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This study aimed to investigate the effects of a polyphenolic phytogenic feed additive (PFA) based on plant extracts, such as Embelia officinalis, Ocimum sanctum and nut fibre, on the redox status, haematological parameters, and piglet mortality in sows. A total of 64 primiparous sows were divided into two groups: T1-control group: regular gestation (GF) and lactation feed (LF), T2 group: regular GF and LF supplemented with a PFA (10 g daily) for 14 days before and 7 days after the farrowing. Blood samples were collected 0–3 h after farrowing. Haematological parameters (Packed Cell Volume/PCV, White Blood Cells/WBC, Platelets/PLTs) were counted in blood smears. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and protein carbonyls (CARBS) levels were determined in sow plasma. The performance and reproductive parameters of sows at farrowing and weaning days were recorded. The mean numbers of PCV and PLT counts in the T2 group were higher in comparison to the T1 group (p = 0.041, p = 0.033, respectively). In contrast, the mean numbers of WBC and neutrophils were almost significantly higher in the T2 group (p = 0.051). The mean number of stillborn piglets was significantly higher in the T1 group (2.12) compared to the T2 group (1.03). The mean number of alive piglets 24 h after farrowing and the mean number of the weaned piglets were significantly higher in group T2 (13.9 vs. 15.4 and 12.6 vs. 14.3). Sows in group T2 had significantly more backfat at weaning than the sows in group T1 (13.3 vs. 12.7). The mean levels of CARBS (nmol/mL) and TBARS (μmol/L) in group T1 (24.8 and 18.7) were significantly higher in comparison to group T2 (18.3 and 14.9). In conclusion, the use of a polyphenolic PFA in sows has beneficial effects on their welfare and performance due to its antioxidative effects. Furthermore, PFAs appear to exert antithrombotic, anti-inflammatory, and protective effects on PLTs, WBCs, and RBCs, respectively.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of a polyphenolic phytogenic feed additive (PFA) based on plant extracts, such as Embelia officinalis, Ocimum sanctum and nut fibre, on the redox status, haematological parameters, and piglet mortality in sows. A total of 64 primiparous sows were divided into two groups: T1-control group: regular gestation (GF) and lactation feed (LF), T2 group: regular GF and LF supplemented with a PFA (10 g daily) for 14 days before and 7 days after the farrowing. Blood samples were collected 0–3 h after farrowing. Haematological parameters (Packed Cell Volume/PCV, White Blood Cells/WBC, Platelets/PLTs) were counted in blood smears. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and protein carbonyls (CARBS) levels were determined in sow plasma. The performance and reproductive parameters of sows at farrowing and weaning days were recorded. The mean numbers of PCV and PLT counts in the T2 group were higher in comparison to the T1 group (p = 0.041, p = 0.033, respectively). In contrast, the mean numbers of WBC and neutrophils were almost significantly higher in the T2 group (p = 0.051). The mean number of stillborn piglets was significantly higher in the T1 group (2.12) compared to the T2 group (1.03). The mean number of alive piglets 24 h after farrowing and the mean number of the weaned piglets were significantly higher in group T2 (13.9 vs. 15.4 and 12.6 vs. 14.3). Sows in group T2 had significantly more backfat at weaning than the sows in group T1 (13.3 vs. 12.7). The mean levels of CARBS (nmol/mL) and TBARS (μmol/L) in group T1 (24.8 and 18.7) were significantly higher in comparison to group T2 (18.3 and 14.9). In conclusion, the use of a polyphenolic PFA in sows has beneficial effects on their welfare and performance due to its antioxidative effects. Furthermore, PFAs appear to exert antithrombotic, anti-inflammatory, and protective effects on PLTs, WBCs, and RBCs, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, and systemic resistance to insulin are typical manifestations of type 2 diabetes mellitus. One of the main pathophysiological alterations in insulin-sensitive organs is mitochondrial malfunction associated with oxidative stress and diminished fuel utilization. β-Caryophyllene (BCP) has qualities that are anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, antioxidant, hypolipidemic, and hypoglycemic. In this work, rats suffering from type 2 diabetes were given a diet high in fat and sugar with the aim of examining the ameliorative effects of BCP on oxidative stress-mediated hepatic mitochondrial dysfunction. Methods: The diabetic condition was experimentally induced by feeding rats a highcalorie diet. The rats were then administered the recommended doses of BCP and metformin (MET) once every day for 30 days at 200 mg and 50 mg concentrations per kg of body weight, respectively, to prove the hypothesis of the study that BCP ameliorates mitochondrial dysfunction induced by oxidative stress in diabetic rats. Mitochondrial dysfunction can be identified by indicators such as oxidative stress, cardiolipin dienes, membrane phospholipid concentration, and mitochondrial enzymes. Results: The mitochondria in the liver of rats with diabetes exhibit elevated redox imbalance-related parameters and malfunctioning mitochondria with peroxided cardiolipin, while their amounts of glutathione and phospholipids are lowered. Oxidative stress indices, ameliorated mitochondrial activities, and peroxided cardiolipin were drastically decreased in rats with diabetes treated with BCP or MET. Conclusions: The present research demonstrated that BCP improved the vital role of mitochondria by reducing free radical dominance in type 2 diabetic experimental rats fed high-fat and high-sugar diets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hibernation confers resistance to ischemia–reperfusion injury in tissue, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Suppression of mitochondrial respiration during torpor may contribute to this tolerance. To explore this concept, we subjected isolated liver mitochondria from torpid, interbout euthermic (IBE) and summer 13-lined ground squirrels (Ictidomys tridecemlineatus) to 5 min of anoxia, followed by reoxygenation (A/R). We also included rat liver mitochondria as a non-hibernating comparison group. Maximum respiration rates of mitochondria from torpid ground squirrels were not affected by A/R, but in IBE and summer, these rates decreased by 50% following A/R and in rats they decreased by 80%. Comparing net ROS production rates among groups, revealed seasonal differences; mitochondria from IBE and torpor produced 75% less ROS than summer ground squirrels and rats. Measurements of oxidative damage to these mitochondria, both freshly isolated, as well as pre- and post-A/R, demonstrated elevated damage to protein, but not lipids, in all groups. Hibernation likely generates oxidative stress, as freshly isolated mitochondria had greater protein damage in torpor and IBE than in summer and rats. When comparing markers of damage pre- and post-A/R, we found that when RET was active, rat macromolecules were more damaged than when RET is inhibited, but in TLGS markers of damage were similar. This result suggests that suppression of RET during hibernation, both in torpor and IBE, lessens oxidative stress produced during arousal. Taken together our study suggests that ischemia–reperfusion tolerance at the mitochondrial level is associated with metabolically suppressed oxidative phosphorylation during hibernation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Cold-induced sweetening (CIS) of potatoes is an industrial problem. Tuber antioxidant activity during cold storage may relate to CIS-resistance and quality storage but not well studied. CIS and antioxidant activity were measured in tubers of eleven potato genotypes during cold storage of four months. During first month, tubers were found to lose starch and produce CIS but improve starch later between 1-2 months. Loss of starch during first month was seen less and gain of starch between 1-2 months was seen high in CIS-resistant genotypes versus CIS-susceptible genotypes. Acid invertase activity increased during first month but this increase was related to CIS in CIS-susceptible genotypes as CIS-resistant genotypes also increased acid invertase. Redox state of ascorbate decreased and H2O2 increased during first month of storage and this change was related to CIS-susceptibility. Catalase and peroxidase levels at one month of storage related to CIS-resistance. During further storage, redox state of ascorbate decreased, H2O2/toxicity increased but tuber quality related to maintained antioxidant levels specially in the form of catalase. Results concluded that genotype with high tuber antioxidant activity may be beneficial for both CIS-resistance and quality storage.

Introduction: Uremic retention solutes have been alleged to induce the apoptotic program of different cell types, including peripheral blood mononuclear leukocytes (PBL), which may contribute to uremic leukopenia and immune dysfunction. Methods: The molecular effects of these solutes were investigated in uremic PBL (u-PBL) and mononuclear cell lines (THP-1 and K562) exposed to the high molecular weight fraction of uremic plasma (u-HMW) prepared by in vitro ultrafiltration with 50 kDa cut-off microconcentrators. Results: u-PBL show reduced cell viability and increased apoptotic death compared to healthy control PBL (c-PBL). u-HMW induce apoptosis both in u-PBL and c-PBL, as well as in mononuclear cell lines, also stimulating cellular H2O2 formation and secretion, IRE1-α-mediated endoplasmic reticulum stress signaling, and JNK/cJun pathway activation. Also, u-HMW induce autophagy in THP-1 monocytes. u-PBL were characterized by the presence in their cellular proteome of the main proteins and carbonylation targets of u-HMW, namely albumin, transferrin, and fibrinogen, and by the increased expression of receptor for advanced glycation end-products, a scavenger receptor with promiscuous ligand binding properties involved in leukocyte activation and endocytosis. Conclusions: Large uremic solutes induce abnormal endocytosis and terminal alteration of cellular proteostasis mechanisms in PBL, including UPR/ER stress response and autophagy, ultimately activating the JNK-mediated apoptotic signaling of these cells. These findings describe the suicidal role of immune cells in facing systemic proteostasis alterations of kidney disease patients, a process that we define as the immuno-proteostasis response of uremia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glucose variability (GV), which describes fluctuations in blood glucose levels within the day, is a phenomenon that is increasingly becoming the target of scientific attention when it comes to increased risk of coronary heart disease. Effects of GV may contribute to the development of metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. Hyperglycemia can lead to oxidative stress resulting in molecular damage due to accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). To discover more about the immediate effects of GV, continuous vs. bolus intravenous glucose administration was applied to 10 healthy men aged 21–30 years over a time frame of 48 h. Whole blood and plasma were analyzed for DNA damage using a comet assay with 3 different treatments (lysis buffer, H2O2, and the lesion-specific enzyme formamidopyrimidine DNA glycosylase (FPG)) as well as for the oxidative stress markers protein carbonyls (PC), unconjugated bilirubin (UCB), and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). A significant time effect was found in the three DNA damage treatments as well as in PC and UCB possibly due to circadian changes on oxidative stress, but no intervention group effect was observed for any of the markers. In conclusion, bolus vs. continuous glucose administration had no significant acute effect on DNA damage and markers of oxidative stress in healthy men. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aimed to investigate the effects of a commercial phytogenic feed additive (PFA) on the prevention of post-weaning diarrhea and oxidative stress in piglets. The concentrations of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and protein carbonyls (CARBS) were investigated as biomarkers for oxidative damage, as were the health and performance parameters of weaned piglets. In total, 100 weaned piglets were divided into two groups: a control group (T1), which was fed regular weaning feed; an experimental group (T2), which was fed regular weaning feed supplemented with a phenolic feed additive (PFA) for 3 weeks. The TBARS and CARBS concentrations in plasma samples from 20 piglets per group were measured at 45 and 65 days of age. Fecal samples were collected from 24 weaned piglets per group using FTA ELUTE cards. Diarrhea score, body weight (BW) at weaning, and average daily weight gain (ADWG) were recorded. The TBARS (p < 0.001) and CARBS (p = 0.001) concentrations were significantly higher in the T1 group compared to those in the T2 group. The lowest diarrhea score was noted in the T2 group for the age groups of 45 (p < 0.001) and 65 days (p = 0.008). In conclusion, the use of a phenolic PFA in the current study had beneficial antioxidative and antimicrobial effects on weaned piglets, which improved their health and growth performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects of the ageing period (1, 7, 14, and 21 days) on the quality parameters, sensory attributes, and oxidative stability of loins (longissimuss lumborum muscle) obtained from twelve Simmental calves less than 8 months old and slaughtered in a commercial processing plant. After 21 days, the colour of veal samples became yellower (increase in b* colour parameter value), and the instrumentally-measured texture improved (Warner-Bratzler shear force decreased from 84.61 N to 56.79 N). Ageing time enhanced sensory-evaluated tenderness, juiciness, aroma, and flavour. The amount of the lipid oxidation product determined as thiobarbituric acid reactive substance content remained unchanged; in contrast, the amount of protein carbonyls increased, without compromising veal quality.

Abstract Background Obstructive jaundice induces oxidative changes in the brain parenchyma and plays significant role in clinical manifestations of hepatic encephalopathy. We aim to study the progression of the brain oxidative status over time and the differences of its pattern over the hemispheres, the brainstem and the cerebellum. We use an experimental model in rats and measuring the oxidative stress (OS) specific biomarkers protein malondialdehyde (PrMDA) and protein carbonyls (PrC = O). Results Hyperbilirubinemia has been confirmed in all study groups as the result of common bile duct obstruction. We confirmed increase in both PrMDA and PrC = O biomarkers levels with different type of changes over time. We also confirmed that the oxidative process develops differently in each of the brain areas in study. Conclusions The present study confirms the progressive increase in OS in all brain areas studied using markers indicative of cumulative protein modification.

In vertebrates, developmental conditions can have long-term effects on individual performance. It is increasingly recognized that oxidative stress could be one physiological mechanism connecting early-life experience to adult phenotype. Accordingly, markers of oxidative status could be useful for assessing the developmental constraints encountered by offspring. Although some studies have demonstrated that developmental constraints are associated with high levels of oxidative stress in offspring, it remains unclear how growth, parental behavior, and brood competition may altogether affect oxidative stress in long-lived species in the wild. Here, we investigated this question in a long-lived Antarctic bird species by testing the impact of brood competition (e.g., brood size and hatching order) on body mass and on two markers of oxidative damage in Adélie penguin chicks. We also examined the influence of parental effort (i.e., foraging trip duration) and parental body condition on chick body mass and oxidative damage. First, we found that brood competition and parental traits had significant impacts on chick body mass. Second, we found that chick age and, to a lesser extent, chick body mass were two strong determinants of the levels of oxidative damage in Adélie penguin chicks. Finally, and importantly, we also found that brood competition significantly increased the levels of one marker of oxidative damage and was associated with a lower survival probability. However, parental effort and parental condition were not significantly linked to chick levels of oxidative damage. Overall, our study demonstrates that sibling competition can generate an oxidative cost even for this long-lived Antarctic species with a limited brood size (maximum of two chicks). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia that occurs in the brain. This is a chronic neurodegenerative disease which is valid in 60–70% of all dementia patients. Boron, regarded as a potential antioxidant, has the effect of reducing oxidative stress. Taurine, as one of the thiol-containing amino acids, exists at different concentrations in both the neurons and glial cells of the central nervous system. It plays an important role in the protective and adjuvant therapies as an antioxidant due to its characteristics of maintaining the oxidant-antioxidant balance of the body as well as cell integrity and increasing body resistance. Based on this information, our objective was to reveal the effect of boron alone, taurine alone plus co-administration of taurine and boron application on brain tissue protein carbonyls (PC) and serum advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP) levels in the experimental Alzheimer's model. For this purpose, 5 groups were formed in our study which consisted of 30 Wistar albino male rats. The rats were given a single dose of STZ stereotaxically. At the end of this period, the rats were decapitated, plus their brain tissues and blood were removed. Our findings suggested that taurine alone and co-administration of boron and taurine had a decreasing effect on AOPP and PC levels of the experimental Alzheimer model of the rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to test the phytotoxicity and mode of action of bisphenol A (BPA) on Allium cepa using a multibiomarker approach. A. cepa roots were exposed to BPA in concentration range 0–50 mg L−1 for 3 days. BPA even in the lowest applied concentration (1 mg L−1) reduced root length, root fresh weight, and mitotic index. Additionally, the lowest BPA concentration (1 mg L−1) decreased the level of gibberellic acid (GA3) in root cells. BPA at concentration 5 mg L−1 increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that was followed by increase in oxidative damage to cells' lipids and proteins and activity of enzyme superoxide dismutase. BPA in higher concentrations (25 and 50 mg L−1) induced genome damage detected as an increase in micronucleus (MNs) and nuclear buds (NBUDs). BPA at >25 mg L−1 induced synthesis of phytochemicals. Results of this study using multibiomarker approach indicate that BPA is phytotoxic to A. cepa roots and has shown genotoxic potential to plants, thus its presence in the environment should be monitored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oxidative stress is proposed in the literature as an important player in the development of CHF and correlates with left ventricle (LV) dysfunction and hypertrophy in the failing heart. In this study, we aimed to verify if the serum oxidative stress markers differ in chronic heart failure (CHF) patients' groups depending on the LV geometry and function. Patients were stratified into two groups according to left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) values: HFrEF (<40% (n = 27)) and HFpEF (≥40% (n = 33)). Additionally, patients were stratified into four groups according to LV geometry: NG–normal left ventricle geometry (n = 7), CR–concentric remodeling (n = 14), cLVH–concentric LV hypertrophy (n = 16), and eLVF–eccentric LV hypertrophy (n = 23). We measured protein (protein carbonyl (PC), nitrotyrosine (NT-Tyr), dityrosine), lipid (malondialdehyde (MDA), oxidizes (HDL) oxidation and antioxidant (catalase activity, total plasma antioxidant capacity (TAC) markers in serum. Transthoracic echocardiogram analysis and lipidogram were also performed. We found that oxidative (NT-Tyr, dityrosine, PC, MDA, oxHDL) and antioxidative (TAC, catalase) stress marker levels did not differ between the groups according to LVEF or LV geometry. NT-Tyr correlated with PC (rs = 0.482, p = 0.000098), and oxHDL (rs = 0.278, p = 0.0314). MDA correlated with total (rs = 0.337, p = 0.008), LDL (rs = 0.295, p = 0.022) and non-HDL (rs = 0.301, p = 0.019) cholesterol. NT-Tyr negatively correlated with HDL cholesterol (rs = -0.285, p = 0.027). LV parameters did not correlate with oxidative/antioxidative stress markers. Significant negative correlations were found between the end-diastolic volume of the LV and the end-systolic volume of the LV and HDL-cholesterol (rs = –0.935, p < 0.0001; rs = –0.906, p < 0.0001, respectively). Significant positive correlations between both the thickness of the interventricular septum and the thickness of the LV wall and the levels of triacylglycerol in serum (rs = 0.346, p = 0.007; rs = 0.329, p = 0.010, respectively) were found. In conclusions, we did not find a difference in serum concentrations of both oxidant (NT-Tyr, PC, MDA) and antioxidant (TAC and catalase) concentrations in CHF patients' groups according to LV function and geometry was found. The geometry of the LV could be related to lipid metabolism in CHF patients, and no correlation between oxidative/antioxidant and LV markers in CHF patients was found. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Skin plays an important role in protection, metabolism, thermoregulation, sensation, and excretion whilst being consistently exposed to environmental aggression, including biotic and abiotic stresses. During the generation of oxidative stress in the skin, the epidermal and dermal cells are generally regarded as the most affected regions. The participation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) as a result of environmental fluctuations has been experimentally proven by several researchers and is well known to contribute to ultra-weak photon emission via the oxidation of biomolecules (lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids). More recently, ultra-weak photon emission detection techniques have been introduced to investigate the conditions of oxidative stress in various living systems in in vivo, ex vivo and in vitro studies. Research into two-dimensional photon imaging is drawing growing attention because of its application as a non-invasive tool. We monitored spontaneous and stress-induced ultra-weak photon emission under the exogenous application of a Fenton reagent. The results showed a marked difference in the ultra-weak photon emission. Overall, these results suggest that triplet carbonyl (3C=O∗) and singlet oxygen (1O2) are the final emitters. Furthermore, the formation of oxidatively modified protein adducts and protein carbonyl formation upon treatment with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) were observed using an immunoblotting assay. The results from this study broaden our understanding of the mechanism of the generation of ROS in skin layers and the formation/contribution of various excited species can be used as tools to determine the physiological state of the organism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects of the ageing period (1, 7, 14, and 21 days) on the quality parameters, sensory attributes, and oxidative stability of loins (longissimuss lumborum muscle) obtained from twelve Simmental calves less than 8 months old and slaughtered in a commercial processing plant. After 21 days, the colour of veal samples became yellower (increase in b* colour parameter value), and the instrumentally-measured texture improved (Warner-Bratzler shear force decreased from 84.61 N to 56.79 N). Ageing time enhanced sensory-evaluated tenderness, juiciness, aroma, and flavour. The amount of the lipid oxidation products determined as thiobarbituric acid reactive substance content remained unchanged; in contrast, the amount of protein carbonyls increased, without compromising veal quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oxidative stress is associated with playing soccer. The objective of the present report was to study the influence of different polyphenolic antioxidant-rich beverages in five-a-side/futsal players. The study was performed with a no supplemented control group (CG) and two supplemented groups with an almond-based beverage (AB) and the same beverage fortified with Lippia citriodora extract (AB + LE). At day 22, participants played a friendly futsal game. Blood extractions were performed at the beginning of intervention (day 1), before and after match (day 22) to determine oxidative stress markers and antioxidant enzyme activities in plasma, neutrophils and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Malondialdehyde increased significantly in controls after the match in neutrophils, PBMCs and plasma compared to pre-match. Protein carbonyls also increased after the match in plasma in CG. In addition, malondialdehyde levels in neutrophils were significantly lower in the supplemented groups compared to controls. Post-match samples showed significant increases in neutrophil antioxidant activities in CG. Supplemented groups displayed variable results regarding neutrophil antioxidant activities, with superoxide dismutase activity significantly lower than in controls. Finally, post-match myeloperoxidase activity increased significantly in controls compared to pre-match and supplemented groups. In conclusion, polyphenolic antioxidant and anti-inflammatory supplements could be instrumental for optimal recovery after high intensity futsal games. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Postprandial oxidative stress has been shown to promote atherosclerosis. Grape pomace (GP) is a source of similar-to-wine bioactive micro-constituents with known antioxidant properties. The aim of the present study was to evaluate metabolic and oxidative stress responses after the intake of grape pomace (GP) extract along with a high-fat meal, in normal and overweight healthy women. In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study, 18 women were finally included, 11 with BMI < 25 kg/m2 and 7 with BMI > 25 kg/m2, and consumed a high-fat meal with placebo or GP extract capsules in two separate visits. Blood samples were collected before and 6 h after the consumption. Measurements included basic biochemical markers, uric acid (UA), protein carbonyls (PC), thiobarbituric acid substance (TBARS) levels, as well as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities. At certain time points, the GP extract consumption in normal-weight women reduced UA, TBARS levels, and SOD activity, whereas it increased UA and reduced PC levels in overweight/obese women, compared to the placebo. GP-derived bioactive compounds may exert antioxidant actions during the postprandial state in healthy women, through different mechanisms according to their BMI status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pharmaceutical pollution of water bodies is among the top-notch environmental health risks all over the world. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of two common pharmaceuticals namely ibuprofen and gemfibrozil on zebrafish at environmentally relevant concentrations. In zebrafish liver, gemfibrozil caused a decrease in glutathione and glutathione transferase and an increase in catalase but had no effect on lipid peroxidation and protein carbonylation. Ibuprofen altered the antioxidant defense system, promoted protein carbonylation in zebrafish liver, and increased vitellogenin-like protein in the blood. Ibuprofen and particularly gemfibrozil induced lysosomes biogenesis. Lactate dehydrogenase in the blood was also found to be higher in the studied groups. Studied pharmaceuticals did not affect complex II of the electron respiratory chain. Ibuprofen affects zebrafish health status more profoundly than gemfibrozil. Our results showed that pharmaceuticals even in low, environmentally realistic concentrations, induced profound changes in the stress-responsive systems of zebrafish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Obstructive jaundice induces oxidative changes in the brain parenchyma and plays significant role in clinical manifestations of hepatic encephalopathy. We aim to study the progression of the brain oxidative status over time and the differences of its pattern over the hemispheres, the brainstem and the cerebellum. We use an experimental model in rats and measuring the oxidative stress (OS) specific biomarkers protein malondialdehyde (PrMDA) and protein carbonyls (PrC = O). Results: Hyperbilirubinemia has been confirmed in all study groups as the result of common bile duct obstruction. We confirmed increase in both PrMDA and PrC = O biomarkers levels with different type of changes over time. We also confirmed that the oxidative process develops differently in each of the brain areas in study. Conclusions: The present study confirms the progressive increase in OS in all brain areas studied using markers indicative of cumulative protein modification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nitisinone (NTBC) was recently approved to treat alkaptonuria (AKU), but there is no information on its impact on oxidative stress and inflammation, which are observed in AKU. Therefore, serum samples collected during the clinical studies SONIA1 (40 AKU patients) and SONIA2 (138 AKU patients) were tested for Serum Amyloid A (SAA), CRP and IL-8 by ELISA; Advanced Oxidation Protein Products (AOPP) by spectrophotometry; and protein carbonyls by Western blot. Our results show that NTBC had no significant effects on the tested markers except for a slight but statistically significant effect for NTBC, but not for the combination of time and NTBC, on SAA levels in SONIA2 patients. Notably, the majority of SONIA2 patients presented with SAA > 10 mg/L, and 30 patients in the control group (43.5%) and 40 patients (58.0%) in the NTBC-treated group showed persistently elevated SAA > 10 mg/L at each visit during SONIA2. Higher serum SAA correlated with lower quality of life and higher morbidity. Despite no quantitative differences in AOPP, the preliminary analysis of protein carbonyls highlighted patterns that deserve further investigation. Overall, our results suggest that NTBC cannot control the sub-clinical inflammation due to increased SAA observed in AKU, which is also a risk factor for developing secondary amyloidosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aimed to investigate the effects of a commercial phytogenic feed additive (PFA) on the prevention of post-weaning diarrhea and oxidative stress in piglets. The concentrations of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and protein carbonyls (CARBS) were investigated as biomarkers for oxidative damage, as were the health and performance parameters of weaned piglets. In total, 100 weaned piglets were divided into two groups: a control group (T1), which was fed regular weaning feed; an experimental group (T2), which was fed regular weaning feed supplemented with a phenolic feed additive (PFA) for 3 weeks. The TBARS and CARBS concentrations in plasma samples from 20 piglets per group were measured at 45 and 65 days of age. Fecal samples were collected from 24 weaned piglets per group using FTA ELUTE cards. Diarrhea score, body weight (BW) at weaning, and average daily weight gain (ADWG) were recorded. The TBARS (p < 0.001) and CARBS (p = 0.001) concentrations were significantly higher in the T1 group compared to those in the T2 group. The lowest diarrhea score was noted in the T2 group for the age groups of 45 (p < 0.001) and 65 days (p = 0.008). In conclusion, the use of a phenolic PFA in the current study had beneficial antioxidative and antimicrobial effects on weaned piglets, which improved their health and growth performance.

When the amount of reactive oxygen species produced by human metabolism cannot be balanced by antioxidants, this phenomenon is commonly referred to as oxidative stress. It is hypothesised that diets with high amounts of plant food products may have a beneficial impact on oxidative stress status. However, few studies have examined whether a vegan diet is associated with lower oxidative stress compared to an omnivorous diet. The present cross-sectional study aimed to compare the levels of five oxidative stress biomarkers in vegans and omnivores. Data of 36 vegans and 36 omnivores from Germany and of 21 vegans and 18 omnivores from Finland were analysed. HPLC coupled with mass spectrometry or fluorescence detection and ELISA methods were used to measure the oxidative stress biomarkers malondialdehyde (MDA), protein carbonyls and 3-nitrotyrosine in plasma and 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and 8-iso-prostaglandin F2α (8-iso-PGF2α) in 24 h urine. Analyses of variance and covariance, considering potential confounders, were used. Vegans and omnivores showed no differences in MDA and protein carbonyl concentrations. In Finnish but not in German vegans, the concentrations of 3-nitrotyrosine were lower compared to those in omnivores (p = 0.047). In Germany, vegans showed lower excretion levels of 8-iso-PGF2α than omnivores (p = 0.002) and with a trend also of 8-OHdG (p = 0.05). The sensitivity analysis suggests lower 8-iso-PGF2α excretion levels in women compared to men, independently of the dietary group. The present study contributes to expanding our knowledge of the relationship between diet and oxidative stress and showed that 3-nitrotyrosine, 8-OHdG and 8-iso-PGF2α tended to be lower in vegans. Furthermore, studies are recommended to validate the present findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Muscle is a highly organized apparatus with a hierarchic microstructure that offers the protection of cellular components against reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, fresh meat immediately postmortem and meat undergoing processing become susceptible to oxidation due to physical disruption and the influx of molecular oxygen. Upon the activation by endogenous prooxidants, oxygen species are rapidly produced, and both myofibrillar and sarcoplasmic proteins become their primary targets. Direct ROS attack of amino acid sidechains and peptide backbone leads to protein conformational changes, conversion to carbonyl and thiol derivatives, and subsequent aggregation and polymerization. Interestingly, mild radical and nonradical oxidation enables orderly protein physicochemical changes, which explains why gels formed by ROS-modified myofibrillar protein have improved rheological properties and binding potential in comminuted meat and meat emulsions. The incorporation of phenolic and other multifunctional compounds promotes gel network formation, fat emulsification, and water immobilization; however, extensive protein modification induced by high levels of ROS impairs protein functionality. Once neglected but now recognized to be a natural occurrence, protein oxidation has drawn much interest and is being intensively studied within the international community of meat science. This review describes the history and evolution of muscle protein oxidation, the mechanism and functionality impact hereof, and innovative oxidant/antioxidant strategies to control and manipulate oxidation in the context of meat processing, storage, and quality. It is hoped that the review will stimulate in-depth discussion of scientific as well as industrial relevance and importance of protein oxidation and inspire robust international collaboration in addressing this underappreciated challenge.

Dynamics of the relative parameters, such as an oxidative modification (carbonylation) of tissue proteins and activities of proteases which control the quality and degrade damaged proteins including oxidized ones (proteasomes) was studied in the liver of reared rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walb.) during the periods supporting fish growth and those affecting with natural adverse factors. For both indices a correlation with the fish growth rate was found, which reflected the level of basic metabolism and oxidative processes: positive (r = 0.42, p < 0.01) for the concentration of protein carbonyls and negative (r = –0.46, p < 0.01) for the proteasome activity. In fish affected by damaging factors the physiological dynamics of generation and degradation of protein carbonyls was disturbed. In particular, a short-term hypoxia induced by a drop of the level of the water-dissolved oxygen and metabolic depression at the end of the ice-cover period caused a decrease in the oxidative damage of fish liver proteins, whereas infection pathogens, on the contrary, supported accumulation of oxidized proteins, which was less pronounced when a plant supplement with antioxidant activity was included in the diet. Under the test conditions, the activity of proteases playing a leading role in the maintenance of cell proteostasis upon oxidative stress was only increased in the presence of multiple stressors, namely, hypoxia followed by fish infection. An experimental diet including natural bioactive compounds did not change physiological dynamics of protein oxidation and their degradation rate in the fish grown under optimal conditions but supported a balance of this system and, in general, increased the resistance of fish to damaging factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Evidence from research studies reports that wine consumption is associated with lower cardiovascular disease risk, partly through the amelioration of oxidative stress. The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of regular light to moderate wine consumption from coronary heart disease (CHD) patients compared to the effect induced by alcohol intake without the presence of wine microconstituents, on oxidation-induced macromolecular damage as well as on endogenous antioxidant enzyme activity. A randomized, single-blind, controlled, three-arm parallel intervention was carried out, in which 64 CHD patients were allocated to three intervention groups. Group A consumed no alcohol, and Group B (wine) and Group C (ethanol) consumed 27 g of alcohol/day for 8 weeks. Blood and urine samples were collected at baseline and at 4 and 8 weeks. Urine oxidized guanine species levels, protein carbonyls, thiobarbituric acid substances (TBARS) levels, as well as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities, were measured. Oxidized guanine species and protein carbonyl levels were significantly increased in the ethanol group during the intervention and were significantly decreased in the wine group. These results support the idea that wine's bioactive compounds may exert antioxidant actions that counteract the macromolecular oxidative damage induced by alcohol in CHD patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is evidence that reactive oxygen species, especially free radicals, produced during the immune and inflammatory response may play important roles in the development of asthma.We aimed to evaluate the levels of certain oxidative stress biomarkers and antioxidant capacity in asthma patients with different asthma control levels in comparison to healthy subjects. A total of 120 adult allergic asthma patients and 120 healthy individuals were included in this study. Using spectrophotometric methods, we analyzed two oxidative stress markers, levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and protein carbonyls (PC), as well as reduced glutathione (GSH), total antioxidant capacity (FRAP) and catalase activity as critical antioxidant defense parameters in the blood samples of allergic asthma patients and healthy controls. The patients were divided into 3 subgroups according to asthma control test (ACT) results: totally controlled (TCG), partially controlled (PCG) and uncontrolled (UCG) subgroups. All biomarkers were compared between the three patient subgroups, as well as between total asthma patients and control subjects. There were remarkable differences between the control group and the combined patient group for all parameters. A significant increase in MDA and PC, especially in the UCG (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05, respectively) was detected in comparison to other subgroups. Additionally, increased MDA and PC levels, as well as decreased GSH levels were observed in all subgroups individually in comparison to the control (p < 0.001). This research demonstrates the presence of severe oxidative stress, considering the increase in lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation, in patients with allergic asthma, even under controlled conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Piperine (1-piperoyl piperidine), a major alkaloid constituent of Piper nigrum L. and Piper longum L. has pleiotropic biological effects, but the mechanism(s) involved remain to be elucidated. The current study was conducted to examine the efficacy of antioxidant ability of piperine on t-BHP induced markers of oxidative stress in human erythrocytes. Healthy human erythrocytes and erythrocytes membrane was stressed with free radical inducer chemical; t-BHP (10−5 M), and the effects of piperine was measured against free radical mediated modification in lipid and protein content, –SH and GSH value with antioxidant potential. The results demonstrate that treatment of erythrocytes with piperine (10−5 to 10−7 M) significantly (p<0.05) ameliorated the adverse consequences of oxidative stress as evidenced by prevention of oxidation of erythrocyte reduced glutathione, membrane thiols, proteins, and peroxidation of lipids; the effects were in correlation with ferric reducing and radical scavenging abilities of piperine. The study concludes that piperine possesses potent anti-oxidant potential which may explain many of its observed biological effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Septic shock is a life-threatening dysregulated response to severe infection and is associated with elevated oxidative stress. We aimed to assess protein carbonyls in critically ill patients with different sources of sepsis and determine the effect of vitamin C intervention on protein carbonyl concentrations. Critically ill patients with septic shock (n = 40) were recruited, and sources of sepsis and ICU severity scores were recorded. The patients were randomised to receive either intravenous vitamin C (100 mg/kg body weight/day) or placebo infusions. Blood samples were collected at baseline and daily for up to three days for measurement of cell counts, vitamin C concentrations, protein carbonyls, C-reactive protein, and myeloperoxidase concentrations. Protein carbonyl concentrations increased 2.2-fold in the cohort over the duration of the study (from 169 to 369 pmol/mg protein; p = 0.03). There were significant correlations between protein carbonyl concentrations and ICU severity scores (APACHE III r = 0.47 and SOFA r = 0.37; p < 0.05) at baseline. At study admission, the patients with pneumonia had nearly 3-fold higher protein carbonyl concentrations relative to the patients with other sources of sepsis (435 vs 157 pmol/mg protein, p < 0.0001). The septic patients had deficient vitamin C status at baseline (9.8 ± 1.4 μmol/L). This increased to 456 ± 90 μmol/L following three days of intravenous vitamin C intervention. Vitamin C intervention did not attenuate the increase in protein carbonyl concentrations. Circulating protein carbonyls are specifically elevated in critically ill patients with pneumonia relative to other sources of sepsis. The reasons for this are currently unclear and may indicate a mechanism unique to pulmonary sources of sepsis. Intravenous vitamin C administration did not attenuate the increase in protein carbonyls over time. [Display omitted] • Protein carbonyls increase over time in critically ill patients with septic shock. • Protein carbonyls correlate with ICU severity scores (APACHE III and SOFA). • Patients with pneumonia have 3-fold higher protein carbonyl concentrations. • Intravenous vitamin C administration does not attenuate increase in protein carbonyls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Assess the variability and differences in oxidative stress, antioxidant, and inflammatory biomarkers in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) and healthy controls. Methods: Ten men and women diagnosed with T2D and ten healthy matched controls (CON) were recruited. Participants had venous blood taken at six different time points on different days, three in the morning (after overnight fast) and three in the afternoon. Inflammation (IL-6, 8, 10 and TNF-α), oxidative stress/antioxidant biomarkers (F2-isoprostanes, protein carbonyls, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), glutathione peroxidase activity, IL-6, 8 & 10 and TNF-α) were assessed. Results: Biomarker concentrations were similar between groups. There was large variability in nearly all biomarkers for both groups. For inflammatory measures, intra-individual coefficients of variation (CV) ranged from 64.0–92.1% and 100.9–259.0% for inter-individual differences. CVs for oxidative stress markers were lower (7.4–31.2% for intra-individual and 8.6–43.0% for inter-individual). TAC had the lowest intra-individual CV – 7% for T2D and 8% for CON. Protein carbonyls were more variable in the afternoon (34% CV) compared to morning (24% CV) in CON. IL-6 intra-individual CV was different between groups for afternoon measurements (93% T2D, 60% CON). Conclusion: Oxidative stress and inflammatory biomarkers show considerable variation in both T2D and healthy populations. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01206725.

Oxidative stress is proposed in the literature as an important player in the development of CHF and correlates with left ventricle (LV) dysfunction and hypertrophy in the failing heart. In this study, we aimed to verify if the serum oxidative stress markers differ in chronic heart failure (CHF) patients’ groups depending on the LV geometry and function. Patients were stratified into two groups according to left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) values: HFrEF (n = 27)) and HFpEF (≥40% (n = 33)). Additionally, patients were stratified into four groups according to LV geometry: NG–normal left ventricle geometry (n = 7), CR–concentric remodeling (n = 14), cLVH–concentric LV hypertrophy (n = 16), and eLVF–eccentric LV hypertrophy (n = 23). We measured protein (protein carbonyl (PC), nitrotyrosine (NT-Tyr), dityrosine), lipid (malondialdehyde (MDA), oxidizes (HDL) oxidation and antioxidant (catalase activity, total plasma antioxidant capacity (TAC) markers in serum. Transthoracic echocardiogram analysis and lipidogram were also performed. We found that oxidative (NT-Tyr, dityrosine, PC, MDA, oxHDL) and antioxidative (TAC, catalase) stress marker levels did not differ between the groups according to LVEF or LV geometry. NT-Tyr correlated with PC (rs = 0.482, p = 0.000098), and oxHDL (rs = 0.278, p = 0.0314). MDA correlated with total (rs = 0.337, p = 0.008), LDL (rs = 0.295, p = 0.022) and non-HDL (rs = 0.301, p = 0.019) cholesterol. NT-Tyr negatively correlated with HDL cholesterol (rs = -0.285, p = 0.027). LV parameters did not correlate with oxidative/antioxidative stress markers. Significant negative correlations were found between the end-diastolic volume of the LV and the end-systolic volume of the LV and HDL-cholesterol (rs = –0.935, p < 0.0001; rs = –0.906, p < 0.0001, respectively). Significant positive correlations between both the thickness of the interventricular septum and the thickness of the LV wall and the levels of triacylglycerol in serum (rs = 0.346, p = 0.007; rs = 0.329, p = 0.010, respectively) were found. In conclusions, we did not find a difference in serum concentrations of both oxidant (NT-Tyr, PC, MDA) and antioxidant (TAC and catalase) concentrations in CHF patients’ groups according to LV function and geometry was found. The geometry of the LV could be related to lipid metabolism in CHF patients, and no correlation between oxidative/antioxidant and LV markers in CHF patients was found.

The aim of this study was to test the phytotoxicity and mode of action of bisphenol A (BPA) on Allium cepa using a multibiomarker approach. A. cepa roots were exposed to BPA in concentration range 0–50 mg L−1 for 3 days. BPA even in the lowest applied concentration (1 mg L−1) reduced root length, root fresh weight, and mitotic index. Additionally, the lowest BPA concentration (1 mg L−1) decreased the level of gibberellic acid (GA3) in root cells. BPA at concentration 5 mg L−1 increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that was followed by increase in oxidative damage to cells’ lipids and proteins and activity of enzyme superoxide dismutase. BPA in higher concentrations (25 and 50 mg L−1) induced genome damage detected as an increase in micronucleus (MNs) and nuclear buds (NBUDs). BPA at >25 mg L−1 induced synthesis of phytochemicals. Results of this study using multibiomarker approach indicate that BPA is phytotoxic to A. cepa roots and has shown genotoxic potential to plants, thus its presence in the environment should be monitored.

Oxidative protein damage involving carbonylation of respiratory tract proteins typically accompanies exposure to tobacco smoke. Such damage can arise via multiple mechanisms, including direct amino acid oxidation by reactive oxygen species or protein adduction by electrophilic aldehydes. This study investigated the relative importance of these pathways during exposure of a model protein to fresh cigarette emission extracts. Briefly, protein carbonyl adducts were estimated in bovine serum albumin following incubation in buffered solutions with whole cigarette emissions extracts prepared from either a single 1R6F research cigarette or a single "Heat-not-Burn" e-cigarette. Although both extracts caused concentration-dependent protein carbonylation, conventional cigarette extracts produced higher adduct yields than e-cigarette extracts. Superoxide radical generation by conventional and e-cigarette emissions was assessed by monitoring nitro blue tetrazolium reduction and was considerably lower in extracts made from "Heat-Not-Burn" e-cigarettes. The superoxide dismutase/catalase mimic EUK-134 strongly suppressed radical production by whole smoke extracts from conventional cigarettes, however, it did not diminish protein carbonyl adduction when incubating smoke extracts with the model protein. In contrast, edaravone, a neuroprotective drug with strong carbonyl-trapping properties, strongly suppressed protein damage without inhibiting superoxide formation. Although these findings require extension to appropriate cell-based and in vivo systems, they suggest reactive aldehydes in tobacco smoke make greater contributions to oxidative protein damage than smoke phase radicals. [Display omitted] • Carbonyl adduction accompanied exposing a model protein to fresh whole smoke extracts made from conventional cigarettes. • Extracts made from Heat-Not-Burn e-cigarettes displayed less superoxide radical- and adduct-generating activity. • Whole smoke extracts had strong superoxide-forming activity but EUK-134 did not suppress their ability to damage proteins. • The carbonyl trapper Edaravone did not suppress radical production but inhibited protein damage by whole smoke extracts. • Carbonyl compounds could make a greater contribution to protein damage than free radical species in smoke-exposed tissues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background A poor fat‐soluble micronutrient (FMN) and a high oxidative stress status are associated with frailty. Our aim was to determine the cross‐sectional association of FMNs and oxidative stress biomarkers [protein carbonyls (PrCarb) and 3‐nitrotyrosine] with the frailty status in participants older than 65 years. Methods Plasma levels of vitamins A (retinol), D3, E (α‐tocopherol and γ‐tocopherol) and carotenoids (α‐carotene and β‐carotene, lycopene, lutein/zeaxanthin, and β‐cryptoxanthin), PrCarb, and 3‐nitrotyrosine were measured in 1450 individuals of the FRAILOMIC initiative. Participants were classified into robust, pre‐frail, and frail using Fried's frailty criteria. Associations between biomarkers and frailty status were assessed by general linear and logistic regression models, both adjusted for cohort, season of blood sampling, gender, age, height, weight, and smoking. Results Robust participants had significantly higher vitamin D3 and lutein/zeaxanthin concentrations than pre‐frail and frail subjects; had significantly higher γ‐tocopherol, α‐carotene, β‐carotene, lycopene, and β‐cryptoxanthin concentrations than frail subjects, and had significantly lower PrCarb concentrations than frail participants in multivariate linear models. Frail subjects were more likely to be in the lowest than in the highest tertile for vitamin D3 (adjusted odds ratio: 2.15; 95% confidence interval: 1.42–3.26), α‐tocopherol (2.12; 1.39–3.24), α‐carotene (1.69; 1.00–2.88), β‐carotene (1.84; 1.13–2.99), lycopene (1.94; 1.24–3.05), lutein/zeaxanthin (3.60; 2.34–5.53), and β‐cryptoxanthin (3.02; 1.95–4.69) and were more likely to be in the highest than in the lowest tertile for PrCarb (2.86; 1.82–4.49) than robust subjects in multivariate regression models. Conclusions Our study indicates that both low FMN and high PrCarb concentrations are associated with pre‐frailty and frailty.

Introduction: The present study aimed to assess the effects of Pediococcus acidilactici as a dietary supplement on some oxidation parameters and intestinal microbiota in common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Methods: In this study, 60 carps (weight: 75±5 g) were randomly divided into two groups of 30. In the first group (control), the fish received a basic dietary plan, and the second group (treatment) received a basic dietary plan supplemented with 0.9×107 CFU of Pediococcus acidilactici per gram of diet for 30 days. At the end of the trial and after blood sampling, the fish were dissected, and muscle and intestinal samples were obtained. Some oxidative status biomarkers were measured in the blood samples (superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione) and muscle samples (malondialdehyde [MDA], protein carbonyls, and total antioxidant status) using validated spectrophotometric methods. Moreover, the microbial culture of the intestinal samples was performed. Results: Measurement of the erythrocytic antioxidants showed no significant difference between the treatment and control groups. However, muscle MDA levels significantly decreased in the treatment group compared to the control group (P

Introduction: Bioactive constituents of medicinal-aromatic plants used as feed additives may affect the metabolic profile and oxidative stability of hen eggs. Objectives: To determine the effects of dietary supplementation with a mixture of dried oregano, thyme, sideritis tea and chamomile on laying hen performance, egg quality parameters, and oxidative stability in the egg yolk were monitored. Methods: In this trial 432 hens were allocated in two treatments (unsupplemented vs. supplemented with the mixture) and fed for 42 days. Eggs were collected at the end of the trial period, egg yolk was separated, extracted, and the total phenolic content (TPC) and oxidative stability was measured. Furthermore, LC-MS metabolic profile of eggs was studied and pathway analysis was elaborated in MetaboAnalyst to facilitate annotation of features. Results: Overall, egg production and feed conversion ratio were not affected by the supplementation. However, eggs from the supplemented treatment showed improved shell thickness and strength, and yolk resistance to oxidation. Moreover, LC-MS metabolomic analysis of egg yolk of supplemented and unsupplemented layers showed significant variations and tight clustering in unsupervised principal component analysis due to different chemical profiling of egg yolk. LC-MS study showed that secondary metabolites of aromatic plants did not transfer into yolk, nevertheless the feed supplementation impacted the pathway metabolism of tyrosine, phenylalanine, propanate, and the biosynthesis of aminoacyl-tRNA, phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan. Conclusions: The dietary supplementation of layers with a mixture of dried medicinal aromatic plants affected shell thickness and strength, the lipid and protein oxidative stability and increased tyrosine and phenylalanine content in eggs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AimsThe purpose of the study was to establish if enzyme activities from key metabolic pathways and levels of markers of oxidative damage to proteins and lipids differed between distinct liver mitochondrial sub-populations, and which specific sub-populations contributed to these differences.Main methodsMale C57BL/6J mice were fed non-purified diet for one month then separated into two groups, control and calorie-restricted (CR). The two groups were fed semi-purified diet (AIN93G), with the CR group receiving 40% less calories than controls. After two months, enzyme activities and markers of oxidative damage in mitochondria were determined.Key findingsIn all mitochondrial sub-populations, enzyme activities and markers of oxidative damage, from control and CR groups, showed a pattern of M1>M3>M10. Higher acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (β-oxidation) and β-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (ketogenesis) activities and lower carbonyl and TBARS levels were observed in M1 and M3 fractions from CR mice. ETC enzyme activities did not show a consistent pattern. In the Krebs cycle, citrate synthase and aconitase activities decreased while succinate dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase activities increased in the M1 mitochondria from the CR versus control mice.SignificanceCR does not produce uniform changes in enzyme activities or markers of oxidative damage in mitochondrial sub-populations, with changes occurring primarily in the heavy mitochondrial populations. Centrifugation at 10,000 g to isolate mitochondria likely dilutes the mitochondrial populations which show the greatest response to CR. Use of lower centrifugal force (3000 g or lower) may be beneficial for some studies.

Neurodegenerative diseases (NDD) such as Alzheimer's (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) are distinct clinical entities, however, the aggregation of key neuronal proteins, presumably leading to neuronal demise appears to represent a common mechanism. It has become evident, that advanced glycation end products (AGEs) trigger the accumulation of such modified proteins, which eventually contributes to pathological aspect of NDDs. Increased levels of AGEs are found in amyloid plaques in AD brains and in both advanced and early PD (incidental Lewy body disease). The molecular mechanisms by which AGE dependent modifications may modulate the susceptibility towards NDDs, however, remain enigmatic and it is unclear, whether AGEs may serve as biomarker of NDD. In the present study, we examined AGEs (CML: Carboxymethyllysine and CEL: Carboxyethyllysine), markers of oxidative stress and micronutrients in the plasma of PD and AD patients and controls. As compared to healthy controls, AD females displayed lower levels of CEL while higher levels of CML were found in AD and PD patients. A somewhat similar pattern was observed for protein carbonyls (PC), revealing lower values exclusively in AD females, whereas AD males displayed significantly higher values compared to healthy controls and PD. Sex-specific differences were also observed for other relevant markers such as malondialdehyde, 3-nitrotyrosine, γ -tocopherols, retinol, plasma proteins and α-carotene, while α-tocopherols, β-carotene, lutein/zeaxanthin, β-cryptoxanthin and lycopene showed no relevant association. Taken together, our study suggests yet unappreciated differences of the distribution of AGEs among the sexes in NDD. We therefore suggest to make a clear distinction between sexes when analyzing oxidative (AGEs)-related stress and carbonyl-related stress and vitamins.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of two commercial phenolic phytogenic feed additives (PFAs) on sows under heat stress conditions of high summer temperatures for seven days before and seven days after the farrowing. The PFA-1 product was a mixture based on the plants Emblica officinalis, Foeniculum vulgare, Citrus sinensis and nut fiber, while the PFA-2 product was a mixture based on plants Andrographis paniculata, Glycyrrhizia glabra, Tinospora cordifolia and nut fiber. A total of 48 primiparous sows were divided into three groups: T1-control group: regular gestation (GF) and lactation feed (LF); T2 group: regular GF and LF supplemented with PFA-1; T3 group: regular GF and LF supplemented with PFA-2. Each sow in the T2 and T3 groups received 5 g daily of the PFA-1 and PFA-2 product, respectively, for seven days before and seven days after the farrowing. Blood samples were collected from all groups 24 h after farrowing. Thiobarbituric acid-–reactive substances (TBARS) and protein carbonyl (CARB) concentrations were determined in the sow plasma. The body condition scoring (BCS) and the backfat of sows on the farrowing and weaning days along with reproductive parameters and litter characteristics were recorded. The highest number of stillborn piglets and the largest interval from weaning to estrus were observed in the T1 group. The lowest number of alive 24 h after birth and weaning piglets and the lowest BCS and backfat at weaning were also recorded in the T1 group. TBARS and CARB concentrations were significant higher in the T1 group compared to all other groups. In conclusion, the use of phenolic PFAs seems to reduce oxidative damage caused by heat stress and ameliorate performance in primiparous sows.

Previous research findings indicate that environmental temperature can influence exercise-induced oxidative-stress responses, although the response to variable temperatures is unknown. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of warm, cold, and "neutral," or room, environmental temperatures on the blood oxidative stress associated with exercise and recovery. Participants (N = 12, age 27 ± 5 yr, VO2max = 56.7 ± 5.8 ml · kg-1 · min-1, maximal cycle power output = 300 ± 39 W) completed 3 exercise sessions consisting of a 1-hr ride at 60% Wmax, at 40% relative humidity in warm (33 °C), cold (7 °C), and room-temperature environments (20 °C) in a randomized crossover fashion. Rectal core temperature was monitored continually as participants remained in the respective trial temperature throughout a 3-hr recovery. Blood was collected preexercise and immediately, 1 hr, and 3 hr postexercise and analyzed for oxidative-stress markers including ferric-reducing ability of plasma (FRAP), Trolox-equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), lipid hydroperoxides, and protein carbonyls. Core temperature was significantly elevated by all exercise trials, but recovery core temperatures reflected the given environment. FRAP (p < .001), TEAC (p < .001), and lipid hydroperoxides (p < .001) were elevated after warm exercise while protein carbonyls were not altered (p > .05). These findings indicate that moderate-intensity exercise and associated recovery in a warm environment elicits a blood oxidative-stress response not observed at comparable exercise performed at lower temperatures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant potential of lemon pumace powder (peel and pulp), as an inexpensive and valuable source of nutrient in diet of common carp. Fish (60 ± 5 g) were divided randomly into four groups of 30 each. Group 1 fish were fed with basic diet, serving as the control. Fish in group 2 and 3 and 4 were fed the basic diet supplemented with 1.5%, 3% and 5% lemon pumace powder, respectively. Results showed that growth performance including final weight, weight gain (WG), feed conversion ratio (FCR) and specific growth rate (SGR) significantly increased as compared to control. Malondialdehyde (MDA) values of muscle significantly increased as compared to control in all treatment groups and the decreeing effect of lemon pumace powder on malondialdehyde (MDA) values of kidney and liver was only significant in group 4, when compared with the control group (p < 0.05). Protein carbonyl contents were significantly decreased in kidney and liver in group 3 and 4 as compared to control group and protein carbonyl of muscle significantly decreased as compared to control in all treatment groups. FRAP values of liver significantly increased only in group 3 as compared to control, and FRAP values of kidney and muscle significantly increased only in group 4 as compared to control (p < 0.05). These data suggest that supplementation of 5% lemon pumace powder to be more effective than its lower levels in strengthening the antioxidant system against oxidative stress.

Objective: Assess the variability and differences in oxidative stress, antioxidant, and inflammatory biomarkers in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) and healthy controls. Methods: Ten men and women diagnosed with T2D and ten healthy matched controls (CON) were recruited. Participants had venous blood taken at six different time points on different days, three in the morning (after overnight fast) and three in the afternoon. Inflammation (IL-6, 8, 10 and TNF-α), oxidative stress/antioxidant biomarkers (F2-isoprostanes, protein carbonyls, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), glutathione peroxidase activity, IL-6, 8 & 10 and TNF-α) were assessed. Results: Biomarker concentrations were similar between groups. There was large variability in nearly all biomarkers for both groups. For inflammatory measures, intra-individual coefficients of variation (CV) ranged from 64.0–92.1% and 100.9–259.0% for inter-individual differences. CVs for oxidative stress markers were lower (7.4–31.2% for intra-individual and 8.6–43.0% for inter-individual). TAC had the lowest intra-individual CV – 7% for T2D and 8% for CON. Protein carbonyls were more variable in the afternoon (34% CV) compared to morning (24% CV) in CON. IL-6 intra-individual CV was different between groups for afternoon measurements (93% T2D, 60% CON). Conclusion: Oxidative stress and inflammatory biomarkers show considerable variation in both T2D and healthy populations. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01206725. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Supplemental oxygen is delivered to critically ill patients who require mechanical ventilation. Oxidative stress is a potential complication of oxygen therapy, resulting in damage to essential biomolecules such as proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. Whether plasma levels of oxidative stress biomarkers vary based on how liberally oxygen therapy is applied during mechanical ventilation is unknown. We carried out an oxidative stress substudy nested within a large multi-centre randomized controlled trial in which critically ill adults were randomized to receive either conservative oxygen therapy or standard oxygen therapy. Blood samples were collected at enrolment, and daily thereafter for up to three days. The antioxidant ascorbate (vitamin C) was assessed using HPLC with electrochemical detection and protein oxidation using a sensitive protein carbonyl ELISA. We also assessed whether critically ill patients with different disease states exhibited varying levels of oxidative stress biomarkers. A total of 125 patients were included. Mean ascorbate concentrations decreased over time (from 25 ± 9 μmol/L to 14 ± 2 μmol/L, p < 0.001), however, there was no significant difference between the conservative oxygen group and standard care (p = 0.2), despite a significantly lower partial pressure of oxygen (PaO 2) in the conservative oxygen group (p = 0.03). Protein carbonyl concentrations increased over time (from 208 ± 30 μmol/L to 249 ± 29 μmol/L; p = 0.016), however, there was no significant difference between the conservative and standard oxygen groups (p = 0.3). Patients with sepsis had significantly higher protein carbonyl concentrations than the other critically ill patients (293 ± 92 μmol/L vs 184 ± 24 μmol/L, p = 0.03). Within the septic subgroup, there were no significant differences in protein carbonyl concentrations between the two interventions (p = 0.4). Conservative oxygen therapy does not alter systemic markers of oxidative stress in critically ill ventilated patients compared with standard oxygen therapy. Patients with sepsis exhibited elevated protein carbonyls compared with the other critically ill patients implying increased oxidative stress in this patient subgroup. Image 1 • Antioxidant (ascorbate) concentrations are low in critically ill ventilated patients. • Protein carbonyls are elevated in septic patients relative to other critically ill patients. • Arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PaO 2) is decreased with conservative oxygen therapy. • Oxidative stress biomarkers do not vary between conservative and standard oxygen therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]