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Copyright of Journal of Agricultural, Environmental & Veterinary Sciences is the property of Arab Journal of Sciences & Research Publishing (AJSRP) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Coal Geology & Exploration is the property of Xian Research Institute of China Coal Research Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Coal Geology & Exploration is the property of Xian Research Institute of China Coal Research Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Technology Economics is the property of Chinese Society of Technology Economics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study focuses on coalbed methane (CBM) wells in high-ranking coal seam as the research subject. Considering the influence of effective stress and matrix shrinkage, a comprehensive permeability calculation model for CBM reservoirs is established. Based on this model, the variations in pressure and permeability during well production are quantified. By integrating static geological parameters, a finely classified classification of CBM wells is achieved using self-organizing map (SOM) neural network. Subsequently, an analysis of production dynamic characteristics and productivity differences among different types of CBM wells is performed, followed by providing drainage optimization suggestions. The results of SOM analysis show that 7,000 m3/d and 1,500 m3/d can be used as the production boundaries for the wells with different productivity in Block P. The daily gas production of exceptional well exceeds 7,000 m3/d, and the permeability remains relatively stable throughout the drainage process of this well. The daily gas production of the potential well ranges from 1,500 to 7,000 m3/d, and the permeability exhibits a significant decrease during the drainage process. The daily gas production of Inefficient well is consistently below 1,500 m3/d with moderate permeability variation. In addition to well location and structural geology, production variability is also influenced by the matching of reservoir conditions and drainage systems. This is primarily manifested in discontinuous drainage systems and rapid decline in bottom hole pressure (BHP) during early production. The analysis of drainage parameters indicates that in order to achieve optimal production from CBM wells, the BHP should exhibit an initial rapid decline followed by a slowly decrease during the early production period, with an average pressure drop ranging from 0.005 to 0.02 MPa/d. The research findings can offer technical guidance for the future advancement of CBM in the P Block. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to determine the increase in production capacity through genetic quality improvement using selection techniques with the production capability test method in Tegal ducks. The research was conducted using an experimental method, using a nested pattern experimental design, male as treatment, female as sub-treatment, offspring as replicates, and production characteristics as observations. The selection population of Tegal ducks consisted of 10 males, 50 females, and their offspring. Production characteristics recorded included egg weight, hatching weight, and egg production. Egg production measured was Hen Day Production (HDP) at the initial laying period for 90 days. Assessment of genetic quality using individual breeding values (BV). Each individual's breeding value is calculated, and then the estimated breeding value (EBV) results are arranged based on their rank. Selection of parent candidates is done by maintaining 25, 50, and 75% of the total population. Selection results are obtained by estimating the selection response using different selection intensities. The results showed that the average and standard deviation of the characteristics of egg weight, hatching weight, and percentage of egg production in Tegal ducks were 67.76 ± 4.57 g, 40.40 ± 2.16 g, and 63.33 ± 10.89 %, respectively. Heritability values (h2) and standard error of egg weight characteristics, hatching weight, and percentage of egg production in Tegal ducks were 0.47 ± 0.032, 0.39 ± 0.0589, and 0.512 ± 0.071, respectively. The assessment for selection response was conducted based on three factors - egg weight, hatching weight, and percentage of egg production each week. The proportions were maintained at 25%, 50%, and 75%, respectively. The egg weight proportions were 0.46, 0.29, and 0.15, while the hatching weight proportions were 0.71, 0.45, and 0.23, respectively. The percentage of egg production each week was 47.92%, 30.18%, and 15.85%, respectively. The study’s results revealed that the intensity of selection and selection response of the Tegal duck were higher when smaller proportions were used in the selection process. It should be noted that the production characteristics used in the selection process were different, which resulted in varying heritability values and selection responses. Overall, these findings suggest that careful consideration of the selection factors is necessary to achieve optimal results in the selection process of the Tegal duck

Abstract Recent studies have indicated that the injection of carbon dioxide (CO2) can lead to increased oil recovery in fractured shale reservoirs following natural depletion. Despite advancements in understanding mass exchange processes in subsurface formations, there remains a knowledge gap concerning the disparities in these processes between the matrix and fractures at the pore scale in formations with varying permeability. This study aims to experimentally investigate the CO2 diffusion behaviors and in situ oil recovery through a CO2 huff ‘n’ puff process in the Jimsar shale oil reservoir. To achieve this, we designed three matrix-fracture models with different permeabilities (0.074 mD, 0.170 mD, and 0.466 mD) and experimented at 30 MPa and 91 °C. The oil concentration in both the matrix and fracture was monitored using a low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF-NMR) technique to quantify in situ oil recovery and elucidate mass-exchange behaviors. The results showed that after three cycles of CO2 huff ‘n’ puff, the total recovery degree increased from 30.28% to 34.95% as the matrix permeability of the core samples increased from 0.074 to 0.466 mD, indicating a positive correlation between CO2 extraction efficiency and matrix permeability. Under similar fracture conditions, the increase in matrix permeability further promoted CO2 extraction efficiency during CO2 huff ‘n’ puff. Specifically, the increase in matrix permeability of the core had the greatest effect on the extraction of the first-cycle injection in large pores, which increased from 16.42% to 36.64%. The findings from our research provide valuable insights into the CO2 huff ‘n’ puff effects in different pore sizes following fracturing under varying permeability conditions, shedding light on the mechanisms of CO2-enhanced oil recovery in fractured shale oil reservoirs.

Recent studies have indicated that the injection of carbon dioxide (CO2) can lead to increased oil recovery in fractured shale reservoirs following natural depletion. Despite advancements in understanding mass exchange processes in subsurface formations, there remains a knowledge gap concerning the disparities in these processes between the matrix and fractures at the pore scale in formations with varying permeability. This study aims to experimentally investigate the CO2 diffusion behaviors and in situ oil recovery through a CO2 huff 'n' puff process in the Jimsar shale oil reservoir. To achieve this, we designed three matrix-fracture models with different permeabilities (0.074 mD, 0.170 mD, and 0.466 mD) and experimented at 30 MPa and 91 °C. The oil concentration in both the matrix and fracture was monitored using a low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF-NMR) technique to quantify in situ oil recovery and elucidate mass-exchange behaviors. The results showed that after three cycles of CO2 huff 'n' puff, the total recovery degree increased from 30.28% to 34.95% as the matrix permeability of the core samples increased from 0.074 to 0.466 mD, indicating a positive correlation between CO2 extraction efficiency and matrix permeability. Under similar fracture conditions, the increase in matrix permeability further promoted CO2 extraction efficiency during CO2 huff 'n' puff. Specifically, the increase in matrix permeability of the core had the greatest effect on the extraction of the first-cycle injection in large pores, which increased from 16.42% to 36.64%. The findings from our research provide valuable insights into the CO2 huff 'n' puff effects in different pore sizes following fracturing under varying permeability conditions, shedding light on the mechanisms of CO2-enhanced oil recovery in fractured shale oil reservoirs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focuses on coalbed methane (CBM) wells in high-ranking coal seam as the research subject. Considering the influence of effective stress and matrix shrinkage, a comprehensive permeability calculation model for CBM reservoirs is established. Based on this model, the variations in pressure and permeability during well production are quantified. By integrating static geological parameters, a finely classified classification of CBM wells is achieved using self-organizing map (SOM) neural network. Subsequently, an analysis of production dynamic characteristics and productivity differences among different types of CBM wells is performed, followed by providing drainage optimization suggestions. The results of SOM analysis show that 7,000 m3/d and 1,500 m3/d can be used as the production boundaries for the wells with different productivity in Block P. The daily gas production of exceptional well exceeds 7,000 m3/d, and the permeability remains relatively stable throughout the drainage process of this well. The daily gas production of the potential well ranges from 1,500 to 7,000 m3/d, and the permeability exhibits a significant decrease during the drainage process. The daily gas production of Inefficient well is consistently below 1,500 m3/d with moderate permeability variation. In addition to well location and structural geology, production variability is also influenced by the matching of reservoir conditions and drainage systems. This is primarily manifested in discontinuous drainage systems and rapid decline in bottom hole pressure (BHP) during early production. The analysis of drainage parameters indicates that in order to achieve optimal production from CBM wells, the BHP should exhibit an initial rapid decline followed by a slowly decrease during the early production period, with an average pressure drop ranging from 0.005 to 0.02 MPa/d. The research findings can offer technical guidance for the future advancement of CBM in the P Block.

This paper presents a physiological, hematological, and biochemical study of the impact of different rearing conditions on pheasant production outcomes and mortality rates in both the pheasant parent flock and pheasant chicks up to 6 weeks old. Pheasant breeding holds significance within hunting activities and meat production for the food market due to its high biological and nutritive value. Pheasant meat contains high-quality proteins, minerals, essential unsaturated fatty acids, and boasts a low-fat percentage. The quality of pheasant meat derived from natural habitats holds a higher biological value compared to that of pheasants raised on farms, featuring higher water, protein, and calcium contents, and a lower fat percentage. The dry mass of breast muscles from farm-reared birds contains more protein and less fat when compared to drumstick muscles. Notably, during the egg-laying period, alterations in hematological parameters linked to oxygen transport, decreased erythropoiesis, and increased values in white blood cell parameters were observed. Changes in blood biochemical parameters signify increased energy requirements in pheasant hens during egg laying, as well as heightened transportation of minerals, proteins, and cholesterol, which accumulate in the eggshell, albumen, and yolk. The elevated metabolic requirements in pheasant hens manifest significantly through increased levels of cholesterol, uric acid, lactates, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), calcium, and phosphorus. Simultaneously, there is a noteworthy decrease in plasma total proteins, albumins, glucose, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) concentrations. Several challenges persist throughout all production stages, leading to reduced egg yield, compromised egg quality and fertility, as well as increased mortality rates. These issues stem from factors such as high population density, an inappropriate male-to-female sex ratio, inadequate nutrition, and insufficient assessment of the biological quality of hatching eggs.

General ideas about the trophicity of fresh waters, trophic scales, and trophic indices are consi-dered. An assessment of the trophic status of the Volga reservoirs is provided. Changes in the abiotic characteristics of the reservoirs and production–destruction indicators in waters of different trophies are considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Agricultural Outlook (1673-3908) is the property of Institute of Agricultural Information, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The flow behavior of shale gas horizontal wells is relatively complex, and this should be regarded as the main reason for which conventional pipe flow models are not suitable to describe the related dynamics. In this study, numerical simulations have been conducted to determine the gas-liquid distribution in these wells. In particular, using the measured flow pressure data related to 97 groups of shale gas wells as a basis, 9 distinct pipe flow models have been assessed, and the models displaying a high calculation accuracy for different water-gas ratio (WGR) ranges have been identified. The results show that: (1) The variation law of WGR in gas well satisfies a power function relation. (2) The well structure is the main factor affecting the gas-liquid distribution in the wellbore. (3) The Beggs & Brill, Hagedorn & Brown and Gray models exhibit a high calculation accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Streptococcus thermophilus is a traditional starter. Nowadays, key aspects of S. thermophilus physiology have been revealed concerning the phenotypic traits relevant for industrial applications, including sugar metabolism, protein hydrolysis, and the production of important metabolites that affect the sensory properties of fermented foods as well as the original cooperation with Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus. Moreover, significant advances have been made in the synthetic biology toolbox of S. thermophilus based on technological advances in the genome and its sequencing and synthesis. In this review, we discuss the recently developed toolbox for S. thermophilus, including gene expression toolsets (promoters, terminators, plasmids, etc.) and genome editing tools. It can be used for both functionalized foods and therapeutic molecules for consumers. The availability of new molecular tools, including the genome editing toolbox, has facilitated the engineering of physiological studies of S. thermophilus and the generation of strains with improved technical and functional characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pilot test of infilling polymer-surfactant-preformed particle gel (PPG) flooding has been successfully implemented after polymer flooding in Ng3 block of Gudao Oilfield in China. However, the production characteristics and displacement mechanisms are still unclear, which restricts its further popularization and application. Aiming at this problem, this paper firstly analyzes the production performance of the pilot test and proposed four response types according to the change of water cut curves, including Wtype, U-type, V-type response, and no response. Furthermore, the underlying reasons of these four types are analyzed from the aspects of seepage resistance and sweep efficiency. The overall sweep efficiency of gradual-rising W-type, gradual-decreasing W-type, and early V-type response increases from 0.81 to 0.93, 0.55 to 0.89, and 0.94 to 1, respectively. And the sum of seepage resistance along the connection line between production well and injection well for U-type and delayed V-type response increases from 0.0994 to 0.2425, and 0.0677 to 0.1654, respectively. Then, the remaining oil distribution after polymer flooding is summarized into four types on the basis of production and geological characteristics, namely disconnected remaining oil, streamline unswept remaining oil, rhythm remaining oil, and interlayercontrolled remaining oil. Furthermore, the main displacement mechanisms for each type are clarified based on the dimensionless seepage resistance and water absorption profile. Generally, improving connectivity by well pattern infilling is the most important for producing disconnected remaining oil. The synergistic effect of well pattern infilling and polymer-surfactant-PPG flooding increases the dimensionless seepage resistance of water channeling regions and forces the subsequent injected water to turn to regions with streamline unswept remaining oil. The improvement of the water absorption profile by polymer-surfactant-PPG flooding and separated layer water injection contributes to displacing rhythm remaining oil and interlayer-controlled remaining oil. Finally, the paper analyzes the relationships between the remaining oil distribution after polymer flooding and production characteristics of infilling polymer-surfactant-PPG flooding. The study helps to deepen the understanding of infilling polymer-surfactant-PPG flooding and has reference significance for more commercial implementations in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of China University of Petroleum is the property of China University of Petroleum and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The N2 flooding enhanced oil recovery process is an important technical means for the development of low permeability reservoirs due to its good energy enhancement effect and good injectivity. Low permeability reservoirs have a large permeability span and strong heterogeneity, which will have a significant impact on gas injection development. In order to explore the influence of matrix permeability and fractures on the production characteristics of N2 flooding, this study conducted a series of displacement experiments with full-scale matrix permeability (0.1–50 mD) and different fracture conditions. The research results indicate that, in non-fracture low permeability cores, the pressure difference decreased with the matrix permeability increase, and the volume of N2 injection required to achieve the highest injection pressure decreased. In addition, the increase in matrix permeability accelerates the gas breakthrough and gas channeling, but is beneficial for improving no-gas oil recovery and ultimate oil recovery due to the decrease in crude oil flow resistance. The impact of different matrix permeability ranges on production characteristics varies. When the matrix permeability is less than 2 mD, the characteristics of oil and gas production are significantly affected by changes in matrix permeability. When the matrix permeability is greater than 2 mD, the impact of changes in matrix permeability on development effectiveness is weakened. The existence of fracture causes a high permeability channel to appear in the low permeability matrix, exacerbating the gas breakthrough and channeling, and significantly reducing the utilization of matrix crude oil (about a 50% decrease in oil recovery). The increase in matrix permeability is beneficial for weakening the heterogeneity between fractures and the matrix, alleviating the gas channeling, thereby increasing the swept volume in the low permeability matrix and improving oil recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Agricultural Outlook (1673-3908) is the property of Institute of Agricultural Information, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Oil Drilling & Production Technology / Shiyou Zuancai Gongyi is the property of Shiyou Zuancai Gongyi Bianjibu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

For the successful development of wheat breeding in Russia, there is a great need in a genetically diverse initial material, presented the collection of the All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources named after N.I. Vavilov (VIR), including samples of synthetic hexaploid wheat (SHW) developed at CIMMYT by crossing Triticum durum Au B с Aegilops tauschii D. The current paper has presented the study results of such artificially developed hexaploid synthetic samples. The purpose of the current study was to compare the production indicators of hexaploid synthetic samples and their macromutant forms with bread wheat varieties and to evaluate them as an initial breeding material. The plants were grown in ordinary blackearth (chernozem) on the fields of the FSBSI FRARC. There has been shown that macromutational phenotypic transformations continue to occur in the developed hexaploid synthetic samples during the vegetation period. In the agricultural year of 2019/2020, in the sample ‘k-65488’ there were identified macromutant forms almost identical to awnless bread wheat. The close phenotypic similarity of macromutants has suggested their easier and more effective crossing with existing bread wheat varieties. There has been found that according to their production characteristics, the identified macromutants turned out to be quite identical, and the synthetic sample ‘k-65509’ even surpassed the comparable bread wheat varieties ‘Bezostaya 1’ and ‘Mironovskaya 808’. However, spikelet scales in the identified macromutant forms, despite their phenomenal similarity with the representatives of Triticum aestivum L., still remain quite hard, which makes threshing difficult. Taking into consideration the production indicators of synthetic samples, which are mainly determined by the contribution of highly productive durum wheat, we can consider them and, especially, the identified macromutant forms, as a very promising initial material to improve the present bread wheat variety samples using hybridization.

Streptococcus thermophilus is a traditional starter. Nowadays, key aspects of S. thermophilus physiology have been revealed concerning the phenotypic traits relevant for industrial applications, including sugar metabolism, protein hydrolysis, and the production of important metabolites that affect the sensory properties of fermented foods as well as the original cooperation with Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus. Moreover, significant advances have been made in the synthetic biology toolbox of S. thermophilus based on technological advances in the genome and its sequencing and synthesis. In this review, we discuss the recently developed toolbox for S. thermophilus, including gene expression toolsets (promoters, terminators, plasmids, etc.) and genome editing tools. It can be used for both functionalized foods and therapeutic molecules for consumers. The availability of new molecular tools, including the genome editing toolbox, has facilitated the engineering of physiological studies of S. thermophilus and the generation of strains with improved technical and functional characteristics.

【 Objective/Meaning】 Realizing the revitalization of small farmers is an important epoch proposition for the implementation of the rural revitalization strategy. An in-depth analysis of the agricultural production characteristics and practical difficulties of small farmers will help to better implement and improve the policies of small farmers. 【Methods/Procedures】 By using the qualitative research method, the current production characteristics of small farmers were firstly analyzed from the level of economic rationality and social rationality to understand their deep production logic. Secondly, the practical difficulties faced by small farmers were analyzed from the perspective of heterogeneity of farmers. Finally, the basic strategies of the connection between small farmers and modern agriculture were put forward. 【Results/Conclusions】 The results showed that based on the economic rationality and social rationality, small farmers had the production logic of production link outsourcing, intergenerational family division of labor and part-time employment. Although the heterogeneity of small farmers made them face different difficulties in agricultural production, they were generally faced with the problems such as the quality and safety of agricultural products, environmental problem, and different “small production and large market” problem and the problems of cost, capital and agricultural investment, etc. Therefore, the organic connection between small farmers and modern agriculture could be achieved by integrating the “fragmented” agricultural social services, improving the quality of agricultural infrastructure, cultivating the rural talents, improving the organization degree of farmers, and accurately identifying the production needs of different types of small farmers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research was conducted in an attempt to investigate the effect of adding different levels of some organic acids to the fodder on some production characteristics of broiler. In the current research (336) chicks Roos-308 strain were used and distributed equally and randomly to seven treatments and each treatment involved three replications. Organic acids were added to starter and finished rations since the third week of the experiment until the end of the experiment in the sixth week (age 42 days). The first treatment (the control) was given a standard fodder without any addition of organic acids, while the acetic organic acid with a ratio of 2g/kg fodder and 4g/kg fodder were added to to the second and the third treatments, respectively. Also, 2g/kg fodder 4g/kg fodder were added to to the fourth and fifth treatments respectively. From the other hand, citric organic acid with ratios 2g/kg fodder and 4g/kg fodder were added to to the sixth and seventh treatments respectively. Results showed that there was a significant superiority in the sixth week for the second, third, fourth and sixth treatments compared to the control treatment in terms of the average living weight and the total increase in weight. In addition to that, results recorded a significant superiority in the average consumed fodder for the third, fifth and the sixth treatments in the sixth week, but in the accumulative average fodder consumed, results showed a significant superiority for all the experiment treatments compared to the control treatment except for fourth treatment. As about mean of feed conversion whichit was observed that there significant improvement for the fourth treatment compared to the control treatment, while there were no significant differences in the mortality percentage and dressing percentage between all the treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Special Oil & Gas Reservoirs is the property of Special Oil & Gas Reservoirs Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Veterinary Journal of Mehmet Akif Ersoy University is the property of Veterinary Journal of Mehmet Akif Ersoy University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Trial extraction of natural gas hydrates has made great progress, but the available capacity is still orders of magnitude away from commercial development. Reservoir modification measures are a potential approach to achieve commercial recovery, and previous studies have demonstrated the feasibility of fracturing modification in hydrate reservoirs. The laboratory experimental research on hydrate production by vertical well fracturing combined with depressurization method has been carried out to prove the effectiveness of improving capacity. The presence of fractures enhances conductivity near the wellbore, thereby facilitating the propagation of pressure drops and augmenting thermal energy transfer. Whereas hydrate decomposition causes a reduction in reservoir strength and stiffness, potentially resulting in formation subsidence, wellbore failure, and other catastrophic events. Therefore, it is important to understand the geomechanical response for designing fracturing modifications in hydrate reservoirs. As a continuation of previous research, we constructed a coupled model of thermal-hydro-mechanical to investigate the production characteristics and geomechanical response patterns during vertical well fracturing combined with depressurization method to extract hydrates. The results show that fracturing modification helps to shorten the duration of "self-locking effect" and improve the gas-water ratio of gas hydrate extraction. Fractures induces the stress concentration near the wellbore, exacerbating both the subsidence and uplift of caprocks. Under the condition of controlled geological risk, priority should be given to extracting reservoirs with high saturation and high original permeability. • Numerical simulation is carried out to study the production increasing characteristic and geomechanical response behavior of hydrate extraction by vertical well fracturing. • Hydraulic fracture provides highly conductive channel, weakens the influence of "self-locking effect", and increases gas production and gas-water ratio. • Hydraulic fracturing reduces the strength and stiffness, causes stress concentration in the area near the well, and there is a risk of geological deformation exploitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Natural Gas Industry is the property of Natural Gas Industry Journal Agency and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Natural Gas Geoscience is the property of Natural Gas Geoscience and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Future possibilities for manufacturing companies using cyber-physical systems (CPS) are often described by production characteristics, which however existed long before CPS. Therefore, this paper deals with the unambiguous identification and structuring of CPS descriptive production properties to develop a common understanding across papers and makes a proposal in the form of a classification system for production characteristics, which are established in scientific literature. The paper presents an identification method consisting of a distance-based network visualization to describe the relationship between CPS and production characteristics as an overall result of a comprehensive reference analysis, which is capable of representing the current state of science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This experiment was aimed to investigate the production characteristics and nutritive quality of Ruzi grass by varying levels of organic and inorganic fertilizer viz. cow dung (CD) and urea fertilizer (UF), respectively. The treatments were arranged into a factorial design and grouped according to a completely randomized design with three replications. Three doses of CD (0; 5 and 10 t/ha) were applied at sowing and four UF doses were applied as top dressing (0, 25, 50 and 100 kg/ha). The application of CD and UF have a positive effect on the length of leaves (p=0.00 and p=0.02) but their interactions are not significantly different (p=0.12). The effect of CD, UF and their interaction significantly increased the number of leaves (p=0.00), the number of tillers (p=0.00) and dry matter yield (p=0.00). There were no significant effect of CD and interaction on the leaf/stem ratio (p=0.17 and p=0.23, respectively) but UF slightly increased the ratio (p=0.00), CP% (p<0.00), NDF% (p<0.00) and ADF% (p<0.00). The best combination of fertilizer could be noted at 50 kg/ha UF and 10 t/ha CD to obtain better results. It might recommend that better fertilizer management can improve productivity as well as the nutritional quality of Ruzi grass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aquaculture is the world's most diverse farming practice in terms of number of species, farming methods and environments used. While various organizations and institutions have promoted species diversification, overall species diversity within the aquaculture industry is likely not promoted nor sufficiently well quantified. Using the most extensive dataset available (FAO‐statistics) and an approach based on the Shannon Diversity index, this paper provides a method for quantifying and mapping global aquaculture species diversity. Although preliminary analyses showed that a large part of the species forming production is still qualified as undetermined species (i.e. 'not elsewhere included'); results indicate that usually high species diversity for a country is associated with a higher production but there are considerable differences between countries. Nine of the top 10 countries ranked highest by Shannon Diversity index in 2017 are from Asia with China producing the most diverse collection of species. Since species diversity is not the only level of diversity in production, other types of diversity are also briefly discussed. Diversifying aquatic farmed species can be of importance for long‐term performance and viability of the sector with respect to sustaining food production under (sometimes abrupt) changing conditions. This can be true both at the global and regional level. In contrast, selection and focus on only a limited number of species can lead to rapid improvements in terms of production (towards sustainability or not) and profitability. Therefore, benefits and shortcomings of diversity are discussed from both economical and social‐ecological perspectives that concurrently are shaping the expanding aquaculture industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indigenous animal genetic resources are vital in agriculture especially in the era of climate change because they are adapted to the harsh local conditions. Therefore, their conservation through utilisation is necessary. Indigenous Tswana pigs are one of the animal genetic resources that need to be protected from becoming extinct. The aim of this study was to determine the population of Tswana pigs, their production characteristics and management practices in the southern districts of Botswana. A survey was done in 15 villages in Kweneng, Kgatleng and South East districts of southern Botswana. A combination of purposive and convenience sampling methods was used to select villages and households where the survey was conducted. A questionnaire with closed- and opened-ended questions was administered to 71 indigenous pig farmers. The data were analysed using descriptive statistics procedure, frequency procedure and principal component analysis. The study established that indigenous Tswana pigs are mainly kept and managed by middle-aged and elderly women with lower level of education and no formal employment. These farmers keep Tswana pigs alongside other livestock species. The population of indigenous Tswana pigs in the surveyed districts is 620. Farmers keep indigenous pigs for cash and for home consumption. The pigs are kept in the backyard and fed kitchen leftovers and others are left to scavenge for feeds. Farmers do not put much effort in attending the health of the indigenous pigs; hence, their ignorance of the parasites and diseases affecting the pigs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The coexistent system of natural gas hydrate and shallow gas (NGH-SG) enhances stability compared to single resource reservoirs, rendering it a promising target for co-production and commercial exploitation. In this study, we established a reservoir model of the NGH-SG system based on actual geological conditions. Subsequently, a long-term production simulation was performed to contrast the production behaviors of three exploitation methods: co-production of NGH-SG (CP), single production of hydrate-bearing layer (SP-HBL), and single production of shallow gas layer (SP-SGL). The study revealed that the presence of free gas in SGL can significantly increase the overall gas production capacity, with SGL contributing over 85% of the total gas production during the entire co-production period. On the 5000th day, the cumulative gas production of CP exceeded that of SP-SGL by 1.07 times and surpassed SP-HBL by 9.60 times. Furthermore, the study extensively investigated the impact of interlayer permeability on production behaviors. Lower interlayer permeability was found to be more conducive to releasing the natural gas production capacity from the reservoir. Notably, the phenomenon of interlayer interference should be carefully considered during CP. The influence degree of interlayer interference during CP becomes increasingly pronounced with increasing interlayer permeability. Fundamental contributors to interlayer interference encompass heat transfer, pressure diffusion, and interlayer cross-flow. As interlayer permeability rises, mass transfer between the layers intensifies, thus promoting pressure diffusion. Interlayer pressure difference and permeability are critical factors that affect interlayer cross-flow. For NGH-SG reservoirs with higher interlayer permeability, the advantages of CP are more obvious during the early production period. The implementation of the findings of this study may improve production efficiency and contribute to the development of effective management strategies for offshore NGH-SG reservoirs. • Long-term production simulation study of hydrate-shallow gas reservoirs is conducted. • Co-production can greatly increase yield compared to single production of HBL. • Lower permeability interlayer facilitates multi-layer exploitation. • Interlayer cross-flow is a key factor of interlayer interference. • The applicability coefficient needs to be introduced during co-production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past decade, the exploration and development of deep coalbed methane (CBM) resources in China have attracted significant attention for their immense potential. Typically found in geological conditions marked by high formation temperature, reservoir pressure, and in-situ stress, exploring and developing these resources present a multitude of challenges. As the coal seams extend to greater depths, adsorption behavior, pore-fracture structure, and mechanical properties of deep coal seams become increasingly intricate, impacting properties such as gas content, permeability, and fracability. Despite the presence of significant free gas in deep CBM reservoirs, production remains challenging due to the extremely low permeability of coal seams. Additionally, high in-situ stress and complex mechanical parameters of deep coal seams can significantly reduce hydraulic fracturing performance, further complicating the development of deep CBM. This comprehensive review provides a detailed analysis of the geological conditions and formation property variations at different depths for CBM reservoirs, illuminating the distinctions between deep and shallow CBM reservoirs. Furthermore, this review summarizes the pilot tests and research perspectives in China to address the challenges associated with exploring and developing deep CBM resources. By raising awareness of the particularities of deep CBM and offering practical and accessible references, this review aims to contribute to the better exploration and development of these valuable resources. • Deep CBM reservoirs present complex geological features influenced by high temperature, pressure, and stress conditions. • Accurate depth definition of deep CBM resources requires thorough understanding of geological and engineering attributes. • Deep CBM wells display distinct production patterns: minimal water, initial gas peak, and stable adsorbed gas production. • "Large-scale, large-displacement, multiple-rounds" fracturing boosts gas in deep CBM wells. • Pilot tests in China confirm substantial development potential for deep CBM resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we propose a novel workflow to predict the production of existing and new multi-wells. To perform reliable production forecasting on heterogeneous shale formations, the features of these formations must be analyzed by classifying the formations into various groups; the groups have different production characteristics depending on the key factors that affect the shale formation. In addition, the limited data obtained from nearby existing multi-wells should be used to estimate the production of new wells. The key factors that affect shale formation were derived from the correlation and principal component analysis of available production-related attributes. The production of existing wells was estimated by classifying them into groups based on their production characteristics. These classified groups also identified the relationship between hydraulic fracturing design factors and productivity. To estimate the production of new wells (blind wells), we generated groups with different production characteristics and leveraged their features to estimate the production. Probabilistic values of the group features were entered into the input layer of the artificial neural network model to consider the variation in the production of shale formations. All the estimated productions exhibited less error than the previous analytical results, suggesting the utilization potential of the proposed workflow.

The study was conducted at the Poultry Field in the Faculty of Agriculture / Al-Muthanna University, for the period from 29 December, 2017 to 6 of April, 2018 to investigate the effect of the marker OPA-16 on some production characteristics of three strains of ducks (Muscat, Pekin, and local ducks). In this study, 75 sexed ducks at the age of 1 day were used and 10 chicks (5 males and 5 females) were taken from each strain. The chicks were provided from the local markets and reared in hall as closed system. The hall was divided into three parts using a plastic barrier to isolate each strain separately, the birds were numbered by plastic numbers placed in bird legs. The experiment was lasted for 12 weeks and the studied traits were measured including weekly average body weight, weekly weight increase, weekly feed consumption, weekly feed conversion coefficient and carcass characteristics which involved (dressing percentage with and without edible giblet, relative weight of heart, liver and gizzard). The obtained results revealed a significant (P <0.05) in genotype (1081/273, 1081/316) of Pekin strain compared with genotype (1081/344, 965/327) of Muscat strain and the genotypes (1142/339, 1184/361) of local ducks strain for both the total feed consumption rate and the total feed conversion coefficient. Additionally, the genotypes (1081/344) of Muscat duck males was significant (P<0.05) differ on genotypes (965/327) of Muscat duck females in total feed consumption rate and total feed conversion coefficient. As well, the genotypes (1081/273) of Pekin ducks males was superior on the genotypes (1081/316) of Pekin ducks females in the total feed consumption rate while in the dressing percentage (with and without edible giblet), the genotypes (1142/339, 1184/361) of local ducks was significantly superior (P<0.05) on the genotypes (1081/344, 965/327) and (1081/273, 1081/316) of Muscat and Pekin strains respectively. The obtained results showed the possibility of taking advantage of studying the relationship between genetic markers and the productive qualities in different types of ducks and it is beneficial effect on the early selection programs of chicks, especially for the local ducks that showed a high dressing percentage with or without edible giblet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Steam-assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) is an efficient technology that has been used to develop oil sand resources, and it has been successfully and maturely applied in Canada. However, oilfield production has demonstrated that reservoir heterogeneity has a serious impact on SAGD development, among which the most drastic impact is caused by multiple barrier layers in the reservoir. These barrier layers can severely impede the development of a steam chamber and the drainage of oil. Hence, it is important to investigate their influence mechanism. In this study, oil samples from the Long Lake oil field were used in laboratory experiments to study the development of the steam chamber and the residual oil distribution under the effect of multiple barrier layers. Then, a theoretical numerical simulation model was established to describe the fluid flow more precisely. In addition, the production characteristics of SAGD under the influence of different numbers of barrier layers were analyzed by comparing the development of the steam chamber. Finally, the impacts of multiple barrier layers with different modes of combinations were studied for their effects on SAGD production. The results indicated that for impermeable barrier layers of the same length, the steam primarily developed upward after flowing around the first barrier layer. After the steam chamber reached the top of the reservoir, the steam began to enter into the interbedded zone. Based on an unchanged first barrier layer, the number of barrier layers had little influence on the overall shape of the steam chamber and SAGD production, which confirmed that the first barrier layer played a dominant role in the influence of multiple barrier layers. In addition, characteristic points (P 1 , P 2 , P 3), which corresponded to changes in the stage of steam chamber development, were established and used to evaluate the effect of the barrier layers. Different combinations of barrier layers were realized by changing the relative properties of the first barrier layer. The results showed that the longer the length of the first barrier layer, the closer it was to the steam injection well and the lower the permeability; hence, the more obvious its hysteresis effect on the SAGD process. • A physical model is used to study the effect of multiple barrier layers on SAGD. • A theoretical numerical model is established to describe the fluid flow more precisely. • The first barrier layer plays a dominant role in the influence of multiple barrier layers. • Several characteristic points (P 1 , P 2 , P 3) on the productivity curve are established. • The impact of multiple barrier layers with different combinations is analyzed in detailed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract CO 2 injection is an effective technique to enhance the oil recovery of tight or low-permeability reservoirs, which also achieves resource utilization and geological storage of CO 2. While the fractures in the formation have remarkable effect on the performance of CO 2 injection. In this study, CO 2 huff-n-puff experiments were carried out with fractured cores, and the NMR was used to investigate the oil distribution. The effects of fractures on CO 2 huff-n-puff and remaining oil distribution at different permeability levels were evaluated. The experimental results show that fracture can significantly increase the CO 2 sweep volume of the core, and the oil recovery rate is sharply improved in the initial and middle stages during CO 2 huff-n-puff. Besides, the remaining oil saturation significantly decreases near the fracture. The final oil recovery of the fractured cores enhanced by ∼14% compared with that of fracture-free cores. The permeability of matrix remarkably affects the CO 2 huff-n-puff of fracture-free cores, whereas its effect on fractured cores is relatively small, fractures can reduce the effect of permeability on recovery. The crude oil is mainly produced from the macropores and the remaining oil in the cores is mainly distributed in the small and medium pores. Moreover, an increase in the number of cycles can improve the cumulative oil recovery, but as the number of cycles increases, the production of new crude oil decreases. This study provides a reference to evaluate the oil production characteristics of fractured reservoirs and improve the production performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research was aimed to estimate selection response and accuracy of hatching weight, growth and egg production using different selection intensities in Magelang duck. A nested design was used in this study with experimental material was Magelang duck consisted of 8 male (treatments), 40 female (sub-treatments) and 360 offspring (replicates) and the observed parameter was productive characteristics. Nine DOD from each female were measured for hatching weight and growth up to 8 weeks old. The measured Hen Day Production (HDP) at initial laying for within days. Result showed that different selection intensities (25, 50 and 75%) led to response in 2.968; 1.870 and 0.982 g hatching weight; respectively; 0.00221, 0.00139 and 0.00073 g growth, respectively; and 1.728, 1.088 and 0.571% egg production, respectively. Selection accuracy for hatching weight, growth and egg production was 0.70, 0.76 and 0.51, respectively. Conclusively, the less preserved female proportion, the higher selection intensity value thus the higher selection response. Selection accuracy of production characteristics was based on its heritability value.

The objective of this work was to develop, use and present a detailed questionnaire for the evaluation of health management in dairy small ruminants; it includes 442 questions organised in seven sections: general, infrastructure, animals, production characteristics, health management, nutrition, human resources. Consistency of replies was evaluated in 27 farmers, interviewed twice. Inconsistent replies were given by all farmers to 30 different questions (Cronbach’s coefficient alpha: 0.987). Then, interviews were performed in 444 farms around Greece. Mean duration of an interview was 63.6 min. Clarifications were requested by 273 farmers to 22 different questions (maximum per farmer: 8). The experience of the investigator, the primary language of farmers and asking clarifications by the farmers affected the duration of the interview. The questionnaire can be used for research work in the field, to record details in the farms under study. In accord with the needs of a particular study, it can be modified, by adding more specific questions or omitting others deemed of less importance. Moreover, it can also be used for routine monitoring purposes, as a useful means to record and maintain details of farms during clinical work. To the best of our knowledge, the questionnaire is the most extensive and detailed one available internationally for dairy small ruminants.

In the process of lead electrolysis, due to its production characteristics, it is necessary to extract and collect the cathode conductive rod on the cathode plate after electrolysis, so as to make it reusable. At present, most of the lead electrolytic manufacturers in China still rely on manual extraction in this process. In this study, a rapid, stable and effective cathode rod extraction equipment for lead electrolysis is designed by means of electro-hydraulic proportional technology. AMESim simulation and experimental research on the equipment are also carried out.

The aim of this work was to characterize the cattle raising in Paraíba State, Northeastern Brazil. The State was divided into three cattle production regions according to its mesoregions: production region 1 (Sertão mesoregion), production region 2 (Borborema mesoregion) and production region 3 (Agreste and Zona da Mata mesoregions). Overall, 689 rural properties from the three production regions were randomly selected. The variables used in the characterization were production system, farming system, type of milking, use of artificial insemination, milk cooling, number of lactating cows, daily milk production, herd size and number of bovine females > 24 months of age. It was found that most farms in Paraíba State are family or subsistence farms, predominantly mixed production, semi-intensive farming, with utilization of hand milking and natural mating, without use of milk cooling, low number of lactating cows and daily milk production. It were found differences and similarities among production regions so that it is suggested that such aspects must be taking into account in livestock development public policy planning, as well as in the implementation of disease control strategies.

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