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Traditionally, electroporation-based therapies such as electrochemotherapy (ECT), gene electrotransfer (GET) and irreversible electroporation (IRE) are performed with different but typical pulse durations—100 microseconds and 1–50 milliseconds. However, recent in vitro studies have shown that ECT, GET and IRE can be achieved with virtually any pulse duration (millisecond, microsecond, nanosecond) and pulse type (monopolar, bipolar-HFIRE), although with different efficiency. In electroporation-based therapies, immune response activation can affect treatment outcome, and the possibility of controlling and predicting immune response could improve the treatment. In this study, we investigated if different pulse durations and pulse types cause different or similar activations of the immune system by assessing DAMP release (ATP, HMGB1, calreticulin). Results show that DAMP release can be different when different pulse durations and pulse types are used. Nanosecond pulses seems to be the most immunogenic, as they can induce the release of all three main DAMP molecules—ATP, HMGB1 and calreticulin. The least immunogenic seem to be millisecond pulses, as only ATP release was detected and even that assumingly occurs due to increased permeability of the cell membrane. Overall, it seems that DAMP release and immune response in electroporation-based therapies can be controlled though pulse duration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditionally, electroporation-based therapies such as electrochemotherapy (ECT), gene electrotransfer (GET) and irreversible electroporation (IRE) are performed with different but typical pulse durations—100 microseconds and 1–50 milliseconds. However, recent in vitro studies have shown that ECT, GET and IRE can be achieved with virtually any pulse duration (millisecond, microsecond, nanosecond) and pulse type (monopolar, bipolar-HFIRE), although with different efficiency. In electroporation-based therapies, immune response activation can affect treatment outcome, and the possibility of controlling and predicting immune response could improve the treatment. In this study, we investigated if different pulse durations and pulse types cause different or similar activations of the immune system by assessing DAMP release (ATP, HMGB1, calreticulin). Results show that DAMP release can be different when different pulse durations and pulse types are used. Nanosecond pulses seems to be the most immunogenic, as they can induce the release of all three main DAMP molecules—ATP, HMGB1 and calreticulin. The least immunogenic seem to be millisecond pulses, as only ATP release was detected and even that assumingly occurs due to increased permeability of the cell membrane. Overall, it seems that DAMP release and immune response in electroporation-based therapies can be controlled though pulse duration.

In this research, a new water surface evaporation on-line detection device of pulse type evaporator was designed. The device was mainly composed of a whole structure stabilization device, a sensor position fixing device, a sensor position adjustment device, an Arduino Uno development board, a water level sensor, an A4988 drive board, a power module, upper computer control calculation and display storage software, Internet of Things server and data transmission module. The whole structure stabilization device was composed of a device base, a supporting rod fixed base and a supporting rod. The sensor position fixing device was composed of a motor fixed rod, a guide rail fixed pole and a probe fixed rod. The sensor position adjustment device was composed of a water level sensor, a coupler, a leading screw, a screw nut, a stepping motor, and a limit switch. The water level sensor was installed on the probe fixed rod. The limit switch was installed under the pole of the guide rail. The water level sensor could provide analog level signal and input to the interface of Arduino Uno. The 42BYGH48 stepping motor was driven by a A4988 drive board, and the drive board was supplied with pulse by Arduino Uno development board. The main interface of the upper computer was designed by Xcode software. The main functions of the mobile terminal software were to display device ID, send measurement instructions to the pulse type on-line detection device for evaporator evaporation and control its detection operation. After a detection operation was completed, it could receive message from the Internet of Things server and view the measured water level in real time; The water level value and irrigation interval parameters were calculated dynamically according to the water level value and irrigation interval parameters. The measured value of each water level were stored in the Internet of Things server. The historical measurement and its corresponding measurement time and trend map were displayed on the mobile app. The data could be viewed and analyzed at any time. In order to evaluate the accuracy and stability of the device. A total of 3 tests were carried out for each water level. The infrared optical sensor detected the change of the level of the sensor probe after the probe touched the water surface, and then calculate the water surface evaporation. Based on this sensor, the online detection of water surface evaporation was realized. The performance of the device was tested by the water surface height test of tap water. The results showed that: 1) the success rate of the water level sensor returning to the initial position was 100% in the 39 tests for the 13 water level levels. During the 39 tests, the success rate of the singlechip microcomputer development board receiving the detection instruction was 100%, indicating that the device runs reliably; 2) in the 39 tests, the maximum range of the number of pulses measured by 3 times at the same level was 3, indicating that the device runs stably; 3) The maximum relative error between water level measured by the device and the artificial method was 2.04%, indicating that the device has high detection accuracy; 4) The results of field tests showed that the device had good adaptability and good performance. The minimum relative error was 0.85% and the maximum relative error was 2.68%. The device can be used as an online detection platform for evaporator evaporation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We identified 3 atypical Shigella flexneri varieties in China, including 92 strains with multidrug resistance, distinct pulse types, and a novel sequence type. Atypical varieties were prevalent mainly in developed regions, and 1 variant has become the dominant Shigella spp. serotype in China. Improved surveillance will help guide the prevention and control of shigellosis.

This letter presents analytical and experimental investigation of three-dimensional indoor localization accuracy using different subbands of the Ultrawideband (UWB) spectrum. Combined effect of ranging errors of each base station (due to change in pulse width, bandwidth, and UWB source pulse) on 3-D localization using a compact tapered slot antenna is studied. Higher-order Gaussian derivative source pulses (3rd and 7th) are compared to first-order Gaussian derivative theoretically and analyzed in terms of the fidelity of the UWB source pulses; localization accuracy and Cramér-Rao lower bounds have also been calculated to validate the experimental findings. It is observed that 5-GHz bandwidth gives sufficiently high localization accuracy results with an average error of 2-3 cm. Results related to the different UWB source pulse show that the third-order Gaussian derivative signal can be used to enhance (30% increase) the localization accuracy and also preserve a good tradeoff between accuracy and complexity of the UWB system. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

We identified 3 atypical Shigella flexneri varieties in China, including 92 strains with multidrug resistance, distinct pulse types, and a novel sequence type. Atypical varieties were prevalent mainly in developed regions, and 1 variant has become the dominant Shigella spp. serotype in China. Improved surveillance will help guide the prevention and control of shigellosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]