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Although consumers often value minimalist aesthetics, little work has examined why and when simple packaging designs of consumable products enhance consumer outcomes. The authors theorize that simple packaging evokes a symbolic association whereby minimizing design complexity signals that the product contains few ingredients, which increases perceived product purity and willingness to pay (WTP). A field study examining a supermarket chain's product packages (N = 1,353) provided preliminary support for this increase in WTP and two boundary conditions. Six preregistered studies replicated these effects and tested the underlying process. Studies 1a and 1b showed that the increase in WTP for simple packaging is driven by few-ingredients inferences increasing perceived product purity. Study 2 demonstrated the increase in WTP using an incentive-compatible design. Study 3 reinforced the proposed process via moderated mediation. Lastly, Studies 4 and 5 tested the boundary conditions in the field study, showing that WTP for simple packaging decreases when the product is from a store (vs. nonstore) brand and when consumers have an indulgence (vs. health) goal. These findings offer theoretical and managerial insight into minimalist aesthetics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IntroductionRemoval of tobacco industry branding from cigarette packs may reduce their appeal. Adding graphic warning labels (GWLs) should enhance this effect. We investigate whether willingness to pay for various packaging designs changes after 3 months' use of: (1) US branded packs without GWLs (US), (2) non-branded packs without GWLs (Blank), and (3) rotating non-branded packs with GWLs (gangrene; throat cancer; neonatal baby) covering >75% of pack (GWL).MethodsCalifornian adult daily smokers not planning to quit (n=287; 56% female; mean age=39.6) completed a discrete choice purchase task before and after 3 months' experience using one of three packaging options. Conjoint analysis and pre-post modelling evaluated the change in importance of pack attributes and willingness to pay for US, Blank or GWL (blindness; teeth; gangrene) pack designs.ResultsPrice determined ~70% of purchase choices, while pack design determined ~22%. Irrespective of intervention arm, US packaging generated appeal valuations compared with Blank packaging, while GWLs consistently provoked strong aversive valuations at baseline and follow-up. Compared with the US pack arm, using GWL packs for 3 months decreased willingness to pay for US packaging (β=-$0.38, 95% CI -0.76 to 0.00). Wear-out effects were detected in the discount needed to willingly purchase the gangrene-GWL pack (β=$0.49, 95% CI 0.16 to 0.82) and Blank pack (β=$0.42, 95% CI 0.09 to 0.74) but not for GWLs (blindness, teeth) not used in trial.ConclusionCompared with US branded packs, the negative valuation of non-branded GWL packs attenuates with even 3 months' use but does not generalise to non-used GWLs. This suggests that GWLs should be regularly refreshed. The appeal valuation of industry imagery suggests that the US plan to retain such imagery on packs may ameliorate the effect of GWLs.

OBJECTIVE: Plain packaging and graphic warning labels are two regulatory strategies that may impact cigarette risk beliefs and reduce consumption, but data are needed to better understand how smokers respond to such regulations. METHODS: Adult, daily, Marlboro non-menthol smokers (Red [n = 141] or Gold [n = 43]) completed a mixed factorial randomized trial. Participants smoked their usual cigarettes during baseline (5-days) and were randomized to receive cigarette packs with a warning label manipulation (graphic vs. text-only). Within each warning label condition, participants completed three within-subjects pack color manipulations (red, gold, plain), each lasting 15 days. Participants were blinded to the fact that all packs contained their usual cigarettes. Mixed-effects models examined between- and within-subject differences on risk beliefs, product perceptions, and smoking behavior. RESULTS: Warning type and package color did not impact cigarette consumption or subjective ratings. However, use increased in all conditions (2.59-3.59 cigarettes per day) relative to baseline. While smokers largely held correct risk beliefs at baseline (Mean = 6.02, SE = 0.17, Range:0-8), the cumulative number of incorrect or uncertain cigarette risk beliefs increased from baseline in all pack color manipulations in the text (IRR range = 1.70-2.16) and graphic (IRR range = 1.31-1.70) warning conditions. Across all pack color periods, those in the graphic (vs. text) warning condition had reduced odds of reporting their study cigarettes as safer than regular cigarettes (OR range = 0.22-0.32). CONCLUSIONS: Pack color modification may increase uncertainty about several key cigarette risk beliefs, though graphic warnings may attenuate these effects. Regulatory agencies could consider supporting policy changes with information campaigns to maximize public knowledge. TRIAL REGISTRATION: November 25, 2014; Registration number: NCT02301351.

Wine, a product steeped in tradition and history, is often challenging for consumers to decipher due to its intricate characteristics. Appealing to non-wine connoisseurs to break into untapped market segments requires both innovation and creative thinking. To accomplish this, three wine brands utilized augmented reality (AR) technology to craft unique brand storytelling experiences that centered around the label, without focusing on physical product attributes, ultimately resonating with new market segments. This article explores the use cases of three wine brands; 19 Crimes, Barefoot, and Enosophia Wines, that employed AR technology as a form of disruptive rhetoric, to supplement their wine label storytelling. The study sheds light on how multisensory technology such as AR can be used to carve out new wine target markets and proposes an AR experience model with accompanying propositions outlining how the experiential realms can be leveraged to achieve key brand objectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Almujtamae: Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat is the property of Universitas Djuanda and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

ObjectiveTo identify whether three types of cigarette pack designs, including three versions of graphic warning label (GWL) plain packs, one GWL absent and branding absent pack (blank) and the smoker's own GWL absent and branding present pack (US), elicit different valence, type and levels of affect.DesignUS daily smokers (n=324) were asked to handle each of the five pack types and 'think aloud' their reactions. To avoid a muted familiarity response, exposure to their own US pack followed exposure to at least one GWL plain pack. Reactions were scored on a reactivity scale (-3 to +3) and the text was coded for speech polarity (-1 to +1) and emotive word frequency.ResultsReactivity scores had excellent inter-rater reliability (agreement ≥86%; intraclass correlation coefficient ≥0.89) and were correlated with speech polarity (r=0.21-0.37, p

Abstract This study aimed to reduce instrument packaging defects in the Central Sterile Supply Department (CSSD) using action research. Data of the instrument packs packaged by the packaging personnel at the CSSD of the authors’ institution during March to May 2023 were collected and analyzed. After identifying the problems, 2 rounds of cyclic process of “plan-action-observe-reflect” were implemented to standardize the packaging procedures and develop and improve the applicable check of standard operating procedures for the CSSD. After strictly implementing the packaging operation standards and checklists, the number of packaging defect cases dropped from 274 to 41. A significant difference was identified between the number of packaging personnel who achieved a “pass” in the assessment of 3 items for maintenance. Also, 1 item for assembly had significant differences compared with the baseline number after the first cycle (P ≤ 0.001). A significant difference was identified between the number of packaging personnel who achieved a “pass” in the assessment of 20 items for 6 components after the second cycle compared with that after the first cycle (P ≤ 0.05). Through action research methodology, strict implementation of standardized packaging procedures in the CSSD can reduce packaging defects, thereby decreasing clinical complaints and ensuring patient safety.

This community service program aims to increase the knowledge and skills of Women in Namo Sialang Village, packaging herbal tea products produced by processing natural ingredients like rose, tawar and sembur (made from special spices and herbs from the community). The method for implementing this service used participatory training with activities including socialization and assistance with product packaging. The number of participants involved was 20, consisting of a Women Group named "NandeTa". The evaluation instrument used in this activity was a questionnaire, which was analyzed descriptively. The results of the service showed that there had been an increase in the knowledge and skills of "NandeTa" in packaging the herbal tea that had been produced. Apart from that, "NandeTa" also became aware that packaging was one attraction that stimulates consumer buying interest, especially in tourist areas.

Object detection is a vital task in the field of computer vision for various applications such as face detection, autonomous driving and industrial production. In recent years, with the rise of deep neural networks, there has been significant progress in improving object detection accuracy. However, despite the state-of-the-art methods being tested on public datasets, there still remains a considerable gap when applied to real-world scenarios. This is because there are many unknown types of damaged samples in industrial object detection, the scale of the types varies greatly and the position changes are complex. Many previous works focus on rotating object detection and improve it, but this paper mainly combines the prior knowledge in remote sensing and industrial scenes, and the research is more general. To fill the shortage of wrapper datasets, we established a Carton Packing Tape (CPT) Dataset with a large scale of images only containing cartons. Specifically, we first collect a large number of images of packaged cartons from the real packaging production line and provide detection boxes for them by manual labeling. We have observed that the contextual clues required for different object detection tasks exhibit inconsistency. Furthermore, targets in varying backgrounds necessitate different receptive fields, which can be dynamically adjusted using different convolutional kernels. The features naturally attended to by these receptive fields of different scales should possess a unified representation disentanglement. Based on these insights, we propose a pioneering object detection method tailored for industrial environments, termed as oriented R-CNN with disentangled representations (ORDR). The experimental results indicate that our proposed method outperforms better than some of the state-of-the-art detection techniques available.

Children are an essential group in the path toward sustainable diets. This study (N = 240) therefore experimentally investigates childrenʻs (8 to 12 years) brand attitude and purchase request intent after exposure to a verbal sustainability label combined with a visual cue on food packaging. Results indicate that childrenʻs environmental concern is an important moderator of the efficacy of such sustainability labels. For children low in environmental concern, it is beneficial to add a visual cue to a verbal label, as it positively affects packaging evaluation, and consequently, brand attitude and purchase request intention. This visual cue diminishes the efficacy of a verbal label, however, when children are high in environmental concern. Findings can assist food manufacturers, marketers and policy makers to more effectively stimulate children to adopt sustainable diets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to reduce instrument packaging defects in the Central Sterile Supply Department (CSSD) using action research. Data of the instrument packs packaged by the packaging personnel at the CSSD of the authors' institution during March to May 2023 were collected and analyzed. After identifying the problems, 2 rounds of cyclic process of "plan-action-observe-reflect" were implemented to standardize the packaging procedures and develop and improve the applicable check of standard operating procedures for the CSSD. After strictly implementing the packaging operation standards and checklists, the number of packaging defect cases dropped from 274 to 41. A significant difference was identified between the number of packaging personnel who achieved a "pass" in the assessment of 3 items for maintenance. Also, 1 item for assembly had significant differences compared with the baseline number after the first cycle (P ≤ 0.001). A significant difference was identified between the number of packaging personnel who achieved a "pass" in the assessment of 20 items for 6 components after the second cycle compared with that after the first cycle (P ≤ 0.05). Through action research methodology, strict implementation of standardized packaging procedures in the CSSD can reduce packaging defects, thereby decreasing clinical complaints and ensuring patient safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This community service program aims to increase traders’ the knowledge and skills in the Tangkahan Tourism Village by innovating souvenir products for tourists. The method of implementing this service consists of Socialization, Training, Mentoring and evaluation. There were 20 participants involved in this activity, and they were souvenir traders in the Tangkahan Tourism Village. The evaluation instrument used in this activity was a questionnaire, and analyzed descriptively. The results of this service show that traders in the Tangkahan Tourism Village have knowledge and skills in packaging souvenir products that can be sold to tourists. Apart from that, traders realize that packaging is one of the attractions in stimulating consumer buying interest, especially in tourist areas.

Plastics are the most utilized materials for product packaging in most manufacturing industries, from electronics to food and fashion accessories. However, numerous challenges surround plastics because of their non-biodegradability, which poses a severe threat to the environment. This study has uncovered the possibilities of replacing and discouraging the use of plastics in the packaging of products. A few scholarly articles have successfully proven that biopolymers which are valuable polymers obtained from plant-based and organic materials are better for packaging products. Unlike plastics, biopolymers are biocompatible and biodegradable within a short period, which would help preserve the ecosystem and are healthier for humans. More specifically, biopolymers have found valuable applications in consumer products, medical, electrical, and structural products. Numerous studies on plastic are still ongoing, owing to the increasing demand and quest for removing plastics from human communities, making this area of study very prolific and grey.

Liquid laundry detergent packet exposures modestly declined in the mid-2010s among children less than 6 years of age due to public awareness and voluntary product safety standards. We aimed to assess longitudinal trends in the number and rate of liquid laundry detergent packet exposures in the United States by age. Data from the National Poison Data System were analyzed to characterize liquid laundry detergent packet exposures between January 2014 and December 2022. From 2014–2022, there were 114,826 single and polysubstance exposures to liquid laundry detergent packets. Children less than 6 years of age (86.8 percent) were most commonly exposed. When evaluating multi-year trends, we found that the annual exposure rate per 1 million children less than 6 years old increased by 16.8 percent from 392.6 in 2018 to 458.7 in 2020. Subsequently, the annual exposure rate in children less than 6 years of age declined by 6.8 percent from 2020 to 2022 (427.4 exposures per 1 million). The annual rate of adolescent exposures increased by 85.4 percent from 2014 (4.1 exposures per 1 million) to 2017 (7.6 exposures per 1 million), with a subsequent increase of 155.3 percent from 2017 to 2018 (19.4 exposures per 1 million). Among adults, the annual exposure rate increased by 147.1 percent from 2014 (1.7 exposures per 1 million) to 2022 (4.2 exposures per 1 million). The number of more serious medical outcomes and hospital admissions among children less than 6 years of age declined by 44.3 percent and 68.6 percent, respectively, between 2014 and 2018. Despite declines in the number, rate, and severity of liquid laundry detergent packet exposures among children less than 6 years old, the exposure burden remains high. Additionally, exposures have increased among older children, adolescents, and adults. Renewed safety efforts are warranted to protect prior public health gains and further reduce exposures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to analyze the effect of product pricing and product packaging on consumer buying behavior through customer satisfaction. This research was carried out by distributing questionnaires via Google Form to 125 respondents who are Mixue consumers in the Jakarta metropolitan area, at least 17 years old, have made at least 2 product purchases in the last six months, and know Mixue products and prices. This study used a quantitative approach by collecting data through surveys and purposive sampling. The data obtained was processed via SEM with SmartPls software. This research finds that product pricing significantly affects consumer buying behavior (p-value 0.0). Product packaging also directly and significantly influences consumer buying behavior (p-value 0.0). The place also directly and significantly influences consumer buying behavior (p-value 0.033). Customer satisfaction also directly and significantly influences consumer buying behavior (p-value 0.0). Product pricing positively and significantly influences consumer buying behavior through customer satisfaction. Product packaging positively and significantly influences consumer buying behavior through customer satisfaction (p-value 0.030). The place also positively and significantly influences consumer buying behavior through customer satisfaction (p-value 0.040). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Axiom ‘seeing is believing’ is becoming no more imperative with the packaging of consumable goods after consumers’ experience with a brand. There is no doubt that this is one of the key drivers of brand switching. This research evaluates the effect of product packaging on post-purchase decisions of consumable products in Nigeria. Cognitive dissonance is a situation where consumers’ needs are not met and the consumer’s experience is far below the expectation. This could be a result of the failure of the packaging to adequately protect the product content; the packaging not drawing attention to the product, or it could not flaunt the egoistic nature of the consumer in terms of novelty where the consumer expected to portray his/her social class attribute. Do marketers adequately exploit the impacts/benefits of packaging to reduce consumer dissonance? What are the aftermaths of consumer dissonance on product packaging? A survey was conducted amongst marketers, distributors, and consumers of PZ Cussons PLC using random sampling. The relationships between responses were assessed and the results are presented and discussed. This study affirms that marketers should take advantage of packaging attributes to prevent or reduce the incidence of consumer dissonance. Hence, it is suggested that marketers should endeavor to invest more in product packaging design in order to gain consumer satisfaction and loyalty which could result in increased purchases.

The cosmetics are commonly placed in plastic packaging that have the important function of protecting the product. However, the cosmetics packaging can contribute to the total microbial load of the product, leading to product deterioration and putting the health of users at risk. The main purpose of this research was the microbiological evaluation of cosmetics packaging obtained from cosmetics production establishments (an industry and four compound pharmacies) from Vale do Taquari, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Based on the results of a questionnaire applied at the moment of packaging acquisition, previous sanitization is performed for compound pharmacies packaging, with different handling of the packaging, whereas in the industry the process of packaging sanitization does not occur. However, this sanitization was not considered enough to guarantee the absence of microorganisms in the packaging, since a microbial growth was observed for 6 out of the 16 evaluated containers obtained from compound pharmacies, and for 2 out of the 4 industrial containers. Although several containers were contaminated, a few number of CFU/mL (from 1- 4) was isolated from each sample. Staphylococcus bacteria were the most common type of contamination, with S. aureus being identified in one sample. Not performing prior sanitization or storing packaging with the lid open led seems to lead to a higher microbial contamination of the packaging. Hence, both the sanitization process and the storage of packaging play an important role in guaranteeing packaging and cosmetics quality. The present investigation points for the importance of microbiological quality control of cosmetics packaging.

Packaging is more than just a suitable way of showcasing a product or getting a product to the consumer without reaching any damage. Here, we intended to know the relative significance of different features of packaging in purchase decision-making. We controlled the diversity of products and their confounding effect in the decision-making task by giving participants a particular product category (toiletries items) in the instruction. A survey was conducted on 386 Bangladeshi adult participants to rate their attitudes toward 11 different packing features when they make a purchase decision. The finding shows that participants rated printed detail on the package as the most important attribute which can manipulate their purchase choice. Moreover, they rated Convenience packaging, Hygienic wrapping material, convincing words on the packet, and attractiveness as the top five packaging features for young Bangladeshi adults, respectively. We found some significant gender differences in four features of product packaging. Bangladeshi adult females are more influenced by the attractiveness, colourful packet, convenience packaging, and convincing words on the packet than male customers. This finding could be an important addition to consumer behaviour literature. Moreover, marketers and designers would know their customer's needs and will be able to use this knowledge in product packaging as a reliable source of marketing strategy to increase their product sales. Keywords: product packaging; consumer behaviour; decision making; young adults

Introduction In the contemporary world, where cultural and national identity are a matter of utmost importance, packaging of products seems to be an obvious instance or representation of national and cultural identity. Packaging is a factor that affects product evaluation. When buying goods, people see packaging carefully and keep some of them in their houses for years. For this reason, packaging is of great importance.The present research is important because in the recent years, the use of repetitive designs or imitation of foreign packaging designs have caused most of the packaging of Iranian products to be lacking in creativity, identity, and culture in the global markets. Therefore, the use of Iranian and traditional motifs, that have visual principles, will be suitable options to create creativity and aesthetics in the packaging of goods. Patterns taken from Persian carpets are one of the most important Iranian handicrafts that can be considered a good option for creating a national identity. Research Method The present study, hence, was an attempt to develop the effectiveness of Iranian identity formation on packaging industry by focusing on the graphical potentials of two Iranian carpet motifs. The study tried to answer this question: whether or not using Iranian carpet motifs could improve national identity formation, and, if it did, with respect to the aesthetics of Iranian carpet designs and motifs, which methods should be used to facilitate such identity formation.The study used a descriptive-analytical method using library materials. After analyzing the images of Brick-shaped Yalameh and MinakhaniVaramin carpets and following principles of the visual imagery, the authors used the motifs and offered 12 designs for packaging goods. About the capabilities of patterns and structures of Yalma and Minakhani carpets, three general designs were proposed. The first was using the whole structure of the carpet design or a part of the carpet motifs without any change in the fringe, border, and so on. The second was using a part of the motifs in combination with other packaging motifs, and the third was making changes to the original form of the motifs or change to the whole structure of the carpet design. In continuation of the research, these three methods suggested by the for the designers to use Yalmeh and MinakhaniVaramin carpet motifs in packaging design were presented. In the visual examples, mentioned in the article in all three methods, one sample of carpet motifs and the second sample of the overall structure of carpets were used for packaging. Research Findings To reach the aim of the research, the characteristics of the visual principles of Brick-shaped Yalameh and MinakhaniVaramin carpet motifs were investigated. After investigations, it was determined that in these carpets, both in motifs and in the overall structure there were visual principles. Visual values include order, balance, symmetry, proportion, contrast, harmony of positive and negative space, rhythm, emphasis, and concentration. They existed in all motifs and in the whole structure of the carpets. All of these were the principles and foundations of visual arts. This made it possible to use these motifs in graphics, including the designing of the designs of a suitable package or a creative package. Also, if strong boxes were made for packing goods and handicrafts, it was more likely that they would be kept in people's homes for years.Therefore, a design and pattern with Iranian identity on packaging can be a good advertising example for Iranian handicraft; through repeating Iranian designs and motifs, they could develop Iranian identity. Conclusion The analysis of the results confirmed that using and repeating such motifs in packaging of Iranian goods could enhance the national and cultural identity formation due to the affinity Iranian audience feel towards them. For foreign audiences, they are reminiscent of Iranian motifs and designs. Also, a firm and beautiful package can be kept in one’s home as a decorative object for years. Correspondingly, Iranian carpet motifs had the potential to be used in the packaging design in three general and practical ways, including the direct use of designs and motifs, in the combination with other elements or drawings by making changes in the original form, andin creating different designs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of brand origin was introduced two decades ago in response to the restrictive nature of 'country-of-origin' research in marketing; however, research to this day has remained constrained to geography. This paper leverages brand narrative to reconceptualize brand origin with the goal of enabling a broader array of strategic and positioning options to brand managers and brand origin researchers. The results of an exploratory study suggest that unburdening the scope of origin from geography enables the evolution of brand management to enlarge the scope and domain of the concept of 'origin' fivefold. Avenues for both management practice and future research exploration related to the multidimensional nature of brand origin are proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study enumerates how product packaging amount to solid wastes among other Awka MSW constituents with the view to unfold green design or multiple re-useable product packaging as achievable means of minimizing solid waste in Awka Metropolis, Nigeria. Perhaps, there are locations with well managed or minimized packaging waste; accordingly, this study includes the review of some literatures on Awka MSW so as to note the extent of studies that have been published and made available in trendy media. Thus, the study is descriptive, literature- based and naturalistic observation -based in terms of estimated counting during the visitation to the selected areas. The findings reveal that studies on solid waste characterization, health, perception, behaviour of the populace in relation to solid waste and sustainability are ubiquitous. Still, the aspect of product packaging waste in the Awka metropolis has not been extensively studied; thus, present study fills this gap by aiming at unfolding green design or multiple re-useable product packaging as achievable means of minimizing solid waste in Awka Metropolis, Nigeria. However, this study in concord with prior studies shows that the product package among other solid waste occurs in a similar way in residential locations except other locations such as markets, schools, hospitals, municipal and industrial areas which have more of the litters of non-green packaging materials. Example is the plastic package with the largest quantity of generated solid waste within selected location in relation to other solid waste. Thus, the policy approach under which producers are given significant responsibility for waste prevention/diversion of post-consumer products should be ongoing through Private - Public Sector Partnerships (PPP) harmonized with EPR. This can be done by enhancing the concern of everybody (manufactures, consumers, organizations and other entrepreneurs including waste pickers/scavengers). Situation where by producers persuade the consumers through gainful or attractive means to return used product packages can be encouraged. Thus, the present study unfolds green design or multiple reuses of product packages as a means of attaining zero waste in Awka metropolis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IntroductionGraphic warning labels on cigarette packaging are mandated in 118 countries and are under consideration in the USA. We propose an appeal-aversion assessment tool to help regulators choose among graphic packaging options.MethodsAfter familiarisation with different cigarette packaging, adult daily smokers (n=338) from San Diego, California, USA completed a discrete choice appeal-aversion purchasing task and provided information on nicotine dependence and sociodemographics (2017-2019). The conjoint analysis estimated the importance and price utility for product attributes (ie, packaging, price, tobacco origin and quitline number). The price premiums that smokers would be willing to pay to avoid purchasing graphic packaging were calculated.ResultsAmong purchase determinants, the price was the most important attribute (65.5%), followed by packaging design (27.1%). Compared with blank packaging without marketing, branded industry packs had appeal valuations (US$0.54; 95% CI: US$0.44 to US$0.65), whereas graphic warning packs had aversion valuations that varied with the salience of the image (blindness=-US$2.53, 95% CI: -US$2.76 to -US$2.31; teeth damage=-US$2.90, 95% CI: -US$3.17 to -US$2.63; and gangrenous foot=-US$3.70, 95% CI: -US$4.01 to -US$3.39). The aversion was such that 46.2% of participants were willing to pay a 50+% premium over their current cigarette price to have their branded packs rather than a graphic pack. These appeal-aversion valuations were moderated by sex, income and nicotine dependence (p

Copyright of Studies in Politics & Society / Polityka & Społeczeństwo is the property of University of Rzeszow and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Augmented reality is considered to be one of the fastest growing and most promising trends in marketing. This paper analyses the use of augmented reality for advertising purposes by integrating augmented reality into product packaging. There are solutions for the application of augmented reality in product packaging around the world, but in Lithuania, the application of augmented reality in product packaging is still rare. Research problem is formulated as the question: what are the challenges and development opportunities for the application of augmented reality in product packaging? Expert opinion and the results of a customer survey, which show at which stages of the AIDA model using augmented reality in product packaging could be effective, are presented in this article.

This Community Service aims to improve marketing management skills for SMEs Kale Cookies through training on product packaging and labeling according to SNI standards. The partner of this activity is UKM Kale Cookies, which consists of 10 people and has a strong desire to learn packaging management and product labeling. The method of implementing this activity includes training, mentoring, monitoring and evaluation. The result of this service activity is that partners have understood the importance of making creative product packaging and labeling in accordance with SNI standards. In addition, partners also have skills in making product packaging and labels in accordance with SNI standards.

Objective: to analyze the physical and biological barrier characteristics of cotton fields used as a sterile barrier system after multiple use and processing cycles in the clinical practice. Method: an observational and longitudinal study to monitor and evaluate 100% cotton fabric used as a sterile barrier system in a medium-sized hospital. Samples were collected before use (after three washes) and at three, six, nine, 12 and 15 months of use and evaluated for the number, thickness and integrity of threads, weight, water absorption and wet penetration by microorganisms. Results: after 85 washes, the number of threads remained unchanged, and the shredded fibers and the water volume absorbed were increased. The microbiological test using the German standard methodology obtained a negative result and wet penetration by microorganisms did not show significant changes over time, although a percentage of the microbial cells passed through the double-layer samples. Conclusion: the physical properties of 100% cotton used as a sterile barrier system changed with use/processing cycles; however, these alterations did not significantly interfere with the results obtained by the tests performed on the microbiological barrier up to 85 washes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The loss of a sense of humanness that stems from increasing mechanization, automation, and digitization gives firms an impetus to develop effective ways to humanize products. On the basis of knowledge activation theory, this article systematically investigates a novel humanization approach: the use of typefaces that appear to be handwritten. Across several laboratory and field studies, the authors provide evidence of the positive effect of handwritten typefaces, reveal the mechanisms that lead to these outcomes, and outline some boundary conditions. Specifically, the results show that handwritten typefaces create perceptions of human presence, which lead to more favorable product evaluations (and behavior) by enhancing the emotional attachment between the consumer and the product. However, these effects are mitigated for brands to which consumers already feel a sense of attachment. Finally, the effects reverse when the products are functionally positioned or functional in nature. The present article thus extends understanding of humanization processes and provides guidelines for how and when brands should use handwritten typefaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BackgroundCigarette packs are a form of advertising that distributes brand information wherever smokers go. In the 21st century, tobacco companies began using onserts on cigarette packs to communicate new advertising messages to smokers.MethodsWe reviewed tobacco industry documents dated 1926 to 2017 to identify how the tobacco industry developed and used onserts in marketing and to serve the industry's political and legal objectives.ResultsOnserts added to cigarette packs became a more cost-effective way for brands to market in the year 2000. Manufacturers then began studying them, finding that new messages were appealing, while repeated messages were ignored. By 2005, tobacco companies were using onserts to effectively communicate about new tobacco products and packaging changes. They also used repeated 'corporate responsibility' messages that were, according to the industry's own research, likely to be ignored.ConclusionsTobacco companies have expanded on cigarette pack-based advertising. Twenty-first century onserts simultaneously seek to increase sales using materials that are novel, attractive and provide independent value, while undercutting public health messages about the risks of tobacco use using materials that repeat over time and are comparatively unattractive. Health authorities can use this industry research to mandate onserts to communicate effective health messages.

Background/aimsThe aim of this investigation was to identify which design elements on Natural American Spirit packs are salient to (i.e., noticed by) U.S. adult smokers and what meanings smokers derive from these elements.MethodWe conducted a secondary analysis of qualitative data from a study of cigarette packaging design. U.S. adult smokers ( n = 33) from all nine census regions participated in six telephone-based focus groups in March 2017. We used constant comparison analysis to identify key themes.ResultsFour themes were identified, two focused on salient design elements and two focused on design element meanings. The themes of "bright and flashy color" and "the American Indian logo" were identified as key design elements, while the themes of "healthy and safer" and "targeting at-risk smokers" were identified as meanings smokers derived from design elements.ConclusionsPack design elements influence smokers' perceptions about reduced health risk of Natural American Spirit cigarettes and may be especially dangerous to vulnerable populations, including young adults and American Indians. Findings from this study suggest that the banning of text descriptors may not be enough to address misconceptions about "healthier" cigarettes.

ObjectiveTo analyse the tobacco industry's strategy of using trade and investment agreements to prevent the global diffusion of standardised packaging (SP) of tobacco products.MethodsReview of tobacco industry documents, relevant government documents and media items. The data were triangulated and thematically analysed.ResultsInternal tobacco industry documents reveal that during the early 1990s, tobacco companies developed a multipronged trade strategy to prevent the global diffusion of progressive tobacco packaging and labelling proposals, including SP. This strategy consisted of (1) framing the health issue in terms of trade and investment, (2) detailing alleged legal violations concerning trade barriers, intellectual property and investment rights, (3) threatening legal suits and reputational damage, and (4) garnering third-party support. These efforts helped delay SP until 2010 when Australia became the first country to reintroduce SP proposals, followed by governments in the UK and New Zealand in 2012, Ireland in 2013 and France in 2014. Review of government documents and media sources in each of the five countries indicate the industry continues to employ this multipronged strategy throughout the SP policy's progression. Although this strategy is tailored towards each domestic context, the overall tobacco industry's trade strategy remains consistently focused on shifting the attention away from public health and towards the realm of trade and investment with more corporate-friendly allies.ConclusionGovernments seeking to implement SP need to be prepared to resist and counter the industry's multipronged trade strategy by avoiding trade diversions, exposing false industry legal and reputational claims, and monitoring third-party support.

Abstract Background Surgical instrument packaging quality directly affects the safety and performance of surgery. We aimed to investigate the factors causing defects in surgical instrument packaging and recommend strategies to prevent defects in surgical instrument packaging. Methods We collected surgical instrument packaging data regarding age, gender, length of service, educational background, number of staff dealing with packaging, time period of packaging, instrument specification, where the wrap was intact, whether the wrap reached the required quality of cleaning, and whether the instruments were satisfactorily cleaned in compliance with guidelines from 5000 surgical instrument packages during June-December 2018 at Central Sterile Supply Department of the West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University. Meanwhile, a questionnaire survey completed by the operating room staff using surgical instruments was used to measure the level of their satisfaction with the instruments in the packages. We utilized single-factor analysis to investigate possible factors that might cause defects in surgical instrument packaging, and conducted multivariate logistic regression analysis of the factors associated with defects in packaging. Results Length of service, educational background, number of staff dealing with packaging, time period of packaging, instrument structure, whether the wrap was intact, whether the wrap reached the required quality of cleaning, and whether the surgical instruments were satisfactorily cleaned in compliance with guidelines were the factors significantly (P < 0.05) associated with defects in surgical instrument packaging. Conclusion This study reveals that various factors are associated with defects in surgical instrument packaging. Recommendations for reducing incidences of defects include improved scheduling of packaging workload, greater provision of training in packaging skills, and standardization of packaging procedure.

采用高效液氮加注技术对葵花籽油进行灌装，并与气氮加注、气液氮混合加注技术进行对比，研究其对葵花籽油品质和产品包装的影响。结果表明：3种充氮方式样品的酸值和过氧化值变化趋势基本一致；液氮加注样品常温储藏5个月后酸值（KOH）和过氧化值分别为0.07 mg/g和1.45 mmol/kg，与常温储藏相比，液氮加注样品45 ℃储藏5个月后酸值无差别，过氧化值稍有降低，为130 mmol/kg；液氮加注和气液氮混合加注样品初始及储藏过程中的过氧化值比气氮加注样品的稍高；常温下3种充氮方式样品的初始残氧值相差不大，但储藏过程中液氮加注和气液氮混合加注样品的残氧值明显低于气氮加注样品；常温下液氮加注样品瓶内存在正压，其满瓶抗压能力优于气氮加注和气液氮混合加注样品。High efficiency liquid nitrogen filling technology was used to fill sunflower seed oil, and it was compared with gas nitrogen filling and gas-liquid nitrogen mixed filling technology. The effects of nitrogen filling method on quality and product packaging of sunflower seed oil were studied. The results showed that the change trends of acid value and peroxide value of the samples with three nitrogen filling methods were basically the same. The acid value and peroxide value of liquid nitrogen filling samples were 0.07 mgKOH/g and 1.45 mmol/kg respectively after five months storage at room temperature. Compared with room temperature storage, the acid value of liquid nitrogen filling samples after five months storge at 45 ℃ had little difference, while the peroxide value decreased slightly to 1.30 mmol/kg. The peroxide values of liquid nitrogen filling samples and gas-liquid nitrogen mixed filling samples during initial and storage were slightly higher than that of gas nitrogen filling samples. There was little difference in initial residual oxygen values of three nitrogen filling samples, but the residual oxygen values of liquid nitrogen filling samples and gas-liquid nitrogen mixed filling samples during storage were significantly lower than that of gas nitrogen filling samples. There was positive pressure in the bottle of liquid nitrogen filling sample, and its full bottle compression capacity was better than that of gas nitrogen and gas-liquid nitrogen mixed filling samples.

This study examines how health advocates and the Australian government responded to international commercial pressure during the implementation of tobacco standardised packaging (SP) as a measure to reduce non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Relevant government and NGO documents, and media items were reviewed. Policymakers and health advocates (n = 19) in Australia were interviewed. In 2009, Australia's National Health Taskforce recommended SP, which the Australian government announced in April 2010. In response, tobacco companies threatened the government with litigation in both domestic and international courts, claiming that SP would violate their investment and intellectual property rights. However, these legal threats were unsuccessful in forcing the government to withdrawal the SP proposal. Tobacco companies legally challenged SP, but as of February 2018 failed with each legal challenge. The political success of enacting and implementing SP against international commercial pressure was supported by legal preparation and support, and a whole-of-government approach. The Australian SP case illustrates how, against international commercial opposition, governments can build and maintain political and official support to enact and implement progressive public health measures to reduce NCDs.

BackgroundBeginning in the 1960s in the USA and globally since 1998, tobacco companies have beenaggressively promoting heated tobacco products (HTP). In 2016, Philip Morris International (PMI) applied to the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) seeking authorisation to market their IQOS HTP system and flavoured 'HeatSticks' in the USA as a modified-risk tobacco product (MRTP).MethodsWe systematically evaluated the publicly available data PMI submitted to FDA in its MRTP application to determine whether PMI's IQOS product meets the US Tobacco Control Act's standard for MRTP claims. We examined whether PMI provided sufficient data showing tobacco users will not initiate with IQOS, that youth will not misperceive the MRTP-related claims being made concerning IQOS, and how youth perceive health risks associated with IQOS.ResultsPMI's own studies failed to provide evidence that youth, including non-users and former users, will not find IQOS appealing, will not initiate use of IQOS and will not perceive these products as risk-free. Further, PMI did not refer to independent studies conducted among adolescents which could influence their conclusions. Finally, their studies suffered from design and implementation flaws and cannot be relied on to support the proffered claims.ConclusionPMI's own data and available evidence from scientific studies conducted independent of the tobacco industry regarding how novel tobacco products are currently being marketed suggest that introduction of IQOS will result in adolescent and young adult non-users initiating tobacco use with IQOS and could also increase poly-use of IQOS along with other tobacco products.

BackgroundOver two-thirds of Natural American Spirit (NAS) smokers believe their cigarettes might be 'less harmful', but toxicological evidence does not support this belief. We assessed whether standardised packaging could reduce the possibility of erroneous inferences of 'safety' drawn from NAS cigarette packaging.MethodsUS adult smokers (n=909) were recruited to a between-subject survey experiment (3 brands×3 packaging/labelling styles) through Amazon Mechanical Turk and rated their perception of whether a randomly assigned cigarette package conveyed that the brand was 'safer' on a three-item scale (Cronbach's α=0.92). We assessed whether NAS packs were rated higher on the 'implied safety' scale than two other brands and estimated the effect that plain packaging (ie, all branding replaced with a drab dark brown colour) and Australian-like packaging (ie, all branding replaced with a drab dark brown colour and a graphic image and text on 75% of the pack surface) had on perceptions of the NAS cigarette package.ResultsSmokers' ratings of the standard NAS pack on the implied safety scale (mean=4.6; SD=2.9) were 1.9 times (P

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IntroductionPrior to the US Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) regulation of electronic cigarettes and warning statements related to nicotine addiction, there was no critical examination of manufacturer/distributor voluntary practices that could potentially inform FDA actions aimed to protect consumers. This study examined the content of warning statements and safety characteristics of electronic cigarette liquid bottles using a national sample.MethodsResearch staff randomly selected four electronic cigarette liquid manufacturers/distributors from four US geographic regions. Staff documented the characteristics of product packaging and content of warning statements on 147 electronic cigarette liquids (0-30 mg/ml of nicotine) purchased online from 16 manufacturers/distributors in April of 2016.ResultsData showed that 97.9% of the electronic cigarette liquid bottles included a warning statement, most of which focused on nicotine exposure rather than health. Only 22.4% of bottles used a warning statement that indicated the product "contained nicotine." Of bottles that advertised a nicotine-based concentration of 12 mg/ml, 26% had a warning statements stated that the product "contains nicotine." None of the statements that indicated that the product "contained nicotine" stated that nicotine was "addictive." All bottles had a safety cap and 12% were in plastic shrink-wrap. Fifty-six percent of the websites had a minimum age requirement barrier that prevented under-aged persons from entering.ConclusionsMost manufacturers/distributors printed a warning statement on electronic cigarette liquid bottles, but avoided warning consumers about the presence and the addictiveness of nicotine. Studies are needed to examine manufacturer/distributor modifications to product packaging and how packaging affects consumer behaviors.ImplicationsThese data can inform future FDA requirements related to the packaging and advertising of e-cigarette liquids; regulation related to the content of warning statements, including exposure warning statements, which are not currently mandated; and requirements on websites or language on packaging to help manufacturers adhere to the minimum age of purchase regulation. The data can also be used to help FDA develop additional guidance on the framing of statements on packaging that helps consumers make informed decisions about purchasing the product or protecting young people from use or unintentional exposure to the product.

Abstract The present study introduces an analytical approach for predicting net power for high‐concentrating photovoltaic systems (HCPV). Wind speed, surface radiation, and size of the backplate, which acts as a heat spreader, were found to be of high impact in increasing solar cell efficiency and maximum produced power. The efficiency increased by 5% as the wind shifted from light air (0.5 m/s) to fresh breeze (10 m/s). Also, it increased by 1.64% as the aluminium backplate shifted from a shiny (ɛ = 0) to a dark (ɛ = 1) surface. Furthermore, increasing heat‐spreader length or wind velocity caused a logarithmic increase in solar cell efficiency. On the other hand, both parameters caused an exponential increase in consumed power due to the operation of a tracking system. Thus, optimal values of heat‐spreader length at which maximum net power is produced exist. A case study based on the annual average values of the hourly‐basis meteorological data for the period 2015 to 2018 for two cities in Saudi Arabia was conducted. It was found that the size of the heat spreader could be reduced by 36% for concentration ratio up to 2000 while concurrently increasing the net power by 2.6% and 6% for the systems built in Riyadh and Dammam, respectively.

The purpose of this PKM activity is for the resulting product to have a wider market, so that the Product has a brand and pirt permit so that it can be marketed to the supermarket, so that the resulting product has an elegant packaging and attracts consumers to buy the product and the resulting product has a better quality is not easily musty, oily and melempem. The methods used are superstition, training, mentoring and evaluation. From the results of this activity obtained the quality of the product no longer smells musty, not greasy and does not melt because it uses a spiner machine and impulse sealer. PKM partners already have packaging and brand products and household industrial products (PIRT) numbers so that products can have a wider market, one of which is supermarkets. To be able to obtain pirt number PKM partners must follow the training conducted by the Pekanbaru Health Office. Participants will get a certificate of counseling and then for health center.

Although smoking declines in the United States, the prevalence of male adolescent smokeless tobacco (ST; moist snuff and chewing tobacco) use remains unchanged. ST product characteristics, such as flavoring, packaging, and branding, could influence adolescents' ST initiation and continued use. This qualitative study examines the potential role of product characteristics in shaping ST-related perceptions and behaviors among rural adolescent males. Semi-structured individual interviews were conducted at three California rural high schools. ST users were asked about their experiences and perceptions related to product characteristics. Interviews were transcribed, coded, and analyzed using a general inductive approach. Participants associated flavored ST with appealing non-tobacco products, such as chewing gum and alcohol. Availability of different varieties and flavors stimulated interest and curiosity in sampling or switching between ST products. Time-limited promotional flavors and packaging also enhanced product appeal. Adolescent ST users preferred certain brands based on perceived brand features and perceived nicotine content, associating higher-strength brands as better suited for experienced ST users. Brand preferences frequently reflected perceived ST brand popularity within peer groups. Based on these observations, potential ST regulation and health education campaigns to address misconceptions about ST characteristics could influence adolescents' ST-related perceptions and reduce ST use among this vulnerable population.