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The first capture of the Prussian carp Carassius gibelio (Bloch, 1782) in Avacha Bay is described. The specimen TL 125 mm was caught on June 12, 2023 in a tidal puddle with high water salinity. Morphological characters of the caught specimen are given. It is suggested that the Prussian carp entered Avacha Bay from Lake Kultuchnoye, which is connected to Avachinskaya bay by a channel located 5 km from the place of capture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Successful invasive non-native fish species can cause enormous damage to native biodiversity. In mainland Europe, the introduction of the gibel carp (Carassius gibelio) has led to a decline in populations of the formerly widespread native crucian carp (C. carassius). Both invasive and native species develop two phenotypes, namely stunted and deep-bodied, which depend on the intensity of competition and predation in the water body. The deep-bodied phenotype is associated with a more diverse fish community composition, can attain large sizes and is very attractive to recreational anglers. This study analysed trends in the record sizes of native crucian carp and invasive gibel carp (individuals close to the maximum attainable size of the species) reported by recreational anglers over the last 50 years in Czechia, recording the invasion of gibel carp from its beginnings to the fully established population phase. The study provides circumstantial evidence that gibel carp is behind transition from the relative abundance of large crucian carp to near extirpation, while large gibel carp have taken over the reports of record catches in the genus Carassius. This indicates that the crucian carp, which is currently classified as critically endangered in the Red List of Czechia, has very limited possibilities to realise its deep-bodied phenotype. It also shows the potential of using data from recreational anglers for mapping invasion processes and as a source of relatively localised information on endangered species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The age and sex composition of the schools, food activity, the age of sexual maturity, breeding period and fecundity of the alien species Prussian carp indicate the presence of favorable environmental conditions for its wide distribution in the reservoirs of Armenia. The ratio of female/male of Prussian carp in most of the studied reservoirs was 3 : 1; most of the fish were diploids. The age composition of Prussian carp usually has 4 age groups, with maximum of 7 groups, and a minimum of 3 age groups. The age of sexual maturity of Prussian carp differs in the northern (1+ to 4+) and southern (0+ to 3+) populations in Armenia, as well as in flowing and stagnant water bodies. In some reservoirs, the percentage of Prussian carp in catches has increased over the past decades, which negatively affects the local fish species composition. This fact may indicate the formation of the invasive populations of Prussian carp in Armenia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2011 and 2015, four mass mortalities of Prussian carp (Carassius gibelio) were observed in a recreational freshwater lake and open freshwater in the western part of the Netherlands. Cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (CyHV‐2) infection was suspected in these cases, based on presumptive gross diagnosis. To elucidate the cause of the mass mortalities diagnostic PCR assays were performed for CyHV‐2, based on the helicase gene. Furthermore, the viral isolates were genotyped by sequencing the enlarged marker A and marker B sequences. Diagnostic PCR revealed that three of four samples were positive for CyHV‐2, indicating these three mass mortalities were associated with CyHV‐2 infection. The marker A sequence from one of the isolates found in this study was identical to those from different locations such as Asia and Middle East, suggesting a link among the isolates. This is the first detailed report on mass mortalities of Prussian carp associated with CyHV‐2 infection in natural aquatic environments in the Netherlands. Since 2015, additionally, in total three CyHV‐2 associated outbreaks of Dutch Prussian carp were seen in 2016 and 2020. These outbreaks in Prussian carp from lakes and open water suggest that the virus has been spreading in natural freshwaters in the Netherlands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose. To study the histological structure of the gill apparatus of the Prussian carp (Сarassius gibelio) from the point of view of the presence of pathologies with differentiation according to areas with different levels of anthropogenic pressure of the Samara River in the Dnipropetrovsk region. Methodology. The generalized sutdy results were obtained during 2019–2021. The study was conducted within three sampling sites with different types of human impact. The object of the study were age-6 Prussian carps of both sexes. Histological studies were performed in accordance with generally accepted methods. Gills were obtained by anatomical dissection from freshly caught fish. Photographs of histological specimens were taken using a digital camera “SciencelabT5005.17M” and an microscope “Ulab XY-B2TLED”. Measurements of the samples were performed using the “ScienceLabView7”. Statistical processing of the obtained data was carried out in MS Excel 2010. Findings. The conducted histological studies showed that pathological changes in the structure of the gill apparatus were observed in age-6 Prussian carps in all sampling sites of the Samara River. In particular, such pathologies as curvature of lamellae terminals, accumulation of mucus and hyperplasia of the epithelium of gill filaments, fusion of lamellae were found. Single cases of necrosis and twisting of lamellae threads were recorded. Most often, histopathological changes in the gill apparatus were observed in fish caught near the city Novomoskovsk. Organometric studies showed that there was no significant difference between the length and width of gill arches of Prussian carp from different sampling sites. The length and width of the lamellae of the gill apparatus was the largest in individuals sampled near the city Novomoskovsk, which may indicate a greater need for oxygen for the fish body in the specified area. The length of the respiratory lamellae was the lowest in Prissian carp sampled near the village of Novoselivka. The lowest width of the lamellae were found in fish from the village of Khashcheve. The obtained data give reason to conclude that the conditions of existence for Prussian carp are most favorable near the village of Novoselivka. Originality. For the first time the histological structure and pathology of the gills aparatus of Prussian carp in the conditions of the Samara River in the Dnipropetrovsk region was studied. Practical value. The obtained data on the histological changes of the gill apparatus of fish can be used to identify adaptive reactions, will allow assessing the impact of anthropogenic factors on hydrobionts, and will also provide the opportunity to monitor the morpho-physiological state of a specific population under the impact of pollutants of various origins.

Stress inevitably occurs during any fish handling and manipulation in culturing, research, or clinical examination situations that require capture and removal of fish from water. Different stress factors can affect the changes in the relative numbers and function of cells of the fish immune system. Catching, transportation and over-crowding caused stress-induced changes in the total number of leukocytes and thrombocytes, as well as changes in the leukocyte formula in Prussian carp (Carassius gibelio, Bloch, 1782) presented here. Cytochemical characterization of leukocyte cell types was performed by applying Myeloperoxidase (MPO), Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS) and Sudan Black B (SBB) staining of Prussian carp blood smears. Cytochemical characterization is a rapid and efficient method for white leukocyte differentiation and insight in their functional status. Comparison and analysis in Prussian carp hematological parameters from fish with and without exposure to stressful conditions such as capture, manipulation, transport and holding, revealed significant differences between stressed and non-stressed fish. Significant reduction in the total number of thrombocytes and lymphocytes and the increase in total neutrophil count were observed in stressed animals. However, differences in total leukocyte number and the number of monocytes were not observed. Deviations from the estimated reference intervals for Prussian carp hematological parameters clearly indicated the presence/absence of a stress reaction and to some extent its intensity. Estimated reference intervals and characterization of morphological and cytochemical appearance of blood cells form a solid basis for further research of the cellular immune function and hematology changes in Prussian carp.

Purpose. Establishing modern parameters of Prussian carp population as a promising object for increasing commercial fish productivity of the Kyiv Reservoir. Methodology. The work is based on field materials obtained during the period 2019-2021 on the Kyiv Reservoir. Data collection and processing was carried out in accordance with generally accepted methods. Ichthyological material was collected from catches of the survey gill nets with mesh sizes of 30-120 mm and commercial gill nets with mesh sizes of 38-50 and 75-100 mm. A total of 1215 net-days of surevy and commercial nets were analyzed during the study period, of which 2372 specimens of Prussian carp were analyzed. Statistical data processing was carried out using MS Excel. Findings. The main parameters that characterize the commercial stock of Prussian carp of the Kyiv Reservoir in the context of optimizing the commercial fishing pressure on this species have been determined. It was found that the state of recruitment of the commercial stock of this species was satisfactory and the dynamics of its size-age structure indicated a low commercial fishing pressure, especially on the right wing of the variation series — the average annual fishing mortality in 2019-21 was φM=0.13. The majority of the commercial stock is steadily composed of age-6 to age-10 fish, the share of older age groups was consistently high, which led to fluctuations in the weighted average age in catches within 6.7...8.5 years. It was shown that the intensification of Prussian carp harvest (due to specialized fishing with nets with mesh size of 50 mm) would allow increasing catches in the Kyiv Reservoir by 52...65%. Originality. For the first time, a detailed description of Prussian carp of the Kyiv Reservoir is presented as an adventive species that quickly assimilates free econiches and requires scientifically based measures to localize its abundance. Practical value. Based on the processing of information on the state of stocks of Prussian carp as part of the source of commercial fishery of the Kyiv Reservoir, the procedure of intensification of its commercial exploitation was determined, taking into account both fishery and environmental aspects. Proposals regarding the quantitative characteristics of specialized fishery with nets with mesh sizes of 50-60 mm are included in the new edition of the Rules for commercial fishery in inland fisheries water bodies (parts thereof).

Cadmium and zinc are often found in aquatic environment and may accumulate in living organisms. The aim of this study was to evaluate the genotoxic effect of Cd, Zn, and their binary mixture on the peripheral blood erythrocytes of Prussian carp (Carassius gibelio B.).

Purpose. To determine the occurrence of invasive fish species in ichthyofauna of rivers of the Western Bug basin in Ukraine. Methodology. Ichthiological studies were carried out during 2019-2021 in the Western Bug River and on its tributaries - Rata, Bushkov, Poltva and Mlynivka. Fish species identification was carried out in situ and was performed according to the identification keys of Yu.V. Movchan and A.F. Koblytska, incomplete biological analysis of invasive species was performed in the laboratory according to the methods of I.F. Pravdin, G.V. Nikolsky and I.I. Chugunova. Findings. The obtained data showed that invasive species in the composition of ichthyofauna in the studied rivers of the Western Bug basin were represented by five species: Prussian carp Carassius gibelio (Bloch, 1782), Stone moroko Pseudorasbora parva (Temminck & Schlegel, 1846), Pumkinseed Lepomis gibbosus (Linnaeus, 1758), Chinese sleeper Perccottus glenii Dybowski, 1877, Monkey goby Neogobius fluviatilis (Pallas, 1814). These species entered the ecosystem due to human activities through deliberate or accidental introduction into rivers of the Western Bug basin, where conditions are quite favorable for their vital activity and growth, due to a fairly warm climate and changes in hydrological regime of many rivers as a result of human impact. Originality. The article presents for the first time a list of invasive fish species of rivers of the Western Bug basin in Ukraine and provides a description of their habitats. Practical value. The obtained results can be used to regulate recreation fishery, for planning of conservation measures for rare fish species and for planning prevention of negative consequences from the spread of invasive fish species.

The aim of the study was to investigate the accumulation of cadmium in the scales of Prussian carp (Carassius gibelio B.) as an indicator tissue of water contamination by cadmium. The study was carried out on 70 mature Prussian carp, which were placed in three 300L tanks. The fish were exposed to cadmium dissolved in water at a concentration of 0.0, 0.4 or 4.0 mg L-1 for a period of 84 days. After 42 and 84 days of exposure, 10 fish were randomly sampled from each tank. The fish were decapitated and all their scales were collected. The scales were rinsed and each was then carefully sectioned into an inner part and an outer part, removing the outermost growth ring, which most likely included scale increment from the exposure period. Cadmium concentration in the samples was then measured using the atomic absorption method. The analysis of the results showed that the concentration of cadmium in the scales increased with the duration of exposure and was significantly higher in the outer growth rings. The accumulation of cadmium in this part of the scales was correlated with the dose of cadmium and the duration of exposure. The results obtained confirmed the hypothesis that the concentration of cadmium in the outermost growth rings of fish scales reflects the most recent status of environmental contamination by this metal. Scales, which - unlike other tissues such as the liver and muscle - can be sampled non-lethally, seem to be an excellent bioindicator of environmental contamination by heavy metals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Prussian carp represents a valuable food resource in Danube Delta, and also, it is a well-known bioindicator for monitoring the pollution of the aquatic environment. The aim of the present paper is to apply the neuro-adaptive techniques, to obtain fast and economic sustainable results for the prediction of magnesium (Mg) and calcium (Ca) concentrations in the muscle and hepatic tissues of Carassius gibelio. Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference Systems (ANFIS) require validated data sets for the development of intelligent models. Thus, within this paper the prediction of Ca and Mg in the muscle tissue of the Prussian carp has been generated. Model training, testing and validation was realized based on results obtained after samples analysis in the laboratory. The results registered in this study confirm the efficiency of ANFIS models use for the fast prediction of macro-elements in fish tissues. Further investigation is required in order of optimize the prediction methodology.

The toxic action of the Actara 25 WG insecticide (it contains 25% thiamethoxam as an active substance) in non-lethal doses was studied in two species of aquatic organisms—the Prussian carp (Carassius gibelio) and the marsh frog (Pelophylax ridibundus)—at two thermal levels, 6–8 °C (low temperature) and 18–20 °C (room temperature), respectively. In the Prussian carp, we recorded decreases in oxygen consumption and stimulation of the respiratory rhythm, changes that were more pronounced in the case of intoxicated fish and when the species were kept at room temperature. The histopathology of the lung in the frog illustrated the thickening of the conjunctival septum, an increase in the number of mucous cells, and an increase in the ratio between the diameter of the nucleus and the diameter of the pneumocyte. All of these changes were more pronounced in the animals kept at higher temperature. Our study looks at the extent to which temperature changes can influence the ability of poikilothermic organisms to withstand the presence of toxic substances in the environment as a result of the impact of the use of insecticides in agriculture. The two tested organisms are a common presence for the study area, which was affected in the last decade by climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose. To determine the presence of functional changes in the cytometric and biochemical parameters of the blood of Prussian carp of the Samara River under conditions of human impact. Methodology. The object of the study was age-6 Prussian carp (Carassius gibelio (Bloch, 1782)) of both sexes. The material for the study was collected with the use of gill nets during scientific fishing in the summer-autumn period in 2019. Blood was collected from the caudal vein. Morphological studies of erythrocytes were carried out on blood smears, which were stained according to Romanovsky-Giemsa. Blood smears were studied at 40X magnification using a photomicrograph with a Sciencelab T500 5.17 M digital camera. On the preparations, 150 visual fields were examined. Biochemical studies were carried out on automatic analyzers OLYMPUS AU400 and AU480 from BeckmanCoulter (USA), using BeckmanCoulter reagents. Statistical processing of the data obtained was carried out according to generally accepted methods in MS Excel 2010. Findings. Age-6 Prussian carp (Carassius gibelio (Bloch, 1782)) of the Samara river, under conditions of anthropogenic impact, were found to have an increase in their glucose content (28.5 - 37.4 mmol/l), as well as an increase in ALT (46.5 - 52.8 U/L) and AST (85.1 - 100.5 U/L) activities in blood that may indicate the formation of certain protective mechanisms for adaptation to the effects of harmful environmental factors. These parameters were highest in specimens caught near Novomoskovsk. Cytometric analysis showed a statistically significant increase in the nuclear weight, the size of erythrocytes and an increase in the nuclear-plasma ratio of red blood cells of fish caught near the village Khashchove and Novomoskovsk. It can indicate the inhibition of the functional activity of erythrocytes. The value of the albumin-globulin coefficient (0.6) and the de Ritis coefficient (1.8 - 1.9) of Prussian carp at all experimental points of the Samara river indicates the beginning of the formation of certain pathological processes in their liver and heart. Originality. The study of cytometric and biochemical parameters of the blood of Prussian carp of the Samara river of the Dnepropetrovsk region subjected to the significant human impact was performed for the first time Practical value. The data obtained can be used to conduct hydroecological monitoring of natural water bodies and to determine the degree of the effect of various anthropogenic factors on the health and productivity of commercial freshwater fish species.

Age, growth, reproduction, mortality, and length-weight relationships of 733 specimens of Carassius gibelio caught monthly using fishing nets of different mesh sizes (9 to 90 mm) in June 2015 - November 2016 from Demirköprü Reservoir, Aegean Region, were studied. Of the 689 fish specimens whose sex was determined, 475 were female and 214 were male. The total length and weight were determined to range between 10.7-39.6 cm and 12-928 g, respectively. The length-weight relationships of females, males, and the entire population were described by the equations W=0.010xL3.10, W=0.010xL3.18, and W=0.010xL3.12, respectively. The condition factor (CF) of the population did not vary by month and was generally in a similar value range. Gonadosomatic index (GSI) values reached the highest value in female individuals in March, while male individuals in February. The spawning period was determined to be from April to August when GSI values decreased, and the spent maturity stage female individuals were seen. According to the age identification using vertebrae, the population was in the age range of I - XIII. With 17%, the III age group had the highest ratio in all individuals. Growth parameters of the population were: L8 = 44.49 cm, K = 0.20 year-1 and t0 = -1.92 years for females; L8 = 38.32 cm, K = 0.25 year-1 and t0 = -2.14 years for males and L8 = 44.84 cm, K = 0.20 year-1 and t0 = -1.83 years for all population. The growth performance index (F') was calculated as 2.60, 2.56, and 2.60, for females, males, and all individuals, respectively. The natural mortality (M) rate was calculated to be 0.17 year-1 for females and males. Total mortality (Z), fishing mortality, and (F) exploitation (E) rates were calculated to be 0.34, 0.17 year-1, and 50% for females; 0.31, 0.14 year-1, and 45% for males, respectively. As a result, the invasive Carassius gibelio was found to be best adapted to the environment in Demirköprü Reservoir, where it was first recorded in the 2011 fishing reports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was performed to determine the effect of melatonin on cadmium accumulation and haematological parameters changes in females of Prussian carp (Carassius gibelio B.). The fish were exposed to a sublethal concentration of cadmium (0.4 and 4.0 mg/L) without or with melatonin implant (containing 18 mg melatonin hormone) for 1, 4, 7, 10 and 13 weeks. After the 7th week, Cd-exposed fish were divided into two groups. The first group of fish were subjected to depuration in clear water, while the second group remained exposed to the same concentrations of cadmium. After the 10th and 13th weeks of exposure the kidney, spleen, heart and blood were taken in order to determine the cadmium concentration and to analyse haematological parameters. The results of this study showed an increase in the concentration of cadmium in the tissues and blood in fish exposed to the highest dose (4.0 mg/L) of cadmium in water with a dependence on the exposure duration. Additionally, it was shown that melatonin administration reduced the cadmium concentration in the tissues and blood, and melatonin had a protective effect against cadmium accumulation. Moreover, the results showed a significant increase in blood parameters (RBC, Ht and Hb) in fish treated with the highest dose of cadmium. However, implantation of melatonin in cadmium-treated fish resulted in marked improvements in haematological parameters. Thus, melatonin can be a good implementation to alleviate, at least partially, the toxicity of cadmium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose. To establish the nature of changes in physiological and biochemical parameters of fish, the qualitative and quantitative composition of their parasitocenoses, depending on the degree of the pollution of water bodies. Methodology. The paper contains the results of the determination of hydrochemical composition of water from the lakes of Kyiv, the structure of their food supply (zoobenthos). As a marker of morpho-physiological features of the Prussian carp, rudd and roach, their liver and spleen indices were used. The content of glucose, cortisol and thyroid hormones was determined in fish blood plasma. The collection and processing of ichthyological material was performed in accordance with generally accepted methods. The taxonomic identification of parasites was carried out according to the appropriate identification keys. Findings. The work presents some hydrochemical characteristics of the lakes under study, the development of the natural food supply for fish - zoobenthic organisms, changes in the physiological and biochemical parameters of some representatives of cyprinids in the lakes of Kyiv, which are subjected to different degrees of human impact. First of all, the indices of internal organs and a number of biochemical parameters of fish blood plasma were studied. Parasitocenoses were specific for each lake. Their smallest number was in the lake Luhove, which was characterized by a significant human impact. The lake Babyne, which was taken as conditional control, had some fish parasites, which were not found in other lakes. The rudd from the lake Kyrylivske invaded with parasites had a 13% higher spleen index (r = 0.98). Also, the infected fish from the Kyrylivske and Luhove lakes had a 2.2-fold higher content of triiodothyronine (T3) in the blood plasma (r = 0.82 and r = 0.75, respectively) compared with fish from the lake Babyne. The spleen index of the roach from the lake Kyrylivske is 16% more (r = -0.83) compared to this species from the lake Babyne. The roach from the lake Kyrylivske had a 4.7 times smaller number of cortisol in the blood (r = -0.83) and 4 times lower T3 level (r = -0.71) compared to fish from the lake Babyne. The Prussian carp from the Kyrylivske and Luhove lakes had spleen indices were lower by 44 and 37%, and the glucose content was 3.6 and 2.7 times lower in comparison with fish from the lake Babyne. In addition, the Prussian carp from lake Luhove had a lower content of cortisol and T3 by 1.7 and 1.5 times, respectively, compared with fish from the lake Babyne. It can be assumed that the studied fish species have different sensitivity to the cumulative or individual effects of anthropogenic stress and parasites. Originality. For the first time, multilevel markers (morphophysiological, biochemical and parasitological) were used to establish the response of fish to the complex human impact in the conditions of water bodies in urbanized territories. Practical Value. The obtained data are necessary to determine the patterns of adaptive reactions of economically valuable cyprinids, their parasites and forage objects under the action of adverse conditions of urbanization. The biochemical parameters of fish that can be used to assess the quality of water in water bodies were also studied.

The objective of the present study was to assess if trypsin, a key enzyme involved in protein digestion, presents some kind of functional adaptations to seasonal changes in water temperature in freshwater fish. In order to test this hypothesis, individuals of two fish species Carassius gibelio (agastric) and Perca fluviatilis (gastric) were sampled in the basin of Chany Lake (Siberia, Russia) at two different seasons (spring and summer). Apparent kinetic parameters (Km and Vmax) were determined for both species and seasons at the actual pH values in fish guts, and at actual temperatures. Results showed a significant effect of both the species and sampling season on the apparent kinetic parameters of trypsin. In the case of Prussian carp, Km and Vmax were lower for each assayed temperature (for 5 and 15 °C the differences were significant) for fish sampled in summer when compared to those sampled in spring. In contrast, values of Km in perch tended to be lower in spring at 5 and 25 °C but these differences were not significant, while Vmax showed a significant decrease in summer samples. This suggests a sort of functional adaptation of the same trypsin enzymes to seasonal changes, oriented to maximize protein digestion under variable conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The toxic action of the Actara 25 WG insecticide (it contains 25% thiamethoxam as an active substance) in non-lethal doses was studied in two species of aquatic organisms—the Prussian carp (Carassius gibelio) and the marsh frog (Pelophylax ridibundus)—at two thermal levels, 6–8 °C (low temperature) and 18–20 °C (room temperature), respectively. In the Prussian carp, we recorded decreases in oxygen consumption and stimulation of the respiratory rhythm, changes that were more pronounced in the case of intoxicated fish and when the species were kept at room temperature. The histopathology of the lung in the frog illustrated the thickening of the conjunctival septum, an increase in the number of mucous cells, and an increase in the ratio between the diameter of the nucleus and the diameter of the pneumocyte. All of these changes were more pronounced in the animals kept at higher temperature. Our study looks at the extent to which temperature changes can influence the ability of poikilothermic organisms to withstand the presence of toxic substances in the environment as a result of the impact of the use of insecticides in agriculture. The two tested organisms are a common presence for the study area, which was affected in the last decade by climate change.

Purpose. To conduct histomorphological analysis of the Prussian carp eggs under the conditions of Zaporizhzhia (Dnipro) reservoir. Methods. The research was carried out at two observation stations located in the Samara Bay and the lower part of the Zaporizhzhia (Dnipro) Reservoir. The catches were carried out by standard gill nets with 30-120 mm mesh sizes. The object of the study was Prussian carp. The biological analysis of fish was carried out in accordance with the classical methods in ichthyology. For studying the fertility of fish, ovaries from females were taken at the stage IV of maturity. The stage of gonad maturity was determined visually. Individual absolute fertility was determined by the weighting method. To study the reproductive potential and features of fish reproduction, ovaries were taken from females at different stages of maturity. Samples were preserved in Bouin solution and further processed according to generally accepted histological methods. For the preparation of sections, a "Thermo scientific microm HM 325" microtome was used. The sections were stained with hematoxylin-eosin and by Mallory method. Images of preparations were made using a "Sciencelab T500 5.17M" digital camera, connected to a "MICromed XS-2610" microscope. During the description of the periods and phases of growth and development of gonads, stages of ovarian maturity, we used standard ichthyological definitions and terms. Statistical processing was carried out using the STATISTICA 6.0 software. Findings. The structure of the oocytes of Prussian carp is similar to that of common carp: they do not have a fatty drop, there is a wide radially-shaped membrane and a micropyle. The Prussian carp is characterized by asynchronous trophoplasmic growth of oocytes and intermittent spawning. It has been determined that if the spawning is intermittent, the first portion of eggs contained about 60% of all eggs, and the second and subsequent portions the remaining 40%. The absolute fertility of the Prussian carp ranged from 10.51 to 189.95 thousand eggs. The average fertility index in all age groups was 80.28 ± 16.55 thousand eggs. In spawning population, the proportion of females was 55%, males – 45%. The yield to the fishery from eggs was 0.005%. Scientific novelty. For the first time histomorphological analysis of Prussian carps under the conditions of Zaporizhzhia (Dnipro) reservoir was conducted. Practical significance. The study of fish gonads has a significant applied importance for resolving the issues of commercial fishery and ecological monitoring.

Purpose. The aim of the study was to find a difference in morphophysiological parameters and in the accumulation of energy-intensive substances in Prussian carp (Carassius gibelio Bloch, 1782), which existed at different times and at different concentrations ofallochthonous nitrogen in water. Methodology. In the course of the work, following morphological, physiological and biochemical parameters of the Prussian carp were determined: condition factors, hepatic and splenic indices, protein, lipid and glycogen content in fish organs and tissues, and glucose content in blood plasma. Collection and processing of ichthyological materials were carried out in accordance with generally accepted methods. Findings. The conducted studies showed that at a significant concentration of ammonium nitrogen up to 24.3 mg N/dm3 and with an increase in the adaptation time (from 3 months to several generations), the even-aged groups of fish had a difference in body length and weight that was confirmed by Fulton’s and Clark’. In the Prussian carp with the smallest and greatest adaptation time (3 months at a concentration of 24 N/dm3 and in several generations) to the ammonium nitrogen concentration of 48 mg N/dm3, the hepatic index was reduced (by 8 and 22.7%) compared to control, while the hepatic index, by contrast, increased compared to control to a concentration of 24.3 mg N/dm3 in fish adapted for 3 years. In all experimental groups of the Prussian carp, stable protein content in muscles was noted. After adaptation of fish during 3 months, lipid content in the liver was slightly higher than reference values, however, after adaptation during 3 years, lipid accumulation was significantly lower than control (by 35%), and in fish with long-term adaptation, lipid content in the liver approached reference values. Glycogen content in the liver of the experimental fish gradually increased with the duration of adaptation, however, with long-term adaptation to ammonium nitrogen concentration of 48 mg N/dm3, glycogen accumulation also approached the control. Originality. For the first time, the adaptive features of the Prussian carp in terms of morphophysiological indices have been studied under a prolonged exposure to high concentrations of ammonium nitrogen. Practical value. The obtained data can be used to understand the peculiarities of adaptation of cyprinids (for example, Prussian carp), to their existence in reservoirs affected by excessive action of nitrogen compounds. This will allow us to evaluate the conditions, under which new resistant fish populations are formed.

In this study, it was aimed to examine socioeconomic conditions and reasons for participating in the 1st Prussian Carp Catching Competition, organized by Denizli Amateur Sportive Hand-line Fishers and Fishery Protection Association (DENOLDER) in Denizli Gokpmar Dam Pond. This organization, supported by Amateur Sportive Hand-line Fishing Federation and Denizli Metropolitan Municipality, has the purpose of introducing, ingratiating and binding hand-line fishing fanciers, also additionally and most importantly, raising awareness in the society for damages of ecologically harmful species to aquatic life, in our inner waters. A questionnaire was used, in order to conduct a direct interviewing of the individuals participating in the 1st Prussian Carp Catching Competition, and the original study data was obtained. The questionnaire consisted of 23 questions. The questionnaire results were evaluated, using The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) and EXCEL package programs. In total, 49 individuals filled in the questionnaire, in this competition, with a participation of 55 teams from six provinces. Moreover, all teams indicated that they would participate again, in case of a repetition of such an organization. It is essential to protect fishes, having an important place within fishery products, particularly natural species. It should be our responsibility to raise public awareness relating to invasive species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose. To provide the biological assessment of the silver Prussian carp (Carassius auratus gibelio (Bloch, 1782)) commercial stock of the Dnieper-Bug estuary in the conditions of the transformed Dnieper river flow. Methodology. During the analysis of the biological state of the Prussian carp commercial stock, the main attention was given to the dynamics of age and sexual structure, length-weight growth rate, absolute fecundity and condition factor. The basic data were collected during the work of control-observation stations of the Institute of Fisheries in the Dnieper-Bug estuary during the current century. The collection and processing of ichthyological materials were performed in accordance with the generally accepted methodologies. Findings. The analysis showed that during the current century, the age structure of the Prussian carp of the Dnieper-Bug estuary was the most labile among other commercial cyprinids. It was found that as a result of an increase in the right wing of the age series, there was a gradual increase of the mean weighted age of its commercial stock. At the beginning of studies (2001-2002), the core of the stock was formed by age-3-6 fish (up ); however in subsequent years, a displacement of dominant groups toward the dominance of age-4-7 fish (more than 80% of the total stock) was observed. At the same time, the relative number of age-3 fish (recruits) was at a relatively high level – up to 10.6%. The linear growth varied more intensively until the age-5, but it reduced with ageing and did not show high variability. The body weight most variable was in age-4 fish (Cv=9.62%). The noted insignificant deviations in the body weight growth rate of the right wing of the age series was due to stable predominance of females in the stock structure, which were characterized by a variability of the mean weight as a result of different development of gonads. The dynamics of the age-related changes in the condition factor indicated on a gradual decline Fulton condition factor from 3.47±0.22 in age-3 fish to 3.12±0.06 in age-6 fish. The highest variability of these indexes was typical for age-5 fish (Cv=10.9%; lim=2.46-3.89), that was related to the linear-weight growth and fecundity. With an increase in the age, the variableness of condition factor reduced substantially. Originality. The paper contains modern and significantly updated data on main biological characteristics of the Prussian carp commercial stock in the transformed conditions of the Dnieper-Bug estuary. Practical value. The obtained results are a scientific background for rational fishery optimization of commercial pressure on the representatives of valuable fish fauna of the Dnieper-Bug estuary. In current conditions, the presented information is actual enough from the point of view of the maintenance and support the biodiversity of valuable commercial species in natural water bodies of Ukraine.

Isoelectric solubilization /precipitation (ISP) process was used to isolate protein from muscles of Prussian carp, Carassius gibelio (Bloch, 1782). Fish protein and lipid were recovered from whole gutted Prussian carp using acidic and basic isoelectric solubilization/precipitation followed by assaying amino acid and fatty acid profile. Essential amino acids content in acidic and basic pH treatment of ISP of Prussian carp were 216.6 and 218.7 mg.g-1, respectively. Results showed that identified amino acids in Prussian carp protein isolated by ISP method, could meet all needs of adults, but a supplementary protein must be used for children. Limiting amino acids in both acidic and basic treatments were methionine and cysteine. Nineteen fatty acids of saturated (SFA), monounsaturated (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) groups were identified in lipid recovered in isoelectric solubilization/precipitation process. Total PUFA in basic treatment was noticeably higher than in acidic one. N-3/n-6 ratio in basic pH treatment was also higher than in acidic one.

The aim of this study was to determine the content of some elements (Pb, Cd, Hg, Fe, Cu, Zn, As) in muscle tissue of Prussian carp (Carassius auratus gibelio) from seven different lakes in the Belgrade region, Serbia. Concentrations of Pb, Hg and As in fish muscle tissues from all examined lakes were under the maximum residual levels prescribed by the European Union (EU) and the maximum allowed concentrations (MAC) for Serbia. In all investigated fish, levels of Cd exceeded maximum allowed concentrations (0.05 mg kg-1). Data on the finding of elements in fish speak concurrently about the safety of fish as food and are good indicators of environmental pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The oxidative status of the hepatopancreas of Prussian carp females (Carassius gibelio) co-exposed to sublethal cadmium in water and melatonin was studied. The activities of antioxidant enzymes such as glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) as well as the concentration of reduced glutathione (GSH) were measured in homogenates of the hepatopancreas. Furthermore, concentrations of cadmium (Cd), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and iron (Fe) in the hepatopancreas were assayed. These females received melatonin implants and were exposed to 0.4 mg/L or 4.0 mg/L Cd in water for either a 13- or a 7-week period, followed by further 6 weeks of purification in clear water. Exposure to Cd influenced the increase in this metal concentration in fish hepatopancreas. In contrast, the fish exposed to cadmium with additional administration of melatonin had a lower accumulation of this metal. Exposure to Cd caused the increase in GSH content and the activity of GR, and a reduction in GPx activity, whereas the SOD activity varies depending on the exposure time on cadmium. In the hepatopancreas of fish treated with Cd alone, the content of Cu and Zn were increased and that of Fe was changed. After melatonin administration to Cd-exposed fish, a decrease in copper and zinc hepatopancreas content was noted. The present findings imply that melatonin co-treatment can effectively protect the fish against the toxic effects of cadmium on endogenous antioxidant status in hepatopancreas tissues and variations in metal concentration, such as Zn, Cu, and Fe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study was to compare the fatty acid profile and content and the oxidative stability of the lipid fraction of Prussian Carp (Carassius gibelio) fillets with and without skin. Carp specimens were obtained in spring from a fish farm located in the Lublin Voivodeship. The research material consisted of skin-on (n = 12) and skinless (n = 12) fillets (hand-filleted). Their chemical composition (water, ash, protein, and fat content), calorific value, and nutritional quality index (NQI) were analysed, as well as their fatty acid content and profile. The oxidative stability of the lipids was assessed on the basis of the peroxide value (PV), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) value, and the content of the conjugated dienes and trienes (CD and CT), while determination of the degree of fat hydrolysis was based on the acid value (AV) and free fatty acids (FFA). The Carp fillet with skin contained significantly (p ≤ 0.01) more fat (by 2.69 pp) and calories (by 92.16 kJ∙100 g−1) than the skinless fillet, and over three times as much n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA), including eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids. In the skin-on fillet, the lipid oxidation and hydrolysis parameters were significantly higher, but did not deviate from the values specified for fresh fish and/or fish fit for consumption.

The article highlights the findings of a study concerning the occurrence of carp edema virus (CEV) and cyprinid herpesviruse 2 (CyHV-2) affecting Serbian cyprinid aquaculture and ichthyofauna. It mentions that mortalities occurred in common carp at water temperatures between 9 and 15°C. Also mentions that parasitological examinations, bacterial cultures, virus isolation and polymerase chain reaction (PCR)tests were performed.

The aim of this study was to determine whether melatonin (Mel), which is a known antioxidant and free radical scavenger, could perform the role of a preventive agent against the toxic effects of cadmium (Cd2+) on mortality, fish growth, gonadosomatic index (GSI), luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion, the response to hormonal stimulation of spawning, and also tissue accumulation of Cd in Prussian carp females. These females received melatonin implants and were exposed to 0.4 or 4.0 mg/L of Cd (as CdCl2·2.5H2O) over either a 5- or 3-month period, followed by further 2 months of purification in clear water. Negative changes caused by exposure to cadmium in the water were as follows: higher fish mortality, lower body weight, increased accumulation of cadmium in the brain and ovary, lowered GSI, impaired spontaneous LH secretion during exposure, and impaired LH secretion during stimulation of spawning. All of these effects were observed in the group of fish exposed to 0.4 and/or 4.0 mg Cd/L but did not occur or were less pronounced in the groups exposed to cadmium in the presence of melatonin released from the implants. During depuration, in the group of fish which had been exposed to the highest Cd concentration, we observed a significant improvement in fish survival rate, body growth, inhibition of further cadmium accumulation in tissues, and gradual return of spontaneous LH secretion as well as normalization of the GSI value to the control group levels. In conclusion, these findings indicate that melatonin can be a preventive agent for some toxic effects on fish reproduction induced by environmental cadmium contamination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The variation in the body shape of crucian and prussian carps has been studied by methods of geometric morphometrics in sympatric populations from two geographically close lakes in the Southern Urals subjected to different degrees of contamination with anthropogenic radionuclides. Along with particular interspecies features, interpopulation differences have been detected as multidirectional reorganization of cyprinid morphogenesis under different ecological conditions of adjacent lakes. The morphogenetic divergence of crucian carp from adjacent lakes is almost two times smaller than that of the prussian carp coexisting with them. The increased intragroup morphodiversity in prussian carp indicates incomplete adaptation of the fish to anthropogenic radionuclide contamination of the lakes and their high morphogenetic plasticity and high adaptive potential than in crucian carp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water pollution from industrial Metro Łódź (ML), Poland, made the Ner River almost fishless in its middle-lower course for most of the 19th and 20th century. The new sewage treatment plant of ML and reduction of industry have caused pollution abatement there since the 1990s. As a result, the Ner became repopulated, which was shown by fish samples collected along its course in 2000–2012. Multivariate statistical methods helped distinguish unpolluted (I and II, in the upper course), and recovered (III, IV and V, in the middle-lower course) sections of the river. Historical and present data indicated that section III (downstream of ML) recovered least, both before and during the study. Section V (outflow one) recovered most and its fish fauna (almost exclusively native) now displays high and stable biomass, abundance and species richness, including those of obligatory riverine species. Non-native Prussian carp's dominance followed the river degradation gradient, i.e. was highest in section III, and in section V declined to almost absence. This study shows that the revival of native fish fauna seems to be a method of restricting the dominance of this highly tolerant species. Despite the abatement, storm events are very harmful to fish (mostly in section III), because the Ner discharge may then increase manifold and all storm water is drained by the ML combined sewer system to the Ner in several hours. Other stressors are numerous dams and desorption of pollutants from sediment in the middle Ner, and perhaps pollutant inflow from agriculture or local urban areas. Some moderation of storm impact on water entering the Ner from ML by constructing buffer reservoirs would probably cause further fish recovery in section III. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A research on the effect of water temperature change on erythrocyte profile was conducted on Prussian carp (Carassius gibelio) from the Bardača area (BiH). The study included 38 individuals which were divided into two aquaria, adapted to experimental conditions and then subjected to different temperature regime. The control group had constant water temperature of 10ºC, while for treated fish water temperature was gradually increased to 20ºC for three days. Conducted analysis of erythrocyte profile, which includes erythrocyte count, hemoglobin concentration, packed cell volume, MCV, MCH and MCHC showed that individuals exposed to temperature increase had significantly higher values of erythrocyte count and packed cell volume, while control individuals had higher values of MCH and MCHC.

Background. Prussian carp, Carassius gibelio (Bloch, 1782), is one of the successful invaders of freshwater systems of Turkey. Although, Prussian carp has rapidly expanded its area of distribution in Anatolia during the last two decades, there is limited information about its biological features in new environments. In order to determine the impact of invasive species on ecosystem, the life history characteristics of an exotic fish species in different locations should be monitored. The presently reported study provides information about the growth and reproduction of Prussian carp introduced into a reservoir in Central Anatolia. Materials and methods. Age, growth, and reproduction of Prussian carp were studied during a 3-year period in Gelingüllü Reservoir, Kızılırmak River Basin. A total of 344 specimens were caught by gill nets. Age was determined from scales. Length–weight relation, von Bertalanffy equation, and specific growth rate were used to evaluate the fish growth. In order to assess growth and reproduction patterns, fecundity, GSI, and variations in oocyte size were determined. Results. Both males and females reached a maximum age of 5+ years. Fork length was 6–27 cm in males and 5.6–26.8 cm in females. Both sexes matured during their second year of life (1+ year). In the Gelingüllü Reservoir population the males were predominant¾the overall sex ratio was 1.39 : 1 (193 males to 139 females) and differed significantly from unity. The von Bertalanffy growth equation was Lt = 32.17 (1 – e–0.232(t – 0.094)) cm for males and Lt = 36.03 (1 – e–0.212(t – 0.205)) cm for females. Growth in length was approximately 70% in males and 85% in females during the first year of life. The somatic condition of the fish increased markedly during late spring and summer. A prolonged spawning period was observed from April to August. Maximum egg diameter was 1.51 mm and maximum absolute fecundity was 174 000 oocytes. Conclusion. Compared to previously published data, the studied Prussian carp population was characterized by more rapid growth during the first year of life, earlier maturity, higher fecundity, and a shorter life span. These life history characteristics are typical of invasive species.

The aim of this work was to compare the concentration of calcium and phosphorus and Ca/P ratio in the meat of Prussian carp (Carassius auratus gibelio) caught from the Lake Goplo. The study involved 14 individuals of fish caught in autumn (October, 26 2010). The muscles samples for analyses were taken from the whole body without the head and with the bones. Calcium concentration was determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometer Solar 969, Unicam. Phosphorus concentration was analysed using colorimetric method, by spectrophotometer Lambda 25, Perkin- Elmer. Measurements were performed at the analytical wavelength 430 nm. Analyses indicated that calcium concentration in the meat of Prussian carp was 5.63 gkg-1. The mean content of P in the meat was 2.38 gg-1. Ratio of calcium to phosphorus in the meat of Prussian carp was 2.37:1. As analysis of correlation indicated there was a negative and statistical significant correlation between calcium and phosphorus concentration in the meat and the body length and the body mass of analysed fish collected from the Lake Goplo.

Invasions of alien species are a serious problem worldwide. In Poland, among of 30 alien species recorded in aquatic environment Prussian carp (Carassius gibelio) draw increasing attention due to its exceptionally successful colonization. Therefore the aim of the work was to perform study on Prussian carp populations, including genetic testing, which may answer questions regarding the degree of variation and the reasons for success in new locations. The material for the study consisted of fin clips from 120 specimens of the species Prussian carp collected from five lakes in the Leszno Lakeland. Genetic variation within and between groups was analysed based on sequence analysis of control region (D-loop, mtDNA). Genetic analyses revealed variability in sequence length (Indel 353A), where in the group of sequences from Lakes Wonieść and Łoniewskie there was one sequence variant, with 555 base pairs, but from Lakes Osłonińsko-Górskie, Dominickie and Wielkie, consisted of variants of 554 (30%)and 555 (70%) base pairs. Presented work indicate that presence and spread of alien species may be used as an indicator of worsening environmental conditions, therefore analysed areas should be given special attention in the process of restoration to their original state.