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Aim: To evaluate the progression of wound healing of standardized palatal defects in groups using three different collagen‐based wound dressings and a control group, in terms of wound closure, pain perception and descriptive histology. Materials and Methods: Twenty participants were enrolled in this experimental study, in whom four palatal defects were created. The defects (6 mm diameter, 3 mm depth) were randomly assigned to one of four treatment modalities: C (control), MG (Mucograft®), MD (mucoderm®) and FG (Fibro‐Gide®). Photographs were taken, and pain assessment was performed before and after treatment and at 5, 7, 9, 12, 14 and 16 days after surgery. All participants wore a palatal splint for a duration of 16 days. Results: All groups achieved complete wound closure at 14 days. The percentage of the remaining open wound on day 7 amounted to 49.3% (C; interquartile range [IQR]: 22.6), 70.1% (FG; IQR: 20.7), 56.8% (MD; IQR: 26.3) and 62.2% (MG; IQR: 34.4). Statistically significant differences were found between FG and C (p =.01) and between MD and FG (p =.04). None of the participants rated pain higher than 4 out of 10 during the entire study period. Conclusions: Collagen‐based wound dressings provide coverage of open defects, albeit without acceleration of wound closure or reduction of pain. FG (which is not intended for open oral wounds) showed slower wound closure compared to C and MD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Tooth surface polishing is an integral part of periodontal therapy. Enamel and cementum show a smooth surface clinically after debridement with the naked eye, but numerous surface irregularities can be detected microscopically. Air polishing is safe and effective when used by trained professionals. Aims: The aim of the study is to evaluate and compare the surface roughness of cementum by using an air polishing device and conventional root planing with hand instruments. Materials and Methods: A total of 45 extracted teeth stored in saline were divided into three groups randomly – Group A (conventional root planing), Group B (hand instrumentation and air polishing), and Group C (air polishing alone) – with 15 samples each. Samples were evaluated for surface roughness by using profilometer. Six parameters were checked for surface roughness. Statistical Analysis Used: The data were collected, charted, and analyzed using one-way ANOVA with post hoc LSD method for pairwise comparisons. Results: Least amount of surface roughness was achieved with Group C when compared with Group A and Group B. These differences were statistical significant (P < 0.0001). Conclusions: Air polishing can effectively smoothen the root surface by removing surface irregularities which are produced hand/ultrasonic instruments. Profilometer can be effectively used to measure the surface roughness.

Context: Tooth surface polishing is an integral part of periodontal therapy. Enamel and cementum show a smooth surface clinically after debridement with the naked eye, but numerous surface irregularities can be detected microscopically. Air polishing is safe and effective when used by trained professionals. Aims: The aim of the study is to evaluate and compare the surface roughness of cementum by using an air polishing device and conventional root planing with hand instruments. Materials and Methods: A total of 45 extracted teeth stored in saline were divided into three groups randomly – Group A (conventional root planing), Group B (hand instrumentation and air polishing), and Group C (air polishing alone) – with 15 samples each. Samples were evaluated for surface roughness by using profilometer. Six parameters were checked for surface roughness. Statistical Analysis Used: The data were collected, charted, and analyzed using one-way ANOVA with post hoc LSD method for pairwise comparisons. Results: Least amount of surface roughness was achieved with Group C when compared with Group A and Group B. These differences were statistical significant (P < 0.0001). Conclusions: Air polishing can effectively smoothen the root surface by removing surface irregularities which are produced hand/ultrasonic instruments. Profilometer can be effectively used to measure the surface roughness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Restorative resins during their prolonged use are exposed to variety foods and beverages are subjected to wear, degradation, and staining resulting in failure of restoration and require replacement. This study is aimed to evaluate surface roughness and hardness of five commercially available posterior resin composites following exposure to various food-simulating liquids (FSLs). Materials and Methods: Specimens were immersed in distilled water, ethanol, citric acid, and air and later examined using a profilometer, scanning electron microscope for the surface profiles. Hardness was measured by Vickers Hardness test. Statistical Analysis: Results were subjected to two-way ANOVA and Tukey's multiple Post hoc test. Results: There were significant differences in results among the composite resin tested. Inter comparison between materials after treating with FSLs, clear fill majesty (CFM) and Z350 showed better hardness values under the influence of ethanol, followed by Ever X, Tetric Evo Ceram and Sure fill SDR. None of the composites were unaffected by air compared to FSLs. Citric acid had reduced the hardness of CFM and had caused surface roughness on Sure fill SDR and Tetric Evo Ceram. Distilled water reduced hardness of CFM and SureFil SDR. EverX was not affected by any of the FSL either in hardness or surface roughness properties. All composites showed surface irregularities in all media. Ethanol and water had almost similar effect on all composites. Conclusions: Differences in hardness and surface roughness are due to different composition of resin matrix and different filler particles in all composite resin material tested.

Severe dental erosion could be one of the complications of gastroesophageal reflux disease and food disorders such as bulimia nervosa. The aim of the present in vitro study was to evaluate the remineralization efficiency and the erosion prevention capability obtained by combining the use of Elmex Erosion Protection (Elm-EP) and GC Tooth Mousse (GC-TM) in cases of strongly eroded enamel surfaces. Twenty-four specimens of bovine tooth were superficially treated with hydrochloric acid to mimic severe erosion conditions. The specimens were divided into 3 groups accordingly to a different remineralizing treatment for 15 days: immersion in artificial remineralizing saliva, brushing with Elm-EP and brushing with Elm-EP in association with a daily application of GC-TM paste. After the remineralization procedures, the specimens were exposed to a treatment with acid. The effectiveness of the treatments were assessed by surface profilometric analysis and scanning electron microscopy at four different steps. Furthermore, the quantity of the Ca2+ lost during erosion was determined. The combined action of Elm-EP and GC-TM led to a 50% roughness decrease of critically eroded dental surfaces. The tandem use of Elmex Erosion Protection and GC Tooth Mousse resulted a promising protecting strategy for the prevention of the dental mineral loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To test the non‐inferiority of demineralized bovine bone mineral (DBBM) compared to demineralized bovine bone mineral with 10% collagen (DBBM‐C) for the maintenance of the soft tissue contour after tooth extraction in the esthetic zone. Material and Methods: Sixty‐five patients randomly received ridge preservation at a single site in the anterior maxilla with DBBM or DBBM‐C. Both, DBBM and DBBM‐C, were covered with a collagen matrix. Profilometric analyses were performed at baseline (BL), immediately after treatment (PO), and at 4 months (FU; day of implant placement). The main outcome was the horizontal mean change (HC) at the buccal aspect. The measurements also included changes of the estimated soft tissue thickness (eTT) at 1, 3, and 5 mm below the buccal gingival margin. Descriptive analysis was performed, and differences between groups were analyzed using independent samples t test. The non‐inferiority test was performed for HC. Results: At 4 months, the horizontal mean change (HC) was −1.43 mm (±0.53 mm) (DBBM‐C) and −1.32 mm (±0.53 mm) (DBBM). Change of the estimated soft tissue thickness (eTT) between baseline (BL) and four months of follow‐up (FU) at 1, 3, and 5 mm amounted to −4.58 mm (±2.02 mm), −2.40 mm (±0.97 mm), and −1.37 mm (±0.78 mm) for DBBM‐C and to −4.12 mm (±1.80 mm), −2.09 mm (±0.91 mm), and −1.23 mm (±0.72 mm) for DBBM. The differences between the groups were not statistically significantly for any of the outcome measures (p >.05). Conclusions: DBBM is non‐inferior to DBBM‐C for the maintenance of the soft tissue contour 4 months after tooth extraction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Restorative resins during their prolonged use are exposed to variety foods and beverages are subjected to wear, degradation, and staining resulting in failure of restoration and require replacement. This study is aimed to evaluate surface roughness and hardness of five commercially available posterior resin composites following exposure to various food-simulating liquids (FSLs). Materials and Methods: Specimens were immersed in distilled water, ethanol, citric acid, and air and later examined using a profilometer, scanning electron microscope for the surface profiles. Hardness was measured by Vickers Hardness test. Statistical Analysis: Results were subjected to two-way ANOVA and Tukey's multiple Post hoc test. Results: There were significant differences in results among the composite resin tested. Inter comparison between materials after treating with FSLs, clear fill majesty (CFM) and Z350 showed better hardness values under the influence of ethanol, followed by Ever X, Tetric Evo Ceram and Sure fill SDR. None of the composites were unaffected by air compared to FSLs. Citric acid had reduced the hardness of CFM and had caused surface roughness on Sure fill SDR and Tetric Evo Ceram. Distilled water reduced hardness of CFM and SureFil SDR. EverX was not affected by any of the FSL either in hardness or surface roughness properties. All composites showed surface irregularities in all media. Ethanol and water had almost similar effect on all composites. Conclusions: Differences in hardness and surface roughness are due to different composition of resin matrix and different filler particles in all composite resin material tested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Severe dental erosion could be one of the complications of gastroesophageal reflux disease and food disorders such as bulimia nervosa. The aim of the present in vitro study was to evaluate the remineralization efficiency and the erosion prevention capability obtained by combining the use of Elmex Erosion Protection (Elm-EP) and GC Tooth Mousse (GC-TM) in cases of strongly eroded enamel surfaces. Twenty-four specimens of bovine tooth were superficially treated with hydrochloric acid to mimic severe erosion conditions. The specimens were divided into 3 groups accordingly to a different remineralizing treatment for 15 days: immersion in artificial remineralizing saliva, brushing with Elm-EP and brushing with Elm-EP in association with a daily application of GC-TM paste. After the remineralization procedures, the specimens were exposed to a treatment with acid. The effectiveness of the treatments were assessed by surface profilometric analysis and scanning electron microscopy at four different steps. Furthermore, the quantity of the Ca2+ lost during erosion was determined. The combined action of Elm-EP and GC-TM led to a 50% roughness decrease of critically eroded dental surfaces. The tandem use of Elmex Erosion Protection and GC Tooth Mousse resulted a promising protecting strategy for the prevention of the dental mineral loss.

Abstract: Objectives: To assess the profilometric changes of the buccal soft tissues between baseline and 5 years of loading using a one‐ and two‐piece dental implant system. Materials and methods: Sixty patients randomly received dental implants of either a two‐piece type (BRA) or a one‐piece type (STM). Casts were obtained at baseline (after crown insertion), at the 1‐year and at the 5‐year follow‐up. Stereolithography files were obtained from the casts for digital superimposition. One implant and the contralateral natural tooth were selected for the analysis. Thirty‐three patients (BRA = 16; STM = 17) were included. Measurements included changes for crown height (CH) and estimated soft tissue thickness, as well as the profilometric change at the implant and the tooth site. Nonparametric methods were applied for the statistical analyses and medians and quartiles presented. Results: The BRA group lost −0.39 mm and the STM group lost −0.40 mm of volume between baseline and the 5‐year follow‐up at the implant site (p > 0.05). The tooth site lost −0.18 mm (BRA) and −0.12 mm (STM) (p > 0.05). Volume differences between implants and teeth amounted to −0.05 mm (baseline to 1 year) and −0.25 mm (baseline to 5 years) for BRA, while for STM, the values were 0.03 mm (baseline to 1 year) and −0.16 mm (baseline to 5 years). The changes for implant CH at 1 and 5 years of follow‐up amounted 0.10 and 0.09 mm (BRA) and to 0.03 and 0.22 mm (STM). The changes in tissue thickness at 1 and 5 years in the BRA group amounted to −0.28 and −0.66 mm at 1 mm, −0.21 and −0.46 mm at 3 mm, and −0.32 and −0.45 mm at 5 mm, respectively. The changes in the STM group amounted to −0.15 and −0.54 mm at 1 mm, −0.24 and −0.48 mm at 3 mm, and −0.32 and −0.57 mm at 5 mm, respectively. No significantly different medians were observed. Conclusions: Minimal profilometric and linear changes occurred at implant sites between baseline and 5 years, between implant and tooth sites and between the two implant systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Composite cements are widely used in dentistry, due to their positive characteristics (bond strength, color, low solubility etc.). However, removal of the cement presents one of the drawbacks of their use, since incomplete removal might cause bacterial adhesion, gingival irritation and subsequent inflammation. The aim of this study was to investigate surface characteristics of the composite cements after different ways of excess removal, by means of profilometric and SEM analysis. Thirty leucite reinforced ceramic specimens were divided into three groups, based on the manner of excess cement removal: Group 1 (polished): excess was fully polymerized for 40 s, then removed; Group 2 (cleaned): excess was removed with a cotton roll, after which cement was fully polymerized for 40 s; Group 3 (pre-polymerized): excess was light cured for 5 s, after which cement excess was broken with an instrument and then fully polymerized for 40 s. Surface roughness was measured using a surface profilometer. Subsequently, specimens were inspected by a scanning electron microscope. The data were statistically analyzed. The examination of variants of average values proved the statistically significant difference in the height of average values per group, p

This paper presents the results of an extensive experimental analysis of the fractal properties of fatigue crack rough surfaces. The analysis of the power-spectral density functions of profilometric traces shows a predominance of the box fractal dimension D = 1.2. This result leads to a particularization of the fatigue crack growth equation based on fractality proposed by the last two authors which is very close to the generalized Frost–Dugdale equation proposed by the first three authors. The two approaches, albeit based on different initial modelling assumptions, are both very effective in predicting the crack growth rate of short cracks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background/purpose: Cutaneous fibrosis is the quite mandatory sequela after a breast cancer treated by radiotherapy and it induces more or less important functional troubles. The LPG® technique is a technique of mechanical massage that allows skin mobilization by folding/unfolding. The aim of this study was to evaluate the changes on irradiated skin before and after LPG treatment by clinical and skin replica analysis. Methods: Twenty women, 43–55 years old, who had been treated from 6 to 16 months before, for breast cancer with a conservative surgery and radiotherapy, had been enrolled in the trial. They were divided into two groups after randomization: the first group was LPG treated three times a week for 1 month; the second group was only placed under medical supervision. The clinical criteria studied were systematically studied before (T0), at the end of treatment (T1) and 1 month after the end of treatment (T2): pain, itching, skin dryness, erythema, skin infiltration, feeling of tightness and of induration of the skin. Softening of the skin was assessed at T1 and T2. Cutaneous replica was performed on the internal upper 1/4 of each breast with silicone material before, after and 1 month later after the end of the treatment. After polymerization, the replica was stored and then blindly analyzed by image analysis software. The following parameters were systematically measured: average skin roughness, average of wrinkles' depth and residual length, wrinkle number and the space between them. Results: Clinically, the LPG treatment induced a decrease of erythema (10% of the patients vs. 40% before treatment), a decrease of pain and pruritus (10% vs. 20% and 40%, respectively) and a decrease of the feeling of induration of the skin (10% of the patients vs. 70% before treatment). Furthermore, a skin-softening sensation was noted by seven patients vs. one in the control group. Replica shows an increase of roughness and of furrow depth without any change in the residual length and an increase in the space between the wrinkles, whose number decreases. Conclusion: This study confirms the impact of the clinical sequelae induced on skin after radiotherapy and shows improvement of the clinical signs after treatment by the LPG® technique. The latter induces changes of micro relief, suggesting a softening effect on the skin. These preliminary results have to be confirmed on a more important group of patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]