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The construction of a Sea port at Vizhinjam in Trivandrum has evoked talks regarding possible environmental repercussions in the region. The present study is an attempt at analyzing the physico-chemical assessment of drinking water quality of different stations near the construction site of Vizhinjam port. It was evaluated during pre and post monsoon seasons. Temperature, PH, TDS, EC, DO, total alkalinity, T-H, Ca-H, Mg-H and Cl2 levels were analyzed. The study shows variation of temperature between 25 °C and 27 °C. pH varied between 6.7 and 7.4. The present study has its significance for public hygiene in public interest. Most parameters which were studied were found to be within approved BIS levels showing drinkability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

People selling and buying in the market environment could be vulnerable to preventable water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) related diseases, but the market has been neglected in WASH-related research and policies, particularly in Nigeria. This study evaluates the water, sanitation and hygiene situation in selected markets in Benin City, Nigeria, using structured questionnaires and analysis of water samples by standard procedures. Data revealed that seventy-seven percent (n = 200) of the respondents had access to potable water with boreholes (83.5%) being the predominant source of water. Thirty-three percent (n = 200) lack access to potable water due to maintenance problems and resort to the use of sachet water. Seventy-nine percent of the participants had functional toilets with forty percent using the flush-to-sewer type, but sixty-six percent of the respondents lack handwashing facilities. Although the marketers do not drink the water from the market borehole, the pH of the water (4.6-5.7) fell below the recommended WHO standard for drinking water. It is therefore pertinent that sanitary enforcement agencies including market managers should create awareness of safe hygienic practices such as treatment of water and overall handwashing among the traders. Maintenance of boreholes and toilet facilities in the markets and timely provision of handwashing facilities such as soap should be the priority of policies that cover the delivery of WASH services in the markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pissoirs, public conveniences, lavatories, sanisettes, street urinals… all these items of urban furniture, made available to the population for the satisfaction of natural needs, belong, like the sewers, to the history of public hygiene. Their diffusion became possible with the availability of an abundant water supply. Some of them are still standing in the public spaces of Paris, kept as picturesque vestiges, whilst others are now seen as symbols of our modernity. Based primarily on sources available at the Paris Archives, this contribution seeks to sketch out this history, which calls for further research. After a presentation of the sanitary context prior to the creation of public conveniences, a chronological approach takes a look at succeeding public lavatories and in particular the spectacular public lavatory at the Place de la Madeleine, recently restored.

People selling and buying in the market environment could be vulnerable to preventable water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) related diseases, but the market has been neglected in WASH-related research and policies, particularly in Nigeria. This study evaluates the water, sanitation and hygiene situation in selected markets in Benin City, Nigeria, using structured questionnaires and analysis of water samples by standard procedures. Data revealed that seventy-seven percent (n = 200) of the respondents had access to potable water with boreholes (83.5%) being the predominant source of water. Thirty-three percent (n = 200) lack access to potable water due to maintenance problems and resort to the use of sachet water. Seventy-nine percent of the participants had functional toilets with forty percent using the flush-to-sewer type, but sixty-six percent of the respondents lack handwashing facilities. Although the marketers do not drink the water from the market borehole, the pH of the water (4.6-5.7) fell below the recommended WHO standard for drinking water. It is therefore pertinent that sanitary enforcement agencies including market managers should create awareness of safe hygienic practices such as treatment of water and overall handwashing among the traders. Maintenance of boreholes and toilet facilities in the markets and timely provision of handwashing facilities such as soap should be the priority of policies that cover the delivery of WASH services in the markets.

Previous studies on the history of Korean public health have shown that the public hygiene system in Korea under Japan’s colonial rule relied heavily on the sanitary police, whose lack of expertise in hygiene reinforced the coercion and violence of the colonial public hygiene system. This view, however, has overlooked the existence and function of scientific knowledge, which underpinned the formulation and implementation of public hygiene policies. This paper explores the knowledge production in public hygiene by research institutes of Japan’s colonial government in Korea, drawing on the Hygiene Laboratory as a case. The Hygiene Laboratory chiefly played three roles: first, providing advice on the sanitary police’s crackdowns; second, quality inspection of food, beverage, and pharmaceuticals, and authorizing their production and distribution; third, investigating health resources such as conventional food ingredients, medicinal herbs, and drinking water to support the wartime public health policy of the colonial government in Korea. The third function in particular continued after the reorganization of the Hygiene Laboratory as the National Chemistry Laboratory in the postcolonial period. By tracing the Hygiene Laboratory’s research activities, this paper highlights the complicated cooperation between expertise, practices, and institutions in the field of sanitation control in colonial Korea.

This article explores the forms of housing and living of the subaltern classes in the French urban context of the early 19th century affected by the social consequences of the Industrial Revolution. It focuses on the social representations and discourses developed by the liberal elites in order to retrace the genesis of the concepts of “domestic comfort” and “public hygiene”. The cholera epidemic of 1832 and the growth of the hygienist movement are identified as crucial driving forces for the emergence of plans of urban and housing reform for the working class aimed at protecting the social order and public health.

With the acceleration of the pace of urban life and the development of information technology, the takeout industry has emerged as the times require, which obtains intermediate costs by distributing goods to consumers. People pay more and more attention to public health, which requires takeout workers to drive as fast as possible to ensure the quality and safety of goods, but it also makes takeout workers suffer from various occupational injuries, such as car accidents, stomach diseases caused by eating disorders and long-term psychological pressure. This paper optimized the employment protection of takeout workers in combination with their professional characteristics. This paper used the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) to analyze the indicators that can evaluate the optimization effect of employment protection for takeout workers, and compared the occupation of takeout workers before and after employment protection. The experimental results showed that in Meituan takeout, the rationality of the average delivery management system before and after the optimization of employment protection was 47.2 and 64.4%, respectively; in ELEME takeout, the rationality of the average takeout distribution management system before and after the optimization of employment protection was 55.0% and 69.8%, respectively. Therefore, in the context of public health, the implementation of social security, employment relationship and optimization of service evaluation mechanism for outbound sales personnel can effectively improve the rationality of the delivery management system.

The article studies the relationship between geography, trade, social and territorial integration, as well as the European political influence in order to help understand the development of health protection at the borders of the Greek State. Contrary to an overly unambiguous perspective, it suggests that more attention should be paid to the combination of a multitude of factors influencing the preventive measures applied during the twelve years’ period since the foundation of the kingdom. These strategies include both quarantines (on the borders and inside the country’s territory) and hygienic measures (inside the territory). The article thus provides an overview of the main characteristics of Greek public hygiene while trying to analyse the link between the quarantines at the borders and the country’s aspiration to unite, geographically, sanitarily and politically with the European interstate system and thus establish its sovereignty.

Copyright of Revista Ciencias de la Salud is the property of Colegio Mayor de Nuestra Senora del Rosario and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Scienza & Politica is the property of University of Bologna, Department of Political & Social Sciences Alma Mater Studiorum and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Archives of the History & Philosophy of Medicine / Archiwum Historii i Filozofii Medycyny is the property of Polskie Towarzystwo Historii Medycyny i Farmacji and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article examines the history of dog mess in Paris, from its 'discovery' in the late 1920s to the management regime of the early twenty-first century. Mayor Jacques Chirac's anti-excrement campaigns in the 1980s are a particular focus. Situating the meaning and management of dog mess within histories of public hygiene and disgust, and mobilising insights from work on public hygiene, biopolitics and governmentality, this article shows how Chirac's attempt to produce self-regulating and responsible dog owners through education failed to persuade them to overcome their disgust at their pets' excrement. Fining alongside education proved a more effective management strategy. The history of dog mess in Paris highlights the biopolitical problems raised by animal excrement decades after the apogee of the public hygiene movement, and shows how human–animal partnerships expose the limits of governmentality approaches to public hygiene and neo-liberal urban governance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Top-down place-based competition and award (TDPBCA) has a growing presence in the West and a long existence in China. TDPBCA refers to the motivational strategy in which a higher authority sets a series of targets for lower-level governments to compete against each other or to pass the benchmarks set by the higher authority to become a winner. The participants (unit of assessment) are 'places' at the same level of jurisdiction (countries, cities, neighbourhoods, villages). This paper examines TDPBCA as a local motivation policy tool. It first reviews the literature on different local stakeholder motivation strategies and theorises the motivational impact of TDPBCA. The paper then examines the usage of TDPBCA in China and its influence on local stakeholders' behaviour in terms of public participation, intersectoral collaboration, inter-regional learning and local public spending. The proposed paper examines TDPBC as a local motivation policy tool in China. The first section reviews the literature on different local stakeholder motivation strategies. The second section discusses theoretically the motivational impact of TDPBC. The paper then examines the usage of TDPBC in China and discusses its influence on local stakeholders' behaviour in terms of public participation, inter-sectoral collaboration, inter-regional learning and local public spending. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Cahiers d'Études Africaines is the property of Editions EHESS and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Although experts and historians hardly share the same opinion over the first signs of Hisbat (Hisbat) in the history of Islam, by looking at the history of Islam, the creation of Hisbat system can be sought in Madinat-AI-Nabi in the Prophet era. And whereas the Hisbat system, in this period of time, was not popular and organized like what was shaped in the Abbasid era, it established a structured system of monitoring urban and public affairs in the Islamic civilization. The principle of “enjoining the good and forbidding the evil” forms the foundation of Hisbat which can be searched in Quranic verses. Besides the Quran, Hadiths in the Islamic society are also the important source of Hisbat. Muslim lawyers and jurists, regardless of different sects they belong to, have emphasized that in a Muslim community it is obligatory to follow Hisbat and the principle of “enjoining the good and forbidding the evil”. Hisbat, as a duty as well as a religious and moral/ethical job, attracted the Prophet Mohammad (pbuh), Caliphates and Muslim rulers and with the advancement of Islamic societies, it became more structured and organized. It is based on the command “to do well and prevent evil deeds” which is expected to be applied in the Muslim community and Dhimmitude under Islamic governing on bail. This has led to the development of people’s life under the auspice of Hisbat’s principles. Treatment, along with public health, was one of the issues observed and followed under the supervision of Hisbat and the principle of “enjoining the good and forbidding the evil” since the era of the Prophet Mohammad(pbuh). This prophetic tradition was institutionalized in the Islamic civilization and as a religious and social affair has organized and implemented Islamic justice and fair supervision in this field of civil affairs of the Islamic world. This article studies how the Prophet monitors social and economic matters in general, and public health and hygienic affairs in particular. Quality Hisbat system as a regulatory body in Baqdad and Cairo, the two important capital cities of Islamic civilization, is also investigated.

The discourse on the social engineering as an instrument of shaping modern societies gained strength at the end of the 19th century. In further deliberations the attention is paid to the question of how the connection between politics and science – restricted to the relation between geopolitics, bio-politics and ethnic cleansing – functioned after WW1 and WW2, and particularly how it affected the international order.

In the present article we study the monograph on tuberculosis by Manuel Martín Salazar published in Cadiz in 1887. Besides the prologue which was written by Benito Alcina Rancé, the mentioned monograph presents specific sections on the etiology of tuberculosis infection, heredity, vaccination, disinfection, food and climate, as well as sections dedicated to social hygiene and tuberculosis in the army. This study of Martin Salazar has not received the attention it deserves, especially considering the high incidence of the disease in the Spain of the "Restoration" and that the preventive proposals were made considering the discovery of the tuberculosis bacillus by Robert Koch. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Studia Historica. Historia Contemporánea is the property of Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This text examines the topic of diseases in the Californias in the 19th century; specifically, the introduction of sanitary practices as one cultural expression of the modern discourse elaborated to combat illnesses. The first section reviews the fundamental components of our analysis; that is, the key factors in the emergence of diseases, including geography and society, as well as their trajectories of development. The second part contextualizes the measures implemented by different governments in the 19th century to confront diseases at the macro and micro levels. Finally, the essay analyzes the period known in historiography as the Porfiriato, which was characterized, in part, by the application of programs on the Peninsula of California designed to foster the development of public hygiene as a means of preventing and combatting diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emergence of social modernity in the Romanian principalities can be traced to the founding of quarantinist outposts against the last waves of plague and the first waves of cholera. The crisis of this sanitary arrangement opened the way for a series of failed but productive projects of modernization. The collective political body was imagined and created through the nationalization of the medical profession and the attempts to create a sanitary social body. The failure to connect urban and rural bodies inside a democratic all-embracing network opened up spaces for discourses questioning the identity of the collective body. Was there a “Romanian element"? What did that mean and was it degenerating? Demographic anti-Semitism and the first attempts to think of socioeconomic and sanitary failures in terms of racial degeneracy emerged from the fissures of the national sanitary system. Bacteriology was able to partially absorb these critiques and propose a larger interventionist project in the space opened by the old-style sanitary police. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to address a part of the history of sanitation in the city of Porto Alegre, capital of Rio Grande do Sul. In this city, the problem of collection and disposal of "materials fecaes" has gained importance in the second half of the nineteenth century and first decades of the twentieth century. Initially, the problem was dealt with by the Public Neatness service, created in 1879, and later through the construction of the first sewer, completed in 1912. The paper explores the development of sanitation in the southern capital of Rio Grande and analyzes the work the municipal government in promoting urban health through Public Neatness and construction of the first sewer. The position of the medical and sanitation of respect for engineers is also covered by article using the documents of the City Council Chamber, the reports of the he municipality and the newspaper The Federation as documentary source for approaching that issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the uniqueness of a charitable, social solidarity institution for children at risk, the «Asilo de S. João» (St. John's Asylum), founded by the Freemasonry in 1891, in Porto. It was created within an international context of multidisciplinary discussion on minors at risk, and innovative experiences with regard to schooling. The analysis is based on the documents held in the institution's archives, examining the guiding principles and various educational practices already embedded in the programming of the «new pedagogy» and public hygiene, showing the modernity of the choices made at the time. Keywords: Asylum; Public hygiene; Freemasonry; Pedagogy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the late nineteenth century, there were intense discussions on the need to reconfigure public health practices and codify new standards appropriate to this need. This article intends to understand the meanings of public health at that time, examine the political movements around this issue and discuss the proposals, contextualizing the guidelines of the proposed «health code» until the publication of the General Regulations of Public Health and Assistance. We aim to equate the evolutionary framework that sustained the reorganization of public health services under the principles put forward by Ricardo Jorge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses a case study on the production, disposal, and regulation of waste in 17th century Carlisle in England. Topics include the misconception about urban inhabitants' sanitary standard in outdoor public spaces, the symmetry between inhabitants and Carlisle Corp., a designer and manufacturer of products for agriculture, medical technology, and energy, and the water sources and availability of waste-disposal facilities in Carlisle.

The article examines the most important elements of personal, home and everyday life hygiene and several aspects of public hygiene such as the availability and public use of water, the state of cleanliness of the streets and other public places (bazaars, caravanserais, hospitals), the location and state of the graveyards, some public measures for the prevention of the spread of diseases (isolation and quarantine) in nineteenth-century Ottoman Bulgaria. The differences in the hygienic notions, habits and practices of the local population based on religion, culture and tradition as well as the existence or absence of mutual influences in this respect are considered. The article addresses also the question of the beginning of some transformations in the traditional patterns of hygiene in the region, mainly during the second half of the nineteenth century, under European influence and under the influence of modern education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Awards and competitions are often used to motivate public servants, and this paper examines how the central government of China uses these to try and motivate cities to improve public hygiene. The authors argue that apart from improving performance,(1) awards and competitions are good at motivating user participation and spreading good practice. However, the design of the schemes used in China tends to prioritize disproportionately the winning mentality, and sometimes causes high costs and social tension. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper analyzes national campaign comic posters as a government tactic to regulate social behavior. One of Singapore's first national campaigns, Keep Singapore Clean (1968) has continued in various reiterations, such as Keep Public Toilets Clean. From this particular campaign, four comic posters are found throughout the city-island's public toilets and provide instruction on social etiquette regarding the use of public toilets. Drawing upon sociopragmatic humor studies (Attardo, 2020; El-Arousy, 2007) and multimodal discourse analysis (Kress & Van Leeuwen, 2006), the comic posters are read as verbal-visual representations set within a specific sociopolitical context. Humor is shown throughout to serve as a powerful discursive strategy to educate the public and makes the content relatable, while addressing the taboo topic of bathroom business. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the role of biopower theory of physicist Léon Foucault in social medicine and public health. According to Foucault, the stages of social medicine and liberalism as biopower are state of police, economic and geographical transformations, and medicine of labour. In contrast to the view of Foucalt, the author stresses that forms of public health and social medicine are different from their political goals. He adds that the birth of sanitary reform is not caused by compulsory medicine.

In this paper a summary of the Chinese Ergonomics Society (CES) is introduced. The main ergonomics institutions in China re presented. Some important research projects that are being or have been investigated are mentioned. The teaching of ergonomics in Chinese universities is described. Several titles of publications written by Chinese ergonomists are listed. The characteristics of the ergonomic situation in China are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]