Search

This document discusses the importance of carbon reduction engineering in combating global climate change. It highlights the role of production and supply chain management in achieving carbon neutrality and reducing carbon emissions. The document presents 20 selected research papers that cover various aspects of production optimization in carbon reduction engineering, including carbon reduction in the production process, low-carbon and sustainable supply chains, assessment and optimization methodologies, and policy instruments. The papers provide insights into topics such as scheduling optimization, renewable energy production, carbon emission efficiency, sustainable consumption, government subsidizing arrangements, and the impact of policy instruments on carbon reduction. The document expresses gratitude to the authors and reviewers for their contributions and acknowledges the support of the International Journal of Production Research. [Extracted from the article]

This research examines the transformative potential of artificial intelligence (AI) in general and Generative AI (GAI) in particular in supply chain and operations management (SCOM). Through the lens of the resource-based view and based on key AI capabilities such as learning, perception, prediction, interaction, adaptation, and reasoning, we explore how AI and GAI can impact 13 distinct SCOM decision-making areas. These areas include but are not limited to demand forecasting, inventory management, supply chain design, and risk management. With its outcomes, this study provides a comprehensive understanding of AI and GAI's functionality and applications in the SCOM context, offering a practical framework for both practitioners and researchers. The proposed framework systematically identifies where and how AI and GAI can be applied in SCOM, focussing on decision-making enhancement, process optimisation, investment prioritisation, and skills development. Managers can use it as a guidance to evaluate their operational processes and identify areas where AI and GAI can deliver improved efficiency, accuracy, resilience, and overall effectiveness. The research underscores that AI and GAI, with their multifaceted capabilities and applications, open a revolutionary potential and substantial implications for future SCOM practices, innovations, and research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a novel solution approach for a variant of the job shop scheduling problem with machine unavailability due to both condition-based preventive maintenance and corrective maintenance following random breakdowns. We first provide an exact mathematical formulation of the problem under simplifying assumptions, namely that the number of breakdowns for each job position on each machine is known, the degradation rates are fixed, and the preventive and corrective maintenance durations are deterministic parameters. Moreover, to handle the more realistic case of stochastic machine degradation, random breakdowns, and uncertain maintenance durations, a simulation-optimisation algorithm is proposed. The real makespan function is first approximated using multiple surrogate measures, which are optimised through independent genetic algorithms. Then, the fittest solutions obtained from these surrogate measures are simulated, and the best among them is added to an elite list, which is included in the genetic algorithms' populations for the next iteration. Schedule robustness is ensured by using an objective function that consists of the weighted average of the expected makespan and its 90th percentile. Furthermore, to reduce the likelihood of falling into a local optimum, a stopping criterion based on simulated annealing is implemented. Numerical experimentation on extended benchmark instances confirmed the validity of the mathematical formulation and the favourable performance of the proposed simulation-optimisation algorithm in terms of computational time and solution quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Combined heat and power economic dispatch (CHPED) is one of the foremost subjects in the operation of power systems. In this article, a new variant of cuckoo search (CS) algorithm, elitist CS (yECS), is advanced to tackle CHPED. During the optimisation process of the original CS as well as lots of its variants, the guidance of search directions relies merely upon the best individual, causing the loss of other beneficial information and further influencing their performance potentials. Therefore, in yECS, an elitist mechanism is developed to fully utilise the beneficial information of other elite individuals. Specifically, three new iterative strategies are developed, one for the global search phase and the other two for the local search phase. Further, a coordinated mechanism is put forward to effectively integrate the local iterative strategies, thus helping yECS in maintaining an appropriate balance between exploitation and exploration. The superior performance of yECS is firstly substantiated via CEC 2017 test suite and two engineering design problems and then it is utilised to address CHPED problems. All optimal dispatch results acquired by yECS are feasible and in most cases display remarkable improvements over the results determined by other CS variants and some recently-published literature results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the increase in 3D printing popularity, optimizing the procedure has become an important aspect of fused deposition modeling (FDM) research. As such, a numerical framework that captures the effect of all parameters involved in the process can aid in manufacturing optimization by overcoming the cost and time limitations of experimental methods. In this work, a numerical physics-based model is created that takes as input process parameters, simulates the phenomenon, and identifies the temperature history and developed mechanical stresses during printing. Initially, this model is validated through images taken from an infrared camera. Then, a design of experiments (DOE) sequence that covers the range of each input variable is created and multiple designs are evaluated. Correlations are examined and factor analysis on each output is performed indicating that material and bed temperature are the most important parameters affecting mechanical stresses, while fan speed dominates cooling. The simulation data are fed into data-driven models to provide accurate estimations on cooling duration, plastic strain, and von Misses stress and in turn aid in optimal parameter selection. This work improves existing numerical approaches by incorporating multiple process parameters and aids in digital twinning of FDM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The seriously polluted water environment leads to a high level of refractory organic matter in the water intake of some sewage treatment plants.To solve the vexed water pollution, the anaerobic-anoxic-aerobic (A2O)—membrane bioreactor (MBR)—biological aerated filter (BAF) -ozone(O3) process was used for treating degradation-resistant domestic sewage mixed with industrial sewage to provide reference for the upgrading. The hydraulic retention time (HRT), internal reflux ratio of the intermixture and O3 contact time were optimized. At the same time, chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonia nitrogen (NH4+-N), total nitrogen (TN) and chroma were degraded. The results showed that the optimal operating conditions are as follows: HRT = 10 h, reflux ratio = 250% and O3 contact time = 10 min. On this basis, the removal rates of COD, NH4+-N, TN, total organic carbon (TOC), UV254, and chroma were 94.14%, 99.00%, 81.75%, 95.20%, 94.70%, and 83.31%, respectively. It showed that the process can effectively degrade refractory organic matters and chroma. The water quality indexes of the effluent met the Class IV surface water standard in the "Surface water Environmental Quality Standard" (GB3838-2002). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrical parameters are vital for electrical discharge machining (EDM) process performance. The study utilized the combination of Taguchi and grey relational analysis (GRA) to optimize sinking EDM. Optimization of peak current, pulse duration, duty ratio and electrode lifting time affecting material removal rate (MRR), relative electrode wear rate (REWR) and surface roughness (SR) in sinking EDM. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) shows that peak current and pulse duration significantly affect MRR and REWR, respectively. Peak current and pulse duration significantly affect SR. The optimized parameters were subjected to EDM experiments and the results are 8.54% increase in MRR, 11.11% decrease in REWR and 9.42% decrease in SR. It was found that at a peak current of 1A, the discharge pit not only depends on peak current and pulse duration but also on pulse off time. Compared to conventional optimization methods, this study analyzed the microstructure and recast layer of the workpieces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Therapeutic oligonucleotides (ONs) are typically manufactured via solid-phase synthesis, characterized by limited scalability and huge environmental footprint, limiting their availability. Biomanufactured ONs have the potential to reduce the immunogenic side-effects, and to improve the sustainability of their chemical counterparts. Rhodovulum sulfidophilum was demonstrated a valuable host for the extracellular production of recombinant ONs. However, low viable cell densities and product titer were reported so far. In this work, perfusion cell cultures were established for the intensification of ON biomanufacturing. First, the perfusion conditions were simulated in 50 mL spin tubes, selected as a scale-down model of the process, with the aim of optimizing the medium composition and process parameters. This optimization stage led to an increase in the cell density by 44 % compared to the reference medium formulation. In addition, tests at increasing perfusion rates were conducted until achieving the maximum viable cell density (VCD max), allowing the determination of the minimum cell-specific perfusion rate (CSPR min) required to sustain the cell culture. Intriguingly, we discovered in this system also a maximum CSPR, above which growth inhibition starts. By leveraging this process optimization, we show for the first time the conduction of perfusion cultures of R. sulfidophilum in bench-scale bioreactors. This process development pipeline allowed stable cultures for more than 20 days and the continuous biomanufacturing of ONs, testifying the great potential of perfusion processes. • Medium composition and design space defined for perfusion cultures of Rhodovulum sulfidophilum. • Process scaled up to a 2 L bioreactor with ATF and effect of perfusion rate investigated. • Stable perfusion cultures for >20 days, with cell densities lager than in fed-batch. • Oligonucleotides continuously harvested, with titers 2 orders of magnitudes larger than literature. • First report on continuous biomanufacturing of oligonucleotides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] To enhance the stability of kiwifruit wine and explore the effects of different clarifying agents on the clarity and sensory quality of kiwifruit wine. [Method]Using Xuxiang kiwifruit as raw material to brew kiwifruit wine, the clarification process of kiwifruit wine was optimized through single factor experiments combined with response surface experiments. HS-SPME-GC-MS was used to determine and analyze the volatile substances in kiwifruit wine. [Result]The response surface experiment was used to optimize the best clarification process parameters: PVP (polyvinyl pyrrolidone) addition amount 1. 2 g / L, gelatin 0. 8 g / L, chitosan 0. 4 g / L, under these conditions, the light transmittance of kiwi wine reached 95. 7%;it was found that the types of volatile compounds (30) after clarification were significantly reduced compared with those before clarification (46), including 16 esters and 4 alkenes, four kinds of alkenes were added after clarification. [Conclusion] Based on the analysis of kiwi wine precipitation, kiwi wine clarifiers were selected and the clarification process was optimized, the changes of volatile substances before and after clarification were analyzed sequentially, and the influence of clarification treatment on the aroma quality of kiwi wine was comprehensively considered, so as to provide a theoretical basis for the standardized evaluation of kiwi wine clarification process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Foxtail millet is a type of minor millet that has nutritional‐rich characteristics. The bran layer in millets contains a considerable amount of antinutritional properties, and grain/flour/product spoilage occurs due to fat in the bran layer. Therefore, the removal of bran from millets can enhance their shelf life. Bran removal from foxtail millet is challenging because of its tiny size. Hence, the study targeted optimizing polishing process parameters for foxtail millet. The effect of process variables such as grain moisture content (8%–16% w.b.), emery roller speed (800–2400 rpm), and polishing time (1–8 min) on polishing characteristics (degree of polishing, head yield, middling yield, and broken content) and proximate composition (protein, fat, crude fiber, ash, and carbohydrate contents) of foxtail millets was studied using the central composite rotatable design (CCRD). Emery roller speed and polishing time significantly affected all responses (p < 0.01). In contrast, grain moisture content had a significant effect only on the degree of polishing (p < 0.05), head, and middling yields (p < 0.01). A numerical optimization technique was adopted to optimize the process parameters of the polisher. The optimum operating conditions were 10% grain moisture content, 1650 rpm of emery roller speed, and 2 min of polishing time. A validation study conducted at optimized conditions revealed no significant difference between the predicted and actual values of responses and considerably less broken content (9.26%). The results of the present study indicate that machinery modified and processes optimized during the study are fairly accepted and can be used to upscale the machine for industrial use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adsorption-based direct air carbon capture and storage (DACCS) is an emerging approach to mitigate climate change by removing CO2 from the atmosphere. Recent studies show separately that thermodynamic and environmental performance strongly depend on regional ambient conditions and energy supply but neglect regional CO2 storage potentials. To assess DACCS performance holistically, a detailed global analysis is needed that accounts for the interplay of regional ambient conditions, energy supply, and CO2 storage potential. Hence, we present a novel method for the optimal siting of DACCS plants derived from optimising a dynamic process model that uses global hourly weather data and regionalised data on electricity supply and CO2 storage potential. The carbon removal rate (CRR) measures the climate benefit and describes the speed at which a DACCS plant generates net negative emissions. First, we assume that CO2 storage is possible everywhere. For four electricity supply scenarios, we show that the optimal siting of DACCS significantly increases the CRR when comparing the best and worst locations in each scenario: For a DACCS plant with a nameplate capture capacity of 4 kt CO2 y−1, the CRR can be increased by 63% from 2.16 to 3.53 kt CO2 y‑1 when using photovoltaic, and by 39% from 2.95 to 4.1 kt CO2 y‑1 when using wind power. Assuming a carbon-free electricity supply, the CRR varies between 3.17 and 4.17 kt CO2 y‑1 (32%). Second, we significantly narrow down optimal locations for DACCS considering regional CO2 storage potential through CO2 mineralisation. Overall, accounting for the interplay of regional DAC performance, energy supply, and CO2 storage potential can significantly improve DACCS siting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, graphene oxide (GO) as an adsorbent was used to remove norfloxacin and ceftriaxone antibiotics from aqueous solutions. All environmental factors affecting removal (e.g., pH, adsorbent mass, contact time, and concentration) were optimized in a discontinuous system. The design of experiments and the optimization of variables were carried out using the response surface method (RSM). The results of the analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the regression coefficients of the quadratic terms indicated that the responses were significantly affected by all the studied variables (P < 0.05). Also, the quadratic polynomial model results corresponded to empirical data with a high coefficient of determination (i.e., R² > 0.99 for both antibiotics). Besides, the adjusted R² (R²-adj >0.98 for both antibiotics) was close to R² values, indicating a good and acceptable statistical model. According to the results, the optimal removal of antibiotics by GO occurs in conditions of pH of 8, 0.034 g of the adsorbent mass, a sonication time of 20 min, and a concentration of 25 mg L-1. In these conditions, the maximum removal efficiencies of ceftriaxone and norfloxacin were equal to 95.87% and 98.64%, respectively. GO was recovered in five adsorption/desorption processes, and the removal efficiency declined very slightly after using the adsorbent for five cycles. Therefore, it is concluded that GO is an efficient and acceptable adsorbent for removing ceftriaxone and norfloxacin from aqueous environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Characterizing the phenotypic diversity and metabolic capabilities of industrially relevant manufacturing cell lines is critical to bioprocess optimization and cell line development. Metabolic capabilities of production hosts limit nutrient and resource channeling into desired cellular processes and can have a profound impact on productivity. These limitations cannot be directly inferred from measured data such as spent media concentrations or transcriptomics. Here, we present an integrated multi-omic analysis pipeline combining exo-metabolomics, transcriptomics, and genome-scale metabolic network analysis and apply it to three antibody-producing Chinese Hamster Ovary cell lines to identify reprogramming features associated with high-producing clones and metabolic bottlenecks limiting product formation in an industrial bioprocess. Analysis of individual datatypes revealed a decreased nitrogenous byproduct secretion in high-producing clones and the topological changes in peripheral metabolic pathway expression associated with phase shifts. An integrated omics analysis in the context of the genome-scale metabolic model elucidated the differences in central metabolism and identified amino acid utilization bottlenecks limiting cell growth and antibody production that were not evident from exo-metabolomics or transcriptomics alone. Thus, we demonstrate the utility of a multi-omics characterization in providing an in-depth understanding of cellular metabolism, which is critical to efforts in cell engineering and bioprocess optimization. • Multi-omics analysis permits synergistic evaluation of culture performance. • Overall phenotypic changes were traced back to phase-specific metabolic reprogramming. • Reprogramming nitrogen usage and metabolism was associated with increased productivity. • Amino acid usage and channeling towards desired products limited productivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to improve the feeding value of Astragalus memeranaceus residue, mixed bacteria solid-state fermentation method was used to ferment Astragalus memeranaceus residue. On the basis of single factor affecting the degradation rate of crude fiber and the increase rate of crude protein, the optimum conditions of substrate ratio, inoculation amount, solid-liquid ratio and fermentation time were optimized by orthogonal test. The results showed that the best strain combination and ratio of Astragalus memeranaceus residue were Aspergillus niger: Candida utilis: Bacillus subtilis = 2: 3: 1, the best matrix ratio was 2:3, the best inoculation amount was 20%, the best solid-liquid ratio was 1:3, and the best fermentation time was 7 days. Under the optimum fermentation conditions, the contents of crude protein, amino acid, total flavonoids, total saponins and calycosin in the residue of Astragalus membranaceus significantly increased (P< 0.05), which increased by 76.69%, 35.23%, 104.09%, 12.21%, 22.01%, while the contents of neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, total polysaccharide, calycosin-7-O- β -D-glucoside, formononetin and formononetin significantly decreased (P<0.05), which decreased by 33.84%, 49.29%, 12.28%, 57.24%, 38.46%, 69.35%. Under this fermentation process, the feeding value of Astragalus memeranaceus residue can be effectively improved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we demonstrate the use of machine learning to optimize the continuous flow process of a crucial intermediate in the production of Nemonoxacin. Our focus is to achieve the good yield and enantioselectivity in the construction of chiral methyl group utilize the initial 29 experimental datasets and consider six important variables. Employing Single-Objective Bayesian optimization (SOBO), we achieved an impressive predicted yield of up to 89.7%, which is consistent with the experimental results, with a yield of 89.5%. Additionally, A Multi-Objective Bayesian Optimization (MOBO) algorithm, namely qNEHVI, to strike a balance between yield and enantioselectivity in the continuous flow system is applied. The algorithm's prediction, with a yield of 81.8% and enantioselectivity of 97.85%, was experimentally validated, yielding 83.8% and 97.2%, respectively. This study effectively demonstrates that Bayesian optimization is a powerful tool for optimizing the continuous process in the production of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current manufacturing process of enterprises, there are some problems such as poor predictability and low level of intelligence, which lead to high product error rate and affect production efficiency. Therefore, this paper introduces the building information model in the field of engineering construction, and proposes a big data predictive manufacturing model based on the building information model, which divides the production process into production service system, resource planning system, production control system and after-sales service system, and realizes the overall process optimization of planning-production-sales on the basis of the close combination of each system and virtual model system. Finally, the application of error correction process in production line is verified from an empirical point of view, which provides a reference method and path for reducing production error rate and improving work efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is the second of a series of two articles. In the first article of the series, a new K v distribution model and an experimental methodology to measure the K v distribution were introduced. In this second part, the K v distribution is integrated into a lyo-simulation tool, to more accurately predict the variability of the product temperature, primary drying time, total sublimation mass flow and Pirani signal. The K v distribution is also integrated into the graphical design space. The impact of incorporating the R p distribution is briefly discussed. The comparison of the simulation tool with actual product temperature monitoring, Pirani signal or overall sublimation flow shows very good agreement in the case studies presented. Overall, the lyo-simulation incorporating the K v distribution is a very useful tool to support industrial development, i.e. process optimization, scale assessment, technology transfer, and troubleshooting of the lyophilization process. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of this study was to develop a citric acid-catalyzed hydrothermal pretreatment to reach the maximum sugar recovery from soybean hull (SH), in the context of a biorefi nery concept. A central composite design (CCD) was used to optimize pretreatment conditions through the analysis of citric acid concentration, time, and temperature effects. Optimized conditions were defined as 3.56% w/w, 46.1 min, and 135.7 °C. From the solid fraction, 99.5% and 83.0% of glucose and xylose conversion, respectively, were obtained after enzymatic hydrolysis. Sugars were fermented successfully to L-lactic acid by Lactobacillus pentosus. In fact, SH hydrolysate presented no trace of inhibitor compounds, and glucose was totally consumed during fermentation. After 24 h of fermentation, a conversion rate of 0.724 g/g of sugars to lactic acid and 80.5% of the stoichiometric theoretical yield were reached. In addition, from the liquid fraction, 47.8 mg/g of xylooligosaccharides (XOS) was produced. This work demonstrates the potential of SH to be exploited as feedstock, with mild and efficient pretreatment process, for medium- to high-value bioproducts production in biorefineries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enzymes are widely used in the food industry due to their ability in improving the functional, sensory, and nutritional properties of food products. However, their poor stability under harsh industrial conditions and their compromised shelf-lives during long-term storage limit their applications. This review introduces typical enzymes and their functionality in the food industry and demonstrates spray drying as a promising approach for enzyme encapsulation. Recent studies on encapsulation of enzymes in the food industry using spray drying and the key achievements are summarized. The latest developments including the novel design of spray drying chambers, nozzle atomizers and advanced spray drying techniques are also analyzed and discussed in depth. In addition, the scale-up pathways connecting laboratory scale trials and industrial scale productions are illustrated, as most of the current studies have been limited to lab-scales. Enzyme encapsulation using spray drying is a versatile strategy to improve enzyme stability in an economical and industrial viable way. Various nozzle atomizers and drying chambers have recently been developed to increase process efficiency and product quality. A comprehensive understanding of the complex droplet-to-particle transformations during the drying process would be beneficial for both process optimization and scale-up design. Highlights: Encapsulation of enzyme using spray drying is a versatile approach for improving enzyme stability and shelf-life in food industry. This paper gives an overview of recent development and progress in enzyme encapsulation using spray drying. Emerging spray drying techniques and novel design of spray drying chambers and atomizers are summarized. Ex ante process simulations and technoeconomic analysis are also presented providing critical insights for commercial production of encapsulated enzymes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Welding processes are widely used technologies in the industrial context for creating permanent connections between mechanical components. This popularity is due to their versatility, which arises from the numerous available process variants and the multiple advantages they offer compared to other joining techniques. In the manufacturing context, where devices often operate in extreme conditions, the quality of welds becomes a critical factor in ensuring the safety and reliability of the manufactured products. Furthermore, a sound joint requires careful compliance with the increasingly stringent design specifications demanded by customers who require industry-standard conformity in order to achieve defect-free, robust, and durable welds. To address these needs and to define the optimal roadmap for the investigated process condition, an experimental investigation was conducted on the submerged arc welding process. The experimental trials involved butt joints of ASTM A516 Gr.70 carbon steel plates with different thicknesses in a flat position, utilizing a U-shaped chamfer and a multi-pass welding technique. For each weldment, the effects of the main process parameters on the qualitative characteristics of the manufactured products were evaluated from a metallurgical perspective. This evaluation included an in-depth metallographic analysis of the heat-affected zone of the carbon steel joint and involved both the measurement of the dimensions of these areas as well as the amount of ferrite and pearlite that resulted as the phases observed in the final microstructure of the steel joint following its solidification. Furthermore, the joint quality was assessed with regard to mechanical strength through hardness measurements. By analysing the experimental data, the paper provides a valuable contribution for increasing the productivity of the investigated welding process, while simultaneously meeting the specified industrial quality requirements for the products made of medium-thickness carbon steels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study proposed a two-step process optimization for enhanced cumulative isoprene production. This involves establishing an isoprene biosynthetic pathway in Escherichia coli BL21 DE-3 via up-regulation of native deoxy xylulose 5-phosphate (DXP) synthase (Ec DXS), isopentenyl pyrophosphate isomerase (Ec IPPI /Ec IDI) and introducing isoprene synthase (Pm IspS) from kudzu (Pueraria montana), followed by the process conditions (incubation temperature, time, and inducer concentration) optimization using the Box-Behnken design (BBD) approach. BBD showed the maximum cumulative isoprene production (160.15 mg L-1), productivity (11.18 mg L-1 h-1), and yield (7.69 mg gdcw-1) at the optimized process conditions (incubation temperature 27.32 ºC, incubation time 14.25 h, and inducer concentration 0.453 mM). The transgenic E. coli isoprene production, -productivity, and -yield were 1.52-, 1.46-, and 1.24-fold higher than the unoptimized condition (incubation temperature 30 ºC, incubation time 16 h, and inducer concentration 0.10 mM). This work demonstrates that fine tuning of MEP pathway in addition with process conditions optimization is an efficient strategy for improving isoprene production from engineered E. coli. [Display omitted] • Isoprene, a high-value natural product, entirely being produced by petroleum route. • Recombinant E. coli has potential for sustainable production of isoprene. • DXS, IPPI, and IspS were overexpressed under IPTG inducible promoter. • RSM based statistical model was used for optimizing culture growth conditions. • Engineered E. coli produced 160.15 mg L-1 of isoprene at optimal values of variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Provides a detailed process optimisation of a formula of fermented finger millet. • The formula exhibits anti-proliferative and anti-migratory effects in HCT116 and MDA-MB-231. • Shows increased expression of Bak and decrease in full-length Bcl2 expression. The objective of this study was to optimise the millet formulation using Levilactobacillus brevis and to evaluate its anticarcinogenic potential in vitro. The formula was developed in the course of the fermentation of finger millet (Eleusine coracana) using L. brevis MTTC 4460 and optimised by response surface methodology and validation by artificial neural networking (ANN). The optimised millet formulation could be obtained using 2 % of bacterial inoculum, 2 % of glucose, and a fermentation duration of 3.3 days with a yield of 5.98 mg/mL lactic acid and 3.38 log 10 (CFU/mL) viable L. brevis with overall desirability value of 1. The fermented millet formulation exhibited antiproliferative and antimigratory effects on MDA-MB-231 and HCT116 cancer cell lines. In addition, the outcomes observed in western blot analysis revealed that the formulation elicited apoptotic responses mediated by the Bcl-2 family of proteins in MDA-MB-231 and HCT116 cell lines while demonstrating no discernible impact on HEK293 normal cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective was to review, using an integrated approach, all parameters related to osmotic dehydration, freezing, and frozen storage when assessing the advantages of the osmodehydrofreezing-ODF process. Peeled cherry tomatoes were treated at (T) 25, 35, and 45 °C (t) up to 180 min in glycerol-based OD-solution (50, 60, 70% w/w). OD was studied and optimized by applying the Response Surface Methodology, combined with selected desirability criteria to define the optimum process parameters. Water loss-WL, solid gain-SG, water activity reduction-aw, texture and color changes were monitored during the process. Untreated and OD-treated at optimal OD conditions (C = 61.5%, T = 36 °C; t = 72 min) samples were frozen and stored at isothermal (T, −5, −8, −14, −23 °C) and non-isothermal temperature conditions (Teff, −7.3 °C). OD samples presented acceptable color, increased firmness, low drip loss and high vitamin C/lycopene retention during frozen storage. OD increased the shelf life of frozen cherry tomato (up to 3.5 times based on sensory quality loss). The kinetic models obtained for vitamin and lycopene degradation and sensory quality loss were validated at non-isothermal conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of China Condiment is the property of China Condiment and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of China Condiment is the property of China Condiment and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Hot stamping is a widely adopted technique for manufacturing high-strength vehicle body parts using boron-alloyed steels, such as 22MnB5. This process involves heating the material to 900 ℃ or higher in a furnace, followed by in-die quenching to achieve a strength of over 1.5 GPa. The process includes heating, forming, in-die quenching, and trimming. Laser trimming is the conventional method used for this purpose. However, laser trimming has limitations in terms of productivity and energy cost, and alternative methods have been explored, such as mechanical piercing during the hot stamping process at high temperatures. This study aims to optimize the process parameters, including the piercing temperature, time and clearance between the die-punch, to achieve optimal performance and their mechanical stability. The results show that hot piercing is the feasible method for cutting the boron-alloyed steel parts during the hot stamping process. In this study, the optimal performance is achieved under specific process conditions used for hot mechanical piercing, which is corresponding to differential clearance and mechanical piercing time, respectively. The size and distribution of the burr generated by the shearing process were not significantly affected by the hot mechanical piercing time with lower clearance. However, with the larger clearance, the hot mechanical piercing time significantly affected the size and distribution of the burr. In addition, hydrogen embrittlement becomes more severe as the martensitic phase transformation completes, and the hot mechanical piercing time has the greater influence on the process than the clearance conditions. Therefore, when designing the process for optimal performance of hot mechanical piercing, it is crucial to consider the effects of clearance and time as significant variables and verify their effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The textile industry uses high amounts of water and dyestuffs, and accordingly, wastewater containing significant amounts of dyestuffs is produced, which have to be treated before being discharged to the environment. The aim of this study is the treatment of synthetic wastewater containing 50 mg/L Acid Violet 90 dyestuff with catalytic ozonation process have been investigated by using n.CeO2, n.ZnO and n.CeO2/n.ZnO (1:1, m:m) nanocatalysts. The process optimization has been performed with the pH, ozone dose, catalyst dose and reaction time parameters. While the optimum conditions have been determined as pH 3, 600 mg/L ozone dose, 10 min reaction time, for all three catalysts, catalyst doses have differed as 50 mg/L for n. CeO2, 30 mg/L for n.ZnO and n.CeO2/n.ZnO. The removal efficiencies of AV 90 have been achieved as 97.04, 96.2 and 95.7% for n.CeO2, n.ZnO and n.CeO2/n.ZnO catalysts, respectively. Kinetic analyses showed that color removal of AV 90 dyestuff followed First order kinetics with R2 values of 0.9987 (n.CeO2), 0.9912 (n.ZnO) and 0.9923 (n.CeO2/n.ZnO) and reaction rate constant values have been calculated as 0,3435 (n.CeO2), 0,3551(n.ZnO) and 0,3226 (n.CeO2/n.ZnO) min−1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human error in manufacturing can have substantial consequences, including loss of life, injuries, productivity, and financial losses. Human reliability analysis (HRA) methods can be used to evaluate the likelihood of human error in manufacturing tasks and identify potential sources of error. Performance shaping factors (PSFs) are internal and external factors that influence human performance and can affect the likelihood of human reliability estimates in HRA methods. Understanding the impact of PSFs on human performance in manufacturing is essential for developing effective strategies to minimize the likelihood of human error and improve the safety and efficiency of manufacturing processes. This systematic review scrutinizes the literature on PSFs within manufacturing, highlighting HRA applications. Using the PRISMA protocol, studies from 2000 to 2024 across engineering and psychology were examined, culminating in the analysis of 35 pertinent works. The review identifies and contrasts various PSF taxonomies from established HRA methods like SPAR‐H, HEART, CREAM, and THERP, revealing their diverse applications in different manufacturing settings. The review also uncovers a tendency to devise taxonomies through the lens of experts' domain knowledge, particularly tailored to discrete manufacturing contexts. A critical gap is observed in the lack of a uniform PSF framework, with the current literature reflecting a disparate understanding of PSFs' roles, definitions, and interrelations. This absence is further pronounced by the inadequate integration of human factors in the dialogue surrounding Industry 4.0. The analysis points to the necessity of harmonizing PSFs to better assess human reliability amid technological integration. The findings emphasize the need for an industry‐specific PSF framework that aligns with the intricacies of manufacturing operations, thus enabling more accurate HRA outcomes and informing strategies for error reduction and process optimization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spray drying process was optimized for the development of probiotic finger millet milk powder. The independent parameters considered were inlet air temperature, maltodextrin content, and feed rate depending upon the preliminary trials. The major dependent quality parameters considered in the current work were moisture content, water activity, powder yield, encapsulation efficiency, and viability reduction. The desirability function was considered as a basis for the optimization of spray drying process. At the optimum process conditions of 151.68 °C of inlet air temperature, 100 mL/h of feed rate, and 29.32% of maltodextrin content, probiotic finger millet milk powder with 43.81% of powder yield and 84.97% of higher encapsulation efficiency could be achieved. The SEM analysis of the spray-dried powder confirmed the proper encapsulation of viable cells in the powder matrix. XRD analysis showed the amorphous powder structure suitable for other food applications. The promising results could be further utilized to produce non-dairy probiotic finger millet milk powder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High-performance press-hardened steels (PHS) are highly desired in automotive body-in-white due to their excellent strength and crashworthiness. PHS alloyed with high Cr and Si show promise in enhancing oxidation resistance as compared with traditional 22MnB5 steel, which may replace the use of expensive Al-Si coatings. Heating temperature, as a critical hot stamping process parameter, manipulates the mechanical properties and oxidation behaviors of PHS. In this study, the mechanical properties and oxidation behaviors of a 2000 MPa grade PHS alloyed with high contents of Cr and Si at heating temperatures ranging from 750 °C to 950 °C are systematically studied, as compared with those of the classical 22MnB5 steel. It shows that fully martensite structures for both steels can be achieved at the lowest heating temperature of 850 °C, and the products of strength and elongation of 32Cr2Si are greater than those of 22MnB5 at all heat-treatment conditions. The 32Cr2Si PHS exhibits much smaller weight gain than 22MnB5 when oxidized at all examining temperatures, due to the presence of thicker Cr- and Si-rich layer between the matrix and oxide scale. This work can provide guidance for material and process optimization for high-performance coating-free press-hardened steels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the rapid melting and solidification characteristic, selective laser melting (SLM) has advantages in forming CoCrFeMnNi high-entropy alloy (HEA) parts with uniform element distribution and stable phase structure. Process optimization is essential for obtaining excellent SLM-formed HEA parts. However, the "experimental-only" method cannot accurately depict the thermal process of SLM, resulting in an unclear understanding of defect mechanisms. This study established a multi-layer, multi-channel finite element model to analyze the temperature field during SLM forming CoCrFeMnNi HEA. The influence of laser power (P) and scanning speed (V) on temperature field thermal behavior, molten pool size, and melting lap were systematically explored to analyze the forming thermal process and discuss the defect causes. Experiments verified the model's accuracy; simulation and experiments jointly determine the optimal process window. The results indicate that laser power and scanning speed affect the temperature field and molten pool morphology by affecting the energy input per unit of time. Ultimately, the HEA part exhibited uniform alloy element distribution, single FCC phase structure, appropriately sized molten pools, and rational overlaps with P = 150 W and V = 1000 mm/s; the formed part has the relatively highest density and optimal mechanical properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Science & Technology of Food Industry is the property of Science & Technology of Food Industry Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Constraint‐based optimization of microbial strains and model‐based bioprocess design have been used extensively to enhance yields in biotechnological processes. However, strain and process optimization are usually carried out in sequential steps, causing underperformance of the biotechnological process when scaling up to industrial fermentation conditions. Herein, we propose the optimization formulation SimulKnock that combines the optimization of a fermentation process with metabolic network design in a bilevel optimization program. The upper level maximizes space‐time yield and includes mass balances of a continuous fermentation, while the lower level is based on flux balance analysis. SimulKnock predicts optimal gene deletions and finds the optimal trade‐off between growth rate and product yield. Results of a case study with a genome‐scale metabolic model of Escherichia coli indicate higher space‐time yields than a sequential approach using OptKnock for almost all target products considered. By leveraging SimulKnock, we reduce the gap between strain and process optimization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This project aims to optimise a secondary agricultural company's reporting and data lifecycle by providing self-help business intelligence at an optimal price point for all business users. Design/methodology/approach: A design for Lean Six Sigma approach utilising the define, measure analyse, design and verify methodology was utilised to design a new reporting and data product lifecycle. Findings: The study found that this approach allowed a very structured delivery of a complex program. The various tools used assisted greatly in delivering results while balancing the needs of the team. Practical implications: This study demonstrates how improving data analysis and enhanced intelligence reporting in agribusinesses enable better decision making and thus improves efficiencies so that the agribusiness can leverage the learnings. Social implications: Improving data analysis increases efficiency and reduces agrifood food wastage thus improving sustainability and environmental impacts. Originality/value: This paper proposes creating a standardised approach to deploying Six Sigma methodology to correct both the data provisioning lifecycle and the subsequent business intelligence reporting lifecycle. It is the first study to look at process optimisation across the agricultural industry's entire data and business intelligence lifecycle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The recycling of lithium-ion batteries is an emerging field faced with the challenge of recovering more than the most valuable elements from the batteries. While the literature presents many innovative approaches to the problem, an overview of the technical and environmental prospects of hydrometallurgical black mass recycling remains crucial. The goal was to analyze the impacts of a black mass process flowsheet and suggest ways to further reduce the impacts of battery recycling. Methods: The flowsheet was drafted from the literature by combining both state-of-the-art and experimentally demonstrated unit processes by starting with the leaching system, where reductive leaching is performed using only the copper and iron impurities already present in the black mass. The process targeted copper, manganese, cobalt, nickel, and lithium recovery, and three scenarios for manganese recovery were investigated. The flowsheet was simulated using HSC Sim software, and the mass and energy balances were adapted into internally consistent life cycle inventories. The scope was "gate-to-gate" in Europe and CML methodology was used for impact assessment. Results and discussion: Assuming that mechanical pre-treatment carries more environmental benefits than burdens, the results indicated that hydrometallurgical black mass recycling had a tentatively lower environmental footprint compared to virgin raw materials in all impact categories except ozone depletion, the results indicated that hydrometallurgical black mass recycling had a tentatively lower environmental footprint compared to virgin raw materials in all impact categories except ozone depletion. Sulfuric acid and neutralizing chemicals were among the most significant contributors to the impacts, and therefore further analysis was conducted based on an experimental study on low acid leaching with a low (< 0.5 M) initial sulfuric acid concentration instead of the baseline 2 M. This reduced the impacts by approximately 30–40% in all categories by decreasing downstream chemical consumption, and more significantly decreased ozone depletion. The challenges and opportunities for further process improvement were also considered. Conclusions: The study highlights the importance of process optimization to improve the environmental sustainability of battery chemical production, but also revealed critical research gaps in the experimental literature. Rather than focusing on a single unit process, experimental black mass recycling research should aim at finding solutions that are optimal for the up- and downstream units, such as minimization of aluminum in the black mass and acid consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Cellobiose lipids (CL) are biosurfactants produced by various Ustilaginaceae species in aerobic fermentations. They show high potential for application as alternatives to conventional oleochemical- or petrochemical surfactants. To ensure their environmentally friendly performance, we aimed to assess CL production from a life cycle perspective at an early developmental stage to identify process steps that have the highest impact on the environment. With this information, optimisation approaches can be derived. Materials and methods: Following a cradle-to-gate approach, we modelled the CL fermentation and purification process based on experimental data from the lab scale and process simulation data at a 10 m3 scale. For LCA, the impact categories (IC) abiotic depletion potential (ADP), eutrophication potential, photochemical ozone creation potential, global warming potential, acidification potential, and the primary energy demand were calculated for all process steps. Based on the obtained results, process bottlenecks were identified, and alternative process scenarios varying the related process parameters were simulated. These were used to assess the environmental impact reduction potential (EIRP) of an optimised process and draw recommendations for experimental process optimisation. Results and discussion: The obtained results showed that the fermentation caused ~ 73% of ADP and more than 85% of all other ICs. The major contributor was the electricity consumption for continuous fermenter aeration. Thus, reducing the fermentation duration from the initial 14 to 5 days would result in a decrease in all investigated ICs of up to ~ 27–52%. An increase in CL concentration results in a decrease in all ICs of a similar magnitude due to the higher yield per batch at comparable energy and material consumption. Although the share of purification process steps to all ICs is overall relatively small, implementing foam fractionation for in situ product recovery showed an additional EIRP of 18–27% in all purification IC shares. Conclusions: The conducted LCA showed that overall, more EIRP can be achieved by optimising fermentation process parameters compared to purification process steps. This is mainly due to the long fermentation duration and large energy consumption for fermenter aeration. This highlights the importance of using LCA as a driver for process optimisation to identify process steps with high EIRP. While some of the results are specific to CL, other obtained results can be transferred to other fermentations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon-based nanodots have garnered recent interest for their simple synthesis and versatile utility, ranging from biomedical to (opto) electronic applications, evolving into a tunable and biocompatible material. Here, for the first time, a biochar (lotus leaf) derived carbon nanodots was synthesized through hydrothermal carbonization. The synthesized hollow spherical biochar was engineered via functionalization by grafting –SO3H active sites. The attained catalyst was broadly analyzed by XRD, FTIR, TGA, BET, SEM–EDX, TEM, and XPS analysis after which it was applied for the acetalization reaction of crude glycerol (a biodiesel by-product) to form solketal, a potential fuel additive to valorize the large waste stream generated from biodiesel industry. Employing the RSM-CCD methodology, the experimental matrix was executed, and subsequent data were scrutinized through multiple regressions to model a quadratic equation. Under specific reaction parameters—a reaction duration of 14 min, a molar ratio of 7.5:1, and a catalyst loading of 5.7 wt.%, maximum solketal yield (95.7%) was attained through the ultrasonication method. Finally, to conclude, life cycle cost analysis (LCCA) for solketal production was studied here which determined the overall cost of solketal production per kilogram to be 0.719 USD ($), indicating high commercial applicability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Starch nanoparticles (SNPs), due to their minimum particle size and maximum surface to volume ratio do not have starch limitations such as low solubility and digestibility. SNPs in colloidal form were enzymatically produced using enzyme of α‐amylase in combination toultrasinication technique to accomplished SNPs gelatinization. Results indicated that SNPs with smallest particle size (109 nm) and polydispersity index (0.560), and highest zeta potential (−32.16 mV) and antioxidant activity (30%) values was obtained using 2.10 mL enzyme and ultrasonication time of 69 s. SNPs in powder form were produced using obtained optimum conditions and a laboratory freeze dryer with chamber temperature and pressure of −70 °C and 100 Pa, for 24 h, and characterized Results indicated that the provided native starch had particle size of ranging 6 to 10 µm with zeta potential value of −4.50 mV, prepared SNPs powder had spherical shape and flat surface with mean particle size, zeta potential and specific surface area values of 105 nm, −26.7 mV and 4.70 m2 g−1, respectively. Furthermore, oil separation time for the emulsions having starch and powder of SNPs, were 43 and 297 s, respectively. While, for the sample without emulsifier (control), this time was 22 s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Berberis genus is recognized as a significant source of β‐sitosterol and polyphenols. The inclusion of β‐sitosterol into various health‐related formulations has widened its potential in the pharmaceutical and nutraceutical industries. Process optimization ensures the maximum efficiency, consistency, and yield. In the current study, we employed mutual interaction effect to extract the β‐sitosterol from the root bark of Berberis jaeschkeana using ultrasonic‐assisted extraction (UAE) technique. In order to identify the optimal extraction parameters, we conducted a series of 29 experiments, varying factors, such as amplitude level, solid‐to‐liquid ratio, extraction time, and temperature. The mutual interaction effect encompasses several key components, including the Box–Behnken design, assessment of model fitness, coefficient of determination, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the creation of three‐dimensional (3D) response curves of response surface methodology (RSM). The outcomes of the analysis revealed notable model fitness, highlighting the presence of linear, quadratic, and interactive effects among the various factors examined. The optimized UAE conditions (amplitude level of 30%, time of 10 min, solid‐to‐liquid ratio of 20, and temperature at 50°C) were applied. Under the most favorable extraction conditions, the β‐sitosterol was identified and quantified from Berberis jaeschkeana using high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The β‐sitosterol yield was measured at 43.52 mg per gram of the sample. Conclusively, the optimization approach for UAE using the mutual interaction effect contributes to a more rapid extraction process, resulting in a higher yield of β‐sitosterol. Furthermore, this study design could be extended to other valuable species or compounds to efficiently extract nutraceutical compounds and enhance the sustainable utilization of natural products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogen liquefaction is essential for the efficient storage and transportation of hydrogen. In the liquefaction process, catalytic ortho‐para conversion is crucial to achieve a product with at least 95 % para‐hydrogen to reduce boil‐off losses. The proposed hydrogen liquefaction process using a catalyst‐filled heat exchanger for continuous ortho‐para conversion is modeled through steady‐state thermal simulations in Aspen HYSYS. Additionally, an ejector is integrated to reliquefy boil‐off gas. The proposed design achieves a specific energy consumption (SEC) of 10.50 kWh (kgLH2${\mathrm{kg}}_{{\mathrm{LH}}_2}$)−1 and an exergy efficiency (EXE) of 30.1 %, which is 18 % lower in SEC compared to processes with separate converters. The integrated approach enhances energy utilization and offers references for future hydrogen liquefiers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Granulation is the critical process for the pharmaceutical development of poorly water-soluble drug products. Poorly formulated products have challenges in dissolution and bioequivalence studies. Rivaroxaban (RXB) is a poorly soluble drug and has 66% fasting bioavailability at a high strength of 20 mg. Establishing the bioequivalence between test and reference products for high strength requires comparative dissolution profiles and bioequivalence. Improper granulation products and the rest of the batches failed in virtual bioequivalence. The present study provided insight into the optimization of the wet granulation process for manufacturing RXB generic immediate-release tablets using PBPK modeling and simulations. Furthermore, PBPK models are not only useful for formulation optimization but also for process optimization during pharmaceutical product development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Food Research & Development is the property of Food Research & Development Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Food Research & Development is the property of Food Research & Development Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Food Research & Development is the property of Food Research & Development Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Food Research & Development is the property of Food Research & Development Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Food Research & Development is the property of Food Research & Development Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Anaerobic digestion (AD) of food waste (FW) is considered an environmentally sustainable process that can divert the disposal of FW to landfill and prevent greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in managing the FW. Although several studies have attempted to demonstrate the AD of FW, low methane yields and a high incidence of process instability have been reported due to the rapid generation and accumulation of volatile fatty acids (VFAs). This paper reviews the recent research and development with high variation in FW composition, such as the carbon-to-nitrogen (C/N) ratio and, consequently, the effect of its physicochemical composition on process performance and methane yields. The paper highlights the significance of optimizing the anaerobic co-digestion (AcoD) of FW with carbon-rich substrates such as garden waste (GW) and/or the addition of trace elements as strategies that can improve the process performance and methane yields from FW. This review focuses on the factors effecting the feasibility of food organics and garden organics (FOGO) as a substrate for methane production. The review also critically analyses the prospects of enhancement of biomethane yield by optimizations of the impactful parameters. The progress in research related to these methods and identifying existing limitations to efficient AD of FOGO are the key findings of this review. This review also assesses the impact of nanotechnology on the process performance of the digester. The integration of FO and GO in AD processes has demonstrated enhanced biogas yields, improved process stability, and better waste management outcomes compared to the digestion of either substrate alone. Despite these advantages, challenges such as feedstock variability, process optimization, and the need for advanced pretreatment methods remain. Addressing these issues through continued research and technological innovations will be crucial for maximizing the efficiency and scalability of AD systems. Moreover, the economic feasibility and policy frameworks supporting AD need further development to promote broader adoption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the increasing demand for high-performance leisure boat propellers, this study explores the development of high-strength aluminum alloy propellers using the low-pressure die-casting (LPDC) process. In Part I of the study, we identified the optimal alloy compositions for Al-6Zn-2Mg-1.5Cu propellers and highlighted the challenges of hot tearing at the junction between the hub and blades. In this continuation, we developed a coupled thermal fluid stress analysis model using ProCAST software to optimize the LPDC process. By adjusting casting parameters such as the melt supply temperature, initial mold temperature, and curvature radius between the hub and blades, we minimized hot tearing and other casting defects. The results were validated through simulations and practical applications, showing significant improvements in the quality and structural integrity of the propellers. Non-destructive testing using X-ray CT confirmed the reduction in internal defects, demonstrating the effectiveness of the simulation-based approach for alloy design and process optimization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aimed to use geopolymer materials synthesized from different fly ashes, which are promising for the adsorption of copper ions from aqueous solutions. The characterization of fly ashes and prepared adsorbents was performed by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analysis, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area analysis, and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Taguchi and ANOVA methods were used to predict the effect of different working parameters on copper ion removal by prepared geopolymers. Based on data obtained by the Taguchi method, it was found that the factor most influencing the adsorption process is the type of adsorbent used, followed by the solution pH, the reaction time, the adsorbent dose, and the initial copper ion concentration. The ANOVA results agree with the Taguchi method. The optimal conditions of the adsorption process were: fly ash C modified by direct activation with 2 M NaOH, at 70 °C for 4 h, solution pH of 5, initial pollutant concentration of 300 mg/L, 40 g/L adsorbent dose, and 120 min of reaction time. Copper ion removal efficiency was determined experimentally under optimal conditions, achieving a value of 99.71%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]