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Introduction. The first study of the history of Saratov organizational psychology was carried out by L. N. Aksenovskaya, who traced the development of the industrial and organizational direction at Saratov State University from 1971 to the present. The purpose of our research was to analyze the process of formation of organizational and psychological science in Saratov in the 1920s–1930s. Such historical and psychological methods as the analysis of information presented in scientific and reference publications, historical reconstruction, interpretation of factual material were used. Theoretical analysis. A study was conducted on the development of Saratov organizational psychology in the 1920s–1930s as an integral part of two directions – scientific organization of labor and psychotechnics. Conclusion. It is established that organizational psychology in Saratov developed in accordance with the general trends of the scientific process for the whole country. For research and practical work, divisions were created at provincial administrative institutions, regional branches of All-Russian scientific communities, experimental laboratories. The article presents the activities of three Saratov laboratories organized by engineers at the Saratov Institute of National Economy, doctors at the Provincial Department of Public Education, psychologists at the Department of Philosophy and Psychology of Saratov University (the heads respectively N. M. Dyakonov, I. L. Stychinsky, A. A. Krogius).

The article examines the point of Soviet art's 1920-1930 influence on secular processes in society. The model of the psychology of art proposed by L. Vygotsky, based on Marxist dogmatics, becomes the starting point for the search of creative elite, particularly, for the film director and art theorist Sergei Eisenstein. They are brought together by a common understanding of art as a sign system aimed at awakening strong emotional disturbances in a person, the culmination of which is by Eisenstein's opinion ecstasy, from Vygotsky's point of view - catharsis. Scientists of the Vygotsky's circle, which also includes Eisenstein, study the phenomena of expanded consciousness, looking for ways to influence an individual, including through the practices of art. The article focuses on Eisenstein's interest in the topic of mystical ecstasy. In his article “Stanislavsky and Loyola”(1937), considered in detail, there's set a parallel between the spiritual practices of medieval ascetics and acting exercises according to the system of K. Stanislavsky. Eisenstein introduces the experience of ecstatic practices, drawn from the exercises of Ignatius Loyola, into the Dionysian art renewed by the revolution. In particular, using the method of editing as a psychotechnics, S. Eisenstein effects the mind of a viewer, inspiring him with utopian ideas of social justice, dating back to classical Marxism.. Avant - garde practices of Soviet art 20-30 years of the 20th century, embodied by S. Eisenstein in cinema, are interpreted according to the tradition of J. Wach – P. Tillich, respectively, as pseudo- and quasi-religious, as well as in the context of the theory of "atheistic fideism" in the mode of building an "atheistic church" as part of the secularization process. Special attention is paid to the synthesis of science and art. A version is put forward about the implicit nature and secular implications of this large-scale phenomenon, expressed in the transfer of native religious functions to related areas. For the first time in historiography, S. Eisenstein is considered in his quasi-religious persona.

Introduction. In the article, the connection between the «soteriological» aspects of philosophy of Plato and the principles of classical yoga presented in the Yoga Sutras of Patanjali is considered in the framework of the comparative methodology. The aim of the study is to establish conceptual parallels in the approaches of Plato and classical yoga to solving the issue of the form of the highest spiritual realization of a person. Theoretical analysis. The most common points of the contact of Plato with classical yoga in the form of a system of eight practical principles of working with the human body and psyche are presented by analogy with the eight-step yoga of Patanjali. The practice of maintaining the physical and mental health of a person, continuous nature of this practice, internal and external purity, self-control, subordination of the senses, maintaining mental peace and balance, eliminating ignorance and the practice of meditation constitute the semantic core of Plato’s «yoga system». The main position of this system is the meditative practice of achieving a higher state of consciousness. Conclusions. The practice of meditation in Plato is realized gradually and ends with the same soteriological result as the mastery of the «internal» means of yoga in the Patanjali system. The deep and complex connection between psychotechnics, philosophy and religious wisdom in the studied systems is emphasized. The study of this relationship is an important direction in modern philosophical and religious comparative studies.

'Psychotechnics', Weimar Germany's science du jour, typically is framed as a symptom of 'technological media' – obscuring the persistent significance of 'dexterity', 'skill' and 'manual labour' at the time. More broadly, there is a tendency to construe 'the haptic' as predominantly a casualty of modernity: skilled hands replaced by conveyor belts; skilled hands defended by the rearguard actions of arts-and-crafts movements; skilled hands destroyed by industrialized warfare. Drawing on contemporary investigations into the 'organ of touch', this essay aims to complicate this picture by reconstructing the proto-ergonomic project of Friedrich Herig, a German engineer, amateur prehistorian and expert on craft labour who rose to distinction in the 1920s as a designer of 'ideal' hand tools. Herig's eclectic sources of inspiration reveal that matters of 'touch', far from obsolete, were intimately bound up with matters of tools – their design, uses and putative origins – and thus, with matters of (manual) labour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this research is to identify and summarize the creative stages, components and sequence of impersonation in the cinema and the theatre. The research methodology is to apply the theoretical and analytical approach, in particular, while analyzing works and guidelines of theorists and practitioners of acting. The scientific novelty is an analysis of the sequence of the actor’s activities on the role in the cinema and the theatre. The main creative stages of the actor’s activities on the role are clarified. Based on the analysis of techniques and methods of impersonation, the relationship of the structural components that form the actor’s image in the cinema and the theatre is determined. Conclusions. The constituent elements of the act impersonation and its constituent elements are analyzed in the article. The acting creative process is divided into two main stages: preparation for the role-playing and the role-playing itself. The creative stage of preparation for the role-playing includes analysis and formation of the personality and characteristics of the particularities of the character, action analysis and play in the imagination. The second creative stage is the roleplaying in public, which means the creation by the actor of an act of experience based on external and internal role image, previously created independently and with the director. Structural components that form an actor’s personality are elaborated in detail. Gradual plan for impersonation has been developed and defined. The factors that influence successful role-playing are summarized.

Especially relevant today are new approaches to the use of reserves of their stored analyzers for compensatory restructuring of the body to replenish lost or impaired functions, and their further socialization, adaptation, labor rehabilitation and integration into a new society with other realities and guidelines necessary not for living, but for life. Scientific ideas about modern problems of defectology are still relevant for scientists and practitioners in working with abnormal children and require a new revival and understanding at present time in working with children having disabilities (Amirova, 2020). Based on this, the purpose of the research is the implementation of a scientific and theoretical analysis of the role of defectology as the basis of modern special and inclusive education. Within the last years of the twentieth century, the fundamental scientific and practical discipline " Defectology " was replaced with new concepts " correctional pedagogy and psychology", this was justified by" humanity " to special people, and we understand that correction is an important process for children with disabilities, but it is both in all pedagogy and psychology. Research methods: theoretical research methods, systematic historical and philosophical analysis of the defectology subject based on the research of Vygotsky and his students and followers, analysis of special pedagogical and psychological literature, reflexive and systematic analysis of special and inclusive education organization. The results of the research can be considered as a basis for the development of the Federal State Educational Standard and new approaches to the implementation of modern trends in the development of special and inclusive education.The theoretical analysis made it possible to draw the following conclusions: 1. In the last decades of the XX century, defectology has almost lost its significance as a basis for special education. 2 Defectological science requires a new consideration of its methodological foundations for special education and upbringing of individuals with HIA. 3. Modern society puts forward new requirements for the development of defectology taking into account the new realities of special and inclusive education. 4. It is necessary to develop modern foundations of new defectology as the Foundation of special education for people with disabilities.

Background. The issue of the applied clinical psychology methodology is very relevant due to the considerable diversity and unsystematic review of modern research. There is a confusion of research works focused on the psychological explanation of mental disorders, statistically correlation studies, which provide links between various parameters, properties and characteristics based on a study of various clinical patient groups, and also incomplete works of applied research in clinical psychology. The Objective of the paper is a theoretical and analytical study of the applied clinical psychology. Design. The analysis of the current situation of applied clinical psychology is given, the prospects for development are studied and the forecasts of foreign researchers about the future of clinical psychology are performed. Particular attention is paid to the development opportunities of further methodology issues of applied clinical psychology founded by G. Munsterberg, its use in the design of a wide range of applications of psychology in modern medicine. The possibilities of developing applied medical psychology in the modern information society, the development of its new methods, analysis and subsequent tech-based approach are discussed. Results. A wide array of applied clinical psychology opportunities related to the prospects of tech-based practical medicine and its organization is presented. The analysis of the problem field of applied clinical psychology brings out the need for system design of new applied psychological developments in medicine. Preliminary data show that a deeper systemic level of development can be associated with the applied cultural historical psychology in their design.

The present article deals with ancient psychotechnics and its role in restoring the access to existential experience that serves as a source of energy and basic vital intuition. The purpose is to determine the influence of psychotechnic traditions on compensation of deficiency of existential experience and unity of humans and the natural world in order to discover universal images and symbols which underlie all religious systems. Deep attention is paid to altered states of consciousness whose crucial importance reveals itself in the activation of subconscious mind and liberation from limitations imposed by the loss of connection with the Being in its simple and genuine forms. The author focuses on the description of common features that characterize religious systems regardless of cultural distinctions. It’s extremely significant to emphasize that those intuitions, considered as an inherent element of specific religion, are completely accessible to persons who belong to different cultural traditions. There are reasons to affirm that shamanism, Greek mysteries; Daoism, Hinduism and Buddhism have the same origin and the same mission - overcome alienation from the Being with the objective of achieving of personal salvation. Trance immersion deserves special mention because of the possibility of facilitating access to subconscious layers and transpersonal experiences as a means of reaching inner harmony. It is proved that the visions which arise in a trance state are nearly identical to hallucinations caused by psychotropic substances. Scientific innovation of the study consists in the attempt to demonstrate the correlation between ancient psychotechnic traditions and the urgent necessity to solve modern existential crisis.

Introduction The problem of COVID-19 is acute now in all the countries. Nevertheless, the techniques of applied clinical psychology are rarely implemented in this struggle. Objectives The aim was to examine the possibilities of the applied clinical psychology in instructing children and adolescents and in exerting psychological influence on them in order to decrease the incidence. Methods The following methods were used: thematic analysis of relevant information on TV and on Russian-speaking internet, interviews with adolescents refusing to wear masks (110 adolescents), observation. Results 87% of adolescents are sure that they are “fully informed about the COVID-19.” Moreover, 70% are certain they “will not be infected with COVID-19” and even if they do, they will “have a mild form of the disease.” Such information was widely reproduced in the Russian media and proved by medical statistics. It influenced negatively the attitude of adolescents toward masks, social distancing, etc. Conclusions 1) The information concerning COVID-19 requires introduction of the changes based on psychological data. 2) The ways of informing children and adolescents should be carefully analyzed using psychological data. In information for young people, their responsibility, solidarity and empathy toward others should be involved. 3) The situation of COVID-19 may become a space for potential development, this situation may shape respect toward the health of other people. 4) The “situation of test,” which is significant for the self-awareness of adolescents, should be employed as a way to persuade adolescents to follow the health restrictions.

After a brief presentation of the background of applied psychology in Italy in which the experience of the Laboratory of Psychotechnics in Bologna is carried out, Canestrari's research and reflections are recalled which stimulate and support the commitment of some of his students/colleagues in expanding the image of work psychology, enriching it with social dimensions and thus justifying its inno-vative presence in organizational contexts. Finally, the possibilities of establishing a "psychology of the professions" are mentioned by focusing on the professionalization process of psychologists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the first part, we have recalled the relation of Zygmunt Zawirski to experimental psychology serving as the basis for applications in industrial work against the background of his growing achievements in the field of philosophy of science. The next stage of the philosopher’s presence in the environment of technicians was entrusting Zawirski with the role of the organiser and manager of a psychotechnical laboratory for young artisans with the mission to carry out vocational advice service. Zawirski discussed the directions of its operation, as well as the techniques and instruments it was equipped with at the 2nd Polish Congress of Scientific Management in 1928 in Warsaw. This study is mainly devoted to reminding this little-known fragment from the scientist’s biography. However, cooperation with the organisational community was interrupted by the appointment of Zawirski to the Chair of Theory and Methodology of Sciences at the University of Poznań. His achievements in the field of philosophy of science, applications of modern logic and methodology grew significantly then – which was also outlined – but there was still room for the continuation of his interest in practical psychology by translating literature in this field from French. It should also be borne in mind that many solutions from the general scientific achievements of Zawirski, such as the problem of induction logic or suggestions in the field of scientific synthesis, to this day can help adepts to practise science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study maps the development of work and organizational psychology in the Czech Republic. The first part outlines the development of the discipline in the world, which took place in two main lines concentrated on individual and social aspects. The second part deals with the development of work and organizational psychology in the then Czechoslovakia, with particular emphasis on the Czech lands. The development of psychotechnics was supported by international institutional cooperation (the Institute of Psychotechnics at the VI Division of the Masaryk Academy of Labor started its activities in 1920) and the establishment of specialized workplaces in large companies (e.g. the Vítkovice Ironworks, Baťa Zlín, Electrical Enterprises of Prague). Psychotechnics focused mainly on work analysis, pre-employment personality attributes diagnostics, employee selection and placement, performance and productivity analysis, employee evaluation and motivation, consultancy in the choice of profession as well as personal problems etc. The development of work and organizational psychology in Czechoslovakia was briefly discontinued in the 1950s, and subsequently revived at the turn of the fifties and sixties, when professional psychological activities started taking place at universities and in various research institutions. In order to solve contemporary problems related to the human factor in industry, professional psychological workplaces were either renewed or newly created in several large enterprises and organizations and their management departments. The scope of their activities was extensive and included routine selective diagnostics as well as consulting, and expert activities including scientific research. At present, following the transition to a market economy after 1990, professional activities and staffing of psychological workplaces in individual economic organizations and companies have been gradually reduced to complete dissolution, and the efforts to meet the requirements for psychological services have been moved to specialized external companies. The third part of the study discusses selected experts who significantly contributed to the development of Czech work and organizational psychology and their publishing activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Professor of universities in Poznań and Cracow, one of the most meaningful philosophers of science in Poland in the time between the world wars. He was dealing with contemporary logic and its applications and methodology of natural science; also, he was the author of historical essays in philosophy. However, even in such a busy life of his, devoted to scientific works and teaching, he marked short though very close co-operation with technological and organisational circles. The subject matter of this co-operation was application of psychology in professional work in the industry. Professor Zawirski wrote an article, not very popular today, addressed to the world of technologists and engineers, touching on psychotechnicians’ efforts representing various concepts of empirical psychology. This article appeared fruitful: professor Zawirski was entrusted with the function of the organiser and head of the psychotechnical laboratory for young artisans and given a mission to carry out vocational advice service. That history happened in Lviv, between 1926 and 1928. He was speaking about these achievements at the 2nd Polish Congress of Scientific Management in Warsaw in 1928. The co-operation with the organisational circles was interrupted as a result of appointing Zawirski a Head of the Theory and Methodology of Science Chair at the University of Poznań. Nevertheless, his continued interest in practical psychology expressed itself in his translations of French literature on this matter. The paper describes scientific personality of professor Zawirski, a philosopher of science, logician and methodologist with the forgotten episode of his connections with psychology and psychotechnics presented among engineers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Dynamis is the property of Dynamis - Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad de Granada and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Stanislavski's method is recognized as one of the most comprehensive and effective pedagogy of acting. In developing his method, Stanislavski used and adapted knowledge of psychology, a science that has greatly influenced the development of dramatic art in the twentieth century. This article draws attention to frequent mistakes and confusions in the application of the Stanislavskian method in contemporary pedagogy, especially in terms of understanding and mastering the psychotechnics of acting, one of the most important pedagogical tools used by Stanislavski. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study looks into psychotechnics used in education and contributing to initiating logic among students, their personal growth and characterizes psychological features of “sense-deducting”. Here you will find a review of the sense-making techniques considering as one of the categories of psychotechnics. The described techniques are based on the human psychology, they improve the quality of instruction, create a favorable and unique system of values, take into account the individual characteristics of all types of education, and influence the sense-making process development among children. Sense-making techniques are stated in the author’s classification and extended by practical methods. The study of psychological features of influence of sense-making techniques on the personality of a student lets us see new patterns in personal, subjective and “meta-subjective” results of acquiring of the school program via transformation and development of value/logic consciousness of a child. The work emphasizes that the use of sense-making techniques is effective in the educational and after-school activities of the educational organization. The achieved results make it possible to understand, to substantiate the naturalness and relevance of the sense-technical approach according to personal and academic indicators of students. In the process of competent and correct use of the semantic techniques, we see the possibility of conveying the best, productive and quality pedagogical experience, as well as the perspective of innovative developments in the psychological and pedagogical sciences. For children and adolescents, information, thanks to sense-techniques, starts to be personal in nature, knowledge is objectified, learning activity becomes an individual need.

This paper provides a historical analysis of the development of “psychotechnics”, a branch of early applied psychology, in the context of the Austrian reformatories in Kaiserebersdorf and Hirtenberg from 1929 to 1945. These institutions were founded in 1929 after a juvenile criminal law reform in Austria that aimed to offer education and vocational training to juvenile delinquents. Methods of psychotechnic aptitude testing were implemented to help adolescents find a job that matched their abilities and interests. After the “annexation” of Austria in 1938, the reformatories repeatedly faced the threat of being shut down, but staff members managed to keep them running by adapting their educational, psychological and medical practices to the racial ideology and war politics of National Socialism. This article argues that applied psychology, despite its initial implementation as a tool to help young delinquents, effectively became an instrument for racial and political suppression as well as the war industry from 1938 to 1945. After the collapse of the Nazi regime, Kaiserebersdorf never saw a return of the progressive welfare ideals that stood behind its creation in the first place. Until its closure in 1974, it remained one of the most feared educational institutions in Austria.

This paper explores 'articulations' or 're-turnings' of ill-/health and energy/fatigue in education, re/configuring bodies and minds as 'body_minds'. The Luxembourg vocational school Institut Émile Metz (IEM) thereby serves as a starting point. This institute is analysed 'diffractively' through health education institutes as part of an architecture of industry-related social welfare provisions with a global dimension. From knowledge and praxis 'gathered' through the IEM, tuberculosis, an infectious disease known to manifest itself in bodily and mental fatigue, emerges as a conspicuous silence. Based particularly on corporate film stills featuring the IEM and a preventorium-sanatorium and open-air school, similar articulations around tuberculosis and (energy/)fatigue are traced across such institutes. Whereas previous research in this context has pointed to new encounters of bodies and machines, this paper reframes articulations pertaining to such newly imagined 'body_machines' as having allowed also for re/configurings of the interrelation of (machine) bodies and minds as 'body_minds'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From "Education Instead of Punishment" to the "Hardening of Personality": Psychotechnics and Hereditary Biology in the Austrian "Federal Institutions for Juveniles in need of Education", 1929-1945. This paper provides a historical analysis of the development of "psychotechnics", a branch of early applied psychology, in the context of the Austrian reformatories in Kaiserebersdorf and Hirtenberg from 1929 to 1945. These institutions were founded in 1929 after a juvenile criminal law reform in Austria that aimed to offer education and vocational training to juvenile delinquents. Methods of psychotechnic aptitude testing were implemented to help adolescents find a job that matched their abilities and interests. After the "annexation" of Austria in 1938, the reformatories repeatedly faced the threat of being shut down, but staff members managed to keep them running by adapting their educational, psychological and medical practices to the racial ideology and war politics of National Socialism. This article argues that applied psychology, despite its initial implementation as a tool to help young delinquents, effectively became an instrument for racial and political suppression as well as the war industry from 1938 to 1945. After the collapse of the Nazi regime, Kaiserebersdorf never saw a return of the progressive welfare ideals that stood behind its creation in the first place. Until its closure in 1974, it remained one of the most feared educational institutions in Austria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is aimed at considering the problems of cultural studies of neoshamanism and at defining the specificity of this phenomenon. The problem of the content and scope of the concept of «neoshamanism» is focused on; the basic types of neoshamanism are defined. The issues of religious nature of neoshamanism, shamanic ecstasy and the shamanic universe representation are analyzed in the article. The issues of neoshamanism functioning within the framework of contemporary culture and interaction with external cultural institutions are raised.

We show the historical conditions of origins of psychotechnics as direction in psychology, consider the evolution of psychotechnical approach in the context of Russian cultural-historical psychology. We described the characteristic of modern psychotechnical approach, essential for the formulation of the category of its development. The attention of modern psychotechnics is attracted to the term "combined subject", its importance is proved for context of psychotechnical practice, as well as for understanding the categories of development in the context of psychotechnics. We formulated historical model of development, according to which, instead of relying on periodization, we propose to consider the impossibility of overcoming the situation as a step development of the subject

The present article deals with ancient psychotechnics and its role in restoring the access to existential experience that serves as a source of energy and basic vital intuition. The purpose is to determine the influence of psychotechnic traditions on compensation of deficiency of existential experience and unity of humans and the natural world in order to discover universal images and symbols which underlie all religious systems. Deep attention is paid to altered states of consciousness whose crucial importance reveals itself in the activation of subconscious mind and liberation from limitations imposed by the loss of connection with the Being in its simple and genuine forms. The author focuses on the description of common features that characterize religious systems regardless of cultural distinctions. It's extremely significant to emphasize that those intuitions, considered as an inherent element of specific religion, are completely accessible to persons who belong to different cultural traditions. There are reasons to affirm that shamanism, Greek mysteries; Daoism, Hinduism and Buddhism have the same origin and the same mission - overcome alienation from the Being with the objective of achieving of personal salvation. Trance immersion deserves special mention because of the possibility of facilitating access to subconscious layers and transpersonal experiences as a means of reaching inner harmony. It is proved that the visions which arise in a trance state are nearly identical to hallucinations caused by psychotropic substances. Scientific innovation of the study consists in the attempt to demonstrate the correlation between ancient psychotechnic traditions and the urgent necessity to solve modern existential crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revue d'Orthopédie Dento-Faciale is the property of Parresia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study looks into psychotechnics used in education and contributing to initiating logic among students, their personal growth and characterizes psychological features of "sense-deducting". Here you will find a review of the sense-making techniques considering as one of the categories of psychotechnics. The described techniques are based on the human psychology, they improve the quality of instruction, create a favorable and unique system of values, take into account the individual characteristics of all types of education, and influence the sense-making process development among children. Sense-making techniques are stated in the author's classification and extended by practical methods. The study of psychological features of influence of sense-making techniques on the personality of a student lets us see new patterns in personal, subjective and "meta-subjective" results of acquiring of the school program via transformation and development of value/logic consciousness of a child. The work emphasizes that the use of sense-making techniques is effective in the educational and after-school activities of the educational organization. The achieved results make it possible to understand, to substantiate the naturalness and relevance of the sense-technical approach according to personal and academic indicators of students. In the process of competent and correct use of the semantic techniques, we see the possibility of conveying the best, productive and quality pedagogical experience, as well as the perspective of innovative developments in the psychological and pedagogical sciences. For children and adolescents, information, thanks to sense-techniques, starts to be personal in nature, knowledge is objectified, learning activity becomes an individual need. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article gives a scientific analysis of the activities of the famous Soviet psychologist Nikolai Dmitrievich Levitov. The main ideas of N.D. Levitov and their reflection in the works of modern scientists are presented. N.D. Levitov’s complex path is outlined starting from the 20s of the XX century. It is depicted against the background of psychological science development which was even more complex. It is shown that N.D. Levitov’s heritage is being buried in oblivion, and is being used without specifying his authorship. The outstanding importance of the theory of mental states created by N.D. Levitov is underlined. The scientific ideas of N.D. Levitov on the problems of personality, vocational fitness and character. N.D. Levitov’s special role in solving problems of labor, and pedagogical labour in particular.

This article provides the basis for further considerations on the overlap between different expressions of science, in particular psychotechnics, biotypology and eugenics, in Iberia. It sets the reception of and interest in these scientific undertakings within the specific context pertaining in both Iberian dictatorships and considers the importance of the culture of the scientific community, the role of religion and the presence of positivism within each. While the actual traffic of knowledge between the two countries was limited, the contrasts and differences in the uptake of these specialisms within the two countries and their proximity or otherwise to other fascist and authoritarian regimes of the 1930s and 1940s are explored. The article concludes that in the Spanish case, although there were greater proximities to certain forms of fascist and Nazi eugenics, it was the commitment to Catholicism and nationalist regeneration that allowed for concessions to environmental improvements. A more Germanic strain was present in Portugal but this was dislodged by a consistent commitment to social hygiene rather than racial hygiene, again within the constraints provided by overarching Catholicism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article describes what national psychology could give to such field of practice as psychological counselling and possibilities of treatment administration so that client would be able to cope with problems on his own. It discusses how combination of two national practices (study of creative thinking and concept of zone of proximal development) could become a theoretical basis that explains hypothetic mechanism of subject's development under psychological help in terms of reflecA tiveAactive approach. The article also reports procedure of psychotechnical experiment in the study of creative problem solving and shows an example of this kind ofpsychological treatment.

The paper compares varied ways of personality interventions in psychology and related disciplines. Following the analysis of the concepts of psychotechnics a new concept of nootechnics is introduced for an alternative form of intervention, not aimed at a preset ideal outcome, but rather stimulating self#organization processes. Through the prism of this distinction the spiritual (meaning-related) dimension of psychotherapeutic work is analyzed, to justify the author's practice of life enhancement work.

This article examines the areas of research conducted at the Laboratory of Experimental Psychology of the University of Rome from 1907 to 1947, directed first by Sante De Sanctis (1862-1935), and then, from 1931 on, by Mario Ponzo (1882-1960). The method used to distinguish the topics and areas of research that characterized the Roman School during this period is the textual analysis of the titles of the journal in which studies completed at the laboratory were published, namely, Contributi del Laboratorio di Psicologia sperimentale [Psychological Contributions of the Laboratory of Experimental Psychology], This empirical analysis, which complements and supports the historiographical interpretation, demonstrates the disciplines that emerged under a system managed by the directors over 2 periods of time in the pursuit of scientific psychology in Rome and in Italy. This analysis highlights the process of adjustment from a traditional, general approach to a more theoretical-technical application. This article is a new contribution to the Italian debate on the periodization of the "crisis" in Italian psychology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the analysis of L.S. Vygotsky's works dedicated to the theater arts and is organized according Vygotsky's different life and work stages. Meanwhile special attention is paid to the Gomel period during which a large number of reviews were written by Vygotsky and published in “Nash ponedel'nik” and “Polesskaia pravda” newspapers. Biographical facts are widely used in this analysis and help to clarify Vygotsky's interest in art. It is shown that even at the beginning of his oeuvre, he was interested not only in a range of problems in art, but also psychological problems related to art perception and creativeness. Vygotsky's usage of structural concept ideas about the peculiar properties of literary text composition are also explored. Vygotsky analyzes the socio-psychological mechanisms of theatrical art effect. Furthermore, those areas which are widely used by Vygotsky in determining the characteristics of cast reincarnation are examined. Special emphasis is placed on the different elements of the actor techniques (speech, movement, emotional expression, acting personality and etc.). Materials are widely used in this study and help identify the socio-cultural context that defined Vygotsky's values at different stages of his work, related to his drama criticism and his formation as a professional psychologist. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]