Search

End-to-end traceability offers significant opportunities for product lifecycle visibility, sustainability enhancement, and regulatory compliance in product management. However, it faces challenges in data integration and management, supplier collaboration, cost and complexity, and the sharing of information across the supply chain. Productization refers to the representation of a product and connects commercial and technical aspects to the systemic perspective of product management. This includes a focus on the engineering lifecycle with inherent linkages to product data. The product management perspective, specifically in relation to the connection between end-to-end traceability and the productization concept, has not been extensively studied. This study explores the role of both productization and traceability in the context of end-to-end traceability. It combines an extensive literature review and an empirical example of applying productization logic across company borders to support end-to-end traceability. The key findings indicate that productization logic with a product structure focus can support end-to-end traceability in product management by providing consistency and a foundation for tracking both technical and operational data across the engineering lifecycle of a product. By focusing on productization, companies can overcome traceability challenges and unlock the benefits of end-to-end traceability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of pharmaceutical products and foreign trade cooperation are facing more and more serious challenges under the intertwined influence of emergencies such as the reshaping of the international value chain and COVID-19 infection. Based on the foreign trade data of Chinese pharmaceutical products, using the trade complementarity index and panel regression model, this paper studied the space evolution and influencing factors of the trade structure of Chinese pharmaceutical products from 2001 to 2021. The results show that the scale of foreign trade "starts low and grows fast", the trade deficit continues to increase, antibiotics have the most comparative advantages, and hormones have the most comparative disadvantages; In terms of spatial pattern, Chinese imports and exports are highly dependent on developed countries and regions in Europe and north America. Developing countries or regions also play a part in Chinese export. In terms of the impact mechanism, the gross domestic product, innovation input and output, aging and multi-dimensional proximity of trading countries are positively correlated with Chinese pharmaceutical product trade, and the degree of regional stability is negatively correlated with it. The impact of foreign direct investment is not significant. At the end of the article, the author provides relevant suggestions for the development of Chinese pharmaceutical industry from the perspective of trade market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Resources Development & Market is the property of Sichuan Resource Development & Market Magazine Co., Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Based on the monthly panel data of China's imports of agricultural machinery products from 2016–2022, this paper uses a multi-period double-difference model to assess the impact of China's imposition of counter-tariffs on China's imports of agricultural machinery in the context of U.S.–China trade friction. It is found that China's implementation of counter-tariffs significantly reduces China's imports of agricultural machinery products from the U.S. and significantly increases imports from 16 other countries, but the trade diversion effect is lower than the trade suppression effect. Mechanism analysis finds that China–U.S. trade friction affects the technological innovation capacity of agricultural machinery enterprises and the degree of uncertainty in the Chinese economy, which in turn affects China's agricultural machinery imports. Heterogeneity analysis finds that China–U.S. trade friction has a more significant inhibitory effect on seeding and planting and fertilizing machinery, drainage, irrigation, and water lifting machinery, and other machinery imported from the U.S., and a more significant diversionary effect on agricultural primary processing machinery and harvesting machinery imported from 16 other countries. The imposition of countervailing tariffs mainly affected imports of complete machinery products rather than machinery spare parts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThe development of novel adsorbents for water treatment has become a significant branch of materials science and environmental engineering, with annual research output growing exponentially. New adsorbents, however, are typically not developed beyond the laboratory scale, creating a discrepancy between research volume and commercial adoption. This study analyzes the development of adsorbents using a productization framework. Three types of companies (adsorbent manufacturers/dealers, consultants/process designers, and treatment plant operators) were interviewed to understand the challenges for up-scaling and ultimately commercializing new adsorbents, and the requirements for treatment processes and the expectations of customers (adsorbent users), adsorbent producers, and service providers were determined. A framework for developing optimal business models, strategies, and approaches for productizing adsorbents was also created. The main challenges for commercializing adsorbents include their properties (such as quality, availability, lifespan, and adaptability), profitability issues (regeneration, disposal, and logistics cost), and activities related to environmental legislation, testing, and verification.

The article is devoted to the analysis of the features of the commodity structure of agri-food exports, the need and possibilities of making significant changes. The article studies the features of the commodity structure of agri-food exports, the need and possibilities of making significant changes to it. The work is based on the extensive use of statistical information, including the experience of advanced EU countries, as well as statistical techniques and methods. The analysis of the dynamics and structure of exports of goods from Ukraine in the period 2021-2023 has been carried out, some aspects of the financial results of foreign trade have been considered. It has been established that in wartime conditions, agri-food products have become the main export commodity both in terms of receiving foreign exchange earnings and the active balance. The authors believe that this leading role of agri-food products in exports will remain in the post-war years, until the restoration of production and exports in the extractive industry, mechanical engineering, metallurgy, etc. Both military operations and post-war reconstruction require significant expenditures in foreign currency, and it is agri-food products that provide 89.1% of the surplus, which is formed by only 6 out of 20 sections of goods according to the Ukrainian Classification of Economic Activities. The analysis of the structure of agricultural and food exports is carried out in 2 stages. At the first stage, the structure of goods is considered in terms of 4 sections (I, II, III, IV) of the Ukrainian State Economic Classification of Economic Activities. The analysis is detailed at the second stage, when the structure of goods of each section is analyzed in terms of commodity groups (1-24). The analysis in terms of commodity groups makes it possible to establish the limited nomenclature of export goods - only five out of twenty-four commodity groups (02, 10, 12, 15, 23) form 88% of foreign exchange earnings. At the same time, for products of commodity groups 01, 03, 06, 07, 11, 16, 18, 20, 21, 22, for the production of which there are necessary conditions in Ukraine, the level of exports, as a rule, is significantly inferior to imports, forming significant amounts of negative balance. The study emphasizes that the basis of agri-food exports in Ukraine is agriculture and the change in the structure of exports, as well as its volume, depends entirely on the dynamics and structure of production in both agriculture and the food industry. The conclusions show the authors' view on the possibilities of changes in the structure of agri-food exports under conditions of production growth and expansion of the product range across a number of product groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a symplectic structure on a Leibniz algebra is defined to be a symmetric nondegenerate bilinear form satisfying certain compatibility condition, and a phase space of a Leibniz algebra is defined to be a symplectic Leibniz algebra satisfying certain conditions. We show that a Leibniz algebra has a phase space if and only if there is a compatible Leibniz-dendriform algebra, and phase spaces of Leibniz algebras are one-to-one corresponds to Manin triples of Leibniz-dendriform algebras. Product (paracomplex) structures and complex structures on Leibniz algebras are studied in terms of decompositions of Leibniz algebras. A para-Kähler structure on a Leibniz algebra is defined to be a symplectic structure and a paracomplex structure satisfying a compatibility condition. We show that a symplectic Leibniz algebra admits a para-Kähler structure if and only if the Leibniz algebra is the direct sum of two Lagrangian subalgebras as vector spaces. A complex product structure on a Leibniz algebra consists of a complex structure and a product structure satisfying a compatibility condition. A pseudo-Kähler structure on a Leibniz algebra is defined to be a symplectic structure and a complex structure satisfying a compatibility condition. Various properties and relations of complex product structures and pseudo-Kähler structures are studied. In particular, Leibniz-dendriform algebras give rise to complex product structures and pseudo-Kähler structures naturally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We show that many graphs with bounded treewidth can be described as subgraphs of the strong product of a graph with smaller treewidth and a bounded-size complete graph. To this end, define the underlying treewidth of a graph class $\mathcal{G}$ to be the minimum non-negative integer $c$ such that, for some function $f$ , for every graph $G \in \mathcal{G}$ there is a graph $H$ with $\textrm{tw}(H) \leqslant c$ such that $G$ is isomorphic to a subgraph of $H \boxtimes K_{f(\textrm{tw}(G))}$. We introduce disjointed coverings of graphs and show they determine the underlying treewidth of any graph class. Using this result, we prove that the class of planar graphs has underlying treewidth $3$ ; the class of $K_{s,t}$ -minor-free graphs has underlying treewidth $s$ (for $t \geqslant \max \{s,3\}$); and the class of $K_t$ -minor-free graphs has underlying treewidth $t-2$. In general, we prove that a monotone class has bounded underlying treewidth if and only if it excludes some fixed topological minor. We also study the underlying treewidth of graph classes defined by an excluded subgraph or excluded induced subgraph. We show that the class of graphs with no $H$ subgraph has bounded underlying treewidth if and only if every component of $H$ is a subdivided star, and that the class of graphs with no induced $H$ subgraph has bounded underlying treewidth if and only if every component of $H$ is a star. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The EU and China are among the largest economies affecting the global economy and each other. The paper aims to determine the structure and trends in the trade relations between the EU and China from the perspective of trade imbalances. Net export index (–29% in 2021) and the difference between export and import growth rates (–9% in 2016-2021) were calculated as the indicators of competitiveness of the economies relative to each other. Correlation coefficients and regression models were used to estimate the effects of several factors on the net export index. The EU has a surplus in services trade with China (21% of the trade), but it does not cover a much larger bilateral merchandise trade deficit (–36%), which exists in most member states. Machinery and vehicles are the most important traded items. The net export index shows that the European Union is more competitive than China in nonfuel minerals, food, vehicles, pharmaceutical products, intellectual property, computer, travel, and sea transport services. The effect of the real exchange rates on the trade imbalances is not robust due to the large difference in regression coefficients for the real exchange rates based on consumer prices and unit labor costs. In recent years, the trade balance was not significantly affected by industrial output growth trends in the EU and China (except for the COVID-19 pandemic crisis when the relative competitiveness of China in its trade with the EU improved at least in the short run).

Organisations in the hospitality sector face problems in meeting customers' demands of food items within an expected time and cost. However, some materials planning and procurement techniques may help process food items within acceptable lead times. The organisation needs to know what and how much it has on hand and what and how much to purchase from external sources. This paper applied the MRP and JIT concepts in a medium-sized restaurant named that creates various types of food items using raw materials from local and overseas sources. The paper has used actual data over ten weeks of sales of the most popular food items to forecast future demand using a moving average forecasting model. By using the forecast of end products and other information (viz. product structure, bill of materials, inventory on hand, lead-time), an MRP spreadsheet for various raw materials was generated, which would be supplied using the JIT scheduling to meet current and future customer demands within the expected time and at the lowest cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When food products are often considered only as a source of individual nutrients or a collection of nutrients, this overlooks the importance of interactions between nutrients, but also interactions between nutrients and other constituents of food, i.e., the product matrix. This product matrix, which can be defined as 'The components of the product, their interactions, their structural organization within the product and the resultant physicochemical properties of the product', plays a critical role in determining important product properties, such as product stability, sensory properties and nutritional and health outcomes. Such matrix effects can be defined as 'the functional outcome of specific component(s) as part of a specific product matrix'. In this article, dairy matrix effects are reviewed, with particular emphasis on the nutrition and health impact of dairy products. Such matrix effects are critical in explaining many effects of milk and dairy products on human nutrition and health that cannot be explained solely based on nutrient composition. Examples hereof include the low glycemic responses of milk and dairy products, the positive impact on dental health, the controlled amino acid absorption and the absence of CVD risk despite the presence of saturated fatty acids. Particularly, the changes occurring in the stomach, including, e.g., coagulation of casein micelles and creaming of aggregated fat globules, play a critical role in determining the kinetics of nutrient release and absorption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A squaregraph is a plane graph in which each internal face is a 4‐cycle and each internal vertex has degree at least 4. This paper proves that every squaregraph is isomorphic to a subgraph of the semistrong product of an outerplanar graph and a path. We generalise this result for infinite squaregraphs, and show that this is best possible in the sense that "outerplanar graph" cannot be replaced by "forest". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study compared the feasibility of circulating fluidized bed boiler fly ash (CFBFA), pulverized coal furnace fly ash (PCFA), and coal gasification slag (CGS) for the preparation of geopolymers by investigating the Si and Al dissolution reaction of the raw materials, product structure, and the development of the mechanical properties of the geopolymers. The results indicated that the reaction mechanism for preparing geopolymers were the same for the three kinds of coal based ash, i.e., the depolymerization and repolymerization of Si-O and Al-O bonds in raw materials. The loose and porous microstructure of CFBFA resulted in a high dissolution ratio of amorphous Si and Al, and its self-hardening properties generated ettringite crystals. This resulted in a high initial strength of the CFBFA based geopolymer (CFBFAG). The active Si and Al in PCFA and CGS were released slowly during the curing process, which was conducive to an enhanced compressive strength of the geopolymer in the later stage. The compressive strengths of the CGS based geopolymer (CGSG) after curing for 90 days reached 52.1 MPa, which was 139 % and 11.4 % higher than that of CFBFAG and PCFAG for the same curing time respectively. A microstructure analysis showed that the CGSG had a denser microstructure and more ordered geopolymer gel network than the other geoploymers. Compared with the CFBFA and PCFA, CGS was found to have a greater application potential in the preparation of geopolymers.

Based on the monthly panel data of China’s imports of agricultural machinery products from 2016–2022, this paper uses a multi-period double-difference model to assess the impact of China’s imposition of counter-tariffs on China’s imports of agricultural machinery in the context of U.S.–China trade friction. It is found that China’s implementation of counter-tariffs significantly reduces China’s imports of agricultural machinery products from the U.S. and significantly increases imports from 16 other countries, but the trade diversion effect is lower than the trade suppression effect. Mechanism analysis finds that China–U.S. trade friction affects the technological innovation capacity of agricultural machinery enterprises and the degree of uncertainty in the Chinese economy, which in turn affects China’s agricultural machinery imports. Heterogeneity analysis finds that China–U.S. trade friction has a more significant inhibitory effect on seeding and planting and fertilizing machinery, drainage, irrigation, and water lifting machinery, and other machinery imported from the U.S., and a more significant diversionary effect on agricultural primary processing machinery and harvesting machinery imported from 16 other countries. The imposition of countervailing tariffs mainly affected imports of complete machinery products rather than machinery spare parts.

The planar graph product structure theorem of Dujmovi\'c et al. [J. ACM, 67 (2020), 22] states that every planar graph is a subgraph of the strong product of a graph with bounded treewidth and a path. This result has been the key tool to resolve important open problems regarding queue layouts, nonrepetitive colorings, centered colorings, and adjacency labeling schemes. In this paper, we extend this line of research by utilizing shallow minors to prove analogous product structure theorems for several beyond-planar graph classes. The key observation that drives our work is that many beyond-planar graphs can be described as a shallow minor of the strong product of a planar graph with a small complete graph. In particular, we show that powers of bounded degree planar graphs, k-planar, (k, p)-cluster planar, fan-planar, and k-fan-bundle planar graphs have such a shallow-minor structure. Using a combination of old and new results, we deduce that these classes have bounded queue-number, bounded nonrepetitive chromatic number, polynomial p-centered chromatic numbers, linear strong coloring numbers, and cubic weak coloring numbers. In addition, we show that k-gap planar graphs have at least exponential local treewidth and, as a consequence, cannot be described as a subgraph of the strong product of a graph with bounded treewidth and a path. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of novel adsorbents for water treatment has become a significant branch of materials science and environmental engineering, with annual research output growing exponentially. New adsorbents, however, are typically not developed beyond the laboratory scale, creating a discrepancy between research volume and commercial adoption. This study analyzes the development of adsorbents using a productization framework. Three types of companies (adsorbent manufacturers/dealers, consultants/process designers, and treatment plant operators) were interviewed to understand the challenges for up-scaling and ultimately commercializing new adsorbents, and the requirements for treatment processes and the expectations of customers (adsorbent users), adsorbent producers, and service providers were determined. A framework for developing optimal business models, strategies, and approaches for productizing adsorbents was also created. The main challenges for commercializing adsorbents include their properties (such as quality, availability, lifespan, and adaptability), profitability issues (regeneration, disposal, and logistics cost), and activities related to environmental legislation, testing, and verification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the trends in the development of trade relations between Ukraine and the EU. The positive changes that have taken place in European-Ukrainian relations in recent years are outlined. The dynamics and structure of exports and imports of goods and services are analysed, and the trends that have occurred over the past five years are identified. The place of Ukraine in the structure of EU foreign trade is considered. It is revealed that the foreign trade turnover between Ukraine and the EU is affected by the war. The main problems that hinder Ukraine‘s integration into the EU trade system are summarised and recommendations for their solution are provided.

● The carbon footprint of the nitrogen fertilizer chain has decreased significantly over the last decade. ● Different nitrogen fertilizer products have different carbon footprints. ● Structural improvement of N fertilizer products can achieve carbon reduction. Globally, the reduction of excessive N losses and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions is a central environmental challenge in the 21 century. China has huge associated emissions during both production and land application phases. In addition, 70% of N fertilizer in China is produced and land applied as urea, which has high associated emissions. This study utilized life cycle analysis to compare the carbon emission capacity of different N fertilizers and quantified GHG emissions from different N fertilizer chains within China. This enabled a new innovative reform model to be proposed, which aims to decrease the carbon footprint and increase the net ecosystem carbon budget of China. The results showed that the carbon footprint of the N fertilizer industry was about 229 Tg·yr−1 CO2-eq in 2020. Through changes away from urea through the production and land application of a mix of newly emerging fertilizers, liquid fertilizers and standard fertilizer reductions to 174–182 Tg·yr−1 CO2-eq. Through the upgrading of mineral N fertilizer production technology, the carbon footprint of N fertilizer chain can be reduced by 34.8 Tg·yr−1 CO2-eq. Such reductions would reduce China’s total GHG emissions to 140–147 Tg·yr−1 CO2-eq.

In this paper, we first use particle swarm optimization to improve the BP neural network algorithm to optimize the neural network connection weights and thresholds and then apply it to the flexible manufacturing system to build a complete, flexible manufacturing process of mass customization. Based on the nonlinear mapping relationship between customer demand and product structure, a three-layer network is used to identify the effective demand of customers as well as the actual risk of the enterprise in order to satisfy the common users who do not care about the product structure and the optimization of industrial structure. After completing the configuration, the system is applied to an automobile company and a manufacturing company for testing purposes. After a long time of use, the average accuracy error is 0.0061. The value of the body module ignored by the customer is as high as 0.129, and the weight of the indicator system of the traveling control module is as low as 0.072, but it has become one of the most important indicators of the potential demand of the customer. Supply chain risk has a maximum difference of 6% when compared to the actual values. The manufacturer’s expectation value of 3.8967 for SCRF11 is “low”.

随着人民日益增长的美好生活需要和科学技术的快速发展，我国食品行业，尤其是大豆蛋白加工产业的发展登上了新的台阶。为更好地引导大豆蛋白加工产业的健康可持续发展，对大豆蛋白加工产业的现状及发展趋势进行综述。从原料、产业链、加工企业及市场需求等4个方面，介绍了我国大豆蛋白原料供需、加工企业规模、产品结构等方面情况，分析了大豆蛋白产业亟须解决的问题及发展趋势。国产非转基因大豆在大豆蛋白加工产业中存在竞争优势，提高我国非转基因大豆的自给能力，研发高附加值的大豆蛋白产品，有利于形成与进口大豆错位竞争、相互补充的格局，从而促进我国大豆蛋白产业长期高质量发展。With the increasing needs of the Chinese people for a better life and the rapid development of science and technology, the development of Chinese food industry, especially the soybean protein processing industry, has reached a new level. In order to better guide the healthy and sustainable development of the soybean protein processing industry, the current situation and development trend of the soybean protein processing industry were reviewed. The supply and demand of soybean protein raw materials, the scale of processing enterprises, and product structure in China were introduced from four aspects: raw materials, industrial chain, processing enterprises, and market demand. The development trend, and urgent difficulties that need to be solved of the soybean protein industry were analyzed. The domestic non-transgenic soybeans has competitive advantages in the soybean protein processing industry. Improving the self-sufficiency of non-transgenic soybean in China and developing high value-added soybean protein products are conducive to form a pattern of dislocation competition and mutual supplementation with imported soybeans, so as to promote the long-term high-quality development of Chinese soybean protein industry.

Conceptual design has a significant impact on performance of the final product. Existing methods of the concept design such as quality function deployment and axiomatic design cannot decide product structures based on function requirements (FRs) to meet product specifications. An effective method is proposed to decide the product structure based on relations of FRs and physical structures using the WordNet hierarchy and association relation in this paper. Physical attributes (PAs) of FRs are searched based on similarity of FRs and functions of existing product structures. Suitable product structures are decided by comparing PAs of design structures with PAs of FRs. Relations between structures and FRs are defined by the association relation to decide the best product structure from all potential solutions using a pairwise comparison method. The proposed method is verified in a case study of the concept design of upper limb rehabilitation devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Manufacturing processes and associated supply chains are a recognised source of carbon emissions. In part these emissions are related to the design of the product itself. For example, decisions surrounding the selection of materials have a high impact on emissions and hence the embedded carbon in manufactured products. While there are tools that support the analysis of designs from environmental perspectives, they tend to require near complete design descriptions that are only available later in the design and development process when time and scope for change is limited, e.g., by scheduling and cost constraints. Further, there are often trade-offs to be made. For example, decisions related to the selection of materials impacts the embedded carbon of resources needed to manufacture a product but may also have a knock-on effect on transport and associated carbon emissions. This paper reports early work exploring the feasibility of establishing engineering design tools that are suitable for use early in the design process when the design definition is incomplete and there is scope for exploring a wider range of design options. An illustrative case study was used to consider the quantification of carbon costs associated with material selection and associated transportation. Discrete event simulation models were derived from early design descriptions coupled with a range of alternative material and supply chain scenarios. Early results are promising in that they can be used to compare carbon consequences of alternative design directions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sustainability is becoming increasingly important, especially for the manufacturing industry due to its high resource consumption and CO 2 emissions. Transparency about the environmental impact of products along their entire life cycle is a necessity for creating a shift towards sustainability. However, the possibilities for influencing sustainability are not directly apparent using existing methods such as the life cycle assessment. Within those methods, the use phase is only insufficiently analysed and a differentiated consideration of lifetimes and recovery processes of individual product scopes is not possible. Thus, there is no overview of the possible levers for improving the environmental sustainability performance, especially when dealing with complex products in industries such as machinery and plant engineering. Therefore, this paper introduces a sustainability assessment for machines and plants by focusing on life cycles of individual product scopes in order to enable a realistic analysis of the environmental impact along the entire product life cycle. Based on an assignment of the measured ecological criteria to the product structure and functional structure, fields of action for the development of ecologically improved products can be identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main aim of the study is to establish the state and development of the leading insurance industry in our country - Non-Life Insurance, as well as to outline its importance as an economic sector and to determine its market structures after Bulgaria's accession to the European Union in 2007. The article traces the dynamics of gross written premiums realised by insurers in Non-Life Insurance during the period 2007-2021. The place of Non-Life Insurance in the Bulgarian economy has been established through the indicators "insurance penetration" and "insurance density". Its product structure for the same period has also been studied. As a result of the research, it is concluded that Non-Life Insurance in Bulgaria occupies a small share of the country's economy; Bulgarian citizens do not spend enough money on insurance, and the product structure of the market is dominated by Motor Insurance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The object of life insurance is insured person's life, health and working capacity. In order to satisfy the interests of a wide range of consumers, insurers offer a variety of life insurance products that form their product portfolio. Its structure is built on the basis of relative shares of the offered life insurance policies. The portfolio structure is also indicative of consumers' preferences about particular type of insurance. The largest part of the premium income for the various types of life insurance products is used to make insurance payments upon the occurrence of insurance events. The structure of insurance payments shows which of the offered life insurance policies take the largest share of insurers' funds. The structure of the life insurance product portfolio and insurance payments is not static. It changes under the influence of various factors. The study of the market structures of gross written premiums and insurance payments by classes of life insurance is significant for insurers in order to know the state and trends on the life insurance market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dujmović, Joret, Micek, Morin, Ueckerdt and Wood [J. ACM 2020] proved that for every graph G with Euler genus g there is a graph H with treewidth at most 4 and a path P such that G⊆H⊠P⊠Kmax{2g,3}. We improve this result by replacing "4" by "3" and with H planar. We in fact prove a more general result in terms of so-called framed graphs. This implies that every (g,d)-map graph is contained in H⊠P⊠Kℓ, for some planar graph H with treewidth 3, where ℓ=max{2g⌊d2⌋,d+3⌊d2⌋-3}. It also implies that every (g,1) -planar graph (that is, graphs that can be drawn in a surface of Euler genus g with at most one crossing per edge) is contained in H⊠P⊠Kmax{4g,7}, for some planar graph H with treewidth 3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In R&D many disciplines focus on different aspects of managing the product life cycle. Generally, the focus can be divided into technical aspects and business aspects. Combining these two views, and research areas can be beneficial in the context of productization. Productization links to the concept of product structure and relates to modelling of the offering according to a consistent product structure, commercially and technically. The goal of this research is to identify how a business-specific product structure can be formed and should be managed to maximize the value of the offering. This study uses a literature review for defining the current state of product portfolio management (PPM) and product family development (PFD) concepts with linkages to productization. As a result, this study presents similarities and differences between PPM and PFD through the productization lens. A suggestion of combining the best practices of both approaches is demonstrated through an illustrative case study. Also, proposals for future research are presented. The main contribution involves indicating that effective PPM requires a business-specific physical product structure and partitioning logic. The benefits of PPM can only be truly captured through applicable product structure. Therefore, PFD is recommended to be used in designing product portfolio related technical aspects. PPM is applied for management purposes with the support of a defined product structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Airline has different demands for market choose, brand construction, flight course and equipment selection, which leads a lot of diversity configuration for different aircraft or different block of aircraft, so the flexibility and high efficiency customization management is the first key factor for effectively configuring custom-er’s aircraft, and providing basement for contract to sign. A product structure management solution for aircraft customization is proposed, three data layers to control the customer’s requirements through the whole process are constructed, and a case of certain type of aircraft information system is analyzed. The management scheme can serve the customized definition for different airlines, ensure the customer’s requirements effectively transmitted and exactly implemented, and meet the development requirements of product full life management.

Through the shape-selective isomerization of the Pt/SSZ-32 catalyst, the F-T oil is changed to produce coal-based diesel components with better low-temperature performance. The effect of temperature on hydroisomerization and the structural distribution of products are discussed, and the physical and chemical properties of coal-based diesel components are measured. The results show that the total conversion increases from 50.61% at 260 °C to 90% at 285 °C with the increase of reaction temperature. The isomer yield first increases and then decreases with the increase of reaction temperature. When the reaction temperature is 275 °C, the isomer yield is 75.39%, the total conversion is 84.59%, the freezing point is -20 °C, which is 41 °C lower than the raw material. At this time, the yield of isomer is the best. As the total conversion increases, the yield of mono-branched isomers first increase and then decrease, and the yield of multi-branched isomers increase. The mono-branched isomers are the main products. The density, kinematic viscosity, distillation range and cetane number of the product change little, while freezing point of the product drops significantly with the total conversion increases. Thus, the coal-based diesel components with different freezing points can be prepared through different conversions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of this work is to introduce the notion of 3-Hom-L-dendriform algebras which is the dendriform version of 3-Hom-Lie-algebras. They can be also regarded as the ternary analogous of Hom-L-dendriform algebras. We give the representation of a 3-Hom-pre-Lie algebra. Moreover, we introduce the notion of Nijenhuis operators on a 3-Hom-pre-Lie algebra and provide some constructions of 3-Hom-L-dendriform algebras in term of Nijenhuis operators. Parallelly, we introduce the notion of a product and complex structures on a 3-Hom-L-dendriform algebras and there are also four types special integrability conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing product variety and expanding commercial offering create a challenge for companies in terms of keeping their product portfolio profitable and managing it through the entire lifecycle of products. Effective productization and product portfolio management (PPM) practices, supported by product structure considerations, may hold a key for product profitability over lifecycle. This article examines the current practices and improvement possibilities in productization and PPM, including the targets and key performance indicators (KPI), by considering the product lines of a global engineering company. The analysis utilizes the previous literature, company interviews, and relevant company materials. The article demonstrates company difficulties, which are stemming from inadequate definition of productization and imperfect PPM targets and KPIs over the product lifecycle. An initial framework is formed to support more holistic productization over product lifecycle alongside creating suitable PPM targets and KPIs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, first, we study linear deformations of a Lie–Yamaguti algebra and introduce the notion of a Nijenhuis operator. Then we introduce the notion of a product structure on a Lie–Yamaguti algebra, which is a Nijenhuis operator E satisfying E 2 = Id. There is a product structure on a Lie–Yamaguti algebra if and only if the Lie–Yamaguti algebra is the direct sum of two subalgebras (as vector spaces). There are some special product structures, each of which corresponds to a special decomposition of the original Lie–Yamaguti algebra. In the same way, we introduce the notion of a complex structure on a Lie–Yamaguti algebra. Finally, we add a compatibility condition between a product structure and a complex structure to introduce the notion of a complex product structure on a Lie–Yamaguti algebra. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we modify the product structure and turn it into the so-called ε -truncated product structure I ε , for any ε ∈ (0 , 1). The new structure keeps the property of being a complete residuated lattice, and additionally, its semiring reduct is locally finite. We convert each fuzzy automaton A over the product structure into a fuzzy automaton A ε over I ε , and accordingly, we turn the problems of testing the existence and computing weak simulations and bisimulations between fuzzy automata A and B over the product structure into the corresponding problems for the automata A ε and B ε. Those problems concerning the automata A ε and B ε are easier to solve, due to the local finiteness of the semiring reduct of I ε , and can be solved even in cases where the corresponding problems for the automata A and B cannot be solved. We show that weak simulations and bisimulations between the automata A ε and B ε determine certain kinds of approximate weak simulations and bisimulations between the original automata A and B , which we call ε -weak simulations and bisimulations. We also prove that the existence of an ε -weak simulation or bisimulation between automata A and B witnesses the existence of a certain kind of approximate inclusion or equivalence, where the deviation measure of the fuzzy languages of those automata from language inclusion or equality does not exceed ε. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The productivity improvement of the construction sector has fallen behind other industries. One potential factor is the on-site nature of the work that may not allow for as industrial way of operations as off-site construction. Also, the division into non-optimised chain of domains of architecture, engineering, construction and facilities management may play a role. The construction objects may not be considered as products that would necessitate careful consideration of the product structure, both commercially and technically to optimise the use of platforms, assemblies, components, and materials while offering what customers desire. Furthermore, the life-cycle of building objects and the varying needs during design, construction and the use-phase are not acknowledged effectively. Addressing the life-cycle of building objects necessitates taking command of the relevant data and understanding the bigger picture. Currently the data are managed in an un-organised manner. This study aims to form the pre-requisites for managing construction object-related data. The study is realised as a combination of a literature review and analysing constructors’ offerings, requirements plans, Ministry reports, and building control documentations. A rather detailed example of construction object related data management is presented to discuss master data, and business process related data in the context of business processes and enterprise applications, and different Billsof-Materials (BOM) configurations to demonstrate the necessary considerations. The example also acknowledges the product structure, necessary parameters, and stakeholders. New contribution is provided by presenting valuable insights with a broader scope for setting up effective data management in the construction sector.

Dujmović et al. (FOCS2019) recently proved that every planar graph G is a subgraph of H ⊠ P , where ⊠ denotes the strong graph product, H is a graph of treewidth 8 and P is a path. This result has found numerous applications to linear graph layouts, graph colouring, and graph labelling. The proof given by Dujmović et al. is based on a similar decomposition of Pilipczuk and Siebertz (SODA2019) which is constructive and leads to an O (n 2) time algorithm for finding H and the mapping from V(G) onto V (H ⊠ P) . In this note, we show that this algorithm can be made to run in O (n log n) time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the example of material needs planning (MRP) methodology in a production company. The example assumes the production technology of three independent products A, B and C exhibiting structural modularity. For calculations, a methodology should be developed for describing products with such a structure that reflects the relationships of individual components used to prepare a delivery schedule. The Microsoft Excel spreadsheet was used as the calculation tool. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A Bill of Materials, or Product Structure, is a diagram that lists all the components, intermediate assemblies, sub-components and parts necessary to produce one unit of a finished product, or end part. It is represented as a tree structure with hierarchical relationships among diverse components and materials. The aim of this paper is to propose two procedures to convert single and multiple bills of materials into networks. These procedures exploit the potentialities of networks analysis, offering new viewpoints in terms of representation and extractable informative content, and hence attaining insights into the criticalities of parts and components. Throughout the paper, some network measures are described in terms of practical implications in industrial management, such as product functional design and variety reduction programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]