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This article examines how perceiving concealment in close relationships influences marital well-being. It suggests that the perception of concealment from a partner signals separateness from one's partner and contributes to feelings of perceived partner exclusion. These feelings of exclusion, in turn, should negatively affect relational quality. These predictions are tested in a prospective study among 199 newlywed couples. Results suggest that perceiving concealment reduced marital adjustment and trust and increased conflict over time. Importantly, change in perceived partner exclusion mediated these effects. This article demonstrates that the perception of concealment (a) has deleterious effects on relational well-being in the long run and (b) is harmful in part because it elicits feelings of exclusion. © 2009 by the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Inc.

Although the co-occurrence between adolescent depression and delinquency has been well-studied, the nature of the longitudinal associations is not yet clear. To clarify this we examined whether personality type is a moderator in the longitudinal co-occurrence of depression and delinquency. A total of 338 young and middle adolescents completed questionnaires about depression, delinquency and personality in 3 yearly waves of the CONflict And Management Of RElationships (CONAMORE). We found that the stable overcontrollers showed the highest mean level on depression and that the stable undercontrollers showed the highest mean level on delinquency. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the longitudinal co-occurrence between depression and delinquency was best described by means of a stability model, in which personality type membership proved to be an important moderator. The three personality types differed significantly on the rank-order stability of both depression and delinquency. Copyright#2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Key words: co-occurrence; depression; delinquency; person-centred approach; personality prototypes

MA (Psychology), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014 This study focuses on the strengths of early adolescents after losing a parent to suicide. Strengths is a global phenomenon and yet little research has been undertaken in South Africa pertaining to strengths in early adolescence. The goal of the study was to determine how the early adolescent experiences the suicidal death of a parent while simultaneously going through puberty, and what strengths were present to help them make meaning out of what happened in their lives. The research was conducted through a phenomenological design and followed a qualitative research approach within an interpretivist paradigm. The research design and approach allowed the participants to give meaning to the construct by sharing their own experiences. A total of 6 early adolescent girls from the ages of twelve to sixteen years were purposefully selected from the East Rand area, Gauteng. Five of the girls were Afrikaans speaking and one was English speaking. Three of the girls lost a mother to suicide and three of the girls lost a father to suicide. The qualitative data was collected in the form of individual in-depth interviews with the early adolescents. The interviews were voice recorded, transcribed and typed out by online transcribers. The raw data was checked by the researcher for accuracy and categorised to ascertain certain emerging themes. Thematic data analysis was used to transform the transcribed data into meaningful information. Principles and strategies to increase the trustworthiness of the data were done through a process of crystallisation. The researcher's objective was to understand and interpret the meanings the participants gave to their own experiences, to identify the strengths that emerged and make findings available to professionals and parents. The findings of the study revealed that early adolescents do present with certain strengths of an intrapersonal nature that assisted and support them through the grief and bereavement process after the suicide of a parent. Masters

Stress vergroot kans op ontwikkeling astma Kinderen die rondom de geboorte of in de eerste vier levensjaren blootgesteld zijn aan stress hebben een grotere kans om voor hun zestiende levensjaar astma te ontwikkelen. Dat concludeert Nienke Vink in een onderzoek naar de recente toename van het aantal mensen met astma. Astma is een chronische ontsteking van de luchtwegen en longen. Of iemand astma ontwikkelt, hangt af van genetische factoren en omgevingsfactoren, bijvoorbeeld de blootstelling aan sigarettenrook en huisstofmijt. Toch kunnen die factoren de toename van het aantal mensen met astma niet helemaal verklaren. Vink ontdekte een nieuwe risicofactor: blootstelling aan psychosociale stress. De promovenda maakte voor haar onderzoek gebruik van de gegevens van onderzoeksproject TRAILS, waarin 2.230 jongeren van hun tiende tot hun vijfentwintigste jaar gevolgd worden. Het meemaken van een stressvolle gebeurtenis in de eerste vier jaar, zoals het overlijden van een familielid of de scheiding van de ouders, bleek vaker tot het ontwikkelen van astma te leiden. Een deel van het effect van stress rondom de geboorte op het ontwikkelen van astma kan volgens Vink echter verklaard worden door het roken van de moeder tijdens de zwangerschap. Vink concludeert dat psychosociale stress een duidelijke risicofactor is voor het ontwikkelen van astma. Welke mechanismen daarbij een rol spelen, is echter nog grotendeels onduidelijk.

Stress vergroot kans op ontwikkeling astma Kinderen die rondom de geboorte of in de eerste vier levensjaren blootgesteld zijn aan stress hebben een grotere kans om voor hun zestiende levensjaar astma te ontwikkelen. Dat concludeert Nienke Vink in een onderzoek naar de recente toename van het aantal mensen met astma. Astma is een chronische ontsteking van de luchtwegen en longen. Of iemand astma ontwikkelt, hangt af van genetische factoren en omgevingsfactoren, bijvoorbeeld de blootstelling aan sigarettenrook en huisstofmijt. Toch kunnen die factoren de toename van het aantal mensen met astma niet helemaal verklaren. Vink ontdekte een nieuwe risicofactor: blootstelling aan psychosociale stress. De promovenda maakte voor haar onderzoek gebruik van de gegevens van onderzoeksproject TRAILS, waarin 2.230 jongeren van hun tiende tot hun vijfentwintigste jaar gevolgd worden. Het meemaken van een stressvolle gebeurtenis in de eerste vier jaar, zoals het overlijden van een familielid of de scheiding van de ouders, bleek vaker tot het ontwikkelen van astma te leiden. Een deel van het effect van stress rondom de geboorte op het ontwikkelen van astma kan volgens Vink echter verklaard worden door het roken van de moeder tijdens de zwangerschap. Vink concludeert dat psychosociale stress een duidelijke risicofactor is voor het ontwikkelen van astma. Welke mechanismen daarbij een rol spelen, is echter nog grotendeels onduidelijk.

This study focuses on the strengths of early adolescents after losing a parent to suicide. Strengths is a global phenomenon and yet little research has been undertaken in South Africa pertaining to strengths in early adolescence. The goal of the study was to determine how the early adolescent experiences the suicidal death of a parent while simultaneously going through puberty, and what strengths were present to help them make meaning out of what happened in their lives. The research was conducted through a phenomenological design and followed a qualitative research approach within an interpretivist paradigm. The research design and approach allowed the participants to give meaning to the construct by sharing their own experiences. A total of 6 early adolescent girls from the ages of twelve to sixteen years were purposefully selected from the East Rand area, Gauteng. Five of the girls were Afrikaans speaking and one was English speaking. Three of the girls lost a mother to suicide and three of the girls lost a father to suicide. The qualitative data was collected in the form of individual in-depth interviews with the early adolescents. The interviews were voice recorded, transcribed and typed out by online transcribers. The raw data was checked by the researcher for accuracy and categorised to ascertain certain emerging themes. Thematic data analysis was used to transform the transcribed data into meaningful information. Principles and strategies to increase the trustworthiness of the data were done through a process of crystallisation. The researcher's objective was to understand and interpret the meanings the participants gave to their own experiences, to identify the strengths that emerged and make findings available to professionals and parents. The findings of the study revealed that early adolescents do present with certain strengths of an intrapersonal nature that assisted and support them through the grief and bereavement process after the suicide of a parent. MA (Psychology), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

Stress vergroot kans op ontwikkeling astma Kinderen die rondom de geboorte of in de eerste vier levensjaren blootgesteld zijn aan stress hebben een grotere kans om voor hun zestiende levensjaar astma te ontwikkelen. Dat concludeert Nienke Vink in een onderzoek naar de recente toename van het aantal mensen met astma. Astma is een chronische ontsteking van de luchtwegen en longen. Of iemand astma ontwikkelt, hangt af van genetische factoren en omgevingsfactoren, bijvoorbeeld de blootstelling aan sigarettenrook en huisstofmijt. Toch kunnen die factoren de toename van het aantal mensen met astma niet helemaal verklaren. Vink ontdekte een nieuwe risicofactor: blootstelling aan psychosociale stress. De promovenda maakte voor haar onderzoek gebruik van de gegevens van onderzoeksproject TRAILS, waarin 2.230 jongeren van hun tiende tot hun vijfentwintigste jaar gevolgd worden. Het meemaken van een stressvolle gebeurtenis in de eerste vier jaar, zoals het overlijden van een familielid of de scheiding van de ouders, bleek vaker tot het ontwikkelen van astma te leiden. Een deel van het effect van stress rondom de geboorte op het ontwikkelen van astma kan volgens Vink echter verklaard worden door het roken van de moeder tijdens de zwangerschap. Vink concludeert dat psychosociale stress een duidelijke risicofactor is voor het ontwikkelen van astma. Welke mechanismen daarbij een rol spelen, is echter nog grotendeels onduidelijk.

Pubergedrag omstreeks 1960, beschreven door Godfried Bomans, en vijftig jaar later, in onze tijd.

Data from three studies were used to investigate whether the establishment of a no-smoking agreement is related to lower odds of adolescent smoking. The prevalence of a no-smoking agreement was first explored by using a national sample involving 4,501 Dutch adolescents. Second, data from a longitudinal study among 595 early adolescents and their parents were used to test whether establishing a no-smoking agreement prevents adolescents from smoking. Third, the authors tested among 856 early- and mid-adolescents and their parents, whether in addition to the establishment of a no-smoking agreement, the frequency and quality of communication on smoking issues had an effect on adolescent smoking. The findings do not support that establishing a no-smoking agreement is an effective deterrent with regard to adolescent smoking. Parents who want to prevent smoking might consider focusing their efforts on establishing a good quality of communication on smoking issues whereas parents who just talk a lot about smoking issues without considering the quality of their communication might do more harm than good.

Conflict is an inevitable feature of social relationships. When people interact, disagreements may arise. Especially in close relationships, people sometimes disagree. Although conflict might jeopardize relationships, conflict is not necessarily detrimental. The way conflicts are handled is important in determining whether conflicts are functional or dysfunctional. Moreover, the way conflicts are handled might reveal information about the nature of relationships and their developmental status. In the current dissertation, the role of conflict resolution in adolescents’ relationships with their parents and friends was investigated in four empirical studies. Data of 323 adolescents and their both parents –that participated in the longitudinal project called CONAMORE (CONflict And Management Of RElationships) – are used. In the first study, we demonstrated the importance of investigating combinations of conflict resolution styles by parents and adolescents. We found that adolescents who used an aggressive conflict resolution style with parents reported higher levels of delinquency, but only when their mothers also used this aggressive conflict resolution style or when their fathers withdrew from conflicts. In the second study, we showed that parents and adolescents change the way they handle conflicts with each other over time towards more positive conflict resolution and less negative conflict resolution, reflecting a realignment of these relationships towards greater egalitarianism. In addition, we found two types of parent-adolescent dyads, one characterized by positive conflict resolution and one characterized by negative conflict resolution by both parents and adolescents. These either positive or negative pathways of conflict resolution were maintained by both parents and adolescents. The third study examined whether transmission of conflict resolution styles from the marital relationship to the adolescent-parent relationship occurred and we indeed found that conflict resolution styles in the marital relationships predicted conflict resolution styles in the adolescent-parent relationship two years later. Finally, in our fourth study, we were able to investigate the daily dynamics of conflict and conflict resolution in adolescent relationships with parents and friends by means of a daily diary method. We demonstrated that perceived relationship satisfaction was highest in a particular relationship on days on which no conflict occurred, second highest on days on which constructive conflict occurred and lowest on days on which unconstructive conflict occurred. Moreover, we demonstrated that whereas unconstructively handled conflict with best friends was related to higher relationship satisfaction the next day, conflict with parents was not related to relationship satisfaction the next day.

When studying family relationships, researchers often are interested in relational phenomena at an individual level, such as whether an individual child thrives in a particular family context; relational phenomena at the dyadic level, such as whether the mother is more committed than the father to the relationship; and relational phenomena at the familial level, such as whether some families are more satisfied with their relationships than other families. These three levels of relational phenomena, that is, individuals, dyadic relationships, and groups have to be distinguished and are reciprocally related within the family system (Hinde, 1997; Laursen & Bukowski, 1997). However, their theoretical and methodological interdependence represents a challenge for empirical investigation. The family as a group includes the individual family members and relationships, but these parts combine in such a way that new structures emerge which have their own meaning and are more than a collection of its members and relationships and which may affect relationships and the relationship partners (Reis, Collins, & Berscheid, 2000). Both statistical methods and theoretical frameworks are needed that allow us to disentangle the three levels and the influence they exert on each other and to capture the truly social nature of family relationships.

Gedragsproblemen komen veel voor onder kinderen en adolescenten. Als deze problemen ernstig zijn, kunnen ze een negatieve invloed hebben op het dagelijks functioneren van een kind. Bovendien kunnen ze leiden tot problemen in de volwassenheid. Promovenda Agnes Brunnekreef onderzocht hoe gedragsproblemen van kinderen samenhangen met verwerking van informatie. Haar onderzoek maakt deel uit van het TRAILS project (TRacking Adolescents' Individual Lives Survey), een bevolkingsonderzoek in Noord-Nederland waarbij 2230 kinderen van hun 10e tot hun 26ste om de twee jaar worden onderzocht. Uit het onderzoek van Brunnekreef blijkt dat kinderen met aandachtstekortproblemen informatie minder efficiënt verwerken. Ze reageren langzamer en variabeler en hebben meer moeite om grotere hoeveelheden informatie te onthouden. Dit geldt niet voor kinderen met andersoortige gedragsproblemen zoals angstig, depressief, oppositioneel opstandig/antisociaal of hyperactief/impulsief gedrag. De specifieke aspecten van informatieverwerking die uit dit bevolkingsonderzoek naar voren komen, kunnen wellicht een waardevolle bijdrage leveren aan toekomstig onderzoek naar de oorzaken en behandelingsmogelijkheden van ADHD. De deelnemende kinderen zijn erg betrokken bij TRAILS. Dit blijkt ook uit de bijzondere bijdrage die door 2 van 2230 kinderen wordt geleverd aan Brunnekreef's promotie, zij zijn namelijk haar paranimfen tijdens de verdediging op woensdag 17 januari 2007.

The aim of this study is to examine the role of parental support and control on young adolescent smoking initiation, increase, continuation, and cessation. Longitudinal data gathered every 6 months over a one-year period were collected in Utrecht, The Netherlands, for 1,012 adolescents in 2000. Logistic regressions demonstrated that low parental control predicted adolescent smoking initiation but neither support nor control predicted adolescent smoking increase or continuation. Parental smoking status was important in adolescent smoking continuation and cessation. Suggestions based on these findings are made for prevention programs. A limitation is that the study only utilized adolescent reports.

Gedragsproblemen komen veel voor onder kinderen en adolescenten. Als deze problemen ernstig zijn, kunnen ze een negatieve invloed hebben op het dagelijks functioneren van een kind. Bovendien kunnen ze leiden tot problemen in de volwassenheid. Promovenda Agnes Brunnekreef onderzocht hoe gedragsproblemen van kinderen samenhangen met verwerking van informatie. Haar onderzoek maakt deel uit van het TRAILS project (TRacking Adolescents' Individual Lives Survey), een bevolkingsonderzoek in Noord-Nederland waarbij 2230 kinderen van hun 10e tot hun 26ste om de twee jaar worden onderzocht. Uit het onderzoek van Brunnekreef blijkt dat kinderen met aandachtstekortproblemen informatie minder efficiënt verwerken. Ze reageren langzamer en variabeler en hebben meer moeite om grotere hoeveelheden informatie te onthouden. Dit geldt niet voor kinderen met andersoortige gedragsproblemen zoals angstig, depressief, oppositioneel opstandig/antisociaal of hyperactief/impulsief gedrag. De specifieke aspecten van informatieverwerking die uit dit bevolkingsonderzoek naar voren komen, kunnen wellicht een waardevolle bijdrage leveren aan toekomstig onderzoek naar de oorzaken en behandelingsmogelijkheden van ADHD. De deelnemende kinderen zijn erg betrokken bij TRAILS. Dit blijkt ook uit de bijzondere bijdrage die door 2 van 2230 kinderen wordt geleverd aan Brunnekreef's promotie, zij zijn namelijk haar paranimfen tijdens de verdediging op woensdag 17 januari 2007.

Although the stability and changeability of personality has long been debated, many studies now agree that personality changes over the life course. Although the changes in rank-order and mean-level stability are well established, the stability in personality type membership during adolescence is not yet clear. Little research has been conducted on the associations between change in personality type membership and anxiety. A total of 827 adolescents (10-20 years) completed personality and anxiety questionnaires on 2 waves of the CONflict And Management Of RElationships study (CONAMORE). We found that the stability in personality type membership was moderate. The change from undercontroller to overcontroller was the most frequently occurring change. Furthermore, the stability in type membership was related to stability in anxiety level and change in type membership was related to anxiety change. More specifically, the resilient-overcontroller group demonstrated an increase in anxiety level, whereas the overcontroller-resilient group demonstrated a decrease.

Dit onderzoek richt zich op ontwikkeling van de persoonlijkheid tijdens de adolescentie. Twee adolescente kinderen uit 285 twee-oudergezinnen beoordeelden in drie meetronden met tussenpozen van een jaar hun eigen en elkaars persoonlijkheid. Ook beide ouders beoordeelden de persoonlijkheid van de adolescenten. Persoonlijkheid bleek gemiddeld stabiel over tijd, maar voor een aanzienlijke subgroep was er sprake van een aanzienlijke intra-individuele verandering. Versnelde groeicurveanalyses toonden aan dat Aangenaamheid en Openheid toenamen bij adolescenten van elf tot zeventien jaar en dat voor meisjes Zorgvuldigheid toenam en Emotionele stabiliteit afnam. Resultaten bevestigden dat er gedurende de adolescentie persoonlijkheidsontwikkeling plaatsvindt, maar dat de aard van deze veranderingen ook afhangt van het type beoordelaar.

Contains fulltext : 54488.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Closed access) Do more agreeable individuals perceive more support, and are they perceived as more supportive, across all family relationships or only within specific relationships? In a study of 256 Dutch two-parent families with two adolescents, we examine whether links between Agreeableness and support are generalised across relationships or occur within specific relationships. Social Relations Model analyses showed that individuals who perceive their family members as more agreeable perceive more support from family members across relationships. Also, individuals who are perceived as more agreeable are perceived as more supportive across relationships, except for mothers. In addition, individuals who perceive specific family members as more agreeable perceive these specific members as more supportive. However, individuals who are perceived as more agreeable perceive more support only within specific relationships. Thus, agreeable family members are supportive across relationships, but agreeable family members perceive support only within specific relationships.

Numerous factors in the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis (HPG) are involved in the timing of puberty onset.Leptin signals the nutritional status and the presence of an adequate amount of loaded adipose tissue, as a long-term resource of energy, to the brain which in response switches on the reproduction process (i.e. puberty onset).The growth hormone-insulin-like growth factor I (GH/IGF-I) axis is also thought to be involved in the timing of puberty onset.The aim of this thesis was to test the hypothesis that leptin may directly or indirectly via theGH/IGFI-I axistrigger the onset of puberty onset in female rats.First, we carried out a series of descriptive and basic studies.Time of puberty onset was monitored by scoring the moment of vaginal opening (VO).The data showed a strong positive correlation between body fat and leptin levels, and showed leptin is increasing over the prepubertal period. Then, we aimed to find out the effects of food-restriction (FR) on puberty onset, body fat, plasma leptin levels and body temperature. FR postponed time of VO.Body fat, plasma leptin levels and body temperature in the FR rats were significantly lower than the controls throughout the experiment.To find outif leptin is the signal initiating the onset of puberty, we used FR rats as a model for delayed puberty onset, and centrally (icv) or peripherally (sc) administered leptin, or we centrally (icv) immunoneutralized leptin. Central leptin infusion not only restored the delay in puberty onset caused by food restriction but also advanced sexual maturation in normally fed animals.Like central infusion, also peripheral leptin infusion restored puberty onset in FR animals. So, we showed an advancing effect of both centrally and peripherally infused leptin on puberty onset in prepubertal female rats.The central immunoneutralization of leptin on the other hand, postponed puberty onset. We therefore conclude that leptin is one of the crucial factors triggering puberty onset in female rats.In the FR model system we then centrally (icv) infused GH.The infusion of GH postponed puberty onset in normally fed rats, but advanced puberty onset in FR animals. Also,the plasma leptin levels in the GH-infused animals were significantly higher than their controls and increased as GH infusion proceeded.Central infusion of GH antiserum (AS) advanced puberty onset in the pair-fed animals but not in the ad lib-fed animals. Also the central infusion of somatostatin worked likewise in both groups. These findings match with the results of the central infusion of GH which also advanced puberty onset in FR animals only.Finally, we centrally (icv) infused IGF-I in FR rats. Central infusion of IGF-I significantly postponed puberty onset in ad libitum fed animals.Immunoneutralization of endogenous IGF-I enhanced prevailing plasma leptin levels, but there was no effect on the timing of puberty onset. Centrally-present endogenous IGF-I does not appear to be involved in puberty onset although it seems to inhibit leptin secretion.In conclusion, our findings provide further evidence that leptin, a hormone produced mainly by adipose tissue, is an important and crucial signal between the bodily nutritional status and the brain (i.e. the hypothalamus) to trigger puberty onset. Furthermore, we suggest that there is a functional interaction between growth hormone (GH) and leptin to initiate puberty in female rats.

Numerous factors in the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis (HPG) are involved in the timing of puberty onset.Leptin signals the nutritional status and the presence of an adequate amount of loaded adipose tissue, as a long-term resource of energy, to the brain which in response switches on the reproduction process (i.e. puberty onset).The growth hormone-insulin-like growth factor I (GH/IGF-I) axis is also thought to be involved in the timing of puberty onset.The aim of this thesis was to test the hypothesis that leptin may directly or indirectly via theGH/IGFI-I axistrigger the onset of puberty onset in female rats.First, we carried out a series of descriptive and basic studies.Time of puberty onset was monitored by scoring the moment of vaginal opening (VO).The data showed a strong positive correlation between body fat and leptin levels, and showed leptin is increasing over the prepubertal period. Then, we aimed to find out the effects of food-restriction (FR) on puberty onset, body fat, plasma leptin levels and body temperature. FR postponed time of VO.Body fat, plasma leptin levels and body temperature in the FR rats were significantly lower than the controls throughout the experiment.To find outif leptin is the signal initiating the onset of puberty, we used FR rats as a model for delayed puberty onset, and centrally (icv) or peripherally (sc) administered leptin, or we centrally (icv) immunoneutralized leptin. Central leptin infusion not only restored the delay in puberty onset caused by food restriction but also advanced sexual maturation in normally fed animals.Like central infusion, also peripheral leptin infusion restored puberty onset in FR animals. So, we showed an advancing effect of both centrally and peripherally infused leptin on puberty onset in prepubertal female rats.The central immunoneutralization of leptin on the other hand, postponed puberty onset. We therefore conclude that leptin is one of the crucial factors triggering puberty onset in female rats.In the FR model system we then centrally (icv) infused GH.The infusion of GH postponed puberty onset in normally fed rats, but advanced puberty onset in FR animals. Also,the plasma leptin levels in the GH-infused animals were significantly higher than their controls and increased as GH infusion proceeded.Central infusion of GH antiserum (AS) advanced puberty onset in the pair-fed animals but not in the ad lib-fed animals. Also the central infusion of somatostatin worked likewise in both groups. These findings match with the results of the central infusion of GH which also advanced puberty onset in FR animals only.Finally, we centrally (icv) infused IGF-I in FR rats. Central infusion of IGF-I significantly postponed puberty onset in ad libitum fed animals.Immunoneutralization of endogenous IGF-I enhanced prevailing plasma leptin levels, but there was no effect on the timing of puberty onset. Centrally-present endogenous IGF-I does not appear to be involved in puberty onset although it seems to inhibit leptin secretion.In conclusion, our findings provide further evidence that leptin, a hormone produced mainly by adipose tissue, is an important and crucial signal between the bodily nutritional status and the brain (i.e. the hypothalamus) to trigger puberty onset. Furthermore, we suggest that there is a functional interaction between growth hormone (GH) and leptin to initiate puberty in female rats.

Contains fulltext : 55706.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Closed access) Similarity in personality between adolescents and their parents may have considerable implications for adolescent well-being. We studied how the similarity in personality between 288 adolescents and their parents is linked to adolescent problem behaviour, and whether this link is mediated by warmth and control in the parent–child relationship and moderated by the personality type of the adolescent. Similarity in personality between adolescents and their parents was negatively related to internalizing and externalizing problem behaviour, both concurrently and over time. This relation was not mediated by the parent–child relationship. The effects were present for overcontrolled but not for resilient or undercontrolled adolescents.

Background: This study sought the answer to three questions: 1. Is having an intimate partner associated with the level of delinquency? 2. Does the quality of the relationship with an intimate partner, operationalised as partner support, predict the level of delinquency? 3. Does a relationship with an intimate partner or age moderate the association between parental support and delinquency? Method: Data from a three-wave, six-year longitudinal study of 1302 adolescents and young adults, aged 12–23 at wave 1, were used. Results: 1. Univariate latent growth curve analysis showed that, as predicted, having an intimate partner does not lead to less criminality among young adults over the age of 20. We found no support for the hypothesis among the group of 12- to 20-year-old adolescents, since the group of mid-adolescents who consistently have a partner is more criminal than the other groups. 2. Our findings show that partner support is negatively related to criminality in both 12to 20-year-olds and 21- to 23-year-olds. The longitudinal effect of partner support is also uni-directional: partner support T1 certainly has an impact on criminality T3, but the reverse is not true. In both groups the influence of partner support is also greater than that of parental support. 3. Having an intimate partner moderates the association between parental support and delinquency, but in an agespecific manner. Parental support has no bearing on criminality when adolescents and young adults continuously have an intimate partner. Parental support does, however, cause a reduction in the level of criminality in adolescents and young adults who have never had a partner and adolescents who only have a partner at time 3. Conclusions: We interpret our results in terms of shifts in the relational system: if an adolescent finds a partner, that partner takes over the role of the parents in reducing criminality; if not, the parents remain important in doing so. Keywords: Partner relations, parent– adolescent relations, delinquency, life-course model of delinquency, longitudinal studies. Sampson and Laub published their life-course model of delinquency in 1990. This model postulates that criminality in adolescence and young adulthood is the result of the individual’s propensity to criminal behaviour and of influences from the social environment. Sampson and Laub’s model predicts both stability and change in criminality in the course of the person’s life: stability because adolescents with a strong tendency towards criminal behaviour have a greater chance of continuing to be criminals in later life; change because adolescents with good social relationships with parents and peers have a greater chance of bringing their criminal behaviour to an end. With this theory Sampson and Laub questioned the hypothesis of Gottfredson and Hirschi (1990) who were convinced that the tendency to criminal behaviour was set down in the earliest years of childhood and could not be influenced by social relationships in later life. Since then, various studies have supported the Sampson and Laub model (Horney, Osgood, & Haen-Marshall, 1995; Laub, Nagin, & Sampson, 1998; Nagin, Farrington, &

Contains fulltext : 64634.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Closed access) The authors investigated the longitudinal relations between family members' Big Five personality factors and perceived support. Members of 285 two-parent families with 2 adolescent children judged their own and other family members' Big Five factors and the support perceived from the other members on 3 occasions at 12-month intervals. The Big Five factor Agreeableness was particularly related to perceived support. Changes in individuals' Big Five factors were linked to changes in the support they perceived themselves but even more to changes in the support that other family members perceived from them. Results are consistent with the parallel continuities hypothesis: Individual characteristics will be stable when there is stability in the supportive environment, but when the environment is changing, personality tends to change in the same direction, and vice versa.

Contains fulltext : 63091.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Closed access) The present study investigated whether personality judgments involve different processes in a family setting than in a nonfamily setting. We used the Social Relations Model to distinguish the effects of perceiver, target, perceiver-target relationship, and family on personality judgments. Family members of families with adolescents judged their own and the other members' Big Five factors. Judgments were found to depend on the relevance of personality factors within the family setting: Agreeableness and Conscientiousness were judged most consistently. Large relationship variance indicated that parents adjust their judgments to the target family member; large perceiver variance indicated that adolescents judge family members' personalities rather similarly. However, a comparison of self- and other-judgments showed adolescents' judgments to be no more related to their self-perceptions than parents' judgments. We concluded that the relevance of personality factors may differ on specific tasks within a setting.

Pubergedrag omstreeks 1960, beschreven door Godfried Bomans, en vijftig jaar later, in onze tijd.

Om te onderzoeken waarom conflicten tussen adolescenten en hun ouders soms wel maar soms niet samenhangen met problematische psychosociale aanpassing van adolescenten, werd de modererende rol van conflictoplossing op deze samenhang onderzocht. Respondenten waren 1.313 Nederlandse jongeren in de vroege en middenadolescentie (12 en 17 jr.), die vragenlijsten invulden over hun conflicten en conflictoplossing met vader en moeder en verschillende aanpassingsproblemen. Vijf typen adolescenten konden worden onderscheiden die gekenmerkt waren door verschillende patronen van conflictoplossing. Deze typen verschilden betekenisvol van elkaar in conflicten met ouders en in aanpassingsproblemen. Bovendien waren conflicten sterker gerelateerd met externaliserend probleemgedrag voor een type dat gekenmerkt werd door terugtrekken en laag positief probleemoplossen en sterker gerelateerd aan internaliserend probleemgedrag voor een type dat voornamelijk negatieve manieren gebruikte om conflicten met ouders op te lossen.