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The list of standard abbreviations for JDS is available at adsa.org/jds-abbreviations-24. Nonstandard abbreviations are available in the Notes. Dairy cows usually store more milk in the rear quarters of the udder than the front quarters. With conventional machine milking, this leads to an earlier cessation of milk flow in front quarters than the rear quarters and hence unavoidable milking on empty front teats. We tested the hypothesis that an increased pulsation ratio in rear quarters reduces milking on empty front teats as well as machine-on time. We have also tested if the different amplitude of cyclic vacuum fluctuations during milking with simultaneous versus alternate pulsation within front and rear quarters, respectively, impacts milking characteristics. Ten Holstein dairy cows were milked twice daily at 14-h and 10-h milking intervals. The pulsation ratio in the front quarters was 65:35, but was set at 65:35, 70:30, 75:25, or 80:20 in the rear quarters. Whole udder milk flow, claw vacuum, and mouthpiece chamber vacuum of all 4 quarters were recorded during milking. Teat tissue thickness of all 4 teats was measured with a cutimeter at 5 and 30 min after cluster detachment. Total milk yield did not differ among treatments, indicating complete udder emptying. The time of quarter milk flow of the front quarters did not differ among treatments but decreased with increasing pulsation ratio in rear quarters. In addition, faster milking of the rear quarters at a higher pulsation ratio caused higher peak and average milk flow rates, a shorter duration of milk flow decline, and a reduced machine-on time. The increased milk flow at a higher pulsation ratio did not cause a significant reduction of the claw vacuum at the used sample size. Teat tissue thickness did not significantly differ among treatments, likely because milking on empty teats did almost not occur in the rear quarters, and treatment settings did not differ in the front quarters. Simultaneous pulsation caused higher amplitudes of cyclic vacuum fluctuation than alternate pulsation. However, milking characteristics did not differ between simultaneous and alternate pulsation. Overall, an increased pulsation ratio in rear quarters reduces machine-on time, increases milking performance, and reduces the time of milking on empty teats in front quarters, without an increased impact on teat tissue thickness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT: Dairy cows usually store more milk in the rear quarters of the udder than the front quarters. With conventional machine milking, this leads to an earlier cessation of milk flow in front quarters than the rear quarters and hence unavoidable milking on empty front teats. We tested the hypothesis that an increased pulsation ratio in rear quarters reduces milking on empty front teats as well as machine-on time. We have also tested if the different amplitude of cyclic vacuum fluctuations during milking with simultaneous versus alternate pulsation within front and rear quarters, respectively, impacts milking characteristics. Ten Holstein dairy cows were milked twice daily at 14-h and 10-h milking intervals. The pulsation ratio in the front quarters was 65:35, but was set at 65:35, 70:30, 75:25, or 80:20 in the rear quarters. Whole udder milk flow, claw vacuum, and mouthpiece chamber vacuum of all 4 quarters were recorded during milking. Teat tissue thickness of all 4 teats was measured with a cutimeter at 5 and 30 min after cluster detachment. Total milk yield did not differ among treatments, indicating complete udder emptying. The time of quarter milk flow of the front quarters did not differ among treatments but decreased with increasing pulsation ratio in rear quarters. In addition, faster milking of the rear quarters at a higher pulsation ratio caused higher peak and average milk flow rates, a shorter duration of milk flow decline, and a reduced machine-on time. The increased milk flow at a higher pulsation ratio did not cause a significant reduction of the claw vacuum at the used sample size. Teat tissue thickness did not significantly differ among treatments, likely because milking on empty teats did almost not occur in the rear quarters, and treatment settings did not differ in the front quarters. Simultaneous pulsation caused higher amplitudes of cyclic vacuum fluctuation than alternate pulsation. However, milking characteristics did not differ between simultaneous and alternate pulsation. Overall, an increased pulsation ratio in rear quarters reduces machine-on time, increases milking performance, and reduces the time of milking on empty teats in front quarters, without an increased impact on teat tissue thickness.

Milking machine design and performance are directly related to the milkability of sheep and goats, with the aim of milking quickly, completely and gently. This leads to an increase in the milk yield with improved quality, and the maintenance of healthy udders. The aim of this study was to carry out laboratory tests to determine the optimal level of vacuum, pulsation rate and pulsation ratio of new milking machines in high and low milk lines for sheep and goats. This study was conducted at the Department of Research and Development, Siliconform, Germany. For this purpose, different levels of vacuum (32, 34, 36, 38 and 40 kPa), milk jet (2, 2.5, 3 and 4 mm), milk line (high line and low line) and pulsation ratio (50:50 and 60:40) were used. First minute water flow (1st WF/kg) was used as an indicator for assessing the best combination in the milking machine. In addition, the cyclic vacuum fluctuation was measured in the inner chamber of the teat cup during the 1st WF/kg with the aid of a Vacuscope device. Statistical analysis was conducted using the mixed procedure in SAS. Our results show that the vacuum level, the milk jet and the pulsation ratio had a significant influence (p < 0.05) on the 1st WF/kg in the two milking machines for goats and sheep. In conclusion, the ideal conditions for milking goats with air inlet teat cups in the milking machine are a vacuum level of 36–38 kPa (low line) and 38–40 kPa (high line), a pulsation rate of 90 cycles/min and a pulsation ratio of 60:40, while the ideal conditions in the sheep milking machines are a vacuum level of 35–36 kPa (low line) and 36–38 kPa (high line), a pulsation rate of 120 cycles/min and a pulsation ratio of 60:40 or 50:50.

Simple Summary: In dairy farms, milking-related operations and procedures are often demanding, time-consuming, and directly affect farm economics. Therefore, milking operations need to be performed efficiently and effectively, with the proper pre-dipping and post-dipping operations, and with the avoidance of overmilking. Several studies have been carried out on milking operations and the parameters for shortening milking time without harming cows. The most important prerequisites for ensuring high-level milking conditions are the appropriate pulsation ratio and detachment flow rate. Both parameters were investigated in this study, where milking operations and parameters were recorded for three months on a dairy cattle farm in Northern Italy. A comparison was made between cows milked with a pulsation ratio of 60:40 vs. 65:35 and between cows milked with a detachment flow rate of 600 g/min vs. 800 g/min. Machine learning was used to achieve automatic adjustment of pulsation ratios and detachment flows for individual cows. The least-squares support vector machine (LSSVM) classification model based on the sparrow search algorithm (SSA) applied in this study outperformed other common machine learning models. Therefore, if implemented on milking machines, this could help to automatically vary the machine's settings based on cows' specific characteristics, for the benefit of cows' welfare. In dairy farming, milking-related operations are time-consuming and expensive, but are also directly linked to the farm's economic profit. Therefore, reducing the duration of milking operations without harming the cows is paramount. This study aimed to test the variation in different parameters of milking operations on non-automatic milking machines to evaluate their effect on a herd and finally reduce the milking time. Two trials were set up on a dairy farm in Northern Italy to explore the influence of the pulsation ratio (60:40 vs. 65:35 pulsation ratio) and that of the detachment flow rate (600 g/min vs. 800 g/min) on milking performance, somatic cell counts, clinical mastitis, and teats score. Moreover, the innovative aspect of this study relates to the development of an optimized least-squares support vector machine (LSSVM) classification model based on the sparrow search algorithm (SSA) to predict the proper pulsation ratio and detachment flow rate for individual cows within the first two minutes of milking. The accuracy and precision of this model were 92% and 97% for shortening milking time at different pulsation ratios, and 78% and 79% for different detachment rates. The implementation of this algorithm in non-automatic milking machines could make milking operations cow-specific. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Milking machine design and performance are directly related to the milkability of sheep and goats, with the aim of milking quickly, completely and gently. This leads to an increase in the milk yield with improved quality, and the maintenance of healthy udders. The aim of this study was to carry out laboratory tests to determine the optimal level of vacuum, pulsation rate and pulsation ratio of new milking machines in high and low milk lines for sheep and goats. This study was conducted at the Department of Research and Development, Siliconform, Germany. For this purpose, different levels of vacuum (32, 34, 36, 38 and 40 kPa), milk jet (2, 2.5, 3 and 4 mm), milk line (high line and low line) and pulsation ratio (50:50 and 60:40) were used. First minute water flow (1st WF/kg) was used as an indicator for assessing the best combination in the milking machine. In addition, the cyclic vacuum fluctuation was measured in the inner chamber of the teat cup during the 1st WF/kg with the aid of a Vacuscope device. Statistical analysis was conducted using the mixed procedure in SAS. Our results show that the vacuum level, the milk jet and the pulsation ratio had a significant influence (p < 0.05) on the 1st WF/kg in the two milking machines for goats and sheep. In conclusion, the ideal conditions for milking goats with air inlet teat cups in the milking machine are a vacuum level of 36–38 kPa (low line) and 38–40 kPa (high line), a pulsation rate of 90 cycles/min and a pulsation ratio of 60:40, while the ideal conditions in the sheep milking machines are a vacuum level of 35–36 kPa (low line) and 36–38 kPa (high line), a pulsation rate of 120 cycles/min and a pulsation ratio of 60:40 or 50:50. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In dairy farming, milking-related operations are time-consuming and expensive, but are also directly linked to the farm’s economic profit. Therefore, reducing the duration of milking operations without harming the cows is paramount. This study aimed to test the variation in different parameters of milking operations on non-automatic milking machines to evaluate their effect on a herd and finally reduce the milking time. Two trials were set up on a dairy farm in Northern Italy to explore the influence of the pulsation ratio (60:40 vs. 65:35 pulsation ratio) and that of the detachment flow rate (600 g/min vs. 800 g/min) on milking performance, somatic cell counts, clinical mastitis, and teats score. Moreover, the innovative aspect of this study relates to the development of an optimized least-squares support vector machine (LSSVM) classification model based on the sparrow search algorithm (SSA) to predict the proper pulsation ratio and detachment flow rate for individual cows within the first two minutes of milking. The accuracy and precision of this model were 92% and 97% for shortening milking time at different pulsation ratios, and 78% and 79% for different detachment rates. The implementation of this algorithm in non-automatic milking machines could make milking operations cow-specific.

Microwave rotary drum drying of whole garlic bulbs was investigated for the Aspergillus niger inactivation and moisture removal. The Weibull and Bigelow models were applied to microbial inactivation data. Garlic bulbs with initial moisture content in the range 1.95–2.14 g water g−1 dry matter were dried up to 0.06 g water g−1 dry matter. The microwave power density (PD) was varied from 1.03 to 2.67 Wg−1 at 1.5 and 2.0 pulsation ratios (PRs). Effect of PD and PR on A. niger inactivation, product temperature, moisture diffusivity, moisture ratio, drying rate, color, and sensory parameters was studied. Page model was found to be a better fit for microwave rotary drying characteristics of whole garlic bulbs. Microwave rotary drum drying resulted in the average log reduction of A. niger between 1.12 and 1.60. Weibull model predicted A. niger inactivation better than the Bigelow model as it considered the nonlinearity associated with a microbial population in the sterilization process. Garlic powder prepared at 2.0 PR and 1.85 Wg−1 PD was chosen as the best process based on sensory score. The cracking and peeling of garlic cloves were observed during microwave rotary drum drying. The SEM images confirmed the increase in the pore size of the microwave treated garlic sample than the untreated garlic which might be the reason for cracking and loosening of peel in garlic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bu çal ışmada, sağı m makinalar ı na uygun programlanabilir bir nab ı z ayg ı t ı kontrol ünitesi Geliştirilen ünite elektromanyetik bir valf düzeniyle birlikte test edilmi ştir. DeAeylerde kullan ı lmak üzere iki farkl ı nab ı z kontrol program ı oluşturulmuştur. Farkl ı nab ı z oran ı , nab ı z frekans ı ve vakum düzeylerinde belirlenen pulsasyon karakteristiklerinin uluslararas ı standartlara uygun oldu ğ u belirlenmiştir

Ülkemizde süt s ığı rc ı l ığ i yapan işletmelerde sağı m makinası kullan ımı giderek artmaktad ı r. Ancak sağım makinalar ı n ı n işletme parametreleri aç ı sı ndan, süt sağı mı n ı n isteklerini karşı layabilecek özellikte olmas ı gereklidir. Süt sağı m makinalar ı nda nab ı z ayg ı t ı karakteristikleri; özellikle sa ğım performans ı , süt verimi ve meme sağ lığı yönünden oldukça önemlidir. Ayr ı ca, uygun nab ı z ayg ı t' tasar ı mı nda da göz önüne al ı nmas ı gereken kriterleri oluşturmaktad ı r. Bu çal ışmada; sa ğım makinalar ı için bir elektronik nab ız ayg ı t' geliştirilmiştir. Elektronik kontrol ünitesinde tümleşik devre tek-kararl ı çok titreşken ve zaman geciktirici bulunan nab ı z ayg ı t ı nda, bir de valf düzeni yer almaktad ı r. Tasar ı mı yap ı lan elektronik nab ız ayg ı tı n ı n parametreleri uluslararas ı ve ulusal standartlara uygun olarak saptanm ış ve irdelenmiştir. Yap ı lan denemeler sonucunda; geli ştirilen nab ı z ayg ı t ı n ı n yüksek bir nab ı z frekans ı ve nab ı z oran ı kararill ığı na sahip olduğu belirlenmiştir.

The pulsation ratio of a milking machine affects milk flow and milking time, and has also been reported to influence teat condition and milk somatic cell count (SCC). However, most studies comparing pulsation ratios have been performed on conventional cluster milking (whole-udder level), where effects such as deteriorated teat end condition and increased milk SCC are likely to be caused by over-milking on teats that are emptied faster than the other teats. When the teat cups are detached from each udder quarter separately which can be done in automatic milking systems (AMS), the risk of over-milking, especially in front teats, may be significantly reduced. This study investigated the effects of pulsation ratio on teat end condition, milk SCC, milk yield, milking time and milk flow in an automatic milking system where each udder quarter is milked separately. In total, 356 cows on five commercial farms were included in a split-udder design experiment comparing three pulsation ratios (60:40, 70:30 and 75:25) with the standard pulsation ratio (65:35) during 6 weeks. Pulsation rate was 60 cycles/min and vacuum level 46 kPa. The 70:30 and 75:25 ratios increased peak and average milk flow and the machine-on time was shorter with 75:25, while both peak and average milk flows were lower and machine-on time was longer with the 60:40 ratio. No negative effects on teat condition or milk SCC were observed with any of the pulsation ratios applied during the study. Thus it is possible that increased pulsation ratio can be used to increase milking efficiency in AMS where quarter milking is applied. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]