different starch sources on the extrusion process, kibble characteristics and diet palatability for dogs. Seven diets with corn, brown rice, sorghum, potato starch, sweet potato flour, chickpea and pea as the only starch source were evaluated. The dietary inclusion of the starch sources varied between 330.13 and 643.84 g/kg to provide similar starch concentrations in all diets (around 300 g/kg). The conditioning temperature and the volume of water added to the preconditioner during the processing of the diets were measured, and the extruder variables evaluated were knife speed, feed rate, screw speed, amperage and productivity. For the physical characteristics of kibbles, density, size, expansion index and hardness were measured. Porosity variables evaluated were total pore area, average pore area and number of pores. Diet palatability was evaluated in 16 dogs. Six paired palatability tests were performed, in which all diets were compared to the corn diet, with two consecutive days per test, totalling 32 repetitions (16 dogs × 2 days/test). Diets with tubers presented lower kibble density and higher size, expansion index and hardness than the diets with cereals and pulses (p

Summary: The aim of this study was to characterise gluten‐free breads formulated with alternative flours through technological and sensory (ultra flash profiling, hedonic tests) properties, and to correlate both methodologies for holistically understanding how these variables affect the consumer preference and product quality. Gluten‐free breads formulated by replacing 20% with brown rice, lupine, millet, quinoa, sorghum, teff, buckwheat, rice bran and carob flours were evaluated. The dough hydration and fermentation times were optimised. The formulations presented differences in centesimal composition, specific volume, texture and colour. Significant correlations were established between fermentation time, specific volume, centesimal composition, texture (hardness, gumminess), alveolar structure (porosity, uniformity, cell density), colour (L*), sensory descriptors and overall acceptability. The ultra flash profiling test confirmed different sensory profiles, showing that some descriptors have a high impact in overall acceptability. Multiple factor analysis contributed to understand the interrelationships between technological and sensory properties, identifying the relevant technological parameters that affect the consumer preferences and the final product quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global food industry faces a critical challenge in ensuring sustainable practices to meet the demands of a growing population while minimizing environmental impact. At the same time, consumer awareness and the demand for quality products drive innovation and inspire positive changes in the food supply chain. Aiming to create a more sustainable and nutrient-rich alternative, this study is summarized by characterizing the physical and chemical characteristics of algae-enriched chickpea hummus: an innovative approach to popular food products. The algae-enriched hummuses were developed with an incorporation (6% w/w) of Gelidium corneum and Fucus vesiculosus seaweeds and Chlorella vulgaris (hetero and autotrophic) microalgae to reveal their technological potential and evaluate the nutritional and rheological characteristics relative to a control hummus (without algae). From a nutritional perspective, the main results indicated that hummus enriched with microalgae showed an increase in protein content and an improved mineral profile. This was particularly notable for the seaweed F. vesiculosus and the autotrophic microalga C. vulgaris, leading to claims of being a "source of" and "rich in" various minerals. Additionally, the antioxidant activity of hummus containing F. vesiculosus and C. vulgaris increased significantly compared to the control. From a rheological perspective, incorporating algae into the humus strengthened its structure. The microalgae further enhanced the dish's elasticity and firmness, thus improving this chickpea-based dish´s overall texture and quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pulses assume special significance in the cropping systems and daily diets in India. Traditionally pulses are used for human consumption as dehusked seed splits after minimal processing. They are also the important ingredient of popular Indian snacks. The present paper reviews the research studies done on various components of value chain of pulses and draws upon the learnings. The value chains of pulses in India are long and complexed with a number of actors performing specific roles. The input providers, farmers, aggregators, wholesaler, commission agents, retailers, processors, millers, consumers, financial institutions, ware houses, researchers and policy makers together work to build the pulses value chains in India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose. To create a device for weighing mining rock loaded into the body of a dump truck after each cycle of its excavation. To develop a mathematical block for calculating the net mass of the rock without taking into account extraneous factors affecting the accuracy of the obtained result. To provide operational control of the nominal load of the dump truck by the driver and excavator operator. Methodology. The methodological basis for solving the task is a comprehensive approach which includes electronic modeling of technical processes, methods of mathematical statistics, analysis of results in a mathematical package and their applied application. Findings. A functional and principled electrical diagram of the device for weighing the mining rock loaded into the body of a dump truck and transferring the final information to this excavator has been compiled. A mathematical block of the device was created, capable of memorizing the signals received from the primary information sensors before weighing, and subtracting them from the signals received from these sensors after each weighing cycle. As sensors of primary information, it is proposed to use selsyns, which are part of the transformer mode, which are mass-produced by the industry, reliable in operation and easy to maintain. Originality. The proposed device is made at the level of the invention; its priority is determined by the constructive development and technical solution. Namely, the device is equipped with a multistable memory transformer, to the erasing winding of which a tachogenerator (or tachometer generator) is connected through an amplifier, a chain of series-connected trigger, multivibrator waiting and key, whose output is connected to the recording winding of the multistable memory transformer, as well as the transformer connected to the input winding of the multistable memory transformer. Moreover, the storage capacitor is connected to one of the key inputs, and the input windings of the transformer are connected to the weight sensor. Practical value. The use of the presented device allows for operational control of the nominal load of the dump truck, objective accounting of transported cargo and realized labor costs, as well as for applying optimal maintenance of cargo and transport works in quarries. In the future, this device will form the basis of a radio telemetry system for dispatching the operation of dump trucks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Buriti oil (Mauritia flexuosa L.) is rich in carotenoids, mainly β-carotene, and has great value for application as a food, pharmaceutical, or cosmetic ingredient, as well as a natural pigment. Microencapsulation is a promising technique to protect compounds sensitive to degradation such as β-carotene. Materials composed of carbohydrates and proteins, such as azuki bean (Vigna angularis L.) and lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus L.) flours, are alternative matrices for microencapsulation, which additionally provide good amounts of nutrients. In combination with maltodextrin, the flours represent a protective barrier in stabilizing lipophilic compounds such as buriti oil for subsequent spray drying. In this work, the performance of mixtures of maltodextrin with whole azuki and lima bean flours was evaluated in the microencapsulation of buriti oil. The microcapsules showed good results for solubility (>80%), hygroscopicity (~7%), encapsulation efficiency (43.52 to 51.94%), and carotenoid retention (64.13 to 77.49%.) After 77 days of storage, the microcapsules produced maintained 87.79% and 90.16% of carotenoids, indicating that the powders have high potential for application as encapsulants in the food and pharmaceutical industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The multifaceted importance of pulses in India's agricultural landscape is explored along with its implications particularly the surge in pulse exports to regions such as the Middle East, Southeast Asia and Africa. By highlighting India's pivotal role as a global pulse producer and exporter, shedding light on its impact on foreign exchange earnings, employment generation, comprehensive analysis and overall economic growth is attempted. Two key objectives, relating to pulse production, import and export trends, the direction of pulse trade from India to major importing countries, through Markov Chain Analysis, market dynamics are uncovered. Methods: The data on pulses production and export in terms of quantity and value in India were collected from secondary sources. Result: Pulse production remained relatively stable with moderate variability, exports experienced significant fluctuations, particularly in pulse quantities and values. Compound annual growth rate (CAGR) analysis confirms consistent production growth, with pulses showing positive CAGR figures. Impact of interaction between area and yield was significant as compared to area and yield independently. Pulse exports saw steady growth in both quantity and value. Further, The Markov chain analysis underscored Pakistan's stability as a primary export destination, while Bangladesh, the UAE and others exhibited varying degrees of export retention probabilities. Overall, the data reflects a stable domestic production environment and an increasingly dynamic international pulse export market for India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In peninsular India, the frequency of climate-related risks is significantly lowering agricultural productivity and farmers' standard of living. Reducing losses in the agriculture sector requires precise and timely weather information, weather based advisories on crop production, protection and post-harvest. Disseminating agromet advisories directly to the farmers using ICT tools allows farmers to adopt appropriate corrective measures, minimize loss and ensure climate resilient agriculture. In this sense, the Tamil Nadu Agricultural University established an Automated Agromet Advisory Web cum Mobile App (TNAU-AAS) in 2018, which sends location, crop and stage specific agromet advisories directly to farmers' mobile App. Methods: TNAU-AAS App was evaluated in pulse crops as "Piloting pulse produce support system through ICT enabled services" between 2019 and 2021 in three TNAU centers under three different eco systems namely irrigated (Coimbatore), rice fallow (Aduthurai) and rainfed (Kovilpatti). Pulse growing farmers were registered in this smartphone application for agromet advisory based response farming. Result: The TNAU-AAS App had delivered approximately 10-12 advisories to each farmer, tailored to their unique crop and stage during the cropping period. Survey results inferred that the farmers received timely notifications on their mobile phones, 2-3 days in advance, which assisted them in preplanning. Occurrences of pests and diseases were well aligned (68-83%) with TNAU-AAS recommendations and the climate vulnerability of non AAS farmers is more than AAS farmer. According to partial budget analysis, the irrigated, rice fallow and rainfed black gram farmers have gained Rs. 2800, Rs. 2300 and Rs. 1900 per ha, respectively. It is concluded that the ICT-enabled agromet advisory system guarantees timely alerts, boosts labor and land productivity, lowers input loss and shields crops from weather-induced pests and diseases as well as climatic variability risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With increasing global attention toward the need for mitigating climate change, the transition to sustainable energy sources has become an essential priority. Introducing alternative oilseed crops, such as camelina (Camelina sativa L.), into intercropping systems with staple food crops can mitigate ILUC (indirect land use change) and their negative impact on biofuel production. The present study compared camelina + field pea intercropping (ICw + IP, winter sowing) and camelina + lentil intercropping (ICs + IL, spring sowing) with their respective single crops regarding weed control, soil coverage, yields, and camelina seed quality (1000-seed weight, oil, and fatty acid composition). The comparison between different cropping systems was conducted using a one-way ANOVA. Both intercropping improved weed control at an early stage but no differences in soil coverage were found. Camelina seed yield was negatively affected by the presence of peas, whereas the pulse was unaffected. Conversely, camelina seed yield was not affected when intercropped with lentils while lentils reduced their yield in the intercropping. Furthermore, when camelina was intercropped with lentils, a significant increase was reported in 1000-seed weight and α -linolenic acid (C18:3) compared with the sole-camelina. However, both intercropping systems had a land equivalent ratio (LER, based on total seed yield at maturity) higher than one. Defining the best combination of crops and the optimal sowing and harvesting settings remain key to increasing the adoption of intercropping systems by farmers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Animal-based foods have a large impact on the environment; for this reason, plant-based meat analogous are now in the spotlight. Although protein concentrates/isolates from soy are the most used raw materials for meat analogues, some concerns about allergenicity, loss of biodiversity, and low sustainability of their production rise from their uses. In this context, high protein fractions obtained by air classification of pulse flours are here proposed as substitutes of protein concentrates. Thus, this work is aimed at understanding the aptitude of high protein fraction from pulses to be transformed into meat analogous through high moisture extrusion process. Differences in functional and rheological properties among high protein fractions resulted in different high moisture extrusion properties and thus products with different appearance. Specifically, the foaming capacity of high protein fraction from red lentil resulted in expansion at the end of the extruder creating a heterogeneous structure, whereas the high lipid content of high protein fraction from chickpea can account for the unsuitability of this raw material to high moisture extrusion. On the contrary, high protein fraction from both fava bean and yellow pea presented a fibrous structure. However, the structure and textual properties of the final products need to be further investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review article aims to provide an up-to-date overview of the main determinants of consumers' acceptance of novel foods (new foods and ingredients) in the EU with emphasis on product's intrinsic properties (sensory characteristics) and individual factors (socio-demographics, perceptive, psychological) by adopting a systematic approach following the PRISMA methodology. Case studies on terrestrial (i.e., insects, cultured meat and other animal origin products, plant-based food including mushrooms, plant-based analogues, pulses, and cereals) and aquatic systems (i.e., algae and jellyfish) are included focusing on age-related and cross-national differences in consumer acceptance of novel foods and ingredients. General trends have emerged that are common to all the novel foods analysed, regardless of their aquatic or terrestrial origin. Aspects such as food neophobia, unfamiliarity, and poor knowledge of the product are important barriers to the consumption of novel foods, while healthiness and environmental sustainability perception are drivers of acceptance. Sensory properties are challenging for more familiar ingredients such as plant-based food (e.g., novel food made by pulses, mushrooms, cereals and pseudocereals). Results are discussed in terms of feasibility of introducing these products in the EU food systems highlighting strategies that can encourage the use of new ingredients or novel foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pulses are edible seeds belonging to the Leguminosae family for human consumption and consist of various species such as common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), peas (Pisum sativum), lentils (Lens culinaris), chickpeas (Cicer arietinum L.), and faba beans (Vicia faba). Pulses are sustainable sources of nutritional compounds, especially containing almost twice the protein content compared to cereal grains. In addition to becoming an excellent source of macronutrients and micronutrients, they are abundant in phytochemicals, containing bioactive compounds with potential health benefits resulting from various phenolic compounds, as well as antinutritional compounds (e.g. phytic acid, enzyme inhibitors, lectins, saponins), which have received widespread concern by researchers. More essentially, various processing approaches for consumption purposes will result not only in enhanced nutritional and sensory characteristics in pulses but also in affected phytochemicals contents and their bioavailability. In this review, the nutritional and phytochemical compositions of pulses will be first introduced, followed by different common-applied processing methods (thermal and non-thermal), along with their impacts and pulse storage effects on the content of corresponding phytochemicals. Furthermore, through food processing and digestion, the bioaccessibility and bioavailability of pulse phytochemicals will be improved, thus releasing more health benefits, and expressing pharmacological functions in the human body. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Societal Impact Statement: The world is increasingly looking to plant‐based sources to meet its protein needs. Multiple factors are driving this progression, ranging from nutritional and ethical considerations to climate change and population growth. As a pulse crop, lentil is ideal to help meet this change in demand. However, plant‐based proteins have limiting amino acids and lower protein digestibility compared to animal‐based proteins. This research identifies genetic markers that can be used to accelerate breeding of protein quality traits in lentil to ultimately help meet the rising demand in high‐quality plant‐based protein and bolster global food and nutritional security. Summary: Lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) contains ~25% high‐quality protein in addition to high concentrations of prebiotic carbohydrates and micronutrients, such as folate, iron, zinc, and selenium. As animal‐based protein's economic and environmental costs rise, plant‐based protein sources, such as lentil, will become increasingly important to global food systems. Consequently, evaluating and targeting protein quality traits for genomic‐assisted breeding is a valuable objective for lentil breeding programs.A diversity panel of 183 breeding lines was analyzed for protein quality traits, including amino acids and protein digestibility. Genotyping‐by‐sequencing (GBS) data were used to assess population structure and conduct genome‐wide association studies (GWAS). Genes in local linkage disequilibrium (LD) with significant single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers were identified and categorized by homology.Protein quality traits showed a wide range of variation. Repeatability estimates were low to moderate across traits. Twelve traits were strongly correlated with each other (r >.7). Admixture analysis identified six ancestral subpopulations, which also demonstrated clustering in principal component analysis. Ten different traits had significant SNP associations; two loci were shared across multiple traits. Twenty‐seven candidate genes, including glutathione S‐transferase, protease family, and gibberellin 2‐beta‐dioxygenase genes, were identified.This paper identifies SNP markers associated with lentil protein quality traits. Once validated, these SNPs could accelerate lentil protein quality breeding efforts. By targeting lentil's limiting amino acids (methionine and cysteine) and protein digestibility through marker‐assisted selection, the nutritional value of lentil's protein content could be increased without the need to alter total protein content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pulse production in India has stagnated relative to staple grains and cash crops, raising concerns about rural protein consumption. We experimentally evaluate an effort to increase local pulse production in Bihar. This intervention consisted of 2 years of input subsidies and extension to facilitate learning, followed by the creation of marketing organizations and a year of output price support to raise profitability. Farmers respond to price signals by expanding inputs when subsidized and increasing pulse sales under price supports. However, we see no evidence that the program shifted equilibrium production portfolios as pulses return to pre‐intervention levels after the support ends. Results indicate that short‐term learning by doing cannot overcome long‐run barriers to local pulse production, even when farmers have a viable outlet to sell their surplus output. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Sewage sludge compounds possess physical and chemical attributes that make them well-suited for formulating fertilizers intended for agricultural purposes. Within this framework, the research aimed to assess the effects of utilizing organomineral fertilizers derived from sludge on soil fertility and chickpea yield. Method: The study was conducted in a randomized complete block design, with five replications, in a 2×2+2 factorial scheme, consisting of two organic sources for organomineral fertilizer production (composted sludge - SC or sludge biochar - SB), two fertilizer forms (granular-GRA or powder-POW), and two additional controls (mineral fertilization with NPK at a 04:15:04 ratio, and unfertilized-NF). The chickpea production and soil chemical attributes were characterized. Results: The organomineral fertilization with composted sewage sludge and sewage sludge biochar, in the forms of powder or granules, increased soil fertility, and enhanced production characteristics. Fertilization with LC and BL resulted in soil organic carbon (OC) content of 8.00 and 8.60 g/kg, while treatments with NPK and without fertilization had 6.50 and 7.30 g/kg, respectively. Grain dry matter and total dry matter varied from 4.80 to 5.70 and 17.40 to 19.10 g per plant in fertilized treatments, respectively. In the unfertilized plots, the averages were 0.30 and 3.40 g per plant. Conclusion: The use of organomineral fertilizer consisting of composted sludge or in granulated form increased straw production by 19% and 5.70 times, compared to mineral fertilization and the control (no fertilization), respectively. This indicates the potential for chickpea production similar to that obtained in treatments receiving only mineral fertilization. Research Highlights • Fertilizers from composted sludge or sludge biochar enhance soil fertility. • Organomineral fertilizers increase soil organic matter content. • Organomineral fertilizers enhance soil cation exchange capacity. • Granulation of composted sludge increases chickpea residue production. • Stabilized sludge in powder or granulated form can serve as an alternative fertilizer source. • Organomineral and mineral NPK fertilizers are equivalent in chickpea production.

IntroductionMultiple barriers exist to healthy and environmentally sustainable food choices. Limited consumer understanding of the health and environmental implications of food choices complicates their abilities to make choices that lead to desired outcomes. The complexity of the retail environment itself may crowd out less immediate motivations to address health or environment. Even if consumers understand general impacts of food choices on health and environmental outcomes, there may be non-negligible time and search costs to identifying the products that meet consumers’ needs. In many food categories, the foods containing attributes that help achieve health and sustainability outcomes may represent a small percentage of available products. In this research, we examine the case of pulses—beans, chickpeas, lentils, and dry peas. Pulses are nutritious and have a low environmental impact. However, consumption of pulses in the US is quite low, which may be attributable to low consumer knowledge of pulse benefits, as well as difficulty of identifying pulse products in retail environments.MethodsIn this research, we examine the choice of pulse-based foods in three conditions: (1) a control condition, (2) a messaging condition communicating the health and environmental benefits of pulse products, and (3) a paired messaging condition with a choice environment intervention that allows respondents to choose to filter products to those that contain pulses. Participants selected a food item from each of six food categories.ResultsWe find slight, but significant, increases in pulse choice in the messaging only condition relative to the control condition, but dramatic and highly significant increases when participants can filter the products to easily view pulse products. We also find evidence for knowledge being a barrier to healthy/sustainable food choice. Participants exposed to the messaging were more likely to view pulses as environmentally beneficial, and less likely to report that they did not know the health or environmental impacts of pulse foods.DiscussionWe find that paired messaging and filtering interventions significantly increase the choice of pulse-based foods, which offer both human health and sustainability benefits.

ABSTRACT Pulses get increasing awareness not only for their nutritional value but also for their multifunctionality in sustainable agri‐food systems. Although having a long tradition in Mediterranean regions, their share of arable land is very low. Knowledge about pulse cropping, considering nonmarket outputs in alternative cropping systems, is scarce. To this end, we conducted a systematic literature research. We synthesized the current quantified state of knowledge about associated biodiversity in pulse systems and ecosystem services, specifically food/feed provision and soil quality, in lentil and chickpea cropping systems using alternative management practices in the Mediterranean and analysed their impact compared to conventional practices employing a meta‐analysis. As alternative practices, we considered practices frequently proposed to be sustainable and more ecologically oriented than conventional cropping. Most studies examined soil quality, especially chemical quality, followed by grain yield. Very few studies surveyed biodiversity, most of which used arable flora as an indicator. Mean lentil and chickpea grain yields were 1484.4 ± 665 kg/ha under alternative practices, and flora richness was on average 10.9 ± 4 species during the pulse phase. We found significant positive impacts of organic farming on biodiversity, no tillage on soil quality and diversified rotations on yield. In multiservice trials, no tillage tended to be synergistic for both, yield and soil quality. In conclusion, organic and conservation agriculture elements seem promising techniques for ecosystem service‐enhancing pulse management. Anyhow, the current evidence base on ecosystem service performance in alternative pulse systems is empirically not yet robust to conclude sound data‐driven management recommendations—especially with a focus on biodiversity. However, we can draw justified hypotheses that can focus future research and can be tested in the field.

IntroductionSustainable foods need to be nutrient-rich, affordable, environmentally friendly, and socially acceptable. Pulses, which include beans, lentils, chickpeas, and dried peas are a food group that can fit all those criteria.MethodsThese concepts were tested serially using nutrient profiling methods that focused on protein and were extended to include food prices, greenhouse gas emissions, and energy demand. The present sustainability analyses were based on the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) nutrient composition and food prices data. Environmental impact data came from life cycle assessments (LCA). First, the USDA Protein Foods Group was disaggregated into animal and plant proteins. Plant proteins were separated into pulses, soy products, and nuts and seeds.ResultsPulses were among the lowest-cost protein sources (per 100 g and per 100 kcal) and had the lowest greenhouse gas emissions GHGE and energy demand. Pulses were among the most sustainable foods when monetary and energy costs were expressed per 50 g of protein (equivalent to 100% DV). Pulses scored well on the Nutrient Rich Food (NRF9.3) nutrient profiling system and on the related Affordable Nutrition Index that assessed nutrient density per penny.DiscussionPulses are a source of low-cost plant-based protein and a variety of priority vitamins and minerals, have low carbon footprint and energy demand, and are a valued culinary ingredient across diverse regions and cultures. As dietary guidance turns to plant-based diets, pulses need to be integrated into the global sustainability framework.

In recent years, metasurfaces composed of lumped nonlinear circuits have been reported to exhibit the capability of detecting specific electromagnetic waves, even when the waves are of the same frequency, depending on their respective waveforms or, more precisely, their pulse widths. Herein, three types of metasurface absorbers (MSAs) are presented which are composed of a square‐patch structure loaded with linear circuit components, including lumped resistors or resistors in parallel with capacitors/inductors, which can mimic the waveform‐selective absorption behavior in the terahertz (THz) region. By judiciously selecting suitable values for the linear circuit components, these MSAs can achieve near‐perfect absorption of incident continuous waves or longer pulses while exhibiting reduced absorption of short pulses at the same THz frequency. These linear circuit structures can be referred to as pseudo‐waveform‐selective MSAs because their waveform‐selective absorption characteristics are primarily derived from the dispersion behavior of the resonator structures, as opposed to the frequency conversion commonly observed in nonlinear circuits. These outcomes and discoveries introduce an additional degree of freedom for waveform discrimination in the THz frequency range, potentially enabling a broader range of applications, including but not limited to detection, sensing, and wireless communication.

In addition to containing rich nutrients and biologically active substances, the pulses contain phytic acid, saponins, trypsin inhibitors, lectins and other anti-nutritional factors, which have multiple types and entail complex detection processes, with different detection capabilities required. In certain treatment methods, their structures can be destroyed, and their content can be lowered, furthermore, the nutrients in pulses can be preserved to the maximum extent during processing. This paper evaluates the detection methods of anti-nutritional factors in detail, analyzes and compares the advantages, disadvantages, applicability and sensitivity of different detection methods, and introduces the principles, processes, inhibition effects, advantages and disadvantages of several common anti-nutritional factor elimination methods, focuses mainly on heat treatment. This study aims to provide some references for the analytical method selection, improvement and control of anti-nutritional factors in pulses.

Consumption of legumes and pulses is associated with various health outcomes. Therefore, when updating the Nordic Nutrition Recommendations (NNR), summarizing the best available evidence on key health outcomes regarded as relevant for the Nordic and Baltics related to the consumption of legumes was essential. The aim of this scoping review was to evaluate the updated evidence on the effect of the consumption of legumes and pulses on various health outcomes, as well as their dose-response relationship in updated systematic reviews and meta-analyses. The scoping review is built on a de novo systematic review published in 2023 and additional searches on the consumption of legumes and pulses and its various health outcomes, including cardiovascular disease (CVD), cancer, type 2 diabetes, and obesity. Current available evidence shows that the consumption of legumes and pulses is associated with a lower risk of several cancers (evidence: low-moderate), and lower all-cause mortality (evidence: moderate). The associations with CVDs are neutral or inverse, with studies generally showing favourable changes in biomarkers for CVDs. Legume consumption is associated with a lower risk of obesity (evidence: low). For type 2 diabetes, no association was found with incidence, but trials on consumption of legumes and pulses and biomarkers generally indicated protective effects. Overall, the current evidence supports dietary recommendations to increase the consumption of legumes and pulses.

Abstract Background Mung bean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek), is an important pulse crop in the global south. Early flowering and maturation are advantageous traits for adaptation to northern and southern latitudes. This study investigates the genetic basis of the Days-to-Flowering trait (DTF) in mung bean, combining genome-wide association studies (GWAS) in mung bean and comparisons with orthologous genes involved with control of DTF responses in soybean (Glycine max (L) Merr) and Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Results The most significant associations for DTF were on mung bean chromosomes 1, 2, and 4. Only the SNPs on chromosomes 1 and 4 were heavily investigated using downstream analysis. The chromosome 1 DTF association is tightly linked with a cluster of locally duplicated FERONIA (FER) receptor-like protein kinase genes, and the SNP occurs within one of the FERONIA genes. In Arabidopsis, an orthologous FERONIA gene (AT3G51550), has been reported to regulate the expression of the FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC). For the chromosome 4 DTF locus, the strongest candidates are Vradi04g00002773 and Vradi04g00002778, orthologous to the Arabidopsis PhyA and PIF3 genes, encoding phytochrome A (a photoreceptor protein sensitive to red to far-red light) and phytochrome-interacting factor 3, respectively. The soybean PhyA orthologs include the classical loci E3 and E4 (genes GmPhyA3, Glyma.19G224200, and GmPhyA2, Glyma.20G090000). The mung bean PhyA ortholog has been previously reported as a candidate for DTF in studies conducted in South Korea. Conclusion The top two identified SNPs accounted for a significant proportion (~ 65%) of the phenotypic variability in mung bean DTF by the six significant SNPs (39.61%), with a broad-sense heritability of 0.93. The strong associations of DTF with genes that have orthologs with analogous functions in soybean and Arabidopsis provide strong circumstantial evidence that these genes are causal for this trait. The three reported loci and candidate genes provide useful targets for marker-assisted breeding in mung beans.

Abstract Background In the context of rising costs of raw materials and environmental degradation caused by livestock farming, the agri-food sector faces significant challenges in sourcing sustainable proteins. Grain legumes have emerged as cost-effective protein sources, with lower water footprint and GHG emissions compared to animal sources. However, their cultivation is threatened by strong yield fluctuations. Leveraging intra-specific diversity through cultivar mixtures in cropping systems can effectively buffer biotic and abiotic stresses, hence increasing yield stability. In this study, we investigate the effect of intra-specific diversity on lentil nitrogen uptake under pot (2020) and field conditions (2021). We hypothesize that cultivars with higher affinity for nitrogen fixation influence the other components of the mixture, and that nitrogen uptake dynamics are a possible driver in modulating cultivar mixture behaviour. We designed two-, three-, and four-cultivar mixtures with a trait-blind approach and compared them to sole cultivars. Results and conclusions Our results show inconsistencies across the two experimental years, indicating that lentils may shift their nitrogen source from the atmosphere to the soil when grown in pots. Mixtures 15N enrichment was not always consistent with pure stand performance, suggesting that cultivar mixtures may have an unpredictable cumulative effect on nitrogen uptake. Regarding correlations with agronomic parameters, we observed a significant correlation between nodules number and nitrogen concentration, regardless of experimental conditions. Finally, we found that 15N excess emerged as a significant predictor for pure stands’ yield, but the differences were diluted with the increase in diversity levels. The findings on 15N enrichment responses, cultivar impacts, and complex mixture effects on soil microbiota underscore the need for further research.

This study aims to address protein-energy malnutrition by developing flour mixtures where legume flours, such as chickpeas, pigeon peas, mung beans, and lentils, are the primary components, with refined wheat flour added in varying proportions, proximate composition analysis of these flours, assessment of antioxidant activities in the mixed flours, the formulation and baking of biscuits using these composite flours, and a thorough analysis of the resulting biscuits. Purposely, 5 kinds of the biscuits were prepared as T0 (control), T1 (mung bean flour supplemented), T2 (chickpea flour supplemented), T3 (pigeon pea flour supplemented) & T4 (lentil flour supplemented). The study outlines a significant increase (p

Pulses have good nutritional, functional, and biological properties and are easily accessible to low-income people. The aim of this work was to study the physical characteristics of the grain as well as the chemical and antioxidant properties of defatted flour from five pulse cultivars (three cultivars of Bambara groundnuts, one of soybean, and one of cowpea) cultivated in the Far North region (Cameroon) and then discuss the therapeutic involvement. Geometric and gravimetric analysis showed that Bambara groundnut cultivars exhibited adequate physical properties. The proximate composition analysis revealed that defatted soybean flour (42.18 %) and Bambara groundnut cultivars (23.58–27.61 %) presented high protein content. High total polyphenolic content was also found in Bambara groundnuts (90.75–103.13 mg GAE/100 g DM), followed by cowpea (96.98 mg GAE/100 g DM). Flavonoid content was noteworthy in soybean flour (61.39 mg EQ/100 g DM). DPPH radical scavenging activity was high in soybean flour (17.61 µg TE/100 g DM), followed by the Bambara groundnuts (14.58–17.41 µg TE/100 g DM). In addition, ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) was important in Bambara groundnut defatted flour (40.78–43.80 µg TE/100 g DM). The correlation was significant between the physical characteristics, chemical composition, and antioxidant activity of defatted flour. The correlation between total polyphenolic and flavonoid content and antioxidant properties underlined the importance of these compounds in the protection against free radicals and, therefore, in the prevention of metabolic diseases. The high protein and polyphenolic content of these pulse-defatted flours make them a promising raw material for the production of ingredients with biological properties.

Globally, India is the largest producer and consumer of pulses. Biofertilizers, a low cost input, help in increasing the crop productivity by way of biological nitrogen fixation, increased availability or uptake of nutrients through solubilization or increased stimulation of plant growth through the synthesis of growth promoting substances such as indole acetic acid (IAA), gibberellins, auxins, ammonia, hydrogen cyanide and siderophore production. Furthermore, biofertilizer inoculation helps to reduce the use of chemical fertilizers. These are environmentally friendly and play a significant role in boosting the pulse crop production. In this review paper, literature regarding different types of biofertilizers and their effect on different pulse crops has been studied. The effect of application of biofertilizer inoculation on biological nitrogen fixation, growth, symbiotic traits, productivity, quality, soil fertility, residual effect and economic benefit has been reviewed and summarized under different headings. Application of biofertilizers increases the plant growth, symbiotic traits (nodule number, nodule weight) and grain yield over no inoculation in different pulse crops without producing any adverse effect on the environment. Moreover, seed inoculation with biofertilizers provides economic benefits over without inoculation. Furthermore, single or dual inoculations of biofertilzers improve the nutrient status of soil and ultimately increase the nutrient uptake by crop along with improvement in protein content. Seed inoculation with biofertilizers also increases organic carbon, available nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium and microbial count in the soil after the crop harvest over un-inoculated control. The nitrogen amounts fixed as a result of inoculation leave a net positive N balance in the soil. Thereby, biofertilizers inoculation helps in achieving higher profits while maintaining the agricultural sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) production faces challenges due to shifting environmental conditions, potentially leading to a transition towards cooler or highland Mediterranean environments. This study assessed the responses of five lentil genotypes across five diverse locations (L1–L5) managed under organic cropping systems over two seasons, focusing on key parameters including seed yield (SY), crude protein (CP), cooking time (CT), seed loss percentage (SL), and yield loss per hectare (YL) caused by bruchid (Bruchus sp.). Excessive seasonal rainfall (500 mm), low winter temperatures (−17.9 °C), bruchid SL, and spring sowing were identified as crucial, particularly in challenging environments like highlands. Genotype selection was highlighted as essential for balancing yield and stability, with the small-seeded cultivar 'Dimitra' demonstrating lower YL due to bruchid. Additionally, increased CP was noted in response to heightened bruchid infestations. Specific recommendations were proposed for different environments: In productive lowland areas with low bruchid pressure and high CTs (L1), prioritizing cultivars like 'Samos', 'Dimitra', and 'Thessalia' enhances quality. Locations with high bruchid populations (L4) were not favored organic production but can serve as genetic resistance screening sites. High-elevation environments (L3, L5) proved significantly less productive, underscoring the requirement for earlier and winter-hardy cultivars. These insights guide lentil cultivation, emphasizing the need for tailored breeding strategies adaptable to changing environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ability to modulate direct expanded product structures improves the versatility and range of product applications. The effect of nucleating agents, namely, talc and calcium carbonate (CC), on the expansion characteristics of pea starch extrudates as impacted by screw speed was explored. Pea starch blends with increasing levels of nucleating agents (0.25%, 1%, and 2%) at 18% moisture (w.b.) were extruded across a range of screw speeds (150, 250, 350, and 450 rpm). The water absorption index, water solubility index (WSI), expansion ratio (ER), unit density, and cell count were determined to evaluate the performance of nucleating agents. The nucleating efficiency of CC, as assessed by cell count, improved with increasing screw speeds. In contrast, the nucleating efficiency of talc was influenced by inclusion levels irrespective of screw speed. ER values ranged from 2.10 to 2.88, where higher nucleating agent inclusions and screw speeds corresponded with lower ER values. Increased nucleating agents and screw speeds corresponded to higher WSI values suggesting the nucleating agents promoted starch degradation. The nucleating agents appeared to promote flow instabilities indicated upon assessment of the extrudate surface. Practical Application: This study provides helpful information on the expanded extrudate structure of pea starch as influenced by screw speed and nucleating agents. These findings may help the food industry select processing parameters and appropriate nucleating agent inclusion levels when producing new expanded products with unique textures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Soil fertility is a significant natural property which decides the health and quality of land resources. Pulse productivity diminishes nowadays under rain fed condition due to improper nutrient management practices. Hence the present study was carried out to assess the soil fertility status under major pulses growing area by using advanced geo statistical tool with ArcGIS. Methods: Soil survey was taken in 14 revenue villages in Melur block, Madurai district. Soil samples were collected and analysed for its nutrient properties. The Parker's Nutrient Index and soil fertility maps were prepared by using ArcGIS. Result: Pulses growing soils were mostly neutral in pH and soluble salt content was low. The organic carbon and available nitrogen content was low to medium. The available phosphorus and potassium status were medium to high. Hence proper nutrient management practices are to be needed for augment pulse production in such area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to investigate the effects of canning variables (cooking time, storage time, volume of vinegar, salt and sugar) on the mineral composition of canned cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp) and which conditions provide optimised preservation of the mineral content of the grains. Different formulations of canned cowpeas were produced following two levels factorial experimental design using five variables. A set of 11 different formulations were evaluated using the desirability function with essential minerals (Ca, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mg, P and Zn) as the response. The optimal multi-response conditions for higher mineral retention were: 360 days of storage at 30 ± 5 °C (ST2), 30 ml of vinegar, 9.0 g of NaCl, 18 min of cooking time, and 9.0 g, 19.5 g or 30 g of sugar (the effect of the sugar content at the evaluated range was not significant at 95% confidence level). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a design scheme for a dual‐band waveform‐selective metasurface absorber (MSA) is presented based on the combination of two metal resonator structures loaded with nonlinear circuits. Dual‐band MSAs with four different configurations are constructed by loading capacitor/inductor‐based nonlinear circuits into the gaps of two square‐patch (SP) and two square‐ring (SR) resonators, all of which can achieve selective absorption of short pulses and continuous waves (CWs) at two frequencies independently. As a typical example, the dual‐band MSA with the SP resonator loaded with the inductor‐based nonlinear circuit and the SR resonator loaded with the capacitor‐based nonlinear circuit is systematically studied. First, the selective absorption performance of the dual‐band MSA for CWs and pulses under different input powers is demonstrated. Second, the selective absorption properties of the dual‐band MSA for pulses with different pulse widths are studied. Third, the waveform‐selective absorption characteristics of the dual‐band MSA for oblique TE and TM waves are also illustrated. Finally, the influence of circuit component parameters on the selective absorption properties of pulses and CWs is systematically studied. The proposed dual‐band MSAs have potential application areas such as antenna design, wireless communications, and electromagnetic compatibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]