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The ecological function of land use is the basis for developing an ecological civilization and realizing sustainable development. This paper may help guide the coordination of economic development and ecological development in China's coastal border areas. Based on theoretical analysis, this paper studies the spatiotemporal evolution of the functional spaces and the ecological function transitions of land use in the Beibu Gulf Economic Zone (BGEZ) by analyzing patterns, processes, and factors by applying eco-environmental quality index, grid subdivision, kriging interpolation, barycenter model, and Geodetector. This paper constructs a theoretical framework of ecological function transitions of land use based on the research idea of "system-pattern-process-factor", and carries out empirical research. Some conclusions can be drawn as follows: (1) The ecological space in the BGEZ has continuously decreased, converting mainly into agricultural production space and industrial-mining production space. The production space has expanded slowly. The area of living space in the BGEZ has increased rapidly. (2) The ecological function of land use in the BGEZ has continued to weaken, especially in the southern part of the BGEZ. The "high - sub-high" quality zones of ecological function are retreating to the north. (3) There were more deterioration transition areas than optimization transition areas of ecological function in the BGEZ. The former were mostly located in the central and southern urbanized areas of the BGEZ, whereas the latter were mostly located in the edge zones of district and county units. (4) As for the driving factors of the deterioration transitions of land use ecological function in the BGEZ, the significant trend of "de-ecologization" of the land cover/land use structure was the dominant driving factor; the interactions among the "natural-socioeconomic-managerial" systems were the main recessive factor. The natural system played a fundamental role, and the driving force of natural factors was the strongest. The industrialization, urbanization, and GDP increment in the socioeconomic system and the policy positioning of development intensity in the managerial system played a significant role. The interactions among natural factors, road construction, and industrial non-agricultural transformation had a "fuze" effect on stimulating driving forces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid pace of urbanization and industrialization has reshaped land use patterns globally, particularly within the interconnected domains of 'production, living, and ecological spaces' (PLES). Understanding the spatiotemporal evolution of these spaces is crucial for guiding sustainable development. Although a number of previous studies have explored aspects of their dynamics and driving factors, further investigation is needed to fully understand their long-term spatiotemporal evolution and the broader influences of socio-economic and environmental forces. This study aims to fill that important gap by leveraging advanced remote sensing techniques to analyze PLES transformations over a 30-year period. Using Henan Province, China, as a testbed, this study applies high-resolution Landsat data, land use transition matrices, dynamic degree analysis, Principal Component Analysis (PCA), and multiple linear regressions to uncover trends and underlying drivers. The results reveal a substantial reduction in production spaces by 3394.62 km² steady growth in living spaces by 4459.41 km² and complex, non-linear changes in ecological spaces, which decreased by 1067.43 km². Key driving forces, such as economic growth, urbanization, and fiscal policies are identified and discussed. These insights provide a robust framework for sustainable land use planning, with broader implications for rapidly urbanizing regions worldwide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Elucidating the relationships between production-living-ecological space (PLES) and ecological environments can help identify new strategies to promote sustainable development. The northern slope of the Tianshan Mountains represents a typical complex ecosystem characterized by mountain-oasis-desert interactions in arid regions with prominent human-land conflicts and intricate ecological environments. Here, we analyzed the spatiotemporal variations in land use in the study area from the perspective of PLES. Based on moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) data, an improved remote sensing ecological index (IRSEI) suitable for arid areas was established to evaluate the eco-environment quality (EEQ) by introducing salinity and cleanliness indexes. A stepwise regression model was then used to identify and quantify the impact of the PLES transfer modes on EEQ. The results showed that: (1) The oasis area was dominated by agricultural production land, whereas the desert and alpine areas were dominated by other and pasture ecological lands, respectively. The oasis area primarily involved the conversion of pasture ecological land to agricultural production land, whereas the desert and alpine areas showed mutual transformation of ecological space. (2) The size relationship of the EEQ in each sub-region was alpine region (0.555) > oasis region (0.509) > desert region (0.424). The EEQ in the study area showed an overall upward trend but decreased in the alpine region. (3) Changes in the PLES and IRSEI primarily occurred in the oasis region. Among the 21 PLES transfer modes that affect EEQ, an increase in agricultural production land was the primary mode that enhanced IRSEI, whereas an increase in impervious surfaces significantly decreased IRSEI. The degree of influence was as follows: industrial and mining production (−0.594) > urban living (−0.462) > rural living land (−0.316). In addition, EEQ is also affected by the combined effects of climate, topography, and other factors. By proposing IRSEI, we highlight the impact of land-use transfer mode on ecological environment quality from the perspective of PLES, which can provide a reference for ecological environment evaluation in arid areas and is of great significance for land-use planning and ecological environment protection.

Understanding the formation process and pattern of production–living–ecological spaces (PLES) is crucial for sustainable land-use management and adaptive city governance. However, previous studies have neglected the symbiotic relationships between land-use functions (LUFs) in identifying and optimizing PLES. To address this gap, this paper proposes a technical framework for assessing PLES from a LUF symbiosis perspective. A case study was conducted in Xiangyang City, China, to identify PLES and analyze its urban–rural differentiation using the symbiosis degree model and landscape pattern indices. Our findings revealed that the symbiotic relationships between LUFs varied. There were 25 combination types of PLES in Xiangyang City, with significantly varied area proportions and spatial distribution. The landscape types and fragmentation of PLES increased along with the gradient change from the old urban area to the rural area. Furthermore, we proposed a PLES optimization strategy involving LUFs symbiosis and the urban–rural gradient. Our study enriches the dimensions of PLES assessment and supports better-coordinated planning and the protection of PLES. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] Identifying production-living-ecological spaces (PLES) and analyzing their spatiotemporal characteristics, as well as optimizing PLES pattern provide scientific references for the rational development of the territorial space and precise implementation of major function-oriented zoning strategy. [Methods] The methods of this research include calculation method for land functions at the grid scale, mechanical equilibrium model, and comparative advantage index, which effectively solve the problems of insufficient consideration of the strong and weak relationships between land functions and insufficient scale refinement in identifying and optimizing PLES. [Results] (1) Between 2000 and 2019, there were three dominant functional spaces Xiangyang City, of which the ecology dominant space and the living dominant space had the largest and the smallest area, respectively, but the former increased and the latter decreased. There were twelve compound functional spaces, in which the ecology dominant-living weak-production inferior space and living dominant-production weak-ecology inferior space had the largest and the smallest area, respectively, and both of which showed an increasing trend. (2) The production dominant space was concentrated in the central and eastern regions, the ecology dominant space mainly occurred in the west and the south, and the living dominant space was concentrated in the urban centers of the counties. Also, the compound functional spaces’ pattern and degree of agglomeration exhibited obvious heterogeneity. (3) The PLES can be optimized into urban development zone, rural improvement zone, and agricultural production and ecological conservation zones, which showed overall consistency and local differences with major function-oriented zoning of Xiangyang City. [Conclusion] It is reasonable and scientific to identify PLES at the grid scale and formulate a differentiated optimization plan by taking into account the strong and weak relationships of land functions. This study contributes to understanding the functional compounding and spatiotemporal heterogeneity of PLES, which is an important reference for promoting the precise implementation of major function-oriented zoning and balanced development of territorial spaces in Xiangyang City.

Territorial spatial planning serves a primary instrument for optimizing the utilization of production, living, and ecological spaces (PLEs), significantly influencing on social, economic, and ecological sustainability. The correlation aligns with the objectives outlined in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) within the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. To comprehensively grasp the impact of territorial spatial planning on SDGs, particularly how changes in land use types and functions shape sustainable development, our study employed data encompassing land use and SDG scores across 31 provinces in China from 2000 to 2015. Utilizing Spearman coefficients, we meticulously examined the relationship between PLEs and SDGs. Our findings illuminated that PLEs based on land function (PLEs-LF) wield a more substantial influence on SDGs compared to those grounded in the proportion of land use types (PLEs-LUT). The former exhibited synergistic or trade-off relationships with 16 SDGs, whereas the latter demonstrated associations with 14 SDGs, underscoring the importance of concurrently considering both land use space and function in land sustainability research. Moreover, the positive impact of living space and function on social SDGs, particularly in poverty reduction, health, and gender equality, contrasts with ecological space and function, which exhibits trade-offs. The economic realm manifests no significant synergy or trade-off between production space and economic SDGs. Additionally, it is imperative not to overlook the preservation of fostering sustainable development in the oceans while simultaneously terrestrial ecological diversity. Our research imparts valuable insights, particularly for developing countries like China, facilitating a more effective implementation of SDG practices in land and providing guidance for territorial spatial governance and planning.

With the global alterations in ecological conditions and population growth, the study of production-living-ecological space (PLES) offers a new perspective in balancing land resource utilization with the sustainable development of society, economy, and environment. China has incorporated the optimization of PLES into its sustainable development strategy. However, research concerning the PLES functions within wetland ecosystems remains notably sparse. Wetlands, distinguished by their unique ecosystem, command a special place in the realm of production, living and ecology research. Their importance is multifaceted, stemming from their roles in ecology, economy, and socio-cultural dimensions, and further accentuated by their distinct geographical, climatic, and biodiversity attributes. In light of this, the Xianghai Wetland Nature Reserve in Jilin, China, was chosen as the focal point of this study to probe into the coupling coordination degree of its PLES functions. The study commenced with a thorough analysis of the changes in land use types from 2000 to 2020 using a land use transition matrix model. Following this, a customized land use function assessment framework called LUF-PLE was formulated, offering a quantitative assessment of the Xianghai wetland’s production, living, and ecological space functions and shedding light on their spatiotemporal dynamics. Finally, a coupling coordination degree model (CCDM) was employed to elucidate the evolution of the PLES functions of Xianghai wetlands. Key findings revealed that: (1) the Xianghai wetland’s PLES coupling coordination degree exhibited a pattern of decline, stabilizing post-2010, with the most pronounced dip observed between 2000–2010; (2) the coordination between production and living functions was notably subdued, whereas the coordination between production and ecological functions saw the steepest decline. In the future, a sustainable wetland development strategy should be formulated and implemented based on the observed trends in coupling coordination and the spatiotemporal differentiation of production-liveling-ecological functions in the local context. This research furnishes scientific substantiation and serves as a reference for the sustainable stewardship and preservation of wetlands.

The planning of Xiong'an New Area embodies the concept of coordinated development of production, living and ecological spaces, and harmonious integration of human and land. This paper conctructs the evaluation index system of human-land system from the perspective of " production-living-ecological spaces", quantitatively analyzes the dynamic change of coupling coordination degree of human-land system in Xiong'an New Area from 2010 to 2020 in multiple spatial scales, and explores the corresponding relationship between the coupling of human-land system and the evolution of "production-living-ecological spaces". It is found as follows. 1 From 2010 to 2020, the proportion of production space in Xiong'an New Area decreased from 75% to 71%, and the proportion of living space and ecological space increased from 11% and 14% in 2010 to 13% and 16% in 2020, respectively. 2 The score of the "human" system in Xiong'an New Area has increased as a whole, the score of the "land" system has declined slightly, and the coupling coordination degree of the human-land system has continued to rise. 3 The economic development of the northern pact of Xiong'an New Area is good, and the coupling coordination degree of human-land system is excellent. The southern part is an ecologically sensitive area, with low development degree and poor coupling coordination degree. 4 There is a strong correspondence between the coupling coordination degree of human-land system and the proportion and evolution trend of " production-living-ecological spaces". This study can provide decision support for the land spatial pattern planning and related policy implementation in Xiong'an New Area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Land is an important resource that supports the production, life, and ecological development of human society. The current research on production–living–ecological space (PLES) is mainly focusing on the identification of single and dominant functions of land space, and the comprehensive spatial function measurement index of PLES (PLESI) is less known in the effective quantitative evaluation of multifunctionality of different land use categories. Integrating the CMIP6 (Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 6) scenario data and the future land use simulation model (FLUS), this research took the upper reaches of the Hanjiang River (URHR) as an example to explore the temporal and spatial variations in land use, PLES, and PLESIs during 2000–2020, and in the SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5 scenarios from 2021 to 2100. The findings were as follows: (1) Forest land is the most widely distributed type of land; correspondingly, ecological space has the widest distribution area in PLES, followed by production space. (2) The area of dry land and building land increased between 2000 and 2010, accompanied by the increase in living space. From 2010 to 2020, the growth rate of building land tended to slow down while forest land increased, and the conflict of PLES eased. (3) The transfer between forest land and dry land is projected to intensify under the SSP2-4.5 scenario, while it is projected to occur between forest land and grassland under the SSP5-8.5 scenario. As for the changes in PLES, the SSP2-4.5 scenario has a greater impact than the SSP5-8.5 scenario. Spatially, several sub-basins in the northern URHR are the main areas of land use and PLES change. (4) PLESI presents a significant downward trend from 2000 to 2020 while trending upward under the SSP5-8.5 scenario and trending downward slightly under the SSP2-4.5 scenario between 2020 and 2100. Combining climate scenarios and the future land use simulation, this research would support the effective utilization of regional land resources and ecosystem management decision-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Influenced by historical background, regional economic development, and the frequent occurrence of armed conflict, the human–earth relationship in the Central and Southern Peninsula, which is located in a "fragmented zone", is characteristic of the region. The Indochina Peninsula has now become an area of interest for the study of spatial changes in production–living–ecological spaces (PLES). Taking the Indochina Peninsula as the study area, this paper explores the evolution of the spatiotemporal patterns of PLES and its driving mechanism in the Indochina Peninsula, from 2010 to 2020, based on a grid scale. Methods such as the land-use transition matrix, land-use dynamics index, and geographically and temporally weighted regression (GTWR) were used in our model, which will provide the basic data and reference for sustainable development planning across the Indochina Peninsula. Our results show that, from 2010 to 2020, ecological space dominated the PLES pattern on the Indochina Peninsula, but its area gradually decreased, accompanied by a sharp increase in the areas of productive and living spaces. The area of PLES interconversion on the Indochina Peninsula in 2010–2020 was 212,818.70 km2, and the intertransfer of production and ecological spaces was distributed in a networklike manner throughout the Indochina Peninsula, while the transfer of living space was distributed in a pointlike manner. The migration path of the center of gravity of PLES on the Indochina Peninsula demonstrated a significant directional difference, and the direction and extent of the standard deviation ellipse distribution of the ecological space was similar to that of the production space. The PLES's pattern evolution was affected by the degree of multiple factors, with a significant spatial and temporal heterogeneity. The positive and negative feedback effects of the factors were distributed in different areas and in different transfer directions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Elucidating the relationships between production-living-ecological space (PLES) and ecological environments can help identify new strategies to promote sustainable development. The northern slope of the Tianshan Mountains represents a typical complex ecosystem characterized by mountain-oasis-desert interactions in arid regions with prominent human-land conflicts and intricate ecological environments. Here, we analyzed the spatiotemporal variations in land use in the study area from the perspective of PLES. Based on moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) data, an improved remote sensing ecological index (IRSEI) suitable for arid areas was established to evaluate the eco-environment quality (EEQ) by introducing salinity and cleanliness indexes. A stepwise regression model was then used to identify and quantify the impact of the PLES transfer modes on EEQ. The results showed that: (1) The oasis area was dominated by agricultural production land, whereas the desert and alpine areas were dominated by other and pasture ecological lands, respectively. The oasis area primarily involved the conversion of pasture ecological land to agricultural production land, whereas the desert and alpine areas showed mutual transformation of ecological space. (2) The size relationship of the EEQ in each sub-region was alpine region (0.555) > oasis region (0.509) > desert region (0.424). The EEQ in the study area showed an overall upward trend but decreased in the alpine region. (3) Changes in the PLES and IRSEI primarily occurred in the oasis region. Among the 21 PLES transfer modes that affect EEQ, an increase in agricultural production land was the primary mode that enhanced IRSEI, whereas an increase in impervious surfaces significantly decreased IRSEI. The degree of influence was as follows: industrial and mining production (−0.594) > urban living (−0.462) > rural living land (−0.316). In addition, EEQ is also affected by the combined effects of climate, topography, and other factors. By proposing IRSEI, we highlight the impact of land-use transfer mode on ecological environment quality from the perspective of PLES, which can provide a reference for ecological environment evaluation in arid areas and is of great significance for land-use planning and ecological environment protection. • Land use analysis from the perspective of production-living-ecological space (PLES). • An improved remote sensing ecological index (IRSEI) suitable for arid areas was established. • The main PLES transfer modes affecting the ecological environment were identified. • The results will guide land use planning and ecological sustainable management in arid areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Under the current rapid urbanization and industrialization in China, competition for production, living, and ecological spaces is becoming fierce. Improving production–living–ecological spaces (PLESs) has become a core issue in China's land‐space development strategy. In this study, the multiple linear logistic regression (MLLR)–multicriteria evaluation (MCE)–cellular automata (CA)–Markov hybrid model was used to predict the land‐use pattern for 2030, and the spatial conflict model was established based on landscape indices to measure the evolution characteristics of spatial conflicts. The results demonstrated that, from 2005 to 2030, the production–ecological space (PES) will have front‐runner status in Wuhan, followed by the ecological–production space (EPS). In 2005–2015, the living–production space (LPS) and PES occupied large amounts of EPS and ecological space (ES), especially in the main urban areas and near rivers, and the spatial transformation was the most significant. By 2030, there will be less transformation of each space type, but the conversion amount of LPS will still be relatively large. With the passage of time, the LPS will increase, the EPS will decrease slightly, and the ES will fluctuate. During the period 2005–2030, the conflict level will change gradually from seriously out of control to controllable, and the hot spot of PLES will show a scattering distribution. The cold spot area will be distributed mainly in the southern part of Wuhan, which will be expanded greatly by 2030. Our research indicates that analyzing the reasonable utilization of PLES is of great value by identifying spatial conflicts; differentiated sustainable development strategies should be formulated according to the future spatial and temporal patterns of PLES, which can help in scientific judgments on the spatial matching of land use and provide early warnings of spatial conflicts. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2022;18:1578–1596. © 2021 SETAC KEY POINTS: The exchange of production–living–ecological spaces can present the contradictory signals of regional spatial conflict.The results of conflict identification of PLES in time and space can provide a reference for future regional specific optimizing land allocation.The measurement model constructed based on the landscape pattern indices can reveal the identification of regional spatial conflicts. Over time, the PLES spatial conflict in Wuhan will be gradually improved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Identifying urban production–living–ecological spaces and their interactive relationships is conducive to better understanding and optimizing urban space development. This paper took the main urban area of Hangzhou city as an example, and a two-level scoring evaluation model was constructed to accurately identify urban production–living–ecological spaces using point of interest (POI) data. Then, kernel density analysis, a spatial transfer matrix, and a bivariate spatial autocorrelation model were used to reveal the spatial patterns of urban production–living–ecological spaces and their interactive relationships during 2010 and 2019. The results showed that the proposed two-level scoring evaluation model combining both the physical area and density of POIs was effective in accurately identifying urban production–living–ecological spaces using POI data, with an identification accuracy of 88.9%. Urban production space was concentrated on the south bank of the Qiantang River and around the north of Hangzhou. Urban living space had the highest proportion, mainly distributed within the ring highway of Hangzhou in a contiguous distribution pattern, and urban ecological space was concentrated around West Lake and Xiang Lake. During 2010 and 2019, the expansion of urban production–living–ecological spaces had obvious spatial differences. Additionally, the mutual transformation between production and living spaces was more frequent during the study period and was mainly distributed within the ring highway of Hangzhou. There were significant positive spatial correlations between production and living and between living and ecological spaces, while a significant negative spatial correlation occurred between production and ecological spaces. The spatial correlations of urban production–living–ecological spaces revealed obvious spatial heterogeneity. This study proposed a two-level scoring evaluation model to accurately identify the spatial patterns of urban production–living–ecological spaces and their interactive relationships using POI data, which can provide detailed information and scientific references for urban spatial planning and management in rapidly urbanizing cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Land is an important resource that supports the production, life, and ecological development of human society. The current research on production–living–ecological space (PLES) is mainly focusing on the identification of single and dominant functions of land space, and the comprehensive spatial function measurement index of PLES (PLESI) is less known in the effective quantitative evaluation of multifunctionality of different land use categories. Integrating the CMIP6 (Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 6) scenario data and the future land use simulation model (FLUS), this research took the upper reaches of the Hanjiang River (URHR) as an example to explore the temporal and spatial variations in land use, PLES, and PLESIs during 2000–2020, and in the SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5 scenarios from 2021 to 2100. The findings were as follows: (1) Forest land is the most widely distributed type of land; correspondingly, ecological space has the widest distribution area in PLES, followed by production space. (2) The area of dry land and building land increased between 2000 and 2010, accompanied by the increase in living space. From 2010 to 2020, the growth rate of building land tended to slow down while forest land increased, and the conflict of PLES eased. (3) The transfer between forest land and dry land is projected to intensify under the SSP2-4.5 scenario, while it is projected to occur between forest land and grassland under the SSP5-8.5 scenario. As for the changes in PLES, the SSP2-4.5 scenario has a greater impact than the SSP5-8.5 scenario. Spatially, several sub-basins in the northern URHR are the main areas of land use and PLES change. (4) PLESI presents a significant downward trend from 2000 to 2020 while trending upward under the SSP5-8.5 scenario and trending downward slightly under the SSP2-4.5 scenario between 2020 and 2100. Combining climate scenarios and the future land use simulation, this research would support the effective utilization of regional land resources and ecosystem management decision-making.

Influenced by historical background, regional economic development, and the frequent occurrence of armed conflict, the human–earth relationship in the Central and Southern Peninsula, which is located in a “fragmented zone”, is characteristic of the region. The Indochina Peninsula has now become an area of interest for the study of spatial changes in production–living–ecological spaces (PLES). Taking the Indochina Peninsula as the study area, this paper explores the evolution of the spatiotemporal patterns of PLES and its driving mechanism in the Indochina Peninsula, from 2010 to 2020, based on a grid scale. Methods such as the land-use transition matrix, land-use dynamics index, and geographically and temporally weighted regression (GTWR) were used in our model, which will provide the basic data and reference for sustainable development planning across the Indochina Peninsula. Our results show that, from 2010 to 2020, ecological space dominated the PLES pattern on the Indochina Peninsula, but its area gradually decreased, accompanied by a sharp increase in the areas of productive and living spaces. The area of PLES interconversion on the Indochina Peninsula in 2010–2020 was 212,818.70 km2, and the intertransfer of production and ecological spaces was distributed in a networklike manner throughout the Indochina Peninsula, while the transfer of living space was distributed in a pointlike manner. The migration path of the center of gravity of PLES on the Indochina Peninsula demonstrated a significant directional difference, and the direction and extent of the standard deviation ellipse distribution of the ecological space was similar to that of the production space. The PLES’s pattern evolution was affected by the degree of multiple factors, with a significant spatial and temporal heterogeneity. The positive and negative feedback effects of the factors were distributed in different areas and in different transfer directions.

The identification and optimal control of production-living-ecological spaces is the core application and practice of territorial spatial planning. However, the neglect of local humanistic needs in the preliminary research is likely to cause conflicts and contradictions in such practical application of territorial spatial planning. In order to respond positively to the humanistic needs of different terrestrial spatial systems, the study takes Honghe Prefecture in Yunnan Province as an example, illustrating its multiethnic, multicultural, diverse ecological space and its special characteristics of human geography, such as its location at the national border. it also demonstrates the necessity of studying the complexity of local humanistic needs, from the practical application of double evaluation, refinement of main functional areas and the delimitation of "three areas and three lines". On this basis, the study proposes to adopt the correction of differentiation and adjustment of control strategies to the evaluation results of different production-living-ecological spaces units. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The spatial coordination of production-living-ecological in rapidly urbanized regions is the basis for optimizing territorial space and facilitating regional high-quality development. The development of Zhenhai district showed the characteristics of rapid urbanization from 2000 to 2020. This paper constructed a comprehensive index model of spatial conflict, which is used to evaluate the spatial conflict of the production-living-ecological spaces, and then explores the driving factors of spatial conflict. The results show that: From 2000 to 2020, the production-living-ecological spaces in Zhenhai district obviously has staggered distribution phenomenon. On the whole, production-living-ecological spaces tend to be weak spatial conflict, and it shows a trend of escalating conflicts. The scope of spatial conflict between production and ecology is reduced, and the spatial conflict between production and living space presented an expanding trend. we determined that expansion in urban and rural areas, farmland encroachment, and economic development were the main factors leading to the spatial conflict pattern of production-living-ecological spaces in rapidly urbanized regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urban agglomeration is the strategic core area of social–economic high-quality development in the world. However, high-density agglomeration and high-speed expansion have caused dramatic changes in land space, leading to prominent eco-environmental problems and, thus, threatening human well-being. How to solve the contradiction between urban agglomeration land expansion and eco-environment protection has become an urgent scientific problem. In this paper, we constructed a framework of assessing land space change and its eco-environmental effects in the urban agglomeration by using the Geo-informatic Graphic, eco-environmental quality index (EQI), and eco-environmental contribution rate. We then quantitatively analyzed the characteristics of land space transition as well as its eco-environmental effects in the Guanzhong Plain urban Agglomeration (GPUA) based on the land use data in 1990, 2000, 2010 and 2020. The results indicated that from 1990 to 2020, the production space of the GPUA continued to shrink, the living space continued to expand, and the ecological space showed a fluctuating increasing trend. There were significant regional differences in the land space change of the GPUA, with 92.2% of the counties showing a significant contraction in agricultural production space, 93.3% and 91.1% showing a significant expansion in urban and rural living space, and 64.4% showing an increase in woodland ecological space. Agricultural production space is transformed into ecological space and living space, and living space occupies ecological space and agricultural production space, which is the main mode of land space transition in the GPUA. With the continuous expansion of low-quality and high-quality areas of the eco-environment and the continuous contraction of medium-quality areas, the improvement and deterioration of the eco-environmental quality of the GPUA have coexisted, first showing a trend of deterioration and then improvement. The transition of agricultural production space into grassland and woodland ecological space improved the eco-environmental quality, while the transition of grassland ecological space into agricultural production space, and the occupation of agricultural production space by urban and rural living space as well as industrial and mining production space resulted in the deterioration of eco-environmental quality. The findings of this study may provide a theoretical basis for optimizing the allocation of land space resources in ecologically fragile urban agglomeration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research on land use transformation has attracted more and more attention, and there are few research results on the eco-environmental effects of regional land use change from the perspective of land use function transformation. From the perspective of production-living-ecological land use function classification, this paper obtained land use change data of Shaanxi Province in 2000, 2010, and 2020, calculated the land use transfer matrix, ecological environment quality index, and ecological contribution rate of land use transformation, and quantitatively analyzed the temporal and spatial evolution of production-living-ecological spaces and the eco-environmental effects of land use structure transformation in Shaanxi Province. The results showed that the land use change in Shaanxi Province is mainly manifested in the continuous increase of ecological and living land area and the continuous decrease of production land area from 2000 to 2020. In the transformation of land use structure in Shaanxi Province, the biggest change in area is the mutual transformation between productive cultivated land and ecological grassland land. The occupation of ecological grassland land by other land types is an important factor leading to the decline of ecological environment quality. Overall, the ecological environment of Shaanxi Province has shown a trend of improvement in the past two decades. Quantitative research on the transformation characteristics of land use structure and its ecological environment effects in the past two decades is conducive to providing data support for the promotion of ecological civilization construction in Shaanxi Province. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to study the spatial characteristics of "three livings" in cities in the plain area of the lower Yellow River, and to guide the development of regional territorial space and ecological environment protection, through the establishment of the "three living" territorial space evaluation system, based on the "element-structure-function" framework, this paper analyzes Dezhou, Shandong Province. Spatial distribution characteristics of "three lives" in 12 streets (towns) in Shidecheng District in 2019. The results show that: for land element endowment, urban streets have a high level of diversification, a low degree of concentration, rich land use types, and mainly residential land, while suburban towns are on the contrary, and gradually transition to industrial and agricultural production land. Dominant; for the structural location, the urban residential land and non-agricultural production area of each sub-district in the urban area and Yuanqiao Town are significant, the agricultural production and rural residential area of suburban towns are significant, and the ecological land except Zhaohu Town is all It has locational significance; for the functional pattern, the production function is characterized by a gradient, the living function is weakened from the core area to the outside, the ecological function is high in the surrounding areas and low in the middle, and the "three-life" functional space is distributed in circles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is helpful to optimize the function of land space to analyze the variation characteristics of production, living and ecological space (PLES)pattern. Taking Beijing as a case, a simple PLES identification method was used by cobiming remote sensing image and land-use evaluation based on remote sensing images of Beijing in 2000, 2005, 2010, 2015 and 2020. The spatial distribution scale, spatial clustering and spatial interaction relationship of the PLES in Beijing are analyzed by grid analysis, spatial auto-correlation analysis and coupling coordination model in this paper. There are following findings. (1) There was great regional diversity in the variation characteristics of the PLES of Beijing. Production space presented prominent expansion, living space and ecological space were shrinking. (2) The development of production and living space in Beijing has stronger spatial aggregation than ecological space, their spatial auto-correlation indexes are both above 0. 80. In 2000, the spatial auto-correlation index of ecological space was only 0. 74, but it rose constantly in the past two decades. In 2020, the spatial auto-correlation index reached 0. 79, but there was still a gap between production and life. (3) The coupling and coupling coordination indexes of PLES are increasing year by year in Beijing. However, it is still in the coupling coordination and basic coordination stage. The coordination index between production and living spaces is the lowest. The regions of lowest coordination index of production and living spaces located in Fangshan District, Mentougou District, Huairou District and Yanqing District. The conclusion is that on the basis of optimizing the pattern of PLES, relevant policies and regulations should be further improved. Formulating a scientific development plan can promote the coordinated development of PLES. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rapid industrialization and urbanization accelerate land use and land cover change, resulting in problems of stability and health with ecosystem services losses. It remains unclear and needs to be detailed discussed what spatial–temporal characteristics of the production-living-ecological spaces (PLES) would be in a rapidly developing bay area under a certain development goal. A novel future land use simulation model integrated with a dual environment evaluation system consisting of the evaluation of resources and environmental carrying capacity and territorial spatial development suitability was conducted to predict the PLES in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA) in a multi-scenario view; and then we figured out the spatial–temporal changes of the PLES in the GBA during 2015–2035. Results suggest: 1) Using the DEE to determine conversion probability estimation helps to simulate and predict land use changes with high accuracy. Under the CUA scenario, the PLES account for 21.76%, 14.60% and 63.64%, respectively. The production space in Shenzhen, Hong Kong and Dongguan is dispersed, while the living space in Dongguan is clustered. The patch boundary of ecological space in Zhaoqing, Huizhou and Jiangmen would become more complex. 2) The change of the PLES in the GBA is mainly manifested by the processes of production and ecological space transferring to living space even under CUA scenario, which mainly occurs on the edge of the existing living space, especially in Zhaoqing, Conghua District of Guangzhou, Longmen County and Boluo County of Huizhou. 3) With potential conflicts between production space and ecological space, more attention should be paid to reducing the occupation of basic farmland in ecological restoration in the GBA. The future PLES in the GBA would be characterized by the conflict between the living and non-living spaces and that between productive and ecological spaces. The predicted PLES under CUA scenario may provide a spatial reference for policy-making in the future territorial spatial development and construction of ecological security patterns in the GBA.

Identifying urban production–living–ecological spaces and their interactive relationships is conducive to better understanding and optimizing urban space development. This paper took the main urban area of Hangzhou city as an example, and a two-level scoring evaluation model was constructed to accurately identify urban production–living–ecological spaces using point of interest (POI) data. Then, kernel density analysis, a spatial transfer matrix, and a bivariate spatial autocorrelation model were used to reveal the spatial patterns of urban production–living–ecological spaces and their interactive relationships during 2010 and 2019. The results showed that the proposed two-level scoring evaluation model combining both the physical area and density of POIs was effective in accurately identifying urban production–living–ecological spaces using POI data, with an identification accuracy of 88.9%. Urban production space was concentrated on the south bank of the Qiantang River and around the north of Hangzhou. Urban living space had the highest proportion, mainly distributed within the ring highway of Hangzhou in a contiguous distribution pattern, and urban ecological space was concentrated around West Lake and Xiang Lake. During 2010 and 2019, the expansion of urban production–living–ecological spaces had obvious spatial differences. Additionally, the mutual transformation between production and living spaces was more frequent during the study period and was mainly distributed within the ring highway of Hangzhou. There were significant positive spatial correlations between production and living and between living and ecological spaces, while a significant negative spatial correlation occurred between production and ecological spaces. The spatial correlations of urban production–living–ecological spaces revealed obvious spatial heterogeneity. This study proposed a two-level scoring evaluation model to accurately identify the spatial patterns of urban production–living–ecological spaces and their interactive relationships using POI data, which can provide detailed information and scientific references for urban spatial planning and management in rapidly urbanizing cities.

Urban agglomeration is the strategic core area of social–economic high-quality development in the world. However, high-density agglomeration and high-speed expansion have caused dramatic changes in land space, leading to prominent eco-environmental problems and, thus, threatening human well-being. How to solve the contradiction between urban agglomeration land expansion and eco-environment protection has become an urgent scientific problem. In this paper, we constructed a framework of assessing land space change and its eco-environmental effects in the urban agglomeration by using the Geo-informatic Graphic, eco-environmental quality index (EQI), and eco-environmental contribution rate. We then quantitatively analyzed the characteristics of land space transition as well as its eco-environmental effects in the Guanzhong Plain urban Agglomeration (GPUA) based on the land use data in 1990, 2000, 2010 and 2020. The results indicated that from 1990 to 2020, the production space of the GPUA continued to shrink, the living space continued to expand, and the ecological space showed a fluctuating increasing trend. There were significant regional differences in the land space change of the GPUA, with 92.2% of the counties showing a significant contraction in agricultural production space, 93.3% and 91.1% showing a significant expansion in urban and rural living space, and 64.4% showing an increase in woodland ecological space. Agricultural production space is transformed into ecological space and living space, and living space occupies ecological space and agricultural production space, which is the main mode of land space transition in the GPUA. With the continuous expansion of low-quality and high-quality areas of the eco-environment and the continuous contraction of medium-quality areas, the improvement and deterioration of the eco-environmental quality of the GPUA have coexisted, first showing a trend of deterioration and then improvement. The transition of agricultural production space into grassland and woodland ecological space improved the eco-environmental quality, while the transition of grassland ecological space into agricultural production space, and the occupation of agricultural production space by urban and rural living space as well as industrial and mining production space resulted in the deterioration of eco-environmental quality. The findings of this study may provide a theoretical basis for optimizing the allocation of land space resources in ecologically fragile urban agglomeration.

[Display omitted] • We constructed production-living-ecological spaces (PLEs) through land use data. • The impacts of PLEs on SDGs 1–17 were systematically analyzed. • There is a synergy or trade-offs between PLEs and the 16 SDGs. • PLEs constructed through land function have a more significant impact on the SDGs. Territorial spatial planning serves a primary instrument for optimizing the utilization of production, living, and ecological spaces (PLEs), significantly influencing on social, economic, and ecological sustainability. The correlation aligns with the objectives outlined in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) within the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. To comprehensively grasp the impact of territorial spatial planning on SDGs, particularly how changes in land use types and functions shape sustainable development, our study employed data encompassing land use and SDG scores across 31 provinces in China from 2000 to 2015. Utilizing Spearman coefficients, we meticulously examined the relationship between PLEs and SDGs. Our findings illuminated that PLEs based on land function (PLEs-LF) wield a more substantial influence on SDGs compared to those grounded in the proportion of land use types (PLEs-LUT). The former exhibited synergistic or trade-off relationships with 16 SDGs, whereas the latter demonstrated associations with 14 SDGs, underscoring the importance of concurrently considering both land use space and function in land sustainability research. Moreover, the positive impact of living space and function on social SDGs, particularly in poverty reduction, health, and gender equality, contrasts with ecological space and function, which exhibits trade-offs. The economic realm manifests no significant synergy or trade-off between production space and economic SDGs. Additionally, it is imperative not to overlook the preservation of fostering sustainable development in the oceans while simultaneously terrestrial ecological diversity. Our research imparts valuable insights, particularly for developing countries like China, facilitating a more effective implementation of SDG practices in land and providing guidance for territorial spatial governance and planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amidst rapid industrialization and urbanization, urban and rural human settlements have witnessed marked transformations, each exhibiting distinct developmental trajectories and challenges. Utilizing the "Production-Living-Ecological" spatial theory within territorial planning, this study devises a comprehensive evaluation system for human settlement quality. It delineates the evolution of human settlement quality across 47 counties (districts) in Jilin Province from 1999 to 2020, elucidates the interplay among the three aforementioned dimensions, and identifies the prevailing modes of human settlement transformation. Key findings include: (1) Jilin Province has seen significant enhancements in human settlement quality. Notable shifts in this quality occurred in 2006 and 2015. The synergy and reciprocal influences among the production, living, and ecological dimensions have intensified, with coordination continually advancing. (2) Human settlement quality varies with higher levels in the east and south and lower levels in the west and north in Jilin Province, indicating a spatial clustering pattern. Living and ecological conditions are generally better in the east compared to the west, with noticeable economic-environmental mutual constraints in the west. (3) Given a certain socio-economic development threshold, the trajectory of human settlement quality sketches an overarching "S"-shaped growth pattern. This can be categorized into the first phase of fluctuation, followed by the second phase of significant growth and the third phase of slowing growth. This research furnishes foundational insights for fostering green, low-carbon human settlements and promotes the exploration of harmonious interactions between humans and nature, particularly within the ambit of carbon peak and neutrality objectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Detailed land use transitions from 2000–2020 were analyzed. • LUF-PLE framework quantified Xianghai wetland's PLES functional dynamics. • CCDM elucidate the harmonized evolution of the PLES functions. With the global alterations in ecological conditions and population growth, the study of production-living-ecological space (PLES) offers a new perspective in balancing land resource utilization with the sustainable development of society, economy, and environment. China has incorporated the optimization of PLES into its sustainable development strategy. However, research concerning the PLES functions within wetland ecosystems remains notably sparse. Wetlands, distinguished by their unique ecosystem, command a special place in the realm of production, living and ecology research. Their importance is multifaceted, stemming from their roles in ecology, economy, and socio-cultural dimensions, and further accentuated by their distinct geographical, climatic, and biodiversity attributes. In light of this, the Xianghai Wetland Nature Reserve in Jilin, China, was chosen as the focal point of this study to probe into the coupling coordination degree of its PLES functions. The study commenced with a thorough analysis of the changes in land use types from 2000 to 2020 using a land use transition matrix model. Following this, a customized land use function assessment framework called LUF-PLE was formulated, offering a quantitative assessment of the Xianghai wetland's production, living, and ecological space functions and shedding light on their spatiotemporal dynamics. Finally, a coupling coordination degree model (CCDM) was employed to elucidate the evolution of the PLES functions of Xianghai wetlands. Key findings revealed that: (1) the Xianghai wetland's PLES coupling coordination degree exhibited a pattern of decline, stabilizing post-2010, with the most pronounced dip observed between 2000–2010; (2) the coordination between production and living functions was notably subdued, whereas the coordination between production and ecological functions saw the steepest decline. In the future, a sustainable wetland development strategy should be formulated and implemented based on the observed trends in coupling coordination and the spatiotemporal differentiation of production-liveling-ecological functions in the local context. This research furnishes scientific substantiation and serves as a reference for the sustainable stewardship and preservation of wetlands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapid development of urbanization and industrialization, China’s metropolitan areas have experienced dramatic transitions of land use, which has had a profound impact on the eco-environment. Accordingly, the contradictions of regional production, living, and ecological spaces have intensified. In this context, analysis of the dynamics of regional production–living–ecological (PLE) spaces has become an important entry point for studying land use transition and its eco-environmental effects, by constructing a classification system of PLE land functions. Using remote sensing data from four periods from 1985 to 2018, this paper explores the spatiotemporal evolution characteristics of PLE spaces and their eco-environmental effects in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) urban agglomeration, based on GIS and the InVEST model. The results revealed that from 1985 to 2018, the living space of the BTH region expanded rapidly, the production space gradually shrank, and the ecological land remained relatively stable. The eco-environmental quality index within the study area shows obvious regional differences, demonstrating the spatial distribution of “high in the northwest and low in the southeast”, and an overall deteriorating trend in the past 33 years. Moreover, the carbon density decreased gradually from northwest to southeast, and the transformations from production land into living land and from ecological land into production land were the major types of eco-environment deterioration. Our findings will provide guidelines for land use management, and offer references for the functional division of PLE spaces and ecological civilization construction, especially in terms of the coordinated development of the BTH region.

Land factors are natural resources with fundamental and strategic significance in the achievement of China's 2035 modernization goals. Dilemmas caused by market-oriented or planning-oriented allocation of land factors urgently call for new theoretical guidance and mode. After conducting a systematic review of the literature, this paper built a new framework from the perspective of production-living-ecological spaces to facilitate a better understanding of China's land factors allocation looking forward to 2035. Inductive and deductive methods were both used to interpret the applications of planning and market in land factors allocation. Our results show that: (1) The allocation of land factors for production space is truth-oriented and needs the guidance of market efficiency. The essential feature of "production" as the driving force in production space requires that the allocation of land factors in production space must "respect rules, give play to the agglomeration effect, and rationally carry out regional economic layout". (2) For the allocation of land factors for living space, it is necessary to pursue a kindness-oriented approach and establish a reasonable housing supply system based on people. Among them, the ordinary commercial housing and improving housing should rely on market forces to achieve multi-subject supply, while affordable housing should be ensured through government intervention in a multi-channel way. (3) For the allocation of land factors in ecological space, aesthetic-oriented planning should follow the rule of territorial differentiation and realize the transformation of ecological function into ecological value through market mechanisms. Top-down planning and bottom-up market represents the logic of overall and individual rationality, respectively. The effective allocation of land factors requires the utilization of both planning and market forces. However, the intersection needs be guided by boundary selection theory. This research indicates that "middle-around" theory could be a possible theoretical solution for future study.

Land use function transition can change the eco-environment. To achieve an "Intensive and efficient production space, moderately livable living space, and beautiful ecological space", the ecological effects of land use function transition in the context of ecologically fragile areas and rapidly developing areas of socio-economic importance need to be studied. In this study, from the perspective of "production-living-ecological" spaces, we calculated the index of regional eco-environment quality, positive and negative effects of eco-environment impact, and the ecological contribution rate and analyzed the driving factors. We found the following: (1) The production space was greatly compressed, living space was expanded, and ecological space was significantly squeezed. Haikou underwent a rapid transformation from an agriculture-dependent city to an industrial city. Land supply for urban and rural living was guaranteed by the Chinese land management department. However, Haikou prioritized economic development over environmental protection. (2) The regional eco-environment quality index decreased from 2009 to 2018. The expansion of pasture-based ecological spaces is important for improving the quality of the eco-environment, and the reduction of forest ecological space strongly influences the deterioration of the eco-environment. (3) Resource base, historical level of utilization, suitability of land, the ecological value potentiality, and regional policies greatly affected land use function transition and its eco-environment. (4) Refining the planning of territorial space , comprehensively improving land and resources, and reforming the rural land system greatly influenced policy guidance and technical regulation for coordinating "production-living-ecological" spaces and improving the regional eco-environment. In this study, we tested the effect of regional policy regulation on land use function transition and provided a reference for coordinating "production-living-ecological" spaces.

The coordinated development of territorial spatial functions is the main manifestation of the sustainable utilization of territorial resources. Identifying spatial functions and their coordinated relationship has become an important guarantee for regional coordinated development, and is of great significance to the construction of a sustainable land development and protection pattern. This study constructs a classification and function scoring system for Production-Living-Ecological Spaces (PLES) by using land-use data from Gansu Province in 2000 and 2020, and revises the spatial functions of the land to supplement the deficiencies of existing related researches by combining socio-economic data (GDP, population density) and ecosystem service value data. In the aforementioned works, the Mechanical Equilibrium Model in physics is referenced to explore the coordinated state among territorial spatial functions. The results show that the high-value areas of production function are mainly distributed in the eastern and central areas of the Loess Plateau, with a strip-like distribution in the Hexi Corridor. The high-value areas of living function are consistent with that in the center of the city. The distribution of high-value areas of ecological function is in line with the topographic distribution pattern of mountainous areas in Gansu Province. The distribution pattern of the coordinated state of land space function in Gansu Province is relatively stable from 2000 to 2020. Simultaneously, the functional dominant area and the promotion area are identified according to the deviation of the coordinated degree of production-living-ecological function. After clarifying the functional characteristics of each county, the author proposes a differentiated regulation strategy of territorial spatial function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The coordinated development of the territorial spatial pattern and its function is an important prerequisite for the realization of regional high-quality development. This paper aims to reveal the evolutionary characteristics of the spatial–temporal pattern and the coupling coordination level of the "production-living-ecological" spaces (PLES) in Jilin Province from 1998 to 2018 by using the entropy method, a coupling coordination model and spatial analysis methods, and proposes the optimization paths for the four regions of the province. The results indicate that the scale of the ecological space was the largest, mainly concentrated in the eastern region. The production space was mainly concentrated in the central and western regions, and the scale of the living space was the smallest, but increased slightly, mainly concentrated in the central regions. The PLE functions in every county and city are at the coupling coordination levels of mild and moderate imbalance. Eastern Jilin should take the ecological function as the lead, and should improve the production and living functions; Central Jilin should maintain the production and living functions and improve the ecological function; Western Jilin should strengthen ecological restoration and accelerate the transformation and development of the green production function. This study can provide references for the optimization of the provincial territorial space layout in order to improve the regional territorial space coordination and sustainable development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • A DEE based conversion probability estimation method improves FLUS model. • The optimal PLES change is under coordinated urban agglomeration scenario. • The expansion of living space occupies production and ecological space in the GBA. • The conflict between production and ecological space will intensify in future PLES. Rapid industrialization and urbanization accelerate land use and land cover change, resulting in problems of stability and health with ecosystem services losses. It remains unclear and needs to be detailed discussed what spatial–temporal characteristics of the production-living-ecological spaces (PLES) would be in a rapidly developing bay area under a certain development goal. A novel future land use simulation model integrated with a dual environment evaluation system consisting of the evaluation of resources and environmental carrying capacity and territorial spatial development suitability was conducted to predict the PLES in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA) in a multi-scenario view; and then we figured out the spatial–temporal changes of the PLES in the GBA during 2015–2035. Results suggest: 1) Using the DEE to determine conversion probability estimation helps to simulate and predict land use changes with high accuracy. Under the CUA scenario, the PLES account for 21.76%, 14.60% and 63.64%, respectively. The production space in Shenzhen, Hong Kong and Dongguan is dispersed, while the living space in Dongguan is clustered. The patch boundary of ecological space in Zhaoqing, Huizhou and Jiangmen would become more complex. 2) The change of the PLES in the GBA is mainly manifested by the processes of production and ecological space transferring to living space even under CUA scenario, which mainly occurs on the edge of the existing living space, especially in Zhaoqing, Conghua District of Guangzhou, Longmen County and Boluo County of Huizhou. 3) With potential conflicts between production space and ecological space, more attention should be paid to reducing the occupation of basic farmland in ecological restoration in the GBA. The future PLES in the GBA would be characterized by the conflict between the living and non-living spaces and that between productive and ecological spaces. The predicted PLES under CUA scenario may provide a spatial reference for policy-making in the future territorial spatial development and construction of ecological security patterns in the GBA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rural areas are a natural, economic and social complex with multiple functions. Identifying rural multifunction scientifically is the basis for promoting efficient rural spatial planning and sustainable development strategy. In this paper, we calculated and characterized the rural production-living-ecological (PLE) functions at a grid scale of 300 × 300 m in Miyun District by establishing an evaluation index system. Several types of rural functional area were identified with the help of an ISO cluster unsupervised classification tool. Three main results were found as follows. (1) The values of the production, living, ecological functions and multifunction ranged from 0–0.101, 0–0.204, 0.009–0.241 and 0.009–0.302, respectively. Ecological function was dominant in this area. (2) The overall spatial patterns of production and living functions showed the characteristic of being "high in the south and low in the north", and areas with high values were almost distributed around urban areas and the Miyun Reservoir. While for the ecological function and multifunction, they possessed the opposite characteristics to production and living functions, with high values concentrated in the mountainous areas in the northwest, northeast, east and south of Miyun District. (3) According to the clustering results, rural multifunction of Miyun District was divided into four types: ecological conservation, employment and residence, recreation and potential development, with the area proportions of 44.22%, 17.92%, 20.73% and 17.13%, respectively. Each functional type showed a characteristic of agglomeration. In the future, the study of rural multifunction at micro scales should be paid more attention to better understand the functional differences within the country. This research can provide a decision-making reference for demarcation of rural production-living-ecological space and compilation of spatial planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• An evaluation index system is established to measure rural fundamental functions. • CCDM is used to reveal the coordination relationships among rural subsystems. • The interactions among rural three functions show spatio-temporal diversity. • Differentiated rural sustainable development strategy should be implemented. Rural spaces are multifunctional, often containing production, living and ecological functions. Optimizing the production-living-ecological space has become one of the cores of China's ecological civilization and sustainable development strategy. Research of the coupling coordination relationships among rural production, living and ecological functions is of immense significance for sustainable rural development during urban–rural transformation development. In this study, an evaluation index system was established to calculate and characterize rural production-living-ecological functions in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) region. Besides, this paper explored the spatio-temporal characteristics of both the coupling and coordinating relationship of the rural three fundamental functions from 2000 to 2015 in the study area, using a coupling coordination degree model (CCDM). Results showed that the spatio-temporal differences of the coupling coordination degree of rural production-living-ecological function were significant in the BTH region. The overall spatial pattern was characterized by "high in the northwest and low in the southeast" distribution and the entirety presented the evolution law of coupled and coordinated development from low level to high level over time. Moreover, rural production-living, living-ecological and production-ecological functions present marked differences in spatio-temporal pattern. In the future, the differentiated rural sustainable development strategy should be formulated and implemented based on the rules of spatio-temporal pattern differentiation of the rural production-living- ecological functions. This research will provide a decision-making reference for promoting the coordinated development among rural production-living-ecological functions and implementing the rural revitalization strategy to achieve the goal of rural sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]