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Cuando el servicio de televisión de pago HBO debutó en el otoño de 1972, jamás se llegó a imaginar que su futuro iba a ser tan prometedor. En estas cuatro décadas, la cadena se ha convertido en una institución con un servicio que ha cambiado la televisión, ha reconfigurado la industria del cine y ha avivado el entretenimiento en el hogar. Gracias a la evolución de su producción original, HBO ha creado un contenido audiovisual que subvierte la narrativa televisiva y los géneros más tradicionales dando paso a una nueva forma de contar historias donde la identificación con el espectador es mayor. When the pay television network HBO started in the autumn of 1972, it was never believed that its future would be so promising. In these four decades, the cable television has become an institution with a service that has changed television, has reconfigure film industry and has simulated home entertainment. Thanks to the evolution of its original production, HBO has made audiovisual content that changes television narrative and traditional genres. This fact has cleared the way to a new method of telling stories where the identification with audience is greater.

Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC), like many other regions in the world, are areas that are prone to hydrometeorological disasters, which threaten livelihoods and cause economic losses. To derive LAC’s status in the field of flood risk-related research, we conducted a bibliometric analysis of the region’s publication record using the Web of Science journal database (WoS). After analysing a total of 1887 references according to inclusion-exclusion criteria, 302 articles published in the last 20 years were selected. The research articles published in the period 2000–2020 revealed that Mexico, Brazil, and certain South American countries such as Chile, Peru, and Argentina are more productive in flood risk research. Scientific research is increasing, and most of the available studies focus on lowland areas. The frequently-used keywords are generic, and there is often verbatim copying from the title of the article, which shows the poor coherence between the title, abstract, and keywords. This limited diversification of keywords is of little use in bibliometric studies, reducing their visibility and negatively impacting the citation count level. LAC flood studies are mainly related to hydrometeorological assessments, flood risk analyses, geomorphological and ecosystem studies, flood vulnerability and resilience approaches, and statistical and geographic information science evaluations. This systematic review reveals that although flood risk research has been important in the last two decades, future research linked with future climatic scenarios is key to the development of realistic solutions to disaster risks., Juan Pinos was the beneficiary of an FPI grant (BES-2017-082234) funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation. Thanks to Hugo Rodríguez-Bolaños from the University of Costa Rica who assisted in the bibliometric process. Special thanks to Soll Kracher for the English grammar and syntax revision.

Resumen Este artículo explica cómo se presenta la relación entre los directores, guionistas, productores, realizadores e investigadores independientes de la televisión pública de Chile, Colombia y México, y la audiencia infantil; además, establece los criterios para definir un público objetivo. Para este estudio de corte cualitativo, se aplicaron 21 cuestionarios a los realizadores de programas emitidos a través de los canales de televisión pública como TVN y Novasur de Chile, el canal Once y Canal 22 de México y Señal Colombia, los cuales recibieron nominaciones o premios nacionales e internacionales desde su emisión. Los resultados evidencian que la relación se presenta por iniciativa propia y no por los canales. Además, esta se produce tanto en la fase creativa del proyecto -para testear su viabilidad- como en la etapa de producción de los contenidos durante las grabaciones. Sin embargo, se identifica que no hay un seguimiento de la aceptación y apropiación de los mensajes producidos y emitidos por los canales de televisión, especialmente en aquellos que producen propuestas culturales y de eduentretenimiento -uno de los objetivos de la televisión pública-. Finalmente, los creativos de la televisión brindan una serie de recomendaciones importantes para diseñar proyectos audiovisuales infantiles, que tienen en cuenta aspectos como la investigación, contenidos, producción y participación de la audiencia. Abstract This paper explains how the relationship among independent directors, producers, screenwriters, and researchers of public television from Chile, Colombia, Mexico and child audiences is established, it also sets the criteria to define the target group. For this qualitative study, 21 questionnaires were applied to creatives of broadcasted programs of public television channels like tvn and Novasur from Chile, Canal Once and Canal 22 from Mexico, and Señal Colombia, all of which received nominations or national and international awards since their emissions. The results show that the relation is present by own initiative and not by the channels. Moreover, this is conformed in the same project creation phase to test its viability and in the production stage of contents during recordings. Nevertheless, it is identified that there is no follow-up about the acceptation and appropriation of produced and broadcasted messages by television channels, specially those that produce cultural edu-entertainment shows, as it is one of the objectives of public television. Finally, television creatives give a series of important recommendations for designing a children’s audiovisual project, taking into account aspects such as research, contents, production, and audience participation. Resumo Este artigo explica como se dá a relação entre os diretores, roteiristas, produtores, realizadores e pesquisadores independentes da televisão pública do Chile, da Colômbia e do México, e a audiência infantil. Além disso, estabelece os critérios para definir um público-alvo. Para este estudo de corte qualitativo, 21 questionários foram aplicados aos realizadores de programas emitidos por meio dos canais de televisão pública como TVN e Novasur do Chile, o canal Once e Canal 22 do México e Señal Colombia, que receberam nominações ou prêmios nacionais e internacionais desde sua transmissão. Os resultados evidenciam que a relação se dá por iniciativa própria e não pelos canais. Ainda, esta é produzida tanto na fase criativa do projeto para testar sua viabilidade quanto na etapa de produção dos conteúdos durante as gravações. No entanto, identifica-se que não há um acompanhamento sobre a aceitação e apropriação das mensagens produzidas e emitidas pelos canais de televisão, especialmente naqueles que produzem propostas culturais e de entretenimento educativo - um dos objetivos da televisão pública. Finalmente, os criativos da televisão oferecem uma série de recomendações importantes para o momento de criar um projeto audiovisual infantil, que leva em consideração aspectos como a pesquisa, os conteúdos, a produção e a participação da audiência.

2019. godine počela je kurikularna reforma u Hrvatskoj. U novom kurikularnom pristupu nema točno određenih nastavnih cjelina i tema, nego učitelji mogu samostalno birati teme na temelju predmetnih kurikuluma. Kako do sada nema povratnih informacija o tome kako učitelji vrednuju, provedeno je istraživanje o vrednovanju sadržaja u nastavi Tjelesne i zdravstvene kulture prema novom kurikularnom pristupu. U istraživanju je sudjelovalo 156 učitelja koji su se susreli s novom metodologijom. Oni su procijenili u kojoj mjeri su za ostvarenje ishoda važni sadržaji preporučeni kurikulumom. Rezultati pokazuju da učitelji u vrednovanju ishoda smatraju različite sadržaje bitnima. Nadalje, sadržaji koji su ocijenjeni najpotrebnijim za ostvarivanje prvog ishoda, najzastupljeniji su i u vrednovanju drugog ishoda. Istraživanje je obuhvatilo procjenjivanje važnosti sadržaja u obliku nastavnih cjelina, a za detaljniji uvid u izbor sadržaja trebalo bi ispitati koje nastavne teme učitelji biraju unutar tih cjelina., The new curriculum reform in Croatia started in 2019. The new curriculum approach does not strictly proscribe the lessons and topics to be addressed to in class, but it rather allows teachers to independently choose their own topics based on the subject curriculum. Since there has not yet been any output regarding the evaluating process performed by the teachers, a research has been conducted analysing the process of evaluation in physical education classes in accordance with the new curriculum approach. 156 teachers, who had previously been introduced to the new methodology, participated in the research. They have expressed their opinions about the importance of the content recommended by the curriculum for the purposes of achieving the set outcomes. The results show that teachers consider various content important for evaluating the outcome achievement. Furthermore, the content regarded as the most relevant for achieving the first outcome is at the same mostly referred to in evaluating the second outcome. The research was oriented towards analysing the importance of the content matter in form of teaching lessons. However, for a detailed insight into the content selection, further research should be conducted regarding the lesson topics within the recommended content chosen by the teachers.

There is growing empirical evidence regarding the relationship and sexuality experiences and needs of children, young people and adults with intellectual disabilities. A total of twelve papers met the inclusion criteria regarding relationship and sexuality education (RSE) programmes specific to the needs of this population. The preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were followed and quality appraisal undertaken. The four themes identified were principles informing RSE programme development, design and content of RSE programmes, delivery of RSE programmes and evaluation of RSE programmes. The discussion presents areas that need to be addressed to ensure that people with intellectual disabilities, their families, carers and professionals are fully involved in the design and delivery of RSE programmes. Further research is required to identify the impact of the programmes and the sustained outcomes achieved. Recommendations are made regarding the activities required to enable the development of evidence-based and person-centred approaches to relationship and sexuality programmes.

Resumen En este artículo se pretende recoger la representación o representaciones de la guerra presentes de manera predominante en los videojuegos de géneros bélicos. Para ello, se desarrolló un análisis de contenido sobre una muestra de 62 videojuegos elaborada siguiendo como criterio de muestreo el volumen de ventas o el número de descargas en España entre los años 2005 y 2015. Dicho análisis se articuló a partir de tres ejes conceptuales: a) los elementos legitimadores de los conflictos, b) los elementos deshumanizadores del enemigo y c) los elementos desindividualizadores de los jugadores. Los resultados muestran a) la prevalencia de un discurso legitimador del conflicto centrado en la defensa, sin motivaciones territoriales o de recursos y con ausencia de civiles durante la acción del videojuego, b) un predominio de enemigos de apariencia y comportamiento homogéneo, carentes de rasgos distintivos y representados de forma realista, y c) unos personajes protagonistas caracterizados por su diseño predeterminado, su trasfondo heroico y su irreal invulnerabilidad al daño. La presente investigación, poseedora de carácter meramente descriptivo, permite establecer una base empírica para estudios posteriores sobre la construcción de creencias y actitudes en los usuarios habituales de esta clase de ocio a través de la Teoría del Cultivo. Abstract This article collects predominant representation or representations of war in war video games. To this end, a content analysis is carried out on a sample of 62 video games, which was taken following the sampling criteria of volume of sales or number of downloads in Spain between 2005-2015. This analysis is based on three conceptual lines: a) conflict legitimizers; b) enemy dehumanizers; and c) player de-individualizers. Results show the prevalence of a defense-centered legitimizing discourse of the conflict with no territorial or resource motivations, the absence of civilians during the action of the game, a predominance of enemies with homogeneous appearance and behavior who lack distinctive features and are realistically represented, and some main characters with a default design, heroic background and unreal invulnerability. Relying on the cultivation theory, this descriptive work establishes an empirical basis for further studies on how regular users of this kind of leisure activity construct beliefs and attitudes. Resumo Este artigo trata da representação ou representações da guerra presentes de maneira predominante nos videogames de gêneros bélicos. Para isso, foi desenvolvida uma análise de conteúdo de 62 videogames que seguiu, como critério de amostra, o volume de vendas ou o número de downloads na Espanha entre 2005 e 2015. A análise está articulada a partir de três eixos conceituais: a) os elementos legitimadores dos conflitos, b) os elementos desumanizadores do inimigo e c) os elementos desindividualizadores dos jogadores. Os resultados mostram a prevalência de um discurso legitimador do conflito centralizado na defesa, sem motivações territoriais ou de recursos e com ausência de civis durante a ação do videogame, um predomínio de inimigos de aparência e de comportamento homogêneo, carentes de traços distintivos e representados de forma realista, e umas personagens protagonistas caracterizadas por seu desenho predeterminado, sua origem heroica e sua irreal invulnerabilidade ao dano. Este trabalho, de caráter descritivo, permitiu estabelecer uma base empírica para estudos posteriores sobre a construção de crenças e atitudes nos usuários desse tipo de lazer por meio da teoria do cultivo.

Las redes sociales, y en concreto Facebook, son frecuentemente utilizadas tanto por la población como por todo tipo de organizaciones. En concreto, las empresas suelen emplear la comunicación digital para crear vínculos emocionales con el usuario. En este sentido, especialmente llamativa resulta la industria de la moda, ya que se trata de un sector en el que se usan con frecuencia las redes sociales. Así, con el propósito de conocer las características de la comunicación digital que se realiza desde el ámbito empresarial, este trabajo se basa en examinar el uso de Facebook por parte de las marcas de moda. Dadas las grandes diferencias que existen dentro de esta industria, resulta necesario comparar el uso que las marcas de moda rápida y de lujo realizan de esta herramienta de comunicación. Para ello, se lleva a cabo un análisis de contenido de las publicaciones efectuadas entre el 1 de enero y el 30 de junio de 2017 en Facebook por diferentes empresas relacionadas con el ámbito de la moda. Los principales resultados ponen de manifiesto que, pese al interés mostrado por los seguidores de las marcas de moda estudiadas en dialogar, en especial con las de lujo, estas no están aprovechando plenamente las posibilidades de comunicación bidireccional que ofrece Facebook. Both people and all kinds of organizations frequently use social media, especially Facebook. Companies in particular resort to digital communication to create emotional bonds with users, which is the case of the fashion industry. To identify the features of digital communication in business, this paper examines the use of Facebook by fashion brands. Given the substantial differences within this industry, it is necessary to compare how fast and luxury fashion brands operate this networking tool. For this, content analysis is performed on Facebook posts published by various fashion-related companies between January 1 and June 30, 2017. The main results show that, despite the interest of followers of the studied fashion brands in having a conversation, especially with luxury brands, these are not taking full advantage of the two-way communication possibilities offered by Facebook. As redes sociais, em específico o Facebook, são com frequência utilizadas tanto pela população quanto pelas organizações. As empresas costumam utilizar a comunicação digital para criar vínculos emocionais com o usuário. Nesse sentido, chama a atenção a indústria da moda, já que se trata de um setor em que as redes sociais são usadas de forma constante. Assim, com o objetivo de conhecer as características da comunicação digital realizada a partir do contexto empresarial, este trabalho se baseia em examinar o uso do Facebook pelas marcas de moda. Tendo em vista as grandes diferenças que há nessa indústria, é necessário comparar o uso que as marcas de fastfashion e de luxo realizam dessa ferramenta de comunicação. Para isso, é feita uma análise das publicações entre 1º de janeiro e 30 de junho de 2017 no Facebook por diferentes empresas do âmbito da moda. Os principais resultados evidenciam que, embora o interesse mostrado pelos seguidores das marcas de moda estudadas em dialogar em especial com as de luxo, estas não estão aproveitando de forma integral as possibilidades de comunicação bidireccional que o Facebook oferece.

This article explores the ideological positions and communications strategies adopted by different actors who are relevant in the news coverage of immigration and immigrants. A methodological model was designed that considers the mass media as creators of discourses, and the public authorities and social organisations as promotors of policies and sources of information that can influence the media sphere. Similarly, this analytical model makes it possible to examine the interrelations that take place amongst the selected actors during the process of news production, as well as in possible spaces for dialogue and the management of joint policies. The Basque Autonomous Region was chosen as the area for the case study, with a sample that is funnel-shaped, making it possible to start out from the local level (small organisations, local journalism, major town councils) and then to obtain a broader vision of this context (immigrants’ platforms, policies managed by the Basque Government, mass media). Amongst the main conclusions, we underscore the fact that the actors interviewed agree on their diagnosis of the quality of the treatment of immigration and immigrants in the news, the difficulty of seeing migration as a phenomenon with a broad scope, the controversial role played by the media, as well as actors’ lack of systematic communications strategies that might influence the media sphere. Este artículo explora los posicionamientos ideológicos y las estrategias comunicativas empleadas por diferentes actores considerados relevantes en el tratamiento informativo de la inmigración. Para ello se ha diseñado un modelo metodológico que tienen en cuenta a los medios de comunicación como generadores de discursos y a las instituciones públicas y las organizaciones sociales como impulsores de políticas y como fuentes informativas que pueden tener una incidencia en la esfera mediática. Así mismo, el modelo de análisis permite atender a las interrelaciones que se dan entre los actores seleccionados durante el proceso de producción de informaciones, así como en los posibles espacios de interlocución y gestación de políticas conjuntas. Se ha seleccionado la Comunidad Autónoma Vasca como estudio de caso, con una muestra con forma de embudo que permite partir de lo local (organizaciones pequeñas, periodismo cercano, principales ayuntamientos) y tener en este contexto una visión más amplia (plataformas de inmigrantes, políticas gestadas desde el Gobierno Vasco, medios de comunicación autonómicos). Entre las principales conclusiones, destacamos el coincidente diagnóstico entre los actores entrevistados sobre la calidad del tratamiento informativo de la inmigración, la dificultad para observar las migraciones como un fenómeno de amplio alcance, el papel controvertido que juegan los medios en este asunto, así como la falta de estrategias comunicativas sistemáticas, tanto de los actores por separado como conjuntas, para una posible incidencia en la esfera mediática.

Recepción: 2.05.2017 | Publicado: 15.12.2017, Correspondencia: Miguel Ángel Tobias | Orcid: 0000-0001-9832-4940, Las TIC suscitaron una revolución en los modelos educativos, influyendo directamente en las prácticas docentes. No obstante, los medios digitales carecen de espacios virtuales que orienten y ayuden a los profesionales. El desarrollo de Recursos Educativos Abiertos (REA) y Objetos de Aprendizaje (OA) han ido en aumento. El objetivo de esta investigación es presentar un modelo de intercambio y colaboración que fomente el acceso y oriente a profesionales al uso de recursos multimedia como oferta educativa. Se ha realizado una investigación exploratoria seguida de una investigación aplicada basada en el desarrollo de una plataforma, donde se ofrecen MOOC. El estudio se ha realizado en un Instituto de Enseñanza Superior de la Universidad de Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Como resultado de esta investigación fue creada la plataforma de acceso abierto llamada RECIF, percibiéndose la colaboración e intercambio de ideas entre profesionales de la educación, haciendo posible la verificación del modelo propuesto. Como conclusión final, se observa que el modelo propuesto puede ser aplicado a cualquier práctica educativa que involucre al video como recurso didáctico; incentivó un aprendizaje que estimula la creatividad y el dinamismo; y fomenta la creación de espacios virtuales motivadores, interactivos, colaborativos e innovadores., ICT caused a revolution in educational models, directly influencing teaching practices. However, digital media lack virtual spaces that guide and help professionals. The development of Open Educational Resources (OER) and Learning Objects (LO) has been increasing. The objective of this research is to present a model of sharing and collaboration that fosters access and guides professionals to the use of multimedia resources as an educational offering. The methodology consists of an exploratory investigation followed by applied research based on the development of a platform where MOOCs were offered. The study was carried out at a Higher Education Institute at the University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. As a result of this research, the Open Access Platform called RECIF was created, observing the collaboration and sharing of ideas among education professionals, thus making possible the verification of the proposed model. It was concluded that the proposed model can be applied in any educational practice that includes videos as a didactic resource; encourages learning that stimulates creativity and dynamism; and fosters the creation of motivational, interactive, collaborative and innovative virtual spaces., Universidad de Granada. Departamento de Psicología Social. Proyecto de Innovación Docente ReiDoCrea

Straipsnyje nagrinėjami aukštojo neuniversitetinio mokslo studijų programos analizės klausimai interpretuojant analizę ne kaip savitikslį veiksmą, bet kaip studijų kokybės tobulinimo priemonę. Ypatingas dėmesys skiriamas studijų programos turinio analizės reikšmei ir reikalingumui socialiniame ekonominiame kontekste. Auganti konkurencija tarp aukštųjų mokyklų skatina instituciją tobulinti studijų kokybę atliekant vidinę analizę ir įtraukiant visus studijų programos įgyvendinimo dalyvius. Teorinio tyrimo rezultate numatyti studijų programos turinio vidinės analizės etapai, kurių metu nustatomos studijų programos tikslų ir dalyko tikslų sąsajos, kompleksiškai įvertinami mokymo turinio pokyčiai. Analizės prielaida: mokymo turinio elementai yra susiję tarpusavyje, todėl keičiantis bent vienam iš jų turi būti peržiūrimi ir atnaujinami visi. Teoriškai pagrįsta ir periodiškai atliekama vidinė studijų programų turinio analizė leis ne tik laiku pastebėti studijų programos pranašumus ir trūkumus, bet ir numatyti žinių visuomenės keliamas studijų kokybės tobulinimo kryptis The article deals with a scientific problem - the development of the content of a study programme, with a view to competitive environmental conditions in higher education and in-college academic environment. The basic attention is paid to the internal analysis of the study programme, when the means of study quality development are considered. The analysis is carried out by a higher education school subdivision implementing the study programme with the accumulation of its internal (intellectual and material) resources; the main aspects of the analysis are consistency and recurrence. In order to provide high quality of the analysis of the study programme, when all participants are involved, the methodology for resumptive and theoretically grounded analysis is necessary. The aim of the article is to substantiate the theoretical and practical prerequisites of the study programme analysis. The objectives of the article are as follows: 1. To justify the demand of the college study programme content analysis and its importance in the competitive environment; 2. To present a theoretical model of the internal analysis of the study programme content. The results of the theoretical research are based on scientific sources and standard documents on higher education. The necessity and importance of the content analysis is determined by on-going economic-financial changes and competition between higher educational institutions. The result of the research is a built-up model of internal analysis of the study programme content, which will help to determine the links between the study programme aims and subject aims also to give a summative evaluation of the changes in the training content. The presumption is made in the analysis that the elements of the teaching content are interrelated, therefore in case of change, all of them must be taken into account. The internal study programme content analysis, theoretically grounded and carried out periodically, will enable to observe the strengths and weaknesses of the programme and provide directions towards training quality development in the knowledge society