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1. Unique structure and function of chloride transporting CLC proteins.

Author

Pusch, M. and Jentsch, T.J.

Abstract

CLC proteins are a large structurally defined family of Cl- ion channels and H+/Cl- antiporters with nine distinct genes in mammals. The membrane-embedded part of CLC proteins bears no obvious similarity to any other class of membrane proteins, while the cytoplasmic C-terminus of most eukaryotic and some prokaryotic CLCs contains two regions with homology to cystathionine beta synthase (CBS) domains that are found in other proteins as well. Different members serve a broad range of physiological roles, including stabilization of the membrane potential, transepithelial ion transport, and vesicular acidification. Their physiological importance is underscored by the causative involvement in at least four different human genetic diseases. From functional studies of the Torpedo homologue ClC-0, a homodimeric architecture with two physically separate ion conduction pathways was anticipated and fully confirmed by solving the crystal structure of prokaryotic CLC homologues. The structure revealed a complex fold of 18 α-helices per subunit with at least two Cl- ions bound in the center of each protopore. A critical glutamic acid residue was identified whose side-chain seems to occupy a third Clon binding site in the closed state and that moves away to allow Clinding. While the overall architecture and pore structure is certainly conserved from bacteria to humans, the bacterial proteins that were crystallized are actually not Cl- ion channels, but coupled H+/Cl$antiporters. These recent breakthroughs will allow us to study in further detail the structure, function, and the physiological and pathophysiological role of CLC proteins. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Published
2005
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2. Illustrated glossary of terms used in foraminiferal research

Author

Lukas Hottinger and Carnets Geol.,

Subjects
biformed, autogamy, canaliculate, Stratigraphy, processes, lectotype, chirality, glomerulus, 3d model, bulla, residual, spinose, teratological, neanic, enveloping, biserial, oral, parachomata, pseudopodia, apex, tongue, Golgi, meiosis, polarity, limbate, tooth, stellate, suture, gutter, unilocular, ridge, ridges, endoskeleton, ornamentation, homologous, supplementary, pirotheca, hamulus, plane, endemic, adauxiliary, pile, notch, reticulopodia, neotype, openings, topotype, pycnotheca, system, hemiseptula, monothalamous, pattern, equatorial, sutural, columella, uniserial, plug, megalospheric, cyst, shaft, pseudochamber, side, chessboard, hierarchy of terms, salients, cell, generotype, areal, pioneering, plates, speciation, costate, funnel, tubulospines, vacuolar, fissure, areolate, respiration, Autogamy, endoplasm, rim, pavement, filling, cavity, hole, schizont, pectination, microspheric, flabelliform, ventral, marginal, hypodermis, requirements, foramen, scrobis, flange, list, odd, whorl, pseudumbilicus, rhizopodia, acute, subembryonic, acervuline, convolute, symbiosis, toothplate, symbiont, haploid, protheca, polythalamous, cytoplasm, epitheca, community, orbitolinid, monolamellar, float-chamber, sphaeroconch, growth, supraembryonic, reduction, lobe, bilocular, holotype, pigeon, lcsh:Stratigraphy, surface, polar, structure, filaments, proxima, asexual, hypodigm, spirals, annulus, plate, layer, umbo, phenetic, progenitor, synonym, compartment, granule, antetheca, biology.organism_classification, cancellate, gerontic, sympatric, dendritic, passage, pylome, sealing, deuteroloculus, syntypes, coalescence, involute, orbitolitid, pits, Foraminifera, shape, joist, chevron, aboral, biconcave, protoconch, pseudokeriotheca, gametogamy, congeneric, triserial, auxiliary, proloculus, tunnel, membrane, costellae, agamont, counterseptum, micropaleontology, sieve, ponticulus, Geology, Ornaments, septulum, global, labyrinthic, triconch, rectilinear, light, perforate, ring, retral, index, zygote, pillar, coenocline, husbandry, tube, tubercle, intraumbilical, interpore, aperture, sipho, stolon, chamberlet, extraumbilical-umbilical, intern, retrovert, cupule, buccal, epiphyte, coil, dimorphism, planispiral, papilla, face, striae, chamber, allopatric, paratypes, intraseptal, spine-base, ultimate, regeneration, gamontogamy, reticular, comparative anatomy, knob, pore-pit, polyvalent, entosolenian, acuminate, advolute, interlocular, adapertural, apogamy, median, main, incisional, loculus, trough, accessory, periapertural, terminal, plastogamic, flagellum, sarcode, pseudospinose, foraminifer, attics, spiroconvex, alar, murus, wall, orbitoid, cuneate, lcsh:QE640-699, periembryonic, eucaryote, arborescent, body, pseudorbitoid, phrenotheca, transverse, proximal, host, lamelliform, coiling, exocytosis, secondary, actin, feeding, radius, valvular, reniform, hemiseptular, organic, subsidiary, abaxial, imperforate, spiroloculine, inflational, interseptum, rafter, blades, primary, intradermal, penultimate, distal, photoinhibition, cycle, maturation, biconvex, exoskeleton, Paleontology, extraumbilical, spike, acceleration, sigmoid, flexostyle, sinistral, trochoid, lcsh:Geology, arrangement, lcsh:Paleontology, adventitious, cotype, striate, cuniculus, mosaic, polygonal, evolute, metabolism, sheets, protoforamen, maturo-evolute, choma, species, buttress, furrow, type, nucleoconch, oblique, lip, lobes, nepionic, folium, interlamellar, adaxial, outer, foveolate, bipartitor, lamination, mitochondrion, nonlamellar, cover, deuteroconch, lcsh:QE701-760, selliform, lamella, diaphanotheca, apertures, fistulose, tectorium, cohort, textures, cone, succession, umbilicus, protoplasm, closing, depression, sulcus, euphotic, tectum, interradius, interseptal, annular, pilintradermal, trimorphism, calyx, prolongation, epiderm, spine, keel, parafossette, meandrine, septal, chloroplast, vestibule, basement, agglutinated, peripheral, floor, bilateral, venter, pore-chimney, generations, pore-fields, pustule, latero-marginal, climax, homonym, punctate, cameral, equitant, pseudospine, distinctly, vortex, fluting, A-form, microsphere, boss, cruciform, plectogyral, arenaceous, flap, pillars, trabecules, brood, Glossary, beading, synonymy, juvenarium, spiral, diploid, trochospiral, dorsal, hispid, chomatal, husband, lumen, textural, division, canalicular, perforation, balloon, intraseptular, parakeriotheca, ornaments, biconch, apparatus, blueprinting, biology, interauxiliary, cuneiform, lamellar, biloculine, intrathalamou, partition, gamont, multiple, disposition, test-structure, pairs, reflectus, [SDU.STU.PG] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Paleontology, section, clavate, plastogamy, life, test-composition, septular, carina, cyclical, cycles, jagged-granular, subepidermal, contrefort, isodiscodine, orbitoidal, test-architecture, canal, pore-funnel, mitosis, supplemental, photosynthesis, costae, serial, syntype, fusiform, interiomarginal, lining, nepiont, space, egg-holder, alveole, microstria, mask, network, glossary, maerl, preseptal, biumbonate, vicarious, four-stolon, organelle, proximus, orifice, porcelaneous, pore-plate, Microsphere, partner, trematophore, groove, labial, skeleton, parapores, crest, Protheca, plastid, paries, cribrate, reversed, bilamellar, axial, fossette, chamberlets, equator, acicular, style, sagittal, alveolar, alternating, murica, ectoplasm, individuals, associations, complex, architecture, retroparies, sheet, apical, embryo, instar, embryonic, progressive, infundibulum, radial, conspecific, alternation, milioline, trichome, vertical, test, inframarginal, tuberculate, pseudopore, orbitopsellid, megalosphere, attachment, Cuneiform, teeth, sessile, incrusting, lamellation, area, triloculine, pseudoplanktic, plesiotype, extrathalamous, neck, indistinctly, canals, granular, loop-hole, pyrenoid, flosculinisation, embryon, bifid, expanse-chamber, systems, cyclopsinellid, quinqueloculine, pore, texture, corona, biumbilicate, shoulder, umbilicoconvex, keriotheca, lateral, umbilical, pole, elongation, microtubule, envelope, thylacoid, astral, streptospiral, circumproloculus, axis, basal, apogamous, partitional, sigmoiline, cosmopolitan, spicular, interio-areal, agamogony, radiate, umbilicate, lcsh:QE1-996.5, cord, septalis, torsion, stratophenetics, intercameral, apertural, bead, phototropy, protopore, foliar, beam, dextral, tubulopor, marginoporid, zone, feathered, analogous, ephebic, inner, sere, peristome, saddle, pores, six-stolon, B-form, crystalline, epiembryonic, ramp, cubiculum, stellar, chambers, disclimax, Information retrieval, spiral-umbilical, anterior, template, veneer, extern, gamogony, bowl, microgranula, septum, reticulate, tubulin, fore-court, central, foramenal, pillar-pore, phialine, socculus
Abstract

An illustrated glossary of terms used in the analysis of the shells of recent and fossil foraminifera supplemented by a rigorous selection of terms that facilitate an understanding of their biology and their use in ecology and biostratigraphy. The glossary includes some 650 entries illustrated by 83 - often composite – figures many of which are stereographs or 3D models. A taxonomic index lists the 140 taxa illustrated.

Published
2006

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