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The intestinal barrier weakens and chronic gut inflammation occurs in old age, causing age-related illnesses. Recent research shows that low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH), besides anticoagulation, also has anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects, protecting the intestinal barrier. This study aims to analyze the effect of LMWH on the intestinal barrier of old male rodents. This study assigned Sprague–Dawley male rats to four groups: young (3 months), young + LMWH, old (20 months), and old + LMWH. The LMWH groups received 1 mg/kg LMWH via subcutaneous injection for 7 days. Optical and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to examine morphological changes in intestinal mucosa due to aging. Intestinal permeability was measured using fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-dextran. ELISA kits were used to measure serum levels of IL-6 and IL-1β, while Quantitative RT-PCR detected their mRNA levels in intestinal tissues. Western blotting and immunohistochemistry (IHC) evaluated the tight junction (TJ) protein levels such as occludin, zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1), and claudin-2. Western blotting assessed the expression of the apoptosis marker cleaved caspase 3, while IHC was used to detect LGR5+ intestinal stem cells. The intestinal permeability of aged rats was significantly higher than that of young rats, indicating significant differences. With age, the protein levels of occludin and ZO-1 decreased significantly, while the level of claudin-2 increased significantly. Meanwhile, our study found that the levels of IL-1β and IL-6 increased significantly with age. LMWH intervention effectively alleviated age-related intestinal barrier dysfunction. In aged rats treated with LMWH, the expression of occludin and ZO-1 proteins in the intestine increased, while the expression of claudin-2 decreased. Furthermore, LMWH administration in aged rats resulted in a decrease in IL-1β and IL-6 levels. LMWH also reduced age-related cleaved caspase3 expression, but IHC showed no difference in LGR5+ intestinal stem cells between groups. Research suggests that LMWH could potentially be a favorable therapeutic choice for age-related diseases associated with intestinal barrier dysfunction, by protecting TJ proteins, reducing inflammation, and apoptosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PurposeMethodsResultsConclusionsTo evaluate matrix metalloprotease-1 (MMP-1), matrix metalloprotease-3 (MMP-3), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels in the eyelid skin and fibroadipose tissue in patients with inactive moderate-to-severe Graves’ orbitopathy (GO).This prospective study included 23 patients with inactive moderate-to-severe GO who underwent upper blepharoplasty and medial fat excision, and 22 age- and sex-matched healthy subjects. MMP-1, MMP-3, TNF-α, and IL-6 levels in the skin and fibroadipose tissue obtained during surgery were measured using the ELISA method.The mean MMP-1 level in the eyelid skin (p = .003) and the mean MMP-3 level in the fibroadipose tissue (p = .04) were significantly lower in the GO group compared to the healthy control group. There were no differences in other mediators in both tissues between the two groups (p > .05).The lower levels of proteolytic enzymes such as MMP-1 and MMP-3 in the eyelid skin and orbital fibroadipose tissue of patients with chronic inactive GO may play a role in the increase of collagen and glycosaminoglycans in orbital soft tissues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Psoriasis is a common autoimmune and chronic inflammatory dermatological disease that is mainly associated with aberrant immune response and oxidative stress (OS). OS, a crucial pathogenic factor in psoriasis, contributes to psoriasis-like inflammation mediated by the IL-23/IL-17 inflammatory axis. Sleep disturbances (SDs), highly prevalent in patients with psoriasis, exacerbate the condition by disrupting circadian rhythms and reducing melatonin levels, thus promoting OS and inflammation. Xiaoyin-Anshen formula (XYAS), a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formula, is composed of the Liangxue-Jiedu (LXJD) and Qingxin-Anshen (QXAS) TCM compounds and has been demonstrated to be effective in treating psoriasis complicated by SDs. However, its exact pharmacological mechanism remains uncertain. Thus, this study used animal experiments to verify whether XYAS can exert therapeutic effects on the disease by regulating melatonin (MLT) levels, protecting against OS, and inhibiting psoriasis-like skin inflammation. Methods: A mouse model for psoriasis combined with SDs was established by smearing 62.5 mg of 5% imiquimod (IMQ) cream for seven consecutive days, along with a daily injection of p-chlorophenyl alanine (PCPA) solution at a dosage of 300 mg/kg at days 6-7. The IMQ cream was continued to be used for maintaining the model at days 8-14. Mice were randomly divided into groups: control, model, MLT, XYAS, LXJD, QXAS. Each group was treated according to its designation at days 8-14, receiving either an oral gavage of XYAS/LXJD/QXAS solution at a dosage of 2 mL/100 g per day, or a daily injection of MLT solution at a concentration of 0.25 mg/mL, with a dosage of 5 mg/kg. Immunohistological analysis, pentobarbital-induced sleep test, Western blotting, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were performed to assess and compare pathological features, sleep conditions, localization and/or levels of manganese-dependent superoxide dismutase (mnSOD), mitochondrial cytochrome c (Cyt-C), MLT, retinoid-related orphan nuclear receptor-a (RORa), and pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-6, IL-17A, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a) among groups. Results: MLT, XYAS, LXJD, and QXAS exhibited varying therapeutic effects on RORa regulation, OS inhibition, mitochondrial protection, and anti-inflammation. Compared to the model, the lesion severity/thickness and serum IL-6, IL-17A, and TNF-a levels were gradually reduced in the MLT, QXAS, LXJD, and XYAS. However, no statistical difference in TNF-a levels was identified between the MLT and the model groups. Additionally, skin MLT levels gradually increased in the MLT, QXAS, and XYAS groups, while RORa levels gradually increased in the MLT, QXAS, LXJD, and XYAS groups. All treatments increased mnSOD levels and reduced Cyt-C levels in skin lesions, with XYAS showing the most significant changes. Conclusion: XYAS may treat psoriasis complicated by SDs through two main mechanisms: (1) Improving melatonin-RORa axis in the skin can lead to an increase in mnSOD and a reduction in Cyt-C levels, which provide protection against oxidative stress, mitochondrial damage, and psoriatic inflammation. (2) Reducing IL-6, IL-17A, and TNF-a production to suppress IL-23/Th17 proinflammatory signaling axis and epidermal hyperplasia in psoriasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To assess the level of both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in the aqueous humor (AH) of patients suffering from uveitis, with or without coexisting glaucoma, and compare them with patients diagnosed with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) and those with age-related cataract (ARC). By using Luminex xMAP® multiplex assays analyses, we assessed levels of 11 cytokines and chemokines, and compared them across groups, including uveitis-secondary glaucoma (USG) (n = 16), uveitis without glaucoma (UwoG), (n = 16), POAG (n = 16), and ARC (n = 16) to explore the correlation between these cytokines and the presence of uveitis, as well as intraocular pressure (IOP). Pro-inflammatory factors MCP-1, MIP-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and transforming growth factors TGF-β1 and TGF-β2 were significantly elevated in the AH of USG eyes. In the case of enhanced anti-inflammatory in the perioperative period, the pro-inflammatory factors remained notably elevated in the USG group compared to the UwoG group (P < 0.01). The levels of IL-6, IL-8, and MCP-1 in the AH of the USG group and POAG group had the same trend, which markedly surpassed those of the ARC group (P < 0.01). Significantly increased levels of MCP-1, MIP-1β, IL-6, IL-8, TGF-β1, and TGF-β2 were found in the AH of USG patients, implying a potential role for these mediators in the progression of glaucomatous manifestations within patients with uveitis. Besides the analysis revealed no discernible statistical disparity in cytokine concentrations within the AH of USG eyes whether the preoperative baseline IOP was greater than 30 mmHg or not, indicating that the safety of antiglaucoma surgery in USG patients even with baseline high IOP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Varicocele (VC) is widely recognized as a prevalent etiological factor contributing to male infertility. It has been established that the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) plays a significant role in the progression and development of VC. Antioxidants may regulate ROS levels in these patients. Astaxanthin (ASX) is a carotenoid compound with notable antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory characteristics. The current study postulated that the administration of ASX following varicocelectomy (VCT) could potentially enhance antioxidant status and semen quality in these patients. A total of 40 infertile males with clinical VC and abnormal semen analyses were randomly assigned to take part in the current trial. For 3 months following surgery, the intervention group took ASX (6 mg/day) while the control group received a placebo. After intervention, semen parameters, antioxidant status, and pro‐inflammatory cytokines were compared between the two groups. Regarding semen parameters, antioxidant treatment led to a significant improvement in total and progressive motility in the treatment group (p < 0.05). Additionally, ASX led to a considerable increase in the expression levels of NRF2, Keap1, SOD2, SOD3, and BCL2, though the enhancement in the expression level of SOD3 was not statistically significant (p >.05). However, ASX significantly decreased the BAX expression level (p <.05). Even though the level of total antioxidant capacity (TAC) of seminal fluid (SF) increased significantly in the treatment group (p <.05), the level of total oxidative stress (TOS) in SF did not differ substantially between treatment and control groups (p >.05). Based on inflammatory factors in SF, ASX led to a considerable reduction in levels of TNF‐α, IL‐1β, and IL‐6 (p <.05). Our findings demonstrated that ASX treatment provides an important contribution to VCT outcomes by modulating antioxidant status and pro‐inflammatory cytokines. Our results indicated that ASX may be beneficial as an adjuvant therapy for infertile men following VCT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Immune stressors, such as lipopolysaccharides (LPS), profoundly affect microbiota balance, leading to gut dysbiosis. This imbalance disrupts the metabolic phenotype and structural integrity of the gut, increasing intestinal permeability. During puberty, a critical surge in estrogen levels is crucial for mammary gland development. However, inflammation originating from the gut in this period may interfere with this development, potentially heightening breast cancer risk later. The long‐term effects of pubertal inflammation on mammary development and breast cancer risk are underexplored. Such episodes can dysregulate cytokine levels and microRNA expression, altering mammary cell gene expression, and predisposing them to tumorigenesis. Methods: This study hypothesizes that prebiotics, specifically Lentinula edodes Cultured Extract (AHCC), can counteract LPS's adverse effects. Using BALB/c mice, an acute LPS dose was administered at puberty, and breast cancer predisposition was assessed at 13 weeks. Cytokine and tumor‐related microRNA levels, tumor development, and cancer stem cells were explored through immunoassays and qRT‐PCR. Results: Results show that LPS induces lasting effects on cytokine and microRNA expression in mammary glands and tumors. AHCC modulates cytokine expression, including IL‐1β, IL‐17A/F, and IL‐23, and mitigates LPS‐induced IL‐6 in mammary glands. It also regulates microRNA expression linked to tumor progression and suppression, particularly counteracting the upregulation of oncogenic miR‐21, miR‐92, and miR‐155. Although AHCC slightly alters some tumor‐suppressive microRNAs, these changes are modest, highlighting a complex regulatory role that warrants further study. Conclusion: These findings underscore the potential of dietary interventions like AHCC to mitigate pubertal LPS‐induced inflammation on mammary gland development and tumor formation, suggesting a preventive strategy against breast cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pro-inflammatory cytokines play a role in the failure of β cells in type 1 and type 2 diabetes. While existing data from 'omics' experiments allow for some understanding of the molecular mechanisms behind cytokine-induced dysfunction in β cells, no report thus far has provided information on the direct imaging of the β cell landscape with nanoscale resolution following cytokine exposure. In this study, we use Airyscan-based optical super-resolution microscopy of Insulinoma 1E (INS-1E) cells to investigate the structural properties of two subcellular membranous compartments involved in the production, maturation and secretion of insulin-containing granules, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the Golgi apparatus (GA). Our findings reveal that exposure of INS-1E cells to IL-1β and IFN-γ for 24 h leads to significant structural alterations of both compartments. In more detail, both the ER and the GA fragment and give rise to vesicle-like structures with markedly reduced characteristic area and perimeter and increased circularity with respect to the original structures. These findings complement the molecular data collected thus far on these compartments and their role in β cell dysfunction and lay the groundwork for future optical microscopy-based ex vivo and in vivo investigations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Apigenin is a flavone-kind of flavonoid present in fruits and vegetables. Apigenin exhibits biological activities including neuropharmacological effects against different neurological disorders. In this study, we summarize and discuss the molecular mechanisms of the anti-neuroinflammatory effects of apigenin in neurological disorders. A systematic review was conducted by searching Google Scholar, Web of Science, Scopus and PubMed. A total of 461 records were retrieved from the search. After screening of the records based on the inclusion criteria, 16 articles were selected and discussed in this study. The results from the selected studies showed that apigenin exhibited anti-neuroinflammatory effect in preclinical studies. The anti-neuroinflammatory mechanisms exhibited by apigenin include inhibition of overproduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines, attenuation of microglia activation via reduction of CD-11b-positive cells, inhibition of ROCK-1 expression and upregulation of miR-15a, p-ERK1/2, p-CREB, and BDNF, downregulation of NLRP3 inflammasome, iNOS and COX-2 expression, reduction of Toll-like receptor-4 expression and inhibition of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kB) activation. Overall, apigenin inhibited neuroinflammation which suggests it confers neuroprotective effect against neuronal degeneration in some neurodegenerative conditions. This review provides important neuropharmacological information on the neuroprotective mechanisms of apigenin against neuroinflammation which may be useful for future preclinical and clinical studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines have been linked to increased mortality in COVID-19 patients. Infliximab, a tumor necrosis factor inhibitor, has been reported to improve outcomes in COVID-19 patients by targeting the hyperinflammatory response. Our objective was to evaluate the effectiveness of incorporating Infliximab into standard care guidelines for the management of COVID-19. Materials and Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on 111 participants who were moderate to severe COVID-19 patients admitted to the hospital. Among them, 74 individuals received solely standard treatment, while 37 received standard therapy plus Infliximab. The primary outcomes of the study centered around the changes in laboratory test parameters. The secondary clinical findings included clinical recovery defined as improvement in patient oxygenation, time till recovery, and assessing necessity for ICU admission, and mortality rates. Results: There was no statistical difference observed in the inflammatory markers including, LDH, Ferritin, CRP, neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR), and P/F ratio between both groups and in the clinical outcomes including clinical recovery (p = 1.0), time to improvement (p = 0.436), and mortality rate (p = 0.601). However, there was a significant increase in secondary infection (45.9%, 20.3%; p = 0.005), and in liver enzymes, ALT (79.5, 50.0 IU/L; p = 0.02) and AST (57.5, 38.0 IU/L; p = 0.019) in the Infliximab group and the standard care group, respectively. Conclusions: Infliximab therapy did not demonstrate significant benefits compared to standard of care in moderate to severe hospitalized COVID-19 patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An oral colon-targeted drug delivery system holds great potential in preventing systemic toxicity and preserving the therapeutic benefits of ulcerative colitis (UC) treatment. In this study, we developed a negatively charged PLGA-PEG nanoparticle system for encapsulating naringin (Nar). Additionally, chitosan and mannose were coated on the surface of these nanoparticles to enhance their mucosal adsorption and macrophage targeting abilities. The resulting nanoparticles, termed MC@Nar-NPs, exhibited excellent resistance against decomposition in the strong acidic gastrointestinal environment and specifically accumulated at inflammatory sites. Upon payload release, MC@Nar-NPs demonstrated remarkable efficacy in alleviating colon inflammation as evidenced by reduced levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in both blood and colon tissues, as well as the scavenging of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the colon. This oral nanoparticle delivery system represents a novel approach to treating UC by utilizing Chinese herbal ingredient-based oral delivery and provides a theoretical foundation for local and precise intervention in specific UC treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although previous research has shown that inflammation is associated with development of colorectal cancer (CRC), questions remain about whether inflammatory factor-secreting bacteria play a crucial role in CRC development. The potential role of gut microbiota in secreting inflammatory factors involved in the carcinogenesis of CRC among Chinese patients was explored in this study. 16S rRNA sequencing was utilized to evaluate the distinct microbial characteristics between patients with CRC and colorectal adenoma. The serum levels of TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-10 were measured using Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), while the expression of LRG1 and TGF-β1 in tissues was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. The correlation between gut microbiota and inflammatory factor signaling was analyzed. Compared with the adenoma group, CRC patients exhibit distinct pathologies. Moreover, elevated levels of CEA, erythrocytes and haemoglobin in the blood of CRC patients were found. In addition, CRC patients have significantly higher levels of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10, LRG1 and TGF-β1. Spearman correlation analysis revealed that LRG1 was positively related to IL-6 and TNF-α, respectively. The correlation analysis results of TGF-β1 were consistent with the above. The abundance of Blautia and Streptococcus was lower in CRC patients, while the relative abundance of Alistipes, Peptostreptococcus and Porphyromonas was significantly elevated. Moreover, positive correlations between Alistipes and inflammatory factor signaling were also found. Our results suggest that gut commensal Alistipes is a key bacterium with pro-inflammatory properties in the CRC carcinogenesis. TNF-α and IL-6 associated with Alistipes might activate LRG1/TGF-β1 signaling which contributed to the carcinogenesis of CRC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Delayed neurocognitive recovery (dNCR) can result in unfavorable outcomes in elderly surgical patients. Physical activity (PA) has been shown to improve cognitive function, potentially by reducing systemic inflammatory responses. However, there is a lack of supportive data indicating whether PA has a protective effect against dNCR. Aims: To examine the correlation between dNCR and PA, and to further analyze if pro-inflammatory cytokines mediate this relationship. Methods: This study is a prospective nested case-control investigation of elderly patients who had knee replacement surgery. dNCR was defined as a decline in cognitive function compared with baseline by using a battery of neuropsychological tests. PA was assessed with the Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly (PASE). Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to measure the serum concentrations of IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was conducted to assess the association between PA and dNCR. Mediation analysis was employed to evaluate whether pro-inflammatory cytokines mediate the relationship between them. Results: A cohort of 152 patients was included, resulting in an incidence rate of dNCR of 23.68%. PA was associated with dNCR after full adjustment [OR = 0.199, (95% CI, 0.061; 0.649), P = 0.007]. Mediation analysis showed that the IL-6 mediated the statistical association between PA and dNCR, with mediation proportions (%) of 77.68 (postoperative concentration of IL-6) or 27.58 (the absolute change in IL-6 before and after surgery). Conclusions: PA serves as a protective factor against dNCR, possibly through the reduction of pro-inflammatory cytokine concentrations. The Chinese Clinical Trail Registry: : www.http://chictr.org.cn, Registration No. ChiCTR2300070834, Registration date: April 24, 2023. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Immune responses of the epithelia of the upper respiratory tract are likely crucial in early inhibition of the viral replication and finally clearance of SARS-CoV-2. We aimed to compare the expression profiles of antimicrobial peptides/proteins (AMPs) and related cytokines observed in the nasopharynx of SARS-CoV-2-infected patients and non-infected controls and to assess the associations between these parameters and COVID-19 patients' outcomes. We included 45 subjects who had tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 and 22 control subjects who had tested negative for SARS-CoV-2. Biomaterial for SARS-CoV-2 detection, as well as gene and protein expression studies, was obtained from all subjects using nasopharyngeal swabs which were performed a maximum of 7 days before inclusion in the study. Univariable and multivariable statistics were performed. When compared to the controls, the mRNA expression levels of human β-defensin 1 (hBD-1), LL-37, and trappin-2 were significantly higher in specimens of nasopharyngeal swabs from COVID-19 patients. Protein expression of hBD-1 was also increased in the COVID-19 group. mRNA expression levels of interferon-ɣ (IFN-ɣ), tumor necrosis factor- ɑ (TNF-ɑ), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) measured in SARS-CoV-2-infected patients were significantly higher than those observed in the controls, which could also be confirmed in the protein levels of IFN-ɣ and IL-6. A significant correlation between mRNA and protein levels could be observed only for IL-6. Univariable analysis revealed that low IFN-ɣ mRNA levels were associated with severe/fatal outcomes. The occurrence of COVID-19 pneumonia was significantly associated with lower expression levels of IL-6 mRNA, IFN-ɣ mRNA, and TNF-ɑ mRNA. Concerning the severe/fatal outcomes, the multivariable logistic regression model revealed that none of the aforementioned parameters remained significant in the model. However, the logistic regression model revealed that higher TNF-ɑ mRNA expression was a significant independent predictor of absence of pneumonia [odds ratio: 0.35 (95% CI 0.14 to 0.88, p = 0.024)]. In conclusion, nasopharyngeal expression of AMPs (hBD-1, LL-37, and trappin-2) and cytokines (IL-6, IFN-ɣ, and TNF-ɑ) is upregulated in response to early SARS-CoV-2 infection, indicating that these AMPs and cytokines play a role in the local host defense against the virus. Upregulated nasopharyngeal TNF-ɑ mRNA expression during the early phase of SARS-CoV-2 infection was a significant independent predictor of the absence of COVID-19 pneumonia. Hence, high TNF-ɑ mRNA expression in the nasopharynx appears to be a protective factor for lung complications in COVID-19 patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The release of pro-inflammatory cytokines in critically ill patients with sepsis leads to endothelial dysfunction resulting in cardiocirculatory insufficiency. Their extracorporeal elimination using the cytokine adsorber CytoSorb® (CS) (adsorption of especially hydrophobic molecules < 60 kDa) might be promising, but data about the adsorption capacity as well as a potential harmful adsorption of anti-inflammatory cytokines are missing so far. Methods: The prospective Cyto-SOLVE-study included 15 patients with sepsis or other hyperinflammatory conditions (interleukin 6 > 500 pg/ml), continuous kidney replacement therapy, and the application of CS. Various cytokines and chemokines were measured pre- and post-CS as well as in patients' blood at predefined timepoints. Significant changes in the concentrations were detected with the Wilcoxon test with associated samples. Clearance of the adsorber (ml/min) was calculated with: b l o o d f l o w ∗ c o n c e n t r a t i o n p r e - p o s t c o n c e n t r a t i o n pre . Results: Most of the inflammatory mediators showed a high initial extracorporeal clearance of 70–100 ml/min after CS installation, which dropped quickly to 10-30 ml/min after 6 h of treatment. No difference in clearance was observed between pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Despite extracorporeal adsorption, a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in the blood concentration after 6 h was only observed for the pro-inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factorα (TNF-α) (median 284 vs. 230 pg/ml), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) (median 294 vs. 252 pg/ml), macrophage inflammatory protein 1a (MIP-1a) (median 11.1 vs. 9.0 pg/ml), and regulated upon activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES) (median 811 vs. 487 pg/ml) as well as the anti-inflammatory cytokines interleukin 4 (median 9.3 vs. 6.4 pg/ml), interleukin 10 (median 88 vs. 56 pg/ml), and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) (median 177 vs. 104 pg/ml). A significant (p < 0.05) decrease in patients' blood after 12 h was only detected for interleukin 10. Conclusions: CS can adsorb pro- as well as anti-inflammatory mediators with no relevant difference regarding the adsorption rate. A fast saturation of the adsorber resulted in a rapid decrease of the clearance. The potential clinical benefit or harm of this unspecific cytokine adsorption needs to be evaluated in the future. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04913298, registration date June 4, 2021. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Aim: Silibinin, has been investigated for its potential benefits and mechanisms in addressing vanadium pentoxide (V2O5)-induced pulmonary inflammation. This study explored the anti-inflammatory activity of silibinin and elucidate the mechanisms by which it operates in a mouse model of vanadium-induced lung injury. Materials and Methods: Eight-week-old male BALB/c mice were exposed to V2O5 to induce lung injury. Mice were pretreated with silibinin at doses of 50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg. Histological analyses were performed to assess cell viability and infiltration of inflammatory cells. The expression of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β) and activation of the MAPK and NF-ĸB signaling pathways, as well as the NLRP3 inflammasome, were evaluated using real-time PCR, western blot analysis, and immunohistochemistry. Whole blood analysis was conducted to measure white blood cell counts. Results: Silibinin treatment significantly improved cell viability, reduced inflammatory cell infiltration, and decreased the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in V2O5-induced lung injury. It also notably suppressed the activation of the MAPK and NF-ĸB signaling pathways, along with a marked reduction in NLRP3 inflammasome expression levels in lung tissues. Additionally, silibinintreated groups exhibited a significant decrease in white blood cell counts, including neutrophils, lymphocytes, and eosinophils. Conclusion: These findings underscore the potent anti-inflammatory effects of silibinin in mice with V2O5-induced lung inflammation, highlighting its therapeutic potential. The study not only confirms the efficacy of silibinin in mitigating inflammatory responses but also provides a foundational understanding of its role in modulating key inflammatory pathways, paving the way for future therapeutic strategies against pulmonary inflammation induced by environmental pollutants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chemerin, an adipokine known for its role in adipogenesis and inflammation, has emerged as a significant biomarker in cardiovascular diseases, including acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Recent studies have highlighted chemerin's involvement in the pathophysiological processes of coronary artery disease (CAD), where it modulates inflammatory responses, endothelial function, and vascular remodelling. Elevated levels of chemerin have been associated with adverse cardiovascular outcomes, including increased myocardial injury, left ventricular dysfunction, and heightened inflammatory states post-AMI. This manuscript aims to provide a comprehensive review of the current understanding of chemerin's role in AMI, detailing its molecular mechanisms, clinical implications, and potential as a biomarker for diagnosis and prognosis. Additionally, we explore the therapeutic prospects of targeting chemerin pathways to mitigate myocardial damage and improve clinical outcomes in AMI patients. By synthesizing the latest research findings, this review seeks to elucidate the multifaceted role of chemerin in AMI and its promise as a target for innovative therapeutic strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Skin aging is characterized by reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, principal players in triggering events associated with aging. Our recent data on the ability of an innovative poly-component formulation (KARISMA Rh Collagen® FACE: K formulation) to suppress the biomolecular events associated with oxidative stress-induced aging prompted us to deepen the mechanisms underlying the observed effects on aged human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs). Here, we evaluated K's ability to perform a direct free radical-scavenging action and modulate anti-oxidant systems by counteracting the inflammatory process in an H2O2-induced cellular senescence model. Standard methods were used to measure scavenging capacity and enzymatic anti-oxidant system activities. Nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) levels were analyzed by Western blot. We assessed pro-inflammatory cytokines, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), and advanced glycation end-products (AGEs). Our results show that K counteracted stress-induced aging in a dose-dependent manner by exerting a direct scavenging action and increasing anti-oxidant systems, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) up to control values. These findings could be associated with increased phospho-Nrf2 (p-Nrf2) expression, generally reduced in aged HDFs following exposure to different concentrations of K formulation. Moreover, K formulation caused a reduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines, interleukin-1β and -6, MMP-1 and -9, and AGE levels, events related to a downregulation of p-NF-κB level. The results indicate that K formulation re-established the normal physiology of HDFs by reducing p-NF-κB expression and restoring Nrf2 activation, thus supporting its efficacious reparative and regenerative action in treating skin aging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) is a common nutritional metabolic disease in ruminants that causes significant economic losses to dairy farming. Strontium (Sr) is known to be involved in bone metabolism and exhibits potent anti-inflammatory effects. To evaluate the effect of Sr on inflammation in bovine ruminal epithelial cells, a model of LPS-induced inflammation was established in this study, and the cell viability of bovine ruminal epithelial cells was measured using CCK-8. The production of pro-inflammatory cytokines was measured by ELISA and real-time PCR, respectively. The related proteins of the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway were assayed through Western blotting, and the fluorescence of p-p65 and p-IκB were assayed by immunofluorescence. Molecular docking of Sr and TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway-related proteins was performed using MIB2 (http://bioinfo.cmu.edu.tw/MIB2/). Results showed that after treatment for 24 h, the cell viability was decreased at the high concentration of Sr (≥ 10 mmol/L). Sr significantly decreased the production of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, downregulated the related proteins expression of the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway, and reduced the fluorescence levels of p-p65 and p-IκB. The NF-κB pathway inhibitor PDTC and molecular docking further revealed that Sr reduced LPS-induced pro-inflammatory cytokines production via the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway. These results suggest that Sr reduces LPS-induced pro-inflammatory cytokines production via the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway, thereby exerting an anti-inflammatory effect in bovine ruminal epithelial cells, providing a basis for Sr in the treatment of bovine rumen acidosis disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract To assess the level of both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in the aqueous humor (AH) of patients suffering from uveitis, with or without coexisting glaucoma, and compare them with patients diagnosed with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) and those with age-related cataract (ARC). By using Luminex xMAP® multiplex assays analyses, we assessed levels of 11 cytokines and chemokines, and compared them across groups, including uveitis-secondary glaucoma (USG) (n = 16), uveitis without glaucoma (UwoG), (n = 16), POAG (n = 16), and ARC (n = 16) to explore the correlation between these cytokines and the presence of uveitis, as well as intraocular pressure (IOP). Pro-inflammatory factors MCP-1, MIP-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and transforming growth factors TGF-β1 and TGF-β2 were significantly elevated in the AH of USG eyes. In the case of enhanced anti-inflammatory in the perioperative period, the pro-inflammatory factors remained notably elevated in the USG group compared to the UwoG group (P

Abstract An oral colon-targeted drug delivery system holds great potential in preventing systemic toxicity and preserving the therapeutic benefits of ulcerative colitis (UC) treatment. In this study, we developed a negatively charged PLGA-PEG nanoparticle system for encapsulating naringin (Nar). Additionally, chitosan and mannose were coated on the surface of these nanoparticles to enhance their mucosal adsorption and macrophage targeting abilities. The resulting nanoparticles, termed MC@Nar-NPs, exhibited excellent resistance against decomposition in the strong acidic gastrointestinal environment and specifically accumulated at inflammatory sites. Upon payload release, MC@Nar-NPs demonstrated remarkable efficacy in alleviating colon inflammation as evidenced by reduced levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in both blood and colon tissues, as well as the scavenging of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the colon. This oral nanoparticle delivery system represents a novel approach to treating UC by utilizing Chinese herbal ingredient-based oral delivery and provides a theoretical foundation for local and precise intervention in specific UC treatment.

Abstract Although previous research has shown that inflammation is associated with development of colorectal cancer (CRC), questions remain about whether inflammatory factor-secreting bacteria play a crucial role in CRC development. The potential role of gut microbiota in secreting inflammatory factors involved in the carcinogenesis of CRC among Chinese patients was explored in this study. 16S rRNA sequencing was utilized to evaluate the distinct microbial characteristics between patients with CRC and colorectal adenoma. The serum levels of TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-10 were measured using Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), while the expression of LRG1 and TGF-β1 in tissues was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. The correlation between gut microbiota and inflammatory factor signaling was analyzed. Compared with the adenoma group, CRC patients exhibit distinct pathologies. Moreover, elevated levels of CEA, erythrocytes and haemoglobin in the blood of CRC patients were found. In addition, CRC patients have significantly higher levels of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10, LRG1 and TGF-β1. Spearman correlation analysis revealed that LRG1 was positively related to IL-6 and TNF-α, respectively. The correlation analysis results of TGF-β1 were consistent with the above. The abundance of Blautia and Streptococcus was lower in CRC patients, while the relative abundance of Alistipes, Peptostreptococcus and Porphyromonas was significantly elevated. Moreover, positive correlations between Alistipes and inflammatory factor signaling were also found. Our results suggest that gut commensal Alistipes is a key bacterium with pro-inflammatory properties in the CRC carcinogenesis. TNF-α and IL-6 associated with Alistipes might activate LRG1/TGF-β1 signaling which contributed to the carcinogenesis of CRC.

Background: Type I diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is one of the most common chronic autoimmune diseases worldwide. miRNAs are a class of small non-coding RNA molecules that have been linked to immune system functions, β-cell metabolism, proliferation, and death, all of which contribute to pathogenesis of TIDM. Dysregulated miRNAs have been identified in Egyptian TIDM patients. Aim: Several miRNAs were profiled in Egyptian TIDM patients to determine whether they can be used as molecular biomarkers for T1DM. The relationship between the investigated miRNAs and pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6) has also been evaluated in the development of TIDM, in addition to the creation of a proposed model for TIDM prediction. Patients & methods: Case-control study included 177 Egyptian patients with confirmed type I diabetes mellitus and 177 healthy individuals. MiRNA-34 and miRNA-146 were detected in serum samples using real-time PCR, whereas TNF-α and IL-6 levels were assessed using ELIZA. Results: Patients with TIDM showed a significant decrease in the expression of miRNA-146, with a cut-off value ≤ 3.3, 48 % specificity, and 92.1 % sensitivity, whereas miRNA-34 had the highest sensitivity (95.5 %) and specificity (97.2 %) for differentiating diabetic patients from controls. Furthermore, other diagnostic proinflammatory markers showed lower sensitivity and specificity. Conclusion: Serum levels of miRNA-34a, miRNA-146, IL-6, and TNF-α provide new insights into T1DM pathogenesis and could be used for screening and diagnosis purposes. They can be also a potential therapeutic target, as well as allowing for more strategies to improve T1DM disease outcomes.

Abstract Introduction The release of pro-inflammatory cytokines in critically ill patients with sepsis leads to endothelial dysfunction resulting in cardiocirculatory insufficiency. Their extracorporeal elimination using the cytokine adsorber CytoSorb® (CS) (adsorption of especially hydrophobic molecules 500 pg/ml), continuous kidney replacement therapy, and the application of CS. Various cytokines and chemokines were measured pre- and post-CS as well as in patients’ blood at predefined timepoints. Significant changes in the concentrations were detected with the Wilcoxon test with associated samples. Clearance of the adsorber (ml/min) was calculated with: $$blood\,flow*\frac{{concentration\, \left( {pre - post} \right)}}{{concentration\, \left( {pre} \right)}}.$$ b l o o d f l o w ∗ c o n c e n t r a t i o n p r e - p o s t c o n c e n t r a t i o n pre . Results Most of the inflammatory mediators showed a high initial extracorporeal clearance of 70–100 ml/min after CS installation, which dropped quickly to 10-30 ml/min after 6 h of treatment. No difference in clearance was observed between pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Despite extracorporeal adsorption, a significant (p

Na Li,1,&ast; Yue-xiang Ren,2,&ast; Heng-ming Ye,1,3 Ying Lin,4 Qiang Liu,5 Jiao Wang,1 Ze-fang Ren,1 Lin Xu1,6,7 1The School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China; 2The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China; 3Public Health Service Center of Bao’an District, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China; 4The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China; 5Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China; 6School of Public Health, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; 7Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK&ast;These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Ze-fang Ren; Lin Xu, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, 74 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, People’s Republic of China, Tel +0086-20-87332577 ; Tel +0086-20- 87335523, Fax +011-86-20-87332577, Email renzef@mail.sysu.edu.cn; xulin27@mail.sysu.edu.cnPurpose: Chlamydia trachomatis (C. trachomatis) is associated with several gynecological tumors; yet its prognostic role in breast cancer remains unclear. Thus, we investigated the prognostic role of anti-C. trachomatis immunoglobulin G (IgG) in breast cancer patients and the modification effects of pro-inflammatory cytokines.Methods: The serum levels of C. trachomatis IgG and four pro-inflammatory cytokines were measured. Cox regression was used to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs), including product terms to assess the modification effects of pro-inflammatory cytokines on the association between C. trachomatis IgG and breast cancer prognosis.Results: From 2008 to 2018, 1121 breast cancer patients were recruited and followed up until December 31, 2021, with a median follow-up time of 63.91 months (interquartile range: 39.16– 90.08 months). Patients positive for C. trachomatis IgG showed HRs of 1.09 (95% CI, 0.67– 1.78) for overall survival (OS) and 1.24 (0.87– 1.78) for progression-free survival (PFS), compared to those who were negative. These associations became statistically significant in women aged 50 years or younger (HR=1.43, 95% CI=0.79– 2.58 for OS; HR=1.79, 95% CI=1.16– 2.77 for PFS). Positive C. trachomatis IgG serology was associated with adverse prognostic effects among patients with higher levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α, IL-8, and IL-1β), but with favorable prognostic effects for those with low levels. These interactions were particularly significant in those aged 50 years or younger.Conclusion: In breast cancer patients younger than 50 years of age or with higher levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, C. trachomatis infection appeared to have a negative prognostic impact. These findings highlight the significance of C. trachomatis in predicting prognosis and personalized therapy for breast cancer patients.Keywords: Chlamydia trachomatis, breast cancer, prognosis, pro-inflammatory cytokines

Background and Objective: In P. falciparum malaria (PFM) infestation there are marked changes in cytokine production as the body mounts an immune response to it. Hence we set out to study these changes. Methods: A total of 158 cases of PFM among children attending the paediatric unit of our hospital and 56 healthy controls were studied. Children with febrile illness were screened for malaria using 10% Giemsa stained blood smear. Patients with positive smears were recruited; co-infected patients – those infected by another organism in addition to plasmodium specie.- were excluded. Whole blood was collected, some into plain tubes for serum cytokine testing and some into EDTA bottles for complete blood count and parasite density (PD) determination. Controls with asymptomatic parasitaemia were excluded. Results: Using the World Health Organization criteria for defining severe malaria; we identified 15 cases of severe and 143 cases of uncomplicated PFM. Significantly elevated levels of interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) were seen in the ncomplicated and severe forms of PFM. It was observed that the elevated cytokine values correlated with PD (in uncomplicated PFM but not in the severe forms). The difference between PD/absolute monocyte count (AMC) ratio was not significant (p=0.13); while PD/platelet count (PC) and PC/ AMC ratios were significant (p=0.01, and 0.03 respectively) when compared between uncomplicated and severe disease. Conclusion: Our data seems to suggest that subjects with an adequate immune response to the parasite density, in terms of pro-inflammatory cytokine levels, presented with uncomplicated disease; while those who have an inadequate response presented with severe disease. The ratios of (PD/PC) and (PC/AMC), in the positive and negative directions respectively, may be predictors of increased disease severity. These observations may have implications for predicting disease outcome and PFM therapy.

Abstract Atherosclerosis (AS) formation is enhanced by different mechanisms including cytokine generation, vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation, and migration. One of the recent treatments towards endothelial dysfunction and AS is Vinpocetine (VPN). VPN is a potent inhibitor of phosphodiesterase enzyme 1 (PDE-1) and has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects through inhibition the expression of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB). VPN has been shown to be effective against the development and progression of AS. However, the underlying molecular mechanism was not fully clarified. Consequently, objective of the present review was to discuss the mechanistic role of VPN in the pathogenesis AS. Most of pro-inflammatory cytokines that released from macrophages are inhibited by action of VPN through NF-κB-dependent mechanism. VPN blocks monocyte adhesion and migration by constraining the expression and action of pro-inflammatory cytokines. As well, VPN is effective in reducing of oxidative stress a cornerstone in the pathogenesis of AS through inhibition of NF-κB and PDE1. VPN promotes plaque stability and prevents the erosion and rupture of atherosclerotic plaque. In conclusion, VPN through mitigation of inflammatory and oxidative stress, and improvement of plaque stability effects could be effective agent in the management of AS.

Abstract Objective Accumulating evidence supports the idea that inflammation may contribute to the pathophysiology of major depressive disorder (MDD). Duloxetine, a serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, exhibits anti-inflammatory effects both in vitro and in vivo. In this study, we investigated the impact of duloxetine on changes in serum proinflammatory cytokine levels among individuals diagnosed with MDD. Methods A cohort of 23 drug-naïve individuals diagnosed with MDD and 23 healthy controls were included in this study. The severity of depressive symptoms was evaluated using the 24-item Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD-24). A panel of 7 proinflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interferon-γ (IFN-γ), were quantified using multiplex Luminex assays. The levels of serum cytokines in healthy controls and patients with MDD were compared at baseline. All patients received duloxetine at a dosage range of 40–60 mg/day for a duration of 4 weeks. The HAMD-24 scores and serum cytokine levels were compared before and after duloxetine treatment. Results Compared with healthy controls, patients with MDD had significantly greater levels of IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12, TNF-α, and IFN-γ (P 0.05). Conclusions These findings present compelling evidence, potentially for the first time, indicating that duloxetine treatment may effectively reduce the serum concentrations of IL-8, IL-12, and IFN-γ in individuals diagnosed with MDD. However, the precise mechanisms underlying this effect remain unclear and warrant further investigation.

Abstract Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a complex metabolic condition that causes organ dysfunction. The current experiment sought to determine the effect of thymoquinone (TQ) on hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, oxidative/nitrosative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis in diabetic rats prompted by streptozotocin (STZ) (55 mg/kg body weight i/p). The animals were allocated into control, TQ (50 mg/kg B.W. orally administered for 4 succeeding weeks), Diabetic, and Diabetic + TQ groups. This study confirmed that TQ preserves the levels of insulin, fasting blood glucose, HOMA β-cell indices, HbA1c %, body weight, and lipid profile substantially relative to the DC group. Furthermore, hepatic antioxidant (CAT, GSH, and T-SOD) values were reduced. Conversely, the enzymatic activity of liver functions (AST, ALT, ALP, cytochrome P450, and hepatic glucose-6-phosphatase), lipid peroxidation (MDA), pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6), nitric oxide (NO) and inflammatory marker (CRP) enhanced with STZ administration, which is substantially restored after TQ treatment. Relative to the diabetic rats, TQ reestablished the hepatic architectural changes and collagen fibers. Additionally, TQ downregulated the intensity of the immunohistochemical staining of pro-apoptotic marker (caspase-3), p53, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) proteins in hepatic tissues. Furthermore, TQ displayed abilities to interact and inhibit the binding site of caspase-3, interleukin-6 receptor, interleukin-1 receptor type 1, TNF receptor superfamily member 1A, and TNF receptor superfamily member 1B in rats following the molecular docking modeling. All these data re-establish the liver functions, antioxidant enzymes, anti-inflammatory markers, and anti-apoptotic proteins impacts of TQ in STZ-induced DM rats. Founded on these outcomes, the experiment proposes that TQ is a novel natural supplement with various clinical applications, including managing DM, which in turn is recommended to play a pivotal role in preventing the progression of diabetes mellitus.

The liver is vulnerable to various hepatotoxins, including carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), which induces oxidative stress and apoptosis by producing reactive oxygen species (ROS) and activating the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. Cereblon (CRBN), a multifunctional protein implicated in various cellular processes, functions in the pathogenesis of various diseases; however, its function in liver injury remains unknown. We established a CRBNknockout (KO) HepG2 cell line and examined its effect on CCl4-induced hepatocellular damage. CRBN-KO cells exhibited reduced sensitivity to CCl4- induced cytotoxicity, as evidenced by decreased levels of apoptosis markers, such as cleaved caspase-3, and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activities. CRBN deficiency enhanced antioxidant defense, with increased superoxide dismutase activity and glutathione ratios (GSH/GSSG), as well as reduced pro-inflammatory cytokine expression. Mechanistically, the protective effects of CRBN deficiency appeared to involve the attenuation of the MAPK-mediated pathways, particularly through decreased phosphorylation of JNK and ERK. Overall, these results suggest the crucial role of CRBN in mediating the hepatocellular response to oxidative stress and inflammation triggered by CCl4 exposure, offering potential clinical implications for liver injury in a wide range of liver diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Male infertility represents a significant public health concern. There is a negative impact of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) on the male reproductive system. The aim of this study was to investigate whether oat beta-glucan (OBG) with different molar mass can modulate parameters of antioxidant defense and inflammatory response in the testes of adult Sprague–Dawley rats with TNBS-induced colitis and whether the OBG intervention can modulate the inflammatory response in association with the RAS system. Results: higher testicular superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione reductase (GR) activities and glutathione (GSH) concentration, and lower testosterone (T) level and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity, were observed in rats with colitis than in healthy control ones. TNBS-induced colitis resulted in decreased the angiotensin 1–7 (ANG 1–7) level in the testes of rats fed with low-molar mass OBG compared to control animals. Conclusions: although colitis induced moderate pro-oxidant changes in the gonads, it seems plausible that dietary intervention with different fractions of oat beta-glucans mass may support the maintenance of reproductive homeostasis via the stimulation of the local antioxidant defense system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a major risk factor for tuberculosis (TB), though the underlying mechanisms linking DM and TB remain ambiguous. Macrophages are a key player in the innate immune response and their phagocytic ability is enhanced in response to microbial infections. Upon infection or inflammation, they also repel invading pathogens by generating; reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrogen species (RNS), pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and IL-6), and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10). However, the robustness of these innate defensive capabilities of macrophages when exposed to hyperglycemia remains unclear. In our current work, we explored the production of these host defense molecules in response to challenge with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. Utilizing peritoneal macrophages from high-fat diet + streptozotocin induced diabetic mice and hyperglycemic THP-1-derived macrophages as model systems; we found that LPS stimulation and Mtb infection were ineffective in stimulating the production of ROS, RNS, and pro-inflammatory cytokines in cells exposed to hyperglycemia. On the contrary, an increase in production of anti-inflammatory cytokines was observed. To confirm the mechanism of decreased anti-bacterial activity of the diabetic macrophage, we explored activation status of these compromised macrophages and found decreased surface expression of activation (TLR-4) and differentiation markers (CD11b and CD11c). We postulate that this could be the cause for higher susceptibility for Mtb infection among diabetic individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Shed snake skin (SSS) is commonly used empirically in ethnomedicine to treat psoriasis, acne, warts, eczema, scabies, open wounds, hemorrhoids, and glaucoma. Although a few studies exist, SSS extracts' in vitro immunological effects have yet to be well described. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the immunomodulatory effects of SSS extract on murine lymphocytes and T cells. Methods: Hexane, methanol, and chloroform extractions were conducted in collected SSS samples. Protein concentrations in the SSS extract were measured. The cytotoxic and anticancer activities were measured using L929 Fibroblast and SK MEL 30 Cell Lines via MTT assay as described in TS EN ISO 10993-5. Immunomodulatory activities of SSS extract on total lymphocytes or enriched CD4+ T cell cultures, their cell-specific pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-1β. IL-12p40, IL-23p19, TNF-α, IL-17A, IFN-γ, IL-10, TGFβ1) levels were measured via FACS ARIA III analysis and related gene expression with Real-Time Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (Rt-qPCR). Results: Hexane, methanol, and chloroform-extracted SSS were tested on SKMEL-30 cells via MTT and revealed a superior anti-proliferative effect for hexane extract of SSS at low concentrations. SSS treatment of murine lymphocytes augmented Tnf-α and IFN-γ levels produced by CD3+ T cells when lymphocytes were activated with anti-CD3/CD28 or LPS stimulation. This effect required the presence of non-T cells, possibly antigen-presenting cells, and was not observed on purified CD4+ T cells. Additionally, SSS significantly blocked suppressive cytokine Tgfb gene expression (but not Il10) without altering in vitro Treg generation/or expansion. Discussion: This is the first in vitro study investigating SSS's anti-tumor and immunomodulatory effects. Our data provide evidence for SSS's antiproliferative activity on SK-MEL-30 cells and its pro-inflammatory role on murine lymphocytes, which warrants further investigation of the potential use of SSS extract with in vivo disease models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) incidence has increased in the last decades due to changes in dietary habits. IBDs are characterized by intestinal epithelial barrier disruption, increased inflammatory mediator production and excessive tissue injury. Since the current treatments are not sufficient to achieve and maintain remission, complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) becomes a primary practice as a co-adjuvant for the therapy. Thus, the intake of functional food enriched in vegetal extracts represents a promising nutritional strategy. This study evaluates the anti-inflammatory effects of artichoke, caihua and fenugreek vegetal extract original blend (ACFB) in an in vitro model of gut barrier mimicking the early acute phases of the disease. Caco2 cells cultured on transwell supports were treated with digested ACFB before exposure to pro-inflammatory cytokines. The pre-treatment counteracts the increase in barrier permeability induced by the inflammatory stimulus, as demonstrated by the evaluation of TEER and CLDN-2 parameters. In parallel, ACFB reduces p65NF-κB pro-inflammatory pathway activation that results in the decrement of COX-2 expression as PGE2 and IL-8 secretion. ACFB properties might be due to the synergistic effects of different flavonoids, indicating it as a valid candidate for new formulation in the prevention/mitigation of non-communicable diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Periodontitis is a severe gum infection that begins as gingivitis and can lead to gum recession, bone loss, and tooth loss if left untreated. It is primarily caused by bacterial infection, which triggers inflammation and the formation of periodontal pockets. Notably, periodontitis is associated with systemic health issues and has been linked to heart disease, diabetes, respiratory diseases, adverse pregnancy outcomes, and cancers. Accordingly, the presence of chronic inflammation and immune system dysregulation in individuals with periodontitis significantly contributes to the initiation and progression of various cancers, particularly oral cancers. These processes promote genetic mutations, impair DNA repair mechanisms, and create a tumor-supportive environment. Moreover, the bacteria associated with periodontitis produce harmful byproducts and toxins that directly damage the DNA within oral cells, exacerbating cancer development. In addition, chronic inflammation not only stimulates cell proliferation but also inhibits apoptosis, causes DNA damage, and triggers the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Collectively, these factors play a crucial role in the progression of cancer in individuals affected by periodontitis. Further, specific viral and bacterial agents, such as hepatitis B and C viruses, human papillomavirus (HPV), Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), and Porphyromonas gingivalis, contribute to cancer development through distinct mechanisms. Bacterial infections have systemic implications for cancer development, while viral infections provoke immune and inflammatory responses that can lead to genetic mutations. This review will elucidate the link between periodontitis and cancers, particularly oral cancers, exploring their underlying mechanisms to provide insights for future research and treatment advancements. Periodontitis, a severe gum infection caused by bacterial infection, can lead to gum recession, bone loss, and tooth loss. This condition is associated with chronic inflammation, immune system dysregulation, and an increased risk of oral cancer development, influenced by genetic mutations and impaired DNA repair mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To determine the effect of aqueous extract of Channa striatus on plasma lipids concentrations, pro-inflammatory cytokines levels, adhesion molecules and arterial plaque formation in cholesterol-fed rabbits. Methods: New Zealand rabbits (n = 30, females) were divided into five groups of six rabbits each as follows: cholesterol control group (0.5 % cholesterol); normal control group (normal diet), positive control group (0.5 % cholesterol + 5 mg/kg atorvastatin); and treatment groups (0.5% cholesterol + 250 mg/kg or 500 mg/kg C. striatus extracts, respectively) for 6 weeks. Blood was taken every 2 weeks and analyzed for total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL), triglyceride (TG), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β). Atherogenic index (AI) was calculated based on LDL:HDL ratio. Results: Cholesterol feeding for 6 weeks resulted in significantly increased TC, LDL, HDL, AI, TG, TNF-α and IL-1β when compared to C. striatus-fed rabbits. Serum LDL was 26.34 ± 1.43 mmol/L in C. striatus group to 30.52 ± 0.82 mmol/L in cholesterol group (p < 0.05). C. striatus extract (250 mg/kg) increased HDL by approximately 400 % (6.23 ± 1.76 mmol/L from 0.72 ± 0.18 mmol/L), decreased AI value (4.6 in C. striatus group to 10.4 in cholesterol group). Also, IL-1β and TNF-α concentration also significantly (p < 0.05) reduced with C. striatus administration. Interestingly, down-regulation of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expression and reduced plaque formation were observed with C. striatus feeding. Conclusion: Channa striatus extract is effective in reducing atherogenesis. This could be due to the high HDL level produced in 250 mg/kg dose group, and strongly suggests the significance of HDL in preventing atherogenesis even if other lipid profiles remain unchanged. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pro-inflammatory cytokines mediate the course of rosacea, anxiety, and depression through various means such as immunity and inflammation. This study aims to further explore the relationship between rosacea, anxiety, and depression through changes in the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Methods: 280 rosacea patients were included in the rosacea group, divided into: rosacea without mental disorders, rosacea with anxiety, rosacea with depression, and rosacea with combined anxiety and depression. The mental control group included 210 anxiety and depression patients, divided into: anxiety, depression, and combined anxiety and depression. The healthy control group consisted of 70 healthy individuals. Serum specimens were collected and ELISA was used to detect major pro-inflammatory cytokines. CEA, IGA, GFSS, RosaQoL, HAMA, and HAMD-24 were used for the diagnosis and severity assessment of rosacea and anxiety and depression. Results: This study primarily used the Chi-Square test, Kruskal–Wallis H-test, generalized linear model, and binary logistic regression to evaluate the data. IL-1β, IL-17, and IL-8 levels in rosacea patients and anxiety/depression patients were higher than those in the healthy population (P< 0.001), and TNF-α levels in rosacea patients were higher than those in the healthy population (P< 0.001). There was an interaction between rosacea, anxiety, and depression in terms of IL-1β, IL-17, and IL-8 levels (P< 0.001). Elevated levels of IL-1β, IL-17, and IL-8 are positively correlated with anxiety and depression in rosacea (all P<=0.05). Conclusion: It was confirmed that the elevated levels of IL-1β, IL-17, and IL-8 are positively correlated with the onset of anxiety and depression in rosacea. The interaction of the above inflammatory factors suggests a possible common inflammatory mechanism in the coexistence of rosacea and mental disorders. TNF-α only increased in patients with rosacea, combined with the skin-to-mental irreversible phenomenon, indicating that this cytokine may be a key and potential therapeutic target for the onset of rosacea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ObjectivesMethodsResultsDiscussionAlzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder affecting approximately 55 million individuals globally. Diagnosis typically occurs in advanced stages, and there are limited options for reversing symptoms. Preventive strategies are, therefore, crucial. Time Restricted Eating (TRE) or Time Restricted Feeding (TRF) is one such strategy. Here we review recent research on AD and TRE/TRF in addition to AD biomarkers and gut microbiota.A comprehensive review of recent studies was conducted to assess the impact of TRE/TRF on AD-related outcomes. This includes the analysis of how TRE/TRF influences circadian rhythms, beta-amyloid 42 (Aß42), pro-inflammatory cytokines levels, and gut microbiota composition.TRE/TRF impacts circadian rhythms and can influence cognitive performance as observed in AD. It lowers beta-amyloid 42 deposition in the brain, a key AD biomarker, and reduces pro-ininflammatory cytokines. The gut microbiome has emerged as a modifiable factor in AD treatment. TRE/TRF changes the structure and composition of the gut microbiota, leading to increased diversity and a decrease in harmful bacteria.These findings underscore the potential of TRE/TRF as a preventive strategy for AD. By reducing Aß42 plaques, modulating pro-inflammatory cytokines, and altering gut microbiota composition, TRE/TRF may slow the progression of AD. Further research is needed to confirm these effects and to understand the mechanisms involved. This review highlights TRE/TRF as a promising non-pharmacological intervention in the fight against AD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Accumulating evidence supports the idea that inflammation may contribute to the pathophysiology of major depressive disorder (MDD). Duloxetine, a serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, exhibits anti-inflammatory effects both in vitro and in vivo. In this study, we investigated the impact of duloxetine on changes in serum proinflammatory cytokine levels among individuals diagnosed with MDD. Methods: A cohort of 23 drug-naïve individuals diagnosed with MDD and 23 healthy controls were included in this study. The severity of depressive symptoms was evaluated using the 24-item Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD-24). A panel of 7 proinflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interferon-γ (IFN-γ), were quantified using multiplex Luminex assays. The levels of serum cytokines in healthy controls and patients with MDD were compared at baseline. All patients received duloxetine at a dosage range of 40–60 mg/day for a duration of 4 weeks. The HAMD-24 scores and serum cytokine levels were compared before and after duloxetine treatment. Results: Compared with healthy controls, patients with MDD had significantly greater levels of IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12, TNF-α, and IFN-γ (P < 0.05). Moreover, there was a significant decrease in HAMD-24 scores observed pre- and post-treatment (t = 13.161, P < 0.001). Furthermore, after 4 weeks of treatment, the serum levels of IL-8 (t = 3.605, P = 0.002), IL-12 (t = 2.559, P = 0.018), and IFN-γ (t = 3.567, P = 0.002) decreased significantly. However, there were no significant differences in other cytokines, including IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, and TNF-α, before and after treatment (P > 0.05). Conclusions: These findings present compelling evidence, potentially for the first time, indicating that duloxetine treatment may effectively reduce the serum concentrations of IL-8, IL-12, and IFN-γ in individuals diagnosed with MDD. However, the precise mechanisms underlying this effect remain unclear and warrant further investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Atherosclerosis (AS) formation is enhanced by different mechanisms including cytokine generation, vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation, and migration. One of the recent treatments towards endothelial dysfunction and AS is Vinpocetine (VPN). VPN is a potent inhibitor of phosphodiesterase enzyme 1 (PDE-1) and has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects through inhibition the expression of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB). VPN has been shown to be effective against the development and progression of AS. However, the underlying molecular mechanism was not fully clarified. Consequently, objective of the present review was to discuss the mechanistic role of VPN in the pathogenesis AS. Most of pro-inflammatory cytokines that released from macrophages are inhibited by action of VPN through NF-κB-dependent mechanism. VPN blocks monocyte adhesion and migration by constraining the expression and action of pro-inflammatory cytokines. As well, VPN is effective in reducing of oxidative stress a cornerstone in the pathogenesis of AS through inhibition of NF-κB and PDE1. VPN promotes plaque stability and prevents the erosion and rupture of atherosclerotic plaque. In conclusion, VPN through mitigation of inflammatory and oxidative stress, and improvement of plaque stability effects could be effective agent in the management of AS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ginseng leaves are known to contain high concentrations of bioactive compounds, such as ginsenosides, and have potential as a treatment for various conditions, including fungal infections, cancer, obesity, oxidative stress, and age-related diseases. This study assessed the impact of ginseng leaf extract (GLE) on mast cell-mediated allergic inflammation and atopic dermatitis (AD) in DNCB-treated mice. GLE reduced skin thickness and lymph node nodules and suppressed the expression and secretion of histamine and proinflammatory cytokines. It also significantly lowered the production of inflammatory response mediators including ROS, leukotriene C4 (LTC4), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). GLE inhibited the phosphorylation of MAPKs (ERK, P38, JNK) and the activation of NF-B, which are both linked to inflammatory cytokine expression. We demonstrated that GLE's inhibitory effect on mast cellmediated allergic inflammation is due to the blockade of the NF-B and inflammasome pathways. Our findings suggest that GLE can be an effective therapeutic agent for mast-cell mediated and allergic inflammatory conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a condition where the central nervous system loses its myelin coating due to autoimmune inflammation. The experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) simulates some aspects of human MS. Boswellic acids are natural compounds derived from frankincense extract, known for their anti‐inflammatory properties. The purpose of this research was to investigate therapeutic potential of boswellic acids. Mice were divided into three groups: low‐dose (LD), high‐dose (HD), and control groups (CTRL). Following EAE induction, the mice received daily doses of boswellic acid for 25 days. Brain tissue damage, clinical symptoms, and levels of TGF‐β, IFN‐γ, and IL‐17 cytokines in cell cultured supernatant of lymphocytes were assessed. Gene expression of transcription factors in brain was measured using real‐time PCR. The levels of brain demyelination were significantly lower in the treatment groups compared to the CTRL group. Boswellic acid reduced the severity and duration of EAE symptoms. Furthermore, boswellic acid decreased the amounts of IFN‐γ and IL‐17, also the expression of T‐bet and ROR‐γt in brain. On the contrary, it increased the levels of TGF‐β and the expression FoxP3 and GATA3. Our findings suggest that boswellic acids possess therapeutic potential for EAE by modulating the immune response and reducing inflammation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on their high antioxidant capacity and noteworthy phytochemistry, Terminalia ferdinandiana fruit and leaves have attracted considerable recent interest for their therapeutic potential. Whilst those studies have reported a variety of therapeutic properties for the fruit, the anti-inflammatory potential of T. ferdinandiana has been largely neglected and the leaves have been almost completely ignored. This study investigated the immune-modulatory and anti-inflammatory properties of T. ferdinandiana fruit and leaf extracts by evaluating their inhibition of multiple pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines secretion in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated and unstimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages using multiplex bead immunoassays and ELISA assays. The methanolic extracts were particularly good immune-modulators, significantly inhibiting the secretion of all the cytokines and chemokines tested. Indeed, the methanolic extracts completely inhibited IL-10, IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-6, MCP-1, and MIP-2a secretion, and almost completely inhibited the secretion of TNF-α. In addition, the methanolic T. ferdinandiana extracts also significantly inhibited cytosolic COX-2 levels (by 87–95%) and the synthesis of the PGE2 (by ~ 98%). In contrast, the methanolic extracts stimulated LTB4 secretion by ~ 60–90%, whilst the aqueous extracts significantly inhibited LTB4 secretion (by ~ 27% each). Exposure of RAW 264.7 cells to the methanolic T. ferdinandiana extracts also significantly down-regulated the cytosolic levels of NF-κB by 33–44%, indicating that the immune-modulatory and anti-inflammatory properties of the extracts may be regulated via a decrease in NF-κB transcription pathways. Taken together, these results demonstrate potent anti-inflammatory properties for the extracts and provide insights into their anti-inflammatory mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although inflammation is primarily a protective response guarding the human body, it can result in a variety of chronic diseases such as allergies, auto-immune, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer. In NF-κB-mediated inflammation, many small molecules and food compounds characterized as nutraceuticals have shown positive effects associated with immunomodulatory properties. We investigated the effects of selected bioactive small molecules, commonly found in food components, vanillyl alcohol (VA) and lauric acid (LA), on different cell lines exposed to pro-inflammatory stimuli, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and the food allergen actinidin (Act d 1). Pro-inflammatory cytokines were downregulated in response to both VA and LA, and this downregulation was caused by a decrease in the activation of the NF-κB pathway and the translocation of p65, the pathway's major component. Small nutraceutical molecules, VA and LA, showed not only inhibition of the pro-inflammatory cytokines, but also inhibition of the NF-κB activation, and reduced translocation of the p65 component. The present study may contribute to the therapeutic use of these molecules for various inflammatory diseases, which have in common an increased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and NF-κB-mediated inflammation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the cosmetics industry, the extract from Raphanus sativus L. is fermented using specific starter cultures. These cosmetic ingredients act as preservatives and skin conditioners. Kombucha is traditionally made by fermenting sweetened tea using symbiotic cultures of bacteria and yeast and is used in cosmetic products. The aim of this study was to evaluate the cosmetic properties of radish leaf and root extract fermented with the SCOBY. Both unfermented water extracts and extracts after 7, 14, and 21 days of fermentation were evaluated. The analysis of secondary plant metabolites by UPLC-MS showed higher values for ferments than for extracts. A similar relationship was noted when examining the antioxidant properties using DPPH and ABTS radicals and the protective effect against H2O2-induced oxidative stress in fibroblasts and keratinocytes using the fluorogenic dye H2DCFDA. The results also showed no cytotoxicity to skin cells using Alamar Blue and Neutral Red tests. The ability of the samples to inhibit IL-1β and COX-2 activity in LPS-treated fibroblasts was also demonstrated using ELISA assays. The influence of extracts and ferments on bacterial strains involved in inflammatory processes of skin diseases was also assessed. Additionally, application tests were carried out, which showed a positive effect of extracts and ferments on TEWL and skin hydration using a TEWAmeter and corneometer probe. The results obtained depended on the concentration used and the fermentation time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The association between sleep and the immune-endocrine system is well recognized, but the nature of that relationship is not well understood. Sleep fragmentation induces a pro-inflammatory response in peripheral tissues and brain, but it also activates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, releasing glucocorticoids (GCs) (cortisol in humans and corticosterone in mice). It is unclear whether this rapid release of glucocorticoids acts to potentiate or dampen the inflammatory response in the short term. The purpose of this study was to determine whether blocking or suppressing glucocorticoid activity will affect the inflammatory response from acute sleep fragmentation (ASF). Male C57BL/6J mice were injected i.p. with either 0.9% NaCl (vehicle 1), metyrapone (a glucocorticoid synthesis inhibitor, dissolved in vehicle 1), 2% ethanol in polyethylene glycol (vehicle 2), or mifepristone (a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, dissolved in vehicle 2) 10 min before the start of ASF or no sleep fragmentation (NSF). After 24 h, samples were collected from brain (prefrontal cortex, hypothalamus, hippocampus) and periphery (liver, spleen, heart, and epididymal white adipose tissue (EWAT)). Proinflammatory gene expression (TNF-α and IL-1β) was measured, followed by gene expression analysis. Metyrapone treatment affected pro-inflammatory cytokine gene expression during ASF in some peripheral tissues, but not in the brain. More specifically, metyrapone treatment suppressed IL-1β expression in EWAT during ASF, which implies a pro-inflammatory effect of GCs. However, in cardiac tissue, metyrapone treatment increased TNF-α expression in ASF mice, suggesting an anti-inflammatory effect of GCs. Mifepristone treatment yielded more significant results than metyrapone, reducing TNF-α expression in liver (only NSF mice) and cardiac tissue during ASF, indicating a pro-inflammatory role. Conversely, in the spleen of ASF-mice, mifepristone increased pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-1β), demonstrating an anti-inflammatory role. Furthermore, irrespective of sleep fragmentation, mifepristone increased pro-inflammatory cytokine gene expression in heart (IL-1β), pre-frontal cortex (IL-1β), and hypothalamus (IL-1β). The results provide mixed evidence for pro- and anti-inflammatory functions of corticosterone to regulate inflammatory responses to acute sleep loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In our present study, the evaluation was done on immunostimulatory activity of the exopolysaccharide (EPS) derived from a marine actinobacterium, Streptomyces sp. SRT21. The average molecular weight (Mw) of purified SRT21-EPS was estimated to be 2.86 × 105 Da. NMR analysis demonstrated the incidence of α-(1–3) glycosidic linkage of glucose and frequency of mannose with α-(1–6) glycosidic linkage. The structural pattern of SRT21-EPS was peaked in the range of 22.8° and 43.5° at 2θ in XRD, while the ZP value was detected as −11.7 mV. The thermal behaviour of SRT21-EPS was characterized by DTA and TGA. In SEM, the morphology of SRT21-EPS were observed as irregular, branchy and flake-based polymeric matrix. With optimal dosage, SRT21-EPS promoted the cell proliferation, Nitric oxide (NO) levels induction, phagocytosis index and ROS production in macrophage cells. As a result, the key pro-inflammatory cytokines secretion, IκB-α degradation and nuclear localization of p65 was accomplished through TLR receptor/NF-κB signaling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Inflammation is increasingly recognised as a fundamental component of the pathophysiology of major depressive disorder (MDD), with a variety of inflammatory biomarkers playing pivotal roles. These markers are closely linked to both the severity of symptoms and the responsiveness to treatments in MDD. Aims This scoping review aims to explore the scientific literature investigating the complex relationships between inflammatory biomarkers and depression, by identifying new studies and critical issues in current research. Method Following the PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews guidelines, we systematically searched databases including PubMed, Scopus, PsycINFO, Open Grey and Cochrane Library. Our search focused on articles published from 1 January 2020 to 1 May 2024. We included studies evaluating inflammatory biomarkers in adult patients with MDD, utilising observational and randomised controlled trial designs, and review studies. Results Our analysis examined 44 studies on the complex interplay between inflammation and its multiple effects on MDD. Significant associations between specific inflammatory biomarkers and depression severity were found, requiring cautious interpretation. We also highlight several methodological limitations in the current studies, which warrant caution in directly applying these findings to clinical practice. However, identified methodologies show potential for using these biomarkers as diagnostic tools or therapeutic targets, including anti-inflammatory interventions. Conclusions The findings emphasise the need for sophisticated, integrative research to understand inflammation's role in MDD. Future studies should identify specific biomarker panels for diagnosing depression and bridging peripheral biomarker measurements with central neuroinflammatory processes, leading to better diagnostic and treatment strategies.