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International audience; This article deals with the useful and harmful actions of the State in Jean-Baptiste Say’s writings. Say's liberal positions have long been caricatured and even falsely attributed to him the formula of “gouvernement ulcère”. Several issues are discussed in the article: the nature of public consumption, the functions of government, freedom of trade and exceptions to regulation (including foreign trade), the question of the “producer State”, and the management of public finance. For Say, the role of the State is not limited to national defense, internal security and justice; its activities also include education, scientific research and public works (means of communication). Specific interventions are possible to protect consumers and the health of citizens and also in case of technological unemployment.; Cet article traite des actions utiles et néfastes de l’État dans les écrits de Jean-Baptiste Say. Les positions libérales de Say ont longtemps été caricaturées et on lui a même faussement attribué la formule de « gouvernement ulcère ». Plusieurs questions sont abordées dans l’article : nature des consommations publiques, fonctions régaliennes de l’État, liberté des échanges et exceptions de la réglementation (y compris dans le commerce extérieur), question de l’« État-producteur », et gestion des finances publiques. Le rôle de l’État chez Say ne se borne pas à la défense nationale, à la sécurité intérieure et à la justice ; son action concerne aussi l’éducation, la recherche scientifique, les travaux publics (moyens de communication). Des interventions ponctuelles sont possibles pour protéger les consommateurs et la santé des citoyens et aussi en cas de chômage technologique.

Cet article traite des actions utiles et néfastes de l’État dans les écrits de Jean-Baptiste Say. Les positions libérales de Say ont longtemps été caricaturées et on lui a même faussement attribué la formule de « gouvernement ulcère ». Plusieurs questions sont abordées dans l’article : nature des consommations publiques, fonctions régaliennes de l’État, liberté des échanges et exceptions de la réglementation (y compris dans le commerce extérieur), question de l’« État-producteur », et gestion des finances publiques. Le rôle de l’État chez Say ne se borne pas à la défense nationale, à la sécurité intérieure et à la justice ; son action concerne aussi l’éducation, la recherche scientifique, les travaux publics (moyens de communication). Des interventions ponctuelles sont possibles pour protéger les consommateurs et la santé des citoyens et aussi en cas de chômage technologique., This article deals with the useful and harmful actions of the State in Jean-Baptiste Say’s writings. Say's liberal positions have long been caricatured and even falsely attributed to him the formula of “gouvernement ulcère”. Several issues are discussed in the article: the nature of public consumption, the functions of government, freedom of trade and exceptions to regulation (including foreign trade), the question of the “producer State”, and the management of public finance. For Say, the role of the State is not limited to national defense, internal security and justice; its activities also include education, scientific research and public works (means of communication). Specific interventions are possible to protect consumers and the health of citizens and also in case of technological unemployment.

Resumo: O artigo analisa a presença de pretos e pardos nas tradicionais instituições de assistência aos pobres, especificamente a população assistida nos hospitais de alienados na cidade e no estado do Rio de Janeiro, da virada do século XIX para o XX. O argumento central é o de que o perfil sociocultural e racial dos doentes nessas diversas instituições vincula-se às características da sociedade em que elas estão localizadas - notadamente o processo de abolição da escravatura. O artigo apresenta uma visão geral da assistência à pobreza e suas relações com as mudanças estruturais urbanas na cidade do Rio de Janeiro; do discurso científico do médico baiano Juliano Moreira no seu esforço de afastar da sociedade brasileira os estigmas da raça e da degeneração como causas da doença mental. Por fim, a modificação do perfil racial do público atendido nas instituições de assistência no Rio de Janeiro, entre 1850 e 1919, principalmente no Hospício de Pedro II/Hospício Nacional, nas Misericórdias do Rio de Janeiro e Valença e no Hospício anexo ao Hospital São João Batista, em Niterói. Abstract: The paper focuses on the presence of non-whites people in the traditional institutions for the poor, specifically the population assisted in the hospitals for the insane in the city and state of Rio de Janeiro, from the turn of the 19th to the 20th century. The main paper argument is that the sociocultural and racial profile of patients from the researched institutions is linked to the characteristics of the society in which they are located - notably the process of abolition of slavery. The paper develops an overview of poverty assistance and its relationship with the changes that have taken place in the city of Rio de Janeiro; from the scientific discourse of the Bahian physician Juliano Moreira in his effort to remove the stigmas of race and degeneration as causes of mental illness from Brazilian society. Finally, the overview of the change of the racial profile of the public attended at the care institutions in Rio de Janeiro, from 1850 to 1919, especially at the Hospício de Pedro II and, later, at the Hospício Nacional de Alienados, in addition to the Misericórdias do Rio de Janeiro and Valença and the Hospício attached of the Hospital São João Batista in Niterói.

This thesis explores the poor relief system in Somerset County, Maryland, between 1666 and 1742. By utilizing public relief petitions to the court, I attempt to place Somerset's poor into the larger context of poverty in colonial Maryland and early America. I examine how community and public relief created a loose and makeshift system of monetary or material aid that supported some of the poor when necessary. This thesis reveals that private family relief in the 1700s grew as a means to assist the poor in conjunction with community and public relief. I assert that an exploration of Somerset's public relief petitions may shed light on the importance of community relief in early America. In this thesis, it is evident that free blacks and those of mixed race occasionally received public relief. Additionally, I contend that, in the 1700s, the court started to give permanent tax relief to individuals who demonstrated remarkable need and permanent tax subsidies on slaves for slaveholders depending on the severity of slaves' conditions. This thesis reveals that the court began boarding the poor with householders as a way to transfer the obligation of relief to residents, often with compensation. Furthermore, I show that poor men and women sought business licenses for informal taverns and inns as a means to supplement their meager incomes. Finally, I argue that, primarily because of the growing native-born population, aid among family members, or private family relief, became a growing feature of Somerset's poor relief system.