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Dispersal of reproductive propagules determines recruitment patterns and connectivity among populations and can influence how populations respond to major disturbance events. Dispersal distributions can depend on propagule release strategies. For instance, the bull kelp, Nereocystis luetkeana, can release propagules (spores) from two heights in the water column (“bimodal release”): at the water surface, directly from the reproductive tissues (sori) on the kelp's blades, and near the seafloor after the sori abscise and sink through the water column. N. luetkeana is a foundation species that occurs from central California to Alaska and is experiencing unprecedented levels of population declines near its southern range limit. We know little of the kelp's dispersal distributions, which could influence population recovery and restoration. Here, we quantify how bimodal spore release heights affect dispersal outcomes based on a numerical model specifically designed for N. luetkeana. The model incorporates oceanographic conditions typical of the species' coastal range and kelp biological traits. With bimodal release heights, 34% of spores are predicted to settle within 10 m of the parental alga and 60% are predicted to disperse beyond 100 m. As an annual species, bimodal release heights can facilitate the local regeneration of adults within a source kelp forest while also supporting connectivity among multiple forests within broader bull kelp metapopulations. To leverage this pattern of bimodal spore dispersal in bull kelp restoration management, directing resources toward strategically located focal populations that can seed other ones could amplify the scale of recovery.

Vivipary is common in several mangrove species and is generally considered an adaptation to the intertidal saline environment. However, the coexistence of many nonviviparous mangroves makes this view controversial. This study investigated the propagule development of two nonviviparous mangrove species, Sonneratia alba and S. caseolaris , with marked differences in salt tolerance and distribution. Changes in the density, water content, and concentrations of the five main osmoregulatory elements (Cl, Na, K, Ca, and Mg) were determined. As the propagules of S. alba and S. caseolaris mature, the element concentrations (mg/g) in the propagules gradually decrease, indicating a desalination process. Moreover, the Cl, Na, Ca, and Mg content in the propagules were lower than in the mature leaves and calyx. Similar to viviparous mangroves, the development of the propagules of nonviviparous mangroves is also a desalination process. Although both viviparous and nonviviparous mangrove species undergo a desalination process during propagule development, our findings suggest that viviparity may not be solely defined by desalination, but rather by the extended period of low-salinity protection during early development on the maternal tree, which represents a key adaptation for survival in high-salinity environments. In contrast, nonviviparous mangroves, which rely on seed germination and early development in saline seawater, face additional challenges in high-salinity habitats, highlighting their distinct adaptive strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dispersal of propagules (seeds, spores) from a geographically isolated habitat into an uninhabitable matrix can play a decisive role in driving population dynamics. ODE and integrodifference models of these dynamics commonly feature a “dispersal success” parameter representing the average proportion of dispersing propagules that remain in viable habitat. While dispersal success can be estimated by empirical measurements or by integration of dispersal kernels, one may lack resources for fieldwork or details on dispersal kernels for numerical computation. Here we derive simple upper bounds on the proportion of propagule loss—the complement of dispersal success—that require only habitat area, habitat perimeter, and the mean dispersal distance of a propagule. Using vector calculus in a probabilistic framework, we rigorously prove bounds for the cases of both symmetric and asymmetric dispersal. We compare the bounds to simulations of integral models for the population of Asclepias syriaca (common milkweed) at McKnight Prairie—a 14 hectare reserve surrounded by agricultural fields in Goodhue County, Minnesota—and identify conditions under which the bounds closely estimate propagule loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY: Genes of the family PHOSPHATIDYLETHANOLAMINE‐BINDING PROTEINS (PEBP) have been intensely studied in plants for their role in cell (re)programming and meristem differentiation. Recently, sporadic reports of the presence of a new type of PEBP in plants became available, highly similar to the YY‐PEBPs of prokaryotes. A comprehensive investigation of their spread, origin, and function revealed conservation across the plant kingdom. The YY‐PEBP clade in plants seems to have resulted from a single Horizontal Gene Transfer (HGT) episode from a prokaryotic organism to an ancestral streptophyte. YY‐PEBPs are also present in other eukaryotes, such as certain fungi, diatoms, and rotifers, and these cases derive from independent HGT events. Reciprocally, the occurrence of the eukaryotic CETS/RKIP type PEBPs (CR‐PEBPs) was noticed in bacteria of the genus Nocardia, showing that HGT has occurred as well from eukaryotes to prokaryotes. Based on these observations, we propose that the current model of the PEBP family in plants needs to be updated with the clade STEPMOTHER OF FT AND TFL1 (SMFT). SMFT genes not only share high sequence conservation but also show specific expression in homologous plant structures that serve as propagules. Functional analysis of Arabidopsis smft mutant lines pointed to a function for this gene in regulating seed germination, both concerning primary dormancy release and in response to adverse high‐temperature conditions. Overall, our study reveals an increasing complexity in the evolutionary history of the PEBP gene family, unlocking new potential in understanding the evolution and functional spectrum of these important key regulatory genes. Significance Statement: STEPMOTHER OF FT AND TFL1 (SMFT) represents a new member of the PEBP family of key developmental regulators. Evolutionary analyses revealed that SMFT has been acquired from Bacteria in a single horizontal gene transfer event and functional studies in Arabidopsis show its role in establishing important seed characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The inoculants of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) propagated by the in vitro culture system is important in scientific research; however, the long-term storage reduces the spore germination rate. The propagules of AMF consist of three components, including spores, hyphae and colonized root fragments. It is well known that cold storage can improve the germination rate of AMF spores, with limited investigations on the germination of other propagules. In this study, AMF inoculants were stored at 25°C or at 4°C (cold storage) to investigate the effect of cold storage on the propagule viability of the AMF Rhizophagus irregularis DAOM197198. The germination rate of propagules (spores, hyphae, root fragments) and their colonization ability were determined at 3 and 6 months after storage. The results showed that the spore germination rate remained unchanged after storage for 0 and 1 month at 25°C, but decreased rapidly after storage for 3 months. Furthermore, we investigated the hyphal germination rate for the first time. The germination rates of spores, hyphae and root fragments were significantly higher under cold storage compared to those at 25°C. Additionally, we classified the germ tubes of hypha into two types: long-type (L-type) and short type (S-type). The germination rate and the proportion of L-type germ tubes of hyphae significantly increased with cold storage time, which was conducive to colonization. The results of mycorrhizal colonization confirmed that cold storage significantly increased the colonization of hypha compared with 25°C treatment. Cold storage may break the dormancy of AMF propagules and activate related enzymes to promote the germination and colonization of propagules, which needs further investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Black root rot (BRR) and Verticillium wilt of cotton are caused by soilborne Berkeleyomyces rouxiae and Verticillium dahliae, respectively, and can individually cause yield loss of a 10–50% in New South Wales (NSW). Both diseases were first detected in a northern valley of NSW but are now present across the state. 'Come Clean Go Clean' is a widely practiced biosecurity measure used to minimize the risk of further introducing the pathogens from one field to another by restricting the movement of soil-contaminated farm equipment and machinery. We rely on cleaning agents to effectively wash down and decontaminate the equipment and machinery. In this study, we examined 12 locally available, commercial disinfectants for their efficacy against B. rouxiae and V. dahliae reproductive structures with and without soil contamination of 10% (w/v). We found a significant interaction between pathogens, disinfectants, and soil amendment (p < 0.01). The germination of B. rouxiae chlamydospores and endoconidia in both the presence and absence of soil contamination was completely suppressed even after a short 10 sec exposure to 70% ethanol and 25% bleach. Both 70% ethanol and bleach were highly lethal at 10 sec exposures in similar assays against V. dahliae microsclerotia and conidia. Some other commercial products were able to reduce the germination rate significantly but did not completely kill microsclerotia and conidia even after 30 min of exposure. The lethal effect against B. rouxiae and V. dahliae warrants further exploration of both 70% ethanol and bleach to improve their field applications. Additionally, the efficacy of most tested commercial disinfectants was time-dependent; however, this is not recommended on the labels for their effectiveness. This study provides an additional integrated disease management option aiming to limit the spread of the pathogens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The short-term effects of UV radiation and low temperature on ultrastructure, photosynthetic activity (measured as the maximal photochemical quantum yield of photosystem II: Fv/Fm), chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) contents, and UV-absorbing compounds on the carpospores of Iridaea cordata from a sub-Antarctic population were investigated. Exposure to both photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and PAR + UV for 4 h caused ultrastructural modifications in all treatments. Under PAR + UV at 2 °C, a disruption of the chloroplast's internal organization was observed. Plastoglobuli were often found in carpospores exposed to 2 °C. 'Electron dense particles', resembling physodes of brown algae, were detected for the first time in cells exposed to PAR and PAR + UV at 8 °C. Fv/Fm decreased following 4 h exposure at 2 °C under PAR + UV (64%) and PAR (25%). At 8 °C, Fv/Fm declined by 21% only under PAR + UV. The photosynthesis of carpospores previously treated with UV partially recovered after a 4 h exposure under dim light. UV-absorbing compounds were degraded in all radiation and temperature treatments without recovery after a 4 h dim light period. Chl-a did not change, whereas total carotenoids increased under PAR at 8 °C The study indicates that although carpospores of I. cordata exhibit photoprotective mechanisms, UV radiation strongly damages their ultrastructure and physiology, which were exacerbated under low temperatures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tubers are described for the first time in the moss genus Timmiella (Pottiaceae). Using uniclonal cultures, tubers were produced after at least 3 months, were spherical, often occurred in groups ("nests"), ranged in size from 10–600 µm in diameter, and had a water content of ∼4% (dry wt basis) while yet retaining an oil-like residue. On a per individual shoot basis, belowground biomass in cultures equaled aboveground biomass. Tubers germinated in ∼3 days from planting by producing multiple protonemal filaments, similar to detached shoot tips and rhizoids, but much more rapidly than detached leaves. Germinated tubers eventually formed a colony (producing 50 protonemal shoots and extending horizontally 11 mm) in ∼30 days, measures very similar to detached shoot tips, and faster than rhizoids and detached leaves. The presence of Timmiella crassinervis in frequently burned regions of chaparral suggests fire frequency in California may have selected for greater belowground allocation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current trends in agricultural intensification lead to degraded grasslands, requiring their restoration through native species reintroduction. Various techniques are available for harvesting seeds from donor sites. However, little is known about their performance in South American C3/C4 mixed grasslands, where studies are scarce. Their particular species composition and phenology, with different flowering periods, require specific harvest strategies. We evaluated mechanical seed harvest in a northern Uruguay grassland, part of Río de la Plata grasslands. Performance of two mechanical harvest methods (seed‐stripper and dry hay) was compared in two harvest seasons (late‐spring and mid‐summer). The evaluation considered the quantity and identity of harvested seeds, and their germination in a greenhouse. Hand collections were made to assess standing seed yield. For each seed mixture, efficiency of mechanical harvests (number of seeds and seedlings compared to hand collection), proportion of germinated seeds, species transfer relative to donor site, and composition were calculated. Results revealed trade‐offs between harvests: seed‐stripper in late‐spring presented low seed collection efficiency (2% for seeds, 5% for seedlings) and species richness (43% transfer), but high seed germination (64%), showing selectivity toward winter species; seed‐stripper in mid‐summer and dry hay in both seasons showed high seed collection efficiency (42–154% for seeds, 26–50% for seedlings) and species richness (65–80% transfer), resembling donor site, albeit lower seed germination (9–20%). Seed‐stripper performance varied between seasons, while dry hay remained consistently effective. These results are pioneering for grassland restoration in Uruguay, encouraging future studies to focus on establishment in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vivipary is common in several mangrove species and is generally considered an adaptation to the intertidal saline environment. However, the coexistence of many nonviviparous mangroves makes this view controversial. This study investigated the propagule development of two nonviviparous mangrove species, Sonneratia alba and S. caseolaris, with marked differences in salt tolerance and distribution. Changes in the density, water content, and concentrations of the five main osmoregulatory elements (Cl, Na, K, Ca, and Mg) were determined. As the propagules of S. alba and S. caseolaris mature, the element concentrations (mg/g) in the propagules gradually decrease, indicating a desalination process. Moreover, the Cl, Na, Ca, and Mg content in the propagules were lower than in the mature leaves and calyx. Similar to viviparous mangroves, the development of the propagules of nonviviparous mangroves is also a desalination process. Although both viviparous and nonviviparous mangrove species undergo a desalination process during propagule development, our findings suggest that viviparity may not be solely defined by desalination, but rather by the extended period of low-salinity protection during early development on the maternal tree, which represents a key adaptation for survival in high-salinity environments. In contrast, nonviviparous mangroves, which rely on seed germination and early development in saline seawater, face additional challenges in high-salinity habitats, highlighting their distinct adaptive strategies.

The inoculants of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) propagated by the in vitro culture system is important in scientific research; however, the long-term storage reduces the spore germination rate. The propagules of AMF consist of three components, including spores, hyphae and colonized root fragments. It is well known that cold storage can improve the germination rate of AMF spores, with limited investigations on the germination of other propagules. In this study, AMF inoculants were stored at 25°C or at 4°C (cold storage) to investigate the effect of cold storage on the propagule viability of the AMF Rhizophagus irregularis DAOM197198. The germination rate of propagules (spores, hyphae, root fragments) and their colonization ability were determined at 3 and 6 months after storage. The results showed that the spore germination rate remained unchanged after storage for 0 and 1 month at 25°C, but decreased rapidly after storage for 3 months. Furthermore, we investigated the hyphal germination rate for the first time. The germination rates of spores, hyphae and root fragments were significantly higher under cold storage compared to those at 25°C. Additionally, we classified the germ tubes of hypha into two types: long-type (L-type) and short type (S-type). The germination rate and the proportion of L-type germ tubes of hyphae significantly increased with cold storage time, which was conducive to colonization. The results of mycorrhizal colonization confirmed that cold storage significantly increased the colonization of hypha compared with 25°C treatment. Cold storage may break the dormancy of AMF propagules and activate related enzymes to promote the germination and colonization of propagules, which needs further investigation.

Copyright of Revista Ciencia y Tecnología Agropecuaria is the property of Agrosavia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Mangroves are threatened with extinction worldwide. Many mangrove reforestation projects have been developed, but very few have achieved their restoration objectives. With the ambitions to contribute for rehabilitation of mangrove ecosystems, the aim of this study was to assess the effects of substrate composition and level of insertion on the growth and development of Rhizophora seedlings in nurseries. The experiment was conducted in a semilighted nursery set up in situ. Rhizophora propagules were reared on three types of mangrove substrates (type 1: 75% of mud and 25% of sand; type 2: 50% of mud and 50% of sand, and type 3: 25% of mud and 75% of sand) with different levels of insertion (at 1/4; ½ and 3/4). Seedling heights and diameters were recorded, as well as the time of appearance of the first leaves and the variation of number of leaves. The greatest average height (40.2 ± 7.48 cm) and the highest mean diameter (1.2 ± 0.01 cm) were obtained for the substrate composed of 75% mud and 25% sand. The best growth and development of seedlings were recorded on the substrate type 1 with an insertion at 1/4. Seedling production at 1/4 insertion of substrate type 1 appeared the most effective combination. The production of Rhizophora seedlings on the substrate combining 25% Sand and 75% Mud with an insertion level at 1/4 seems to be the best method for the complete restoration and rehabilitation of the mangrove ecosystem of the Wouri estuary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present the first field observations of caddisfly (Trichoptera) larvae using an invasive alien aquatic plant, Crassula helmsii (Kirk) Cockayne, in case construction. In samples from invaded ponds across the UK and Belgium, we have recorded the presence of C. helmsii fragments in cases from Limnephiluslunatus Curtis, 1834, Limnephilus marmoratus Curtis, 1834, Limnephilus flavicornis (Fabricius, 1787) (Limnephilidae), Triaenodes bicolor (Curtis, 1834), and Oecetis furva (Rambur, 1842) (Leptoceridae). Fragmentation of C. helmsii in case creation and augmentation may produce vegetative propagules, thus facilitating further dispersal of this invasive macrophyte. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sericulture is the cultivation of silkworms to produce silk using white mulberry leaves (Morus alba L.); thus, the sector's quality production of mulberry seedlings on a large scale is economically important. The production of seedlings through cuttings is the most effective and fastest reproduction method. Still, it can also be enhanced using synthetic rooting agents, increasing the productive potential of white mulberry crops. The current work aims to evaluate the response of cuttings taken from different parts of the branch of M. alba var. Miura (Apical 1, Apical 2, Medial, Basal 1, and Basal 2) and treated with indolebutyric acid (IBA; 500, 1,000, and 1,500 mg L-1) and commercial rooting agent Forth® (10 % v/v), in addition to a control treatment. After treating the branches, they were placed in polyethylene containers filled with substrate and kept in a greenhouse for 70 days. The application of hormones on cuttings of M. alba favored several morpho-agronomic parameters evaluated for the propagules obtained from different positions on the branch. In conclusion, applying 500 or 1,000 mg L-1 of IBA is recommended for the various positions, with Basal 1 and Basal 2 showing higher values ​​in the evaluated parameters than the other positions. The results can help silk breeders optimize white mulberry crop production.

The short-term effects of UV radiation and low temperature on ultrastructure, photosynthetic activity (measured as the maximal photochemical quantum yield of photosystem II: Fv/Fm), chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) contents, and UV-absorbing compounds on the carpospores of Iridaea cordata from a sub-Antarctic population were investigated. Exposure to both photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and PAR + UV for 4 h caused ultrastructural modifications in all treatments. Under PAR + UV at 2 °C, a disruption of the chloroplast’s internal organization was observed. Plastoglobuli were often found in carpospores exposed to 2 °C. ‘Electron dense particles’, resembling physodes of brown algae, were detected for the first time in cells exposed to PAR and PAR + UV at 8 °C. Fv/Fm decreased following 4 h exposure at 2 °C under PAR + UV (64%) and PAR (25%). At 8 °C, Fv/Fm declined by 21% only under PAR + UV. The photosynthesis of carpospores previously treated with UV partially recovered after a 4 h exposure under dim light. UV-absorbing compounds were degraded in all radiation and temperature treatments without recovery after a 4 h dim light period. Chl-a did not change, whereas total carotenoids increased under PAR at 8 °C The study indicates that although carpospores of I. cordata exhibit photoprotective mechanisms, UV radiation strongly damages their ultrastructure and physiology, which were exacerbated under low temperatures.

Species range shifts in response to warming and associated tropicalisation of coastal marine ecosystems are occurring globally, but the rates of change vary geographically and across ecosystems. Range shifts of biphasic habitat-forming species are critical as they can alter the physical and biological structure of habitats and thus change entire reef ecosystems. Microbial biofilms are key in regulating the dynamics of dominant habitat-forming species such as coral and kelps, and climate change is expected to impact this dynamic through two key pathways: (i) direct effects on biofilm composition, and (ii) impacts on the complex feedback loops between biofilms and habitat-forming organisms. Biofilms will therefore likely mediate range shifts of habitat-formers; thus, mechanistic understanding of their role is crucial to better predict ecosystem responses to environmental change. Marine species, such as corals and kelp, are responding to climate change by altering their distributions. Microbial biofilms underpin key processes that affect the establishment, maintenance, and function of these dominant habitat-formers. Climate-mediated changes to microbial biofilms can therefore strongly influence species' range shifts. Here, we review emerging research on the interactions between benthic biofilms and habitat-formers and identify two key areas of interaction where climate change can impact this dynamic: (i) via direct effects on biofilm composition, and (ii) via impacts on the complex feedback loops which exist between the biofilm microbes and habitat-forming organisms. We propose that these key interactions will be fundamental in driving the speed and extent of tropicalisation of coastal ecosystems under climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of the use of host plants in an effort to multiply mycorrhizal propagules indigenous to Gunung Ciremai National Park. The experimental method used a factorial complete randomized design with 2 factors. The first factor was the location of the source of inoculum by 3 levels: mixed forests, shrubs, and pine stands. The second factor was 4 types of host plant many as 4 levels: corn (Zea mays), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor. (L.) Moench), centro beans (Centrosema pubescens), and ruji beans (Pueraria javanica). Each treatment was repeated five times, so there were 60 experimental units. The spores were isolated by wet filtration and decantation methods adapted from Gerdemann and Nicolson (1963), followed by the modified sugar centrifugation method from Jenkins (1964). The observed parameter was the number of mycorrhizal spores. The data obtained were analyzed by a variance test (F test). To evaluate the treatment's effect and compare the selected treatments, Duncan's follow-up test was used at the level of 5%. The combination of the location of the shrub inoculum and the centro bean host plant showed the largest spore population, which was 222.60 per 50 g soil sample. Trapping techniques using host plants of corn, sorghum, centro beans, and ruji beans showed suboptimal results. The most common genera were Glomus (80%; 4 species), Gigaspora (10%, 1 species), and Acaulospora (10%, 1 species). Glomus was evenly found in all trapping results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Brazilian Journal of Biology is the property of Instituto Internacional de Ecologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Coral Reefs is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The coastal saltmarshes in China have been seriously degraded and artificial restoration strategies have become one of the primary measures to protect the coastal habitats. In this study, we investigated efficient restoration techniques for native saltmarsh plants in vacant habitats within the project area of the Ecological Control of Spartina alterniflora and Improvement of Birds Habitats in the Shanghai Chongming Dongtan Bird National Nature Reserve in the Yangtze Estuary. Through field and pilot experiments, we analyzed the effects of propagule types and transplanting methods on the restoration efficiency of Scirpus mariqueter, a dominant saltmarsh species in the Yangtze Estuary. We further evaluated the cost and efficiency of various restoration strategies. Our results indicated that: 1) The corm seedlings of S. mariqueter had higher flood tolerance, and were suitable for use in the habitats with higher environmental heterogeneity. 2) Across the four treatments for S. mariqueter restoration, the most economically efficient treatment was to transplant low-density corm seedlings without sediment, with an investment cost of approximately ¥ 10100 per hectare. The costs were ¥41100, ¥30000, and ¥ 120100 per hectare for high-density without sediment, low-density with sediment, and high-density with sediment restoration, respectively. 3) After nearly 5-yr efforts, the S. mariqueter community of Plot C3 in project area had achieved a coverage of over 60%, marking a relatively successful large-scale field restoration. This study could provide the foundation and support for large-scale coastal saltmarsh restoration projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Premise: Variation in seed traits is common within and among populations of plant species and often has ecological and evolutionary implications. However, due to the time‐consuming nature of manual seed measurements and the level of variability in imaging techniques, quantifying and interpreting the extent of seed variation can be challenging. Methods: We developed a standardized high‐throughput technique to measure seed number, as well as individual seed area and color, using a derived empirical scale to constrain area in Arabidopsis thaliana, Brassica rapa, and Mimulus guttatus. We develop a specific rational model using seed area measured at various spatial scales relative to the pixel count, observing the asymptotic value of the seed area as the modeled number of pixels approaches infinity. Results: We found that our model has high reliability in estimating seed traits and efficiently processes large numbers of images, facilitating the quantification of seed traits in studies with large sample sizes. Discussion: This technique facilitates consistency between imaging sessions and standardizes the measurement of seed traits. These novel advances allow researchers to directly and reliably measure seed traits, which will enable tests of the ecological and evolutionary causes of their variation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The lighting source is one of the most critical environmental elements in a plant factory for plant production. In this study, the narrow spectrum of blue LEDs (B) was added to mint-white LEDs (MW), resulting in different spectral distributions of white lights. Strawberry propagules and runner plants were grown for 21 days under 100% MW, 80% MW and 20% B, 50% of each MW and B, or 100% B to identify the effects of additional blue to white LEDs on their growth. Additionally, the propagation periods for three runner plants were recorded to achieve greater efficiency with these lighting treatments. As a result, propagules and runner plants showed the greatest growth and development in the 80% MW and 20% B. The same lighting treatment had the shortest propagation cycles in the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd runner plants, 13.2, 24.9, and 35.2 days, respectively, indicating that growth promotion reduces the propagation cycle. However, 100% B caused runner growth retardation on strawberry plant and this resulted the prolongation of propagation cycle. There was no significant difference in net photosynthetic rate for propagules, however, the runner plant was significantly lowest in 100% MW. The intercellular CO2 concentration and stomatal conductance to CO2 transfer of runner plants showed significant differences similar to net photosynthetic rate. These experimental results suggest that the optimal amount of blue light could promote strawberry plant growth and strawberry runner plants' growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Orchids produce large numbers of dust-like seeds that rely heavily on orchid mycorrhizal fungi (OMFs) for germination. Using OMFs to facilitate orchid proliferation is considered an effective method for orchid conservation but still presents challenges in practice. In this study, orchid seed-fungus complexes, in which orchid seeds and fungal mycelia were embedded together to form granules, were developed as platforms to facilitate seed germination and seedling production. Overall, seedlings were produced by seed-fungus complexes for five orchid species with large variations in the percentages of seedlings produced among species/treatments. For the different fungal treatments in Dendrobium officinale, Sebacinales LQ performed much better than the other fungal strains. At 90 days after sowing, 75.8±2.6% seedlings were produced in the LQ treatment, which was significantly higher than in the Tulasnella sp. JM (22.0±3.0%) and Tulasnella sp. TPYD-2 (5.3±1.0%) treatments, as well as in the LQ and TPYD-2 cocultured treatment (40.4±3.2%), while no seedlings were formed in the Tulasnella sp. SSCDO-5 or control treatments. For the other four orchid species, only one compatible fungus for each species was used, and the percentages of seedlings in epiphytic Dendrobium devonianum (67.2±2.9%) and D. nobile (38.9±2.8%) were much higher than those in terrestrial Paphiopedilum spicerianum (2.9±1.1%) and Arundina graminifolia (6.7±2.1%) at 90 days after sowing. Adding 1% polymer water-absorbent resin to the seed-fungus complexes of D. officinale seeds with fungal strain Sebacinales LQ significantly increased seedling formation, while other additional substances showed negative effects on seedling formation. For the storage of seed-fungus complexes, it is recommended to store the seed-fungus complexes in valve bags at room temperature for a short time and at a low temperature of 4°C for no more than 30 days. As a platform for symbiotic seed germination, the seed-fungus complex can facilitate seed germination, produce seedlings and support subsequent seedling growth, and its seedling productivity depends on seed germination characteristics, seed viability, and the efficiency of fungi. Seed-fungus complexes have great potential to be used as propagules in orchid conservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Gulf Stream, although not directly responsible for the mild, temperate climate of the British Isles, transports vast quantities of water across the North Atlantic Ocean. An extension of the Caribbean-Loop-Florida current system, this strong current cools and becomesmore saline by evaporation as it flowsNEacross the NorthAtlantic Ocean. Nevertheless, it is able to transport benthic foraminifera across oceanic distances, the fauna around Bermuda containing many species described from the Caribbean Sea. Examining two cores taken from the shallow middle neritic Holocene Surface Sands Formation of the temperate Liverpool Bay, England, we found rare specimens of eight species recorded also from the neritic of the tropical Caribbean and subtropical Atlantic South Shelf Provinces: Asterigerina carinata, Dyocibicides biserialis, Elphidium discoidale, Nonionoides grateloupii, Quinqueloculina lamarckiana, Reussella atlantica and Sahulia conica. We are confident in our identifications of A. carinata and E. discoidale, but suggest that these names may have been applied to several cryptospecies. Some of these may have been transported on floating phytal debris, A. carinata, which supports algal symbionts, having been recorded at abyssal depths in the eastern North Atlantic. Othersmay have been transported as small propagules (proloculi). Although theremay be a constant rain of such specimens into Liverpool Bay, we conclude on the basis of their rarity that the exotic species are unlikely to be able to overwinter there. We suggest, however, that these may have potential as invasive species for Liverpool Bay as climates continue to warm. This is not the earliest instance of transport of exotic species across the NorthAtlantic. The Late Eocene species Asterocyclina soldadoensis has been recorded from both the southern Caribbean region and offshore Ireland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This experiment was carried out at the High Rainfall Station of the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) in Onne, Rivers State, Nigeria, to investigate if secondary triploid plantains established using in-vitro excised zygotic embryo propagules and tissue culture will differ significantly from those established by using ex-vitro propagules such as seeds obtained from open or hand pollinated parents. Seeds of secondary triploid plantain hybrids were obtained by crossing tetraploid female hybrids TMP4x 2796-5 and TMP4x 4698-1 by hand pollination with pollen from known diploid males TMP2x 1297-3 and TMP2x 1448-1. Another set of these female hybrids were exposed to open pollination. At maturity, seeds from ripened mature fruits from both methods of pollination had their zygotic embryos extracted and cultured in-vitro. Another set of seeds were grown ex-vitro in the soil. Both in-vitro and ex-vitro derived propagules obtained from open and hand pollinated parents were raised in the tissue culture laboratory and the nursery respectively. Three replications of the 12 treatments of eight-week-old secondary triploids were planted in the field at 3m x 2m spacing using an RCB (randomized complete block) design. Data collected were: number of days to 50% flowering (DTF), time to fruit filling (TFF), plant height and number of leaves at 50% flowering, bunch weight, number of hands/bunches, fingers/ bunch and total yield. Collected data were analysed using ANOVA in RCB design at (P = 0.05) while means were compared with Duncan’s Multiple Range Test at (P = 0.05). Inconsistent individual genotypically significant differences were found in some phenological and vegetative characters, yield constituents and total yield between ex-vitro and in-vitro derived secondary triploids indicating no definitive pattern in responses of the secondary triploids. However, only days to flowering (DTF) showed consistent significant notable differences out of all these traits. Generally, the ex-vitro derived secondary triploids flowered significantly later than in-vitro derived ones. The secondary triploids from open pollinated parental crosses flowered significantly earlier than those obtained from the hand pollinated parental crosses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Few studies have evaluated seed quality in native to semi-arid zones' grasses. The objective was to validate published methodologies to carry out viability tests using Tetrazolium (TZ) test for caryopses (Cs) of Bouteloua curtipendula, Leptochloa dubia, Digitaria californica, Setaria macrostachya and Pennisetum ciliare, considering the imbibition time, TZ concentration and cut in the Cs. In addition, showing staining patterns according to evaluated treatments. Viability and vigor data was expressed as percent and hence transformed to arcsine. A completely randomized experimental design was carried out using a factorial arrangement: A) imbibition time before cutting; B), type of cut; C), TZ concentration, and Tukey's test (p<0.05) for mean comparisons. The Cs longitudinal cut was the most adequate (P<0.05), it allows observing Cs' embryonic structures and determining damaged sites; however, the Cs of D. californica and S. machrostachya are permeable to TZ and it was not necessary to section the Cs, which facilitates its evaluation. The ISTA protocols for viability in Poaceae are not directly applicable for the species evaluated, because the imbibition time for these species is not considered, which was 3 to 4 hours. It is recommended to use a 0.5% TZ concentration and evaluate 12 hours after the imbibition time between Cs and the TZ solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Populations of Agave potatorum Zucc. have been overexploited from their habitat for the commercial production of mezcal, a traditional Mexican liquor. Since micropropagation is the only method for cloning selected genotypes of this species, this study aimed to establish an efficient protocol for the in vitro propagation of A. potatorum using individual shoots. During the propagation stage, we evaluated the interaction between different concentrations of the cytokinin benzylaminopurine (BAP: 0, 1.5, and 3.0 mg L–1) and the auxin indole acetic acid (IAA: 0, 1.5, and 3.0 mg L–1). Additionally, we evaluated the interaction between different concentrations of the auxins naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA: 0, 1.5, and 3.0 mg L–1) and IAA (0, 1.5, and 3.0 mg L–1) during the in vitro rooting stage. In the propagation stage, the highest number of shoots was obtained with the combinations of 3.0 mg L–1 BAP + 3.0 mg L–1 IAA, 1.5 mg L–1 BAP + 3.0 mg L–1 IAA, and 3.0 mg L–1 BAP + 1.5 mg L–1 IAA, which yielded 9.87, 9.73, and 9.73 shoots per explant, respectively. In the rooting stage, the best shoot development was observed in the control treatment and when only 3.0 mg L–1 IAA was supplemented. Finally, after the rooting stage, plantlets were acclimatized and grown in the field, yielding a 98-100 % survival rate. In conclusion, the propagation protocol proposed in this study results in propagules suitable for establishment in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nymphaea , commonly known as water lily, is the largest and most widely distributed genus in the order Nymphaeales. The importance of Nymphaea in wetland ecosystems and their increased vulnerability make them a great choice for conservation and management. In this work, we studied genetic diversity in a collection of 90 N. micrantha and 92 N. nouchali individuals from six different states of India, i.e., Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Maharashtra, Goa, and Kerala, using simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers developed by low throughput Illumina sequencing (10X coverage of genome) of N. micrantha. Nymphaea nouchali is native to India, whereas N. micrantha is suggested to be introduced to the country for its aesthetic and cultural values. The study revealed extensive polymorphism in N. nouchali , while in N. micrantha , no apparent genetic divergence was detected prompting us to investigate the reason(s) by studying the reproductive biology of the two species. The study revealed that N. micrantha predominantly reproduces asexually which has impacted the genetic diversity of the species to a great extent. This observation is of immense importance for a successful re-establishment of Nymphaea species during restoration programs of wetlands. The information generated on reproductive behaviors and their association with genotypic richness can help in strategizing genetic resource conservation, especially for species with limited distribution. The study has also generated 22,268 non-redundant microsatellite loci, out of which, 143 microsatellites were tested for polymorphism and polymorphic markers were tested for transferability in five other Nymphaea species, providing genomic resources for further studies on this important genus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nymphaea , commonly known as water lily, is the largest and most widely distributed genus in the order Nymphaeales. The importance of Nymphaea in wetland ecosystems and their increased vulnerability make them a great choice for conservation and management. In this work, we studied genetic diversity in a collection of 90 N. micrantha and 92 N. nouchali individuals from six different states of India, i.e., Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Maharashtra, Goa, and Kerala, using simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers developed by low throughput Illumina sequencing (10X coverage of genome) of N. micrantha. Nymphaea nouchali is native to India, whereas N. micrantha is suggested to be introduced to the country for its aesthetic and cultural values. The study revealed extensive polymorphism in N. nouchali , while in N. micrantha , no apparent genetic divergence was detected prompting us to investigate the reason(s) by studying the reproductive biology of the two species. The study revealed that N. micrantha predominantly reproduces asexually which has impacted the genetic diversity of the species to a great extent. This observation is of immense importance for a successful re-establishment of Nymphaea species during restoration programs of wetlands. The information generated on reproductive behaviors and their association with genotypic richness can help in strategizing genetic resource conservation, especially for species with limited distribution. The study has also generated 22,268 non-redundant microsatellite loci, out of which, 143 microsatellites were tested for polymorphism and polymorphic markers were tested for transferability in five other Nymphaea species, providing genomic resources for further studies on this important genus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has been widely recognized that biological invasion has become one of the greatest threats to the ecosystem. Codium fragile is an invasive species which exhibits a variety of attributes like parthenogenesis, winter fragment, and vegetative reproduction; and therefore, it has become a successful invader, colonizing most subtropical regions. In China's southeast coastal aquaculture waters, the green algal bloom caused by C. fragile will probably become a serious problem. In order to understand more details about the species, an experiment focused on its reproductive characteristics was conducted using culture established from a sample collected in the aquaculture raft of the Nan'ao Island in the South China Sea. The results showed that there were two types of gametes resembling aplanospores and zoospores respectively, both of which were able to germinate. During the gametes liberation, a long mucilage tube was formed out of the mouth of the gametangium assisting dispersal of gametes away from the parent plant. This tube was adapted not only to its surrounding flowing water environment but also to its parent plant's outer gelatinous structure. In general, the optimum temperature for gametes release and germination was 15–20°C and 15°C, respectively, which corresponded to the local offshore marine water. The plant was observed to produce vegetative buds under favourable reproductive conditions which were called propagules. They were capable of developing into filamentous thalli. The results will provide some scientific evidences for revealing the biological mechanism of bloom and control strategies of invasive green algae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Straw and reed are natural local insulation- and construction materials, which properties allow them to replace energy intensive building materials. In general, straw and reed as building materials are considered harmless to the environment and human health. Unfortunately, the use of these materials may bring about mould growth in buildings which may result in different diseases (for example irritation of eyes, nose and throat, allergic rhinitis, conjunctivitis, and asthma) in people with weaker immune systems. No research has been carried out on the topic of microbiological community in straw and reed houses in climatic conditions similar to Estonia, although buildings made of natural materials are becoming more and more popular. The aims of the study were to investigate the indoor climate of buildings with straw and reed-bale walls and to determine the factors influencing indoor air quality. In order to fulfil the set aim: (1) air quality was tested in the bedrooms of the studied houses, and the microbial species in air and walls were determined; (2) the indoor air quality parameters (CO2, RH%, and temperature) in air and at two different heights in the walls were measured. The results enable to conclude that the walls of straw or reed-bale house are suitable in Estonian climatic conditions, which as a result of professional design, usage of materials suitable for building, and high-quality craftsmanship provides a healthy and environmentally friendly housing.

Nymphaea, commonly known as water lily, is the largest and most widely distributed genus in the order Nymphaeales. The importance of Nymphaea in wetland ecosystems and their increased vulnerability make them a great choice for conservation and management. In this work, we studied genetic diversity in a collection of 90 N. micrantha and 92 N. nouchali individuals from six different states of India, i.e., Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Maharashtra, Goa, and Kerala, using simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers developed by low throughput Illumina sequencing (10X coverage of genome) of N. micrantha. Nymphaea nouchali is native to India, whereas N. micrantha is suggested to be introduced to the country for its aesthetic and cultural values. The study revealed extensive polymorphism in N. nouchali, while in N. micrantha, no apparent genetic divergence was detected prompting us to investigate the reason(s) by studying the reproductive biology of the two species. The study revealed that N. micrantha predominantly reproduces asexually which has impacted the genetic diversity of the species to a great extent. This observation is of immense importance for a successful re-establishment of Nymphaea species during restoration programs of wetlands. The information generated on reproductive behaviors and their association with genotypic richness can help in strategizing genetic resource conservation, especially for species with limited distribution. The study has also generated 22,268 non-redundant microsatellite loci, out of which, 143 microsatellites were tested for polymorphism and polymorphic markers were tested for transferability in five other Nymphaea species, providing genomic resources for further studies on this important genus.

In recent years, human-vectored seed dispersal has become a major way of the spreading of invasive species. This process especially threatens isolated habitats with high ecological value that are regularly visited by tourists. Biosecurity measures play an important role in preventing human-vectored seed dispersal. In this study, we reviewed possible biosecurity measures such as education, selfregulation, legislation, quarantine measures, monitoring, surveillance, and visitor management. Our results show that most biosecurity regulations are applied in Antarctica, Australia, and the islands of Oceania. We provide examples for the possible applications of these biosecurity measures in Hungary. Further information and measures are needed, especially in regions where no biosecurity measures are in effect to prevent the spreading of invasive species via human vectored dispersal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biostromes and low‐relief bioherms, some of which are characterized by exceptionally large, flat specimens of larger benthic foraminifera, are common in Palaeogene and Miocene carbonates, most notably those deposited along the Neotethys Seaway and tropical Pacific islands. By incorporating insights from palaeoceanographic research and the biology of living larger benthic foraminifera, a scenario is proposed that can account for palaeontological and sedimentological features while augmenting previous interpretations. Sexual reproduction by gamete broadcasting is common in foraminiferal taxa, including extant Nummulitidae and Amphisteginidae. Resultant zygotes can develop into tiny, resistant, easily dispersed propagules that recruit in suitable benthic‐environmental conditions. The role of algal symbiosis in the biology of larger benthic foraminifera is well‐documented. Palaeoceanographically, such taxa proliferated during times of reduced thermal stratification of the oceans. In regions with exceptionally clear, nutrient‐depleted waters, 'twilight‐zone' light penetration was sufficient, at least intermittently, to support some photosynthesis. On outer‐shelf or promontory sites at depths of ca 100 to 200 m, the tiny propagules of larger benthic foraminiferal species, incorporating algal symbionts with the lowest light requirements, could have settled and recruited, growing very slowly, nourished by feeding on bacteria and the limited photosynthate produced by their algal symbionts. Under such conditions, thin microspheric individuals of one or two larger benthic foraminiferal taxa could have survived and grown slowly over several years to very large shell diameters, seldom reproducing asexually. Resulting carbonate accumulation rates would have been very slow, such that even rare disturbances by currents, major storms or internal waves could have produced evidence of winnowing and sedimentary structures. The fossil evidence of such habitats should include biostromes or possibly low‐relief bioherms of low diversity assemblages characterized by abundant, exceptionally large, flat, microspheric larger benthic foraminifera. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Endozoochory by waterbirds is particularly relevant to the dispersal of non-flying aquatic invertebrates. This ecological function exercised by birds has been demonstrated in different biogeographical regions, but there are no studies for the neotropical region. In this work, we identified propagules of invertebrates in faeces of 14 syntopic South American waterbird species representing six families, and hatched additional invertebrates from cultured faeces. We tested whether propagule abundance, species richness and composition varied among bird species, and between the cold and warm seasons. We found 164 invertebrate propagules in faecal samples from seven different waterbirds species, including eggs of the Temnocephalida and Notonectidae, statoblasts of bryozoans (Plumatella sp.) and ephippia of Cladocera. Ciliates (including Paramecium sp. and Litostomatea), nematodes and rotifers (Adineta sp. and Nottomatidae) hatched from cultured samples. Potential for endozoochory was confirmed for 12 of 14 waterbird species. Our statistical models suggest that richness and abundance of propagules are associated with bird species and not affected by seasonality. Dispersal by endozoochory is potentially important to a broad variety of invertebrates, being promoted by waterbirds with different ecological and morphological traits, which are likely to drive the dispersal of invertebrates in neotropical wetlands.

Spores have crucial importance in the establishment and development of seaweed populations. When the spore release matches with the low tidal period, they experience an extreme variation in the environmental conditions including the temperature. In this study, we assess the photosynthetic responses and growth of haploid (tetraspores) and diploid (carpospores) spores of two Gigartinales species (Mazzaella laminarioides and Iridaea cordata) from sub-Antarctic populations when exposed to an increasing temperature. In the laboratory, freshly released spores were exposed to a temperature gradient (7 [control], 10, 15, and 20 °C) recreating the temperature increase experienced by these spores during typical spring tides. Germination and further growth of spores previously exposed to temperature treatments were assessed. Carpospores and tetraspores exhibited variation in their photosynthetic response (measured as effective quantum yield; Φ PSII) to temperature increase. In Mazzaella laminarioides , only carpospores exhibited a reduction in Φ PSII (by 7–24% at 15–20 °C), while both types of spores of Iridaea cordata were sensitive to temperature increase (12–24% of Φ PSII reduction at 10–20 °C). Spores previously exposed to temperature treatments and maintained at 7 °C and low PAR germinated and developed in germlings. In general, germlings originated from carpospores pre-treated at high temperatures showed higher growth rates. The different responses to temperature increase exhibited by haploid and diploid propagules of both species highlight their ecophysiological capacity to face high-temperature variation ensuring successful recruitment survival. • Haploid and diploid spores exhibit different photosynthetic responses to temperature increase. • Although haploid and diploid spores differ in temperature tolerance they can germinate and growth after temperature stress. • Germlings of carpospores reach higher diameter than those originated from tetraspores. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present research was done at the semi rustic seedbed "La Campanita" which belongs to the Cooperative Basic Unit of Agricultural Production of the Urban Agricultural Company in Cumanayagua municipality with aims of evaluating different proportions of soil, sand, organic matter and zeolita in the substrate for the seedling production of Acerola (Malpighia emarginata DC) by mean of cuttings, and determine the most effective combination among these components. The vegetal material used was selected according with the requirements and recommendations of technical instructions for the production of fruit trees from cuttings. The experiment was developed under semi - controlled lighting conditions and the experimental design was a random block with 6 treatments and 4 replications. The results indicated the feasibility to produce Acerola seedlings with the use of different proportions of soil, sand, organic matter and zeolite. The best response was found in the variant composed of 50 % organic matter, 25 % soil, 25 % zeolite and surface coverage of zeolite, with 88 % of live stakes and a better behavior in the quantity and length of roots emitted. All the variants used showed budding of axillary buds and rooting.

More than 1/3 of Chinese native orchids are used as Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) including many species of Dendrobium, and these Dendrobium species have been massively collected. The restoration-friendly cultivation model, i.e. planting targeted species in natural settings, is considered a new conservation tool for these epiphytic medicinal orchids, especially for Dendrobium species. In this study, we set out to develop an easy-to-use solution for practice of restoration-friendly cultivation in D. officinale, an critically endangered orchid with high medicinal value. We isolated fungi both from naturally occurred protocorms and roots of adult plants, and successfully obtained nine orchid mycorrhizal fungi (OMFs). Among them, five OMFs have been experimentally tested to promote seed germination and seedling development, but varied greatly in effectiveness. The most effective fungus, Sebacinales LQ, could quickly promote seedling formation and development in D. officinale. The percentage of protocorm formation could reach 65.90 ± 5.1%, and 4.57 ± 1.3% of seeds developed into seedlings at 30 days after incubation. At 60 days after incubation, the protocorm formation (83.71 ± 2.9%) already reached culmination and the percentage of seedlings (68.19 ± 3.8%) approached to peak level in LQ treatment. The fungus-seed bags, containing mixtures of fungal powders of LQ strains and seeds of D. officinale, were used as propagules and released in the original habitats of D. officinale. After one year, the percentages of seedlings in fungus-seed bags ranged from 13.16 ± 1.1% up to 20.88 ± 2.2% at three sites, and most seedlings appeared seemingly healthy. The fungus-seed bags showed many advantages in practice, e.g., low-cost mass production, long term storage, convenient transportation, controllable seedling quantity and density, ease of use in the field, and environmentally-friendly biodegradable paper bags. This low-cost and easy-to-use method could well achieve the target of restoration-friendly cultivation in D. officinale, and has universal applications for conservation translocations of epiphytic orchid based on symbiotic seeds germination.

As a major disturbance, hurricanes affect growth and phenology of trees. Tree diameters were annually measured for three years, and the phenology of 16 tree species monthly recorded in a seasonally dry tropical forest in Veracruz, Mexico, when on September 2010, Hurricane Karl struck the region. One month later, tree damage was recorded and phenological observations resumed for 12 more months, and diameter measurement for two more years. Tree damage due to the hurricane was high: 10 % were uprooted, 7 % broken and 2 % bent. All trees uprooted died, but some broken or bent trunk trees resprouted (15 % of tagged trees died). Overall, mean diameter growth of trees that survive the hurricane (0.79 cm yr-1) was greater than pre-hurricane growth rate (0.68 cm yr-1). For all the studied species together, leaf fall, leafing, and flowering phenology did not differ between pre- and post-hurricane whereas fruiting was lower for the post-hurricane year. At species level, most species displayed differences in reproductive phenology between pre-hurricane and post-hurricane years. Most species did not flower, lower flowering and fruiting (Calyptranthes schiedeana), or did not fruit (Luehea candida, Maclura tinctoria, Tabebuia chrysantha) the year following the hurricane. In conclusion, due to hurricane damage, tree mortality was high but many trees recovered from damage, and that the hurricane negatively influenced intensity in reproductive phenology, and in turn may alter forest structure, shift species composition, and affect the trophic relationships and functioning of the whole forest community.

Compact blankets of free-floating plants generate stressful aquatic environments. The response of submerged macrophytes remains largely elusive. Will they rush toward the light or rather speed up reproductive efforts and escape using propagules—the macrophyte equivalent of lifeboats? We studied the effects of complete duckweed (Lemna minor) cover on growth and reproductive fitness of macroalga Chara globularis in a pond mesocosm experiment. C. globularis growing in Lemna-covered plots lost biomass and developed longer internodes, indicating an elongative reflex to escape stress. Densities of reproductive organs per biomass unit evolved positively in open plots and negatively in covered plots, suggesting a trade-off between reproductive effort and vegetative elongation. Reproductive potential correlated significantly with incident radiation. Lemna cover, however, did not affect oospore rain—at least within the limited time span of propagule trapping. C. globularis thus displayed an ability to modify phenology in response to floating plant stress, allocating resources to internodes instead of gametangia. Nevertheless, duckweed dominance clearly suppressed the overall reproductive performance of C. globularis. The regenerative capacity of many submerged macrophytes will likely suffer from increased floating plant dominance due to global warming—unless efforts are made to reduce nutrient levels in vulnerable waterbodies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The new species Hypnea corona Huisman & Petrocelli is described to accommodate specimens from Australia, New Zealand, Italy, and Japan that were previously included in the Hypnea cornuta complex but were shown by recent molecular studies to represent a species-level clade. Hypnea corona produces distinctive stellate, starch-filled propagules that are easily dislodged and serve as vegetative reproductive structures. However, similar structures are found in closely related species and thus H. corona is distinguished primarily by unique rbcL barcode sequences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]