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After the COVID-19 pandemic, the whole world will operate remarkably differently over its global production chain. This paper develops a general equilibrium model with endogenous industrial cluster and endogenous industrial network based on the division of labor and specialization to formalize and explore the interrelationship and rules of industrial cluster, network of division of labor, the economies of specialization and agglomeration under the new era of post-pandemic global economy. The model suggests that institutional efficiency of mutual trust, and competition among countries and industries will facilitate important circular effects, which will propel and shape the arrangement and allocation of industrial clusters, the position located at the production chain, and consequently the status of economic growth. In particular, the improvements in institutional efficiency of mutual trust over economic and technology systems will expand the demand for transactions and network size, which in turn will determine the development of cluster and network scope, as well as the position of the network. It offers a partially economic explanation of the current concern of de-globalization, decoupling and de-risking after the pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Anatolian Archaeology is the property of Ataturk University Coordinatorship of Scientific Journals and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Environmental & Social Management Journal / Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental is the property of Environmental & Social Management Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Compared to other sectors, the long rotation period in forest management makes it difficult to carry out a life cycle assessment (LCA). Data collection is not possible in a short time frame but would require decades. For this reason, forestry is often forced to rely on secondary data. To address this challenge, environmental impacts of the forestry sector in the Czech Republic were investigated according to the value chain corresponding to silvicultural and harvesting processes, without any further wood use options. The methodological procedure is based on the ISO 14040 and 14,044 standards, using SimaPro, an LCA software. The study was carried out in four phases of LCA in the scope of cradle-to-gate and focused on the early stages of the product life cycle. The system boundaries were set up to include seed collection, seedling production, establishment and tending of young forest stands up to 20 years of age, thinning, harvesting, maintenance of roads and extraction trails, with the endpoint is the hauling place. Three scenarios have been defined that differ in the method of harvesting. Scenario I– chainsaw felling, horse extraction. Scenario II– chainsaw (90% of hours worked) and harvester (10% of hour-worked), tractor extraction. Scenario III– chainsaw (23% of hour-worked) and harvester (77% of hour-worked), extraction by a tractor with a winch. The results show that the maintenance of the forest road network holds a significant share of the overall environmental impact of forest management. Other significant consequences are associated with timber harvesting. These impacts vary considerably depending on the mechanical equipment used. The highest impact was recorded for the third scenario, still, it is practically the most often applied, as it is the most cost-effective. The results show the need to optimize forest management practices in the future both from an economic and environmental point of view. The work on the life cycle assessment was particularly challenging because the silviculture and harvesting of raw timber involve 20 production operations. This research was based on long-term knowledge of forest typology, forest management planning, forest economics, experience with forest technologies, and regulatory measures. Thus, the findings serve for further analysis of LCA in timber production, and future analysis for other forest ecosystem services.

Consumer buying behavior can be defined as all the different steps that consumers follow before purchasing a good or service. Web browser research, involvement in online networking discussions, and a range of other activities might be a part of this process. Despite the negative effects of its production chain on the environment, and on the socio-economical condition of local farmers, chocolate products are among the most distributed food and beverage items in the world. In this review, the consumer responsibility for sustainable cocoa production is described. This study determines the consumer opinions and attitudes on the different operations pursued in the production chain of chocolate, from the collection of cocoa beans to their processing into different final products. For this, data on life cycle assessment from some studies was gathered to identify and investigate links between the production chain of different types of chocolate (dark, white, milk) and its impact on natural resources so that the sensitivity of consumers to purchase more sustainable products can be evaluated. This approach revealed that consumers will not only purchase chocolate because of its good quality or health benefits, but they also consider it the most sustainable product.

Simple Summary: The contamination of coastal waters, unhealthy conditions and inadequate handling practices tend to reduce the sanitary quality of fishery products, thus impacting its marketing. With this in mind, we investigate the microbiological quality of the Octopus insularis in each stage of the production chain, comprehending capture, post-capture, processing and commercialization, in terms of the presence of total and fecal coliforms at the Veracruz Reef System, Gulf of Mexico. The environmental and anthropogenic influence on the space–temporal concentration of coliforms were analyzed in sea water, fresh octopus, fresh water, ice and octopus, both packed in ice and boiled. Most relevant results indicated that coliforms are present in the octopus production chain, being highest in the marketing stage. The coliform concentration increased during the rainy season and was highest in the reefs closer to the coast, which has a major anthropogenic influence. These results point out the urgent need to implement an efficient cold chain with adequate handling practices to try to reverse these microbiological conditions and improve the octopus quality and food safety. Coliforms are relatively common in aquatic environments, but their concentrations can be increased by environmental changes and anthropogenic activities, thus impacting fisheries resources. To determine the microbiological quality in the octopus production chain (capture, post-capture, processing and commercialization), total (TC) and fecal (FC) coliforms were quantified in sea water, fresh octopus, fresh water, ice and octopus in two presentations: packed in ice and boiled. Samples came from fishing zones Enmedio, Chopa and La Gallega at the Veracruz Reef System (VRS) during dry, rainy and windy seasons. The coliforms were determined using the most probable number technique (MPN). The most relevant results indicated that octopus packed in ice coming from the commercialization stage had FC levels >540 MPN/100 g, which exceeded the permissible limits (230 MPN/100 g). Therefore, these products present a risk for human consumption. Differences in FC were observed in octopuses between the three fishing zones (H = 8.697; p = 0.0129) and among the three climatic seasons, increasing during the rainy season, highlighting La Gallega with 203.33 ± 63 MPN (H = 7.200; p = 0.0273). The results provide evidence of the environmental and anthropogenic influences on coliform concentrations and the urgent need to implement an efficient cold chain throughout octopus production stages with adequate handling practices to reverse this situation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista El Directivo al Día is the property of Centro de Informacion y Gestion Tecnologica (CIGET) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Economic Research & Business Administration is the property of Al-Farabi Kazakh National University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Analyzing the local value chain in coffee-producing regions can help identify obstacles and opportunities for economic development and growth. Faced with this, the objective of the study was to analyze the value chain in the Amazon region. For which, the survey was used to collect information from producers and those involved in the value chain. To map the chain, the GIZ Value Links methodology was used; the study population was 34 producers and representatives of organizations and institutions. The coffee value chain in the Amazon region is made up of producers as the first link, after them the local collectors such as associations and cooperatives are present and in turn free trade who are the intermediary buyers. Government institutions. The main international export markets are Canada, the United States, and Germany. The main difficulty for producers is the constant coffee pests that prevent good production, along with the lack of irrigation in the plots. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Foco (Interdisciplinary Studies Journal) is the property of Revista Foco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: To analyze the structure of social, technical, and commercial relationships established between coconut producers of the Pacific coast of the Cauca Department in Colombia. Methodology: The Social Network Analysis methodology was used. This methodology studies the structure and dynamics of the relationships established among actors. A survey was applied to 676 producers, and the information was analyzed based on the indicators of density, centralization, in-degree centrality and Modularity Class. Results: The indicator of density is low in all analyzed networks, which means incipient levels of social capital and cohesion. The resulting networks are decentralized, which means that there are several actors that are an important source of consultation. The clusters are configured based on geographic conditions and around recognized actors given their trajectory and experience. Limitations: Lack of evidence to support the relationship between social capital and development, lack of information and high degree of abstraction. Conclusions: Low levels of social capital around the activity were found, which result in information associated with the coconut production chain not flowing easily between actors and communities. Geographic conditions fragment existing relationships between producers, forming different clusters that hardly communicate with each other. The relevant actors identified are producers with extensive experience in the activity, collectors, and cooperatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research is based on the assessment of the particularities that characterize the Cuban context with the objective of identifying potentialities and limitations for the articulation of productive chains in the tourism hotel system; based on the achievement of improvements in the processes of hotel services in correspondence with the quality standards established for this sector. The study proposes the evaluation of methodologies referring to productive chains to recognize steps and tools applicable to this type of analysis; that allow the design of an instrument for its articulation. The information base was obtained from data provided by the Territorial Delegation of the Ministry of Tourism and the National Office of Statistics and Information in the province of Santiago de Cuba. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Economia Política do Desenvolvimento (REPD) is the property of Revista Economia Politica do Desenvolvimento (REPD) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Amazônia, Organizações e Sustentabilidade (AOS) is the property of Amazon, Organizations & Sustainability - AOS / Amazônia, Organizações e Sustentabilidade (AOS) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The automotive industry is advancing with global innovations in vehicle electrification and hybridization as an adaptive response to ongoing environmental issues. Automotive automakers show concerns about these global megatrends that should impact the sector and are emphatic, especially regarding the rapid growth of solutions and business proposals that involve changing consumer behavior, especially regarding the aspect of product sustainability, as well as the new concept of vehicle use, instead of buying this. The planet does not have the capacity to withstand current patterns of consumption and, consequently, production. Aligned with this need, the work establishes corporate governance guidelines necessary for the transition from fossil fuel to electrification within the automotive chain. This paper aims to analyze the impact of the sustainable automotive chain against the perspective of electromobility in the most consolidated automotive markets, as well as in the incipient Brazilian market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the analysis of the petrochemical products manufacturing value chain and the presentation of petrochemical products' optimal manufacturing pattern in petrochemical industries affiliates of pension funds. The case study in this research is JAM and MASJIDSOLEYMAN Petrochemical companies. Period of this research is 5 years. In this case study, the determiner faces paradoxical objectives simultaneously. The fuzzy multi-objective linear programming (FMOLP) method has been used based on the α-cut of fuzzy parameters in this research. The goal of this research is to extract the amount of products that have maximized profit and value-added and minimized risk simultaneously which face technological, market, financial, budget, legal, and national interest-related limitations. This method is often interested in the proper POSs that have finite tradeoffs between objective functions. One numerical sample has been used to show the possibility of using the said method in multi-objective optimizing issues for the production of propylene. Because of the efficiency and satisfaction of the obtained new solutions for this method, this method undoubtedly can be useful to solve the FMOLP problems. A decrease in the production of ethylene and light polyethylene and an increase in propylene and butadiene production is the most important policy recommendation of this research.

Electronics industry in Russia is an example of how inefficient old approaches to production can be. In XXI century, most companies have abandoned integrated device manufacturing, thus separating design and production. The main goal of this article is to analyze prospects for development of electronics in Russia with Government strategy being a huge supporting factor. Worldwide deficit of semiconductors, worsened by COVID-19, together with export sanctions imposed upon this country put a strain on both national fabless companies and IDMs, depriving them from future growth and undermining their stability. The authors employ induction, deduction, analysis, synthesis, analogy, and description, basing their work on scientific papers of the Russian and world economists as well as tech specialists. Government strategy and increased financial support may generate positive impact and assist existing foundries. However, the cherished goal of reducing dependency on market leaders (which is coveted by many nations) cannot be achieved as most producers stand in a long line before they can purchase equipment for their foundries. Therefore, the best-case scenario implies second-hand lithography systems from manufacturers wishing to upgrade. This is sufficient for sustainable development of microcontrollers but hinders high-tech aspirations of fabless companies in Russia. At the same time this issue is not limited to Russia alone - many countries have realized the need for production localization and changed their focus from either self-reliance or import substitution to partnership with leading foundries.

From 2018, several foodborne diseases caused by the consumption of wet rice noodles contaminated with microorganisms have attracted the attention of consumers and surveillance departments. We explored the crucial risk factors for the contamination of Bacillus cereus during the various steps of the wet rice noodles production chain (from raw material to marketing phase). A total of 273 samples were collected in each corresponding production phase. The contamination level was quantitatively detected in the samples, and the corresponding temperature and time were recorded and analyzed using @Risk software. The quantitative detection results of raw material were determined as the initial contamination level in the model to predict the final contamination level and assess the key risk factors for B. cereus contamination in wet rice noodles. The model predicted that the final contamination level of B. cereus was in the range of −3.55 to 4.34 log CFU/g in 95% wet rice noodles at the marketing phase. The highest predicted contamination level was 6.28 log CFU/g, and the risk of exceeding the threshold was 0.80%. The model was verified to be valid for R2 > 0.96, and the predicted results could be used for reference. Moreover, the sensitivity analysis revealed that in addition to raw material, the key control factors were buffering temperature in the packaging delivery phase, transporting temperature and time from factory to marketing phase; their correlation coefficients (r) were 0.18, 0.16, and 0.15, respectively. Therefore, manufacturers need to adjust the current predelivery buffering and transporting mode. It is recommended to reduce the predelivery buffering temperature, and refrigerated trucks are preferred to control the proliferation of B. cereus in transported food, thus reducing the occurrence of foodborne diseases and improving the safety of food.

Livestock production chains involve stages such as production, transformation and consumption, connecting their different links such as producers, fatteners, processors and marketers. The objective of the study is to determine the relationship between dairy and meat production chains and the social dimension of sustainable agricultural development in the district of Huando, province of Huancavelica, using a quantitative, non-experimental, descriptive and cross-sectional approach, applying a survey with a structured 12-question questionnaire that was applied to a probabilistic sample of 50 from a population of 98 livestock producers, coming from the three associations of cattle producers with export potential in the district of Huando, recognized by the PROCOMPITE Competitive Fund, 2013. Hypotheses 1) there is a direct and significant relationship between dairy production chains and the social dimension of sustainable agricultural development, and 2) there is a direct and significant relationship between meat production chains and the social dimension of sustainable agricultural development. The results show that the social dimension of sustainable agricultural development in Huando has a sustainability index of 0.70, which corresponds to a stable system; the hypothesis test with Kendall's Tau b correlation coefficient for hypotheses 1 and 2 yielded values of .445** and .263**, respectively, with p< 0.001, with a significant average relationship in both cases. It is concluded that livestock production chains have a positive influence on social development, alleviating poverty and improving living conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Diversitas Journal is the property of Diversitas Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The purpose of this study was to explore the physico-chemical properties of grapes, as well as the anatomical impact and structure of grapes. We also delved into the chemical and biochemical composition of grapes and wine, both during and after the fermentation phase. In the second part of the study, we elaborated in greater detail on water as the primary component of grapes, followed by sugars which are elementary and essential to the fermentation process and to achieving successful alcohol production. In the methodology section, we discussed the analysis that I made in the laboratory at "Sone Castle Vineyards and Winery", for each analysis we paused to describe the progress and applied methodologies. In the final section, we dexamined the questionnaire administered to150 respondents. This questionnaire focused on wine consumption and the respondents' knowledge about wine and its significance. Our findings indicated that, in general, Albanian people do not yet have a strong tradition of wine consumption, partly due to the influence of various dominant religions. However, it is interesting to note that a majority of the respondents claimed to possess knowledge about the external evaluation of wine. Based on the responses, we realized that citizens are knowledgeable about perceiving wine products. Some individuals mentioned that they use it for entertainment at various family parties, for the end of the year holidays and others. In conclusion, the journey from production, processing to the end consumer involves multiple stages, all of which are necessarily to be met, so that we have a final wine with perfect taste and texture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peru is a privileged country regarding marine hydrobiological resources due to the vast variety of algae and the biomass they possess. This advantage allows Peru to develop an industrial sector to produce hydrocolloids, a group of natural polymers, chemically known as polysaccharides, derived from marine algae. Among the most widely used hydrocolloids is commercial alginate, an input used in different industries such as food, cosmetics, chemicals, and textiles. This study aimed to identify and characterize the strategic variables that integrate the commercial alginate production chain from sargassum (Macrocystis pyrifera) in Peru and the social stakeholders that lead it. Based on an exploratory and descriptive scope, a structural analysis was conducted (using the theoretical bases of French Strategic Foresight as a methodological design) with the support of a panel of seven experts knowledgeable about the system studied and the MICMAC tool (Matrix of Cross Impacts and a Multiplication Applied to a Classification). The outcome shows that the key variables of the production chain are competitive prices, sales levels, potential markets, and quality control. Simultaneously, identifying the most influential social stakeholders made it possible to propose strategies to control the variables to shape and control the chain adequately. This study lays the foundations for the strategic planning of future scenarios for the system in the long term. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coliforms are relatively common in aquatic environments, but their concentrations can be increased by environmental changes and anthropogenic activities, thus impacting fisheries resources. To determine the microbiological quality in the octopus production chain (capture, post-capture, processing and commercialization), total (TC) and fecal (FC) coliforms were quantified in sea water, fresh octopus, fresh water, ice and octopus in two presentations: packed in ice and boiled. Samples came from fishing zones Enmedio, Chopa and La Gallega at the Veracruz Reef System (VRS) during dry, rainy and windy seasons. The coliforms were determined using the most probable number technique (MPN). The most relevant results indicated that octopus packed in ice coming from the commercialization stage had FC levels >540 MPN/100 g, which exceeded the permissible limits (230 MPN/100 g). Therefore, these products present a risk for human consumption. Differences in FC were observed in octopuses between the three fishing zones (H = 8.697; p = 0.0129) and among the three climatic seasons, increasing during the rainy season, highlighting La Gallega with 203.33 ± 63 MPN (H = 7.200; p = 0.0273). The results provide evidence of the environmental and anthropogenic influences on coliform concentrations and the urgent need to implement an efficient cold chain throughout octopus production stages with adequate handling practices to reverse this situation.

Optimizing and stabilizing production and supply chains are an important measure to ensure economic development. Optimizing a production and supply chains of food, and stabilizing manufacturing and supply system is the foundation and prerequisite to ensure a complete victory against Covid-19, to ensure sustainability development of economy, and to enhance manufacturing industry in China. This paper introduces definitions of production and supply chains and their relationships each another, as well as discusses on how to optimize and stabilize production and supply chains, to reduce the risk of spread of Covid-19 throughout food production and supply chains. A proposal to build a technical strategy of food production and supply chains in China is also proposed in this paper.

The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on the energy supply chain and some key economic sectors of the Vietnamese economy in order to assist Vietnamese policymakers in solving the extremely difficult issues of whether or not the government should limit the energy supply when the economic demand falls. The researcher applies the Structure Path Analysis method to evaluate the impact of the energy supply chain on the main business sectors of the economy from 2015 to 2020; and the Constrained Fixed method Price Multiplier to determine the effect of COVID-19 on the energy supply chain before and after the epidemic. The results show that when the government is forced to limit the supply chain of coal, oil and electricity by 10-15%, it does not make much impact on the economy. However, if the government limits the supply chain by 20-25%, then it will have negative effect on the major industries of the economy, especially tourism, trade, construction, transportation and public services. The study also recommends how policymakers should limit the energy supply chain to a safe range for the economy of less than 15%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Cuadernos del Centro de Estudios de Diseño y Comunicación is the property of Cuadernos del Centro de Estudios de Diseno y Comunicacion and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The design and production of apparel industry are a combination between the arts, the engineering, and the technology section. This paper enhances to find the optimal distribution of higher investment of raw materials by depending on artificial intelligence algorithms; the production orders in cut department with the studied company were reviewed. The waste rate, the number of layers, the number of markers for each executed order were studied and analyzed. Methodology of this study is examined under Genetic Algorithms for creating programs starting from a high level analysis of the problem by using code to express the problem. As a powerful optimization technique; The new scheduling method includes the movement of orders when comparing with the original process to reduce in the percentage of waste of fabric by 2.62%, As well as reducing the number of spreading layers by optimizing the cutting table from 56 to 25 layers, and reducing the number of markers from 6 to 3 markers. The method that gained could be applied in the cutting department and provide the extra knowledge in managing and handling the manufacturing system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Cuadernos del Centro de Estudios de Diseño y Comunicación is the property of Cuadernos del Centro de Estudios de Diseno y Comunicacion and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

VENμS (Vegetation and Environment New micro (μ) Satellite) is a micro satellite launched in 2017 by the Israeli Space Agency (ISA) and the French Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES). VENμS is a research satellite containing two very different devices: an electric Hall effect thruster and a multispectral optical camera. This paper focuses on the multispectral camera. The camera provides images at a resolution of 5 m, with a field of view of 27 km, and the orbit of the satellite was chosen to allow us to revisit of each observed site with constant angles every second day. In November 2020, VENμS ended the first phase of its mission. This phase, called VM01, allowed us to provide about 150 accurate time series over selected scientific sites over almost three years. Extensive work was conducted to calibrate the camera and assess the quality of the products. Not everything worked as planned before launch and a large amount of work was necessary to correct some defects of the camera or to improve the geometric registration of images. This article establishes the image quality VM01 final assessment including the presentation of radiometric and geometric calibration methods, the estimation of instrument performances and their associated temporal stabilities and the monitoring activities. In addition, it highlights the whole mechanism of data programming, reception and production. The end of VM01 phase is not the end of the VENμS mission, and a new phase started on a one-day repeat orbit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The brewing industry in Mexico is a key sector in the national economy. This is demonstrated by its economic performance: it generates 2.5 million direct and indirect jobs, produces a turnover of 6 billion dollars and incorporates 100 000 national farmers into its supply chain. The objective of this research was to analyze the factors that determine the competitiveness of the barley value chain (VC). Thus, links and strategies that contribute to strengthening competitiveness were characterized. Analytically, we started from Porter's four components that explain the competitive advantages of an economic actor, and the method formulated by ECLAC to identify internal and external variables of the VC, as well as their control or absence. It was found that the VC-cebada is made up of five links and its articulation is the result of the governance exercised by Grupo Modelo-ABInBev and Cuauhtémoc Moctezuma-Heineken México. Four factors explain the chain's competitiveness: level of articulation, innovation, physical infrastructure and organization. The VC is well articulated in the production zone; however, the brewers generate strong links only with large and medium)sized producers and limit the participation of small producers, generating an asymmetrical and exclusively functional vertical VC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Dictamen Libre is the property of Universidad Libre Seccional Barranquilla and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Drawing on the case of Chinese wig businesses in Ghana, this article adopts a global production networks (GPN) approach to analyze family and gender dynamics in the transnational operation of wig production, trade, and entrepreneurship. Data for this study were collected through multi-sited ethnographic fieldwork in Ghana and Xuchang, China, between 2016 and 2019. This research shows that the 'economic upgrading' of the Xuchang-based wig businesses in the global production and value chain contributes to the 'social upgrading' of women's status. New modes of global retailing facilitated by Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) and burgeoning E-commerce platforms enable women to exert more influence on businesses and start independent entrepreneurial ventures. Women's affinity to fashion trends and the consumer base for wig products further gives them advantages of 'capturing the gain' in a buyer-driven retail business. As the wig businesses evolved from township-and-village enterprises to global players, collaboration and conflict in families manifest the contesting trends of contemporary family change in China: a tension between solidifying the importance of the family as a source of resources and the dissolution of traditional patriarchal norms in the course of 'individuation.' En s'appuyant sur le cas des entreprises de fabrication de perruques chinoises au Ghana, cet article adopte une approche de réseaux de production mondiaux pour analyser les dynamiques familiales et de genre dans l'opération transnationale de la production, du commerce et de l'entrepreneuriat des perruques. Pour cette étude, les données ont été collectées par le biais d'un travail de terrain ethnographique et multi-sites au Ghana et à Xuchang, en Chine, entre 2016 et 2019. Cette recherche montre que le « surclassement économique » des entreprises de fabrication de perruques basées à Xuchang dans la chaîne de production et de valeur mondiale contribue au « surclassement social » du statut des femmes. Les nouveaux modes de vente au détail à l'échelle mondiale, facilités par les technologies de l'information et de la communication (TIC) et les plateformes de commerce électronique en plein essor, permettent aux femmes d'exercer une plus forte influence sur les entreprises et de lancer des projets entrepreneuriaux indépendants. L'affinité des femmes avec les tendances de la mode et la base de consommateurs de produits ayant rapport avec les perruques leur donne en outre l'avantage de « saisir le gain » dans un commerce de détail axé sur les acheteurs. Parallèlement à l'évolution des entreprises fabricant des perruques, qui passaient du statut d'entreprises de townships et de villages à celui d'acteurs mondiaux, la collaboration et les conflits au sein des familles ont manifesté les tendances contradictoires de l'évolution contemporaine de la famille en Chine: une tension entre le renforcement de l'importance de la famille comme source de ressources et la dissolution des normes patriarcales traditionnelles au cours de « l'individuation ». [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The production chain of hazelnuts has been studied by analyzing three sets of samples produced in purity from three different pools of hazelnuts of cultivar "Tonda Gentile Trilobata", "Tonda Gentile Romana" and "Mortarella", all cultivated in Italy. From each pool, five processed products were obtained: roasted hazelnuts, hazelnut paste, hazelnut cream, Gianduja paste and Gianduiotto paste. After pre-treatment by means of dry ashing, all samples from each cultivar, including raw hazelnuts, were then analyzed by means of Inductively Coupled Plasma–Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES) and Inductively Coupled Plasma–Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). A good discrimination was obtained among the different chain stages according to the distribution of the trace elements, as expected. More interesting was the discrimination among the different cultivars: it was possible to distinguish the samples produced from the respective cultivar by means of specific chemical markers, particularly Mo and Ni. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Application of structured illumination microscopy to examine milk ultrastructure. • Pasteurization significantly impacts PC and SM in the outer membrane. • Heat treatment reduces glycerolipids with AA/DHA and glycerophospholipids. • Addition of phospholipids and freeze-drying enhance polar lipid content. • SIM effectively displays nanoscale changes in fat globules during processing. The introduction of exogenous lipids in the production of infant formula induces significant alterations in milk lipid composition, content, and membrane structure, thus affecting the lipid digestion, absorption, and utilization. This study meticulously tracks these changes throughout the manufacturing process. Pasteurization has a significant effect on phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin in the outer membrane, decreasing their relative contents to total polar lipids from 12.52% and 17.34% to 7.72% and 12.59%, respectively. Subsequent processes, including bactericidal-concentration and spray-drying, demonstrate the thermal stability of sphingomyelin and ceramides, while glycerolipids with arachidonic acid/docosahexaenoic acid and glycerophospholipids, particularly phosphatidylethanolamine, diminish significantly. Polar lipids addition and freeze-drying technology significantly enhance the polar lipid content and improve microscopic morphology of infant formula. These findings reveal the diverse effects of technological processes on glycerolipid and polar lipid compositions, concentration, and ultrastructure in infant formulas, thus offering crucial insights for optimizing lipid content and structure within infant formula. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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