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The States General of the Netherlands took the lead in the revolt against the King of Spain, Philip II, in the sixteenth century and it ruled as a sovereign assembly until the end of the eighteenth century. It emerged relatively late, as compared to the French model dating from 1302. It is questionable if there was such a thing as a first meeting in the Netherlands. Current scholarship agrees on the meetings in January to March 1464 in Bruges, Ghent and Lille, summoned by Duke Philip with a very different purpose than the one which came to dominate the discussions. While it is generally assumed that the initiative came from the Duke, after his son had tried to usurp it, this article argues for more gradual processes. First, the meetings of 1464 and 1465 were successful thanks to decades of intense joint meetings between four and six of the core principalities concerning primarily economic purposes. Second, their cohesion facilitated their crucial role during successive dynastic crises from 1477 to 1492, when fundamental principles of constitutional representation were formulated. These would enable the States General to organize the war of liberation from Spanish oppression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article re-examines a part of peasants' exclusively privileged experiences of joining militias during the Mao era. The supporting sources come from a variety of informal repositories over eight provinces, such as statistical tables and rosters of rural militias, documents of departments of armed forces, and materials for conferences and classes of militia members. Although these sources are geographically scattered, quantitatively scarce and systematically incomplete, they present significant parts of peasants' lives involved in Mao Zedong's mass campaign of mobilisation and militarisation. Based on them, this article explores the political honours, the economic benefits and the enforcement power one enjoyed by joining the rural militias, in addition to the tensions that existed even in the same village centred on pocketing militias' privileges in the countryside. Exposing these inequalities produced just by owning membership of rural militias challenged the mainstream of existing scholarship depicting Chinese peasants' lives under Mao as similarly tough and deprived. This exploration also pays attention to the Cold War context that justified and glorified peasants' good times in the militias, highlighting the Cold War element that contributes to the Mao era nostalgia in today's China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes service benefits and privileges in Tsarist Russia. During the Imperial period, the country developed a complex system of them, both general and specific (regional). They were established by law for the outskirts of the Russian Empire, including those in Central Asia (Russian Turkestan) under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of War. The system was also influenced by the experiences of Siberia and the Caucasus. The analysis considers the pension benefits for Turkestan officials, reduced service terms required for retirement, increased payments for relocation to or from the region to central Russian provinces, regular salary increases every five years of service, longer vacations, allowances for children’s education, guaranteed placement of children in educational institutions with paid travel to them, as well as free healthcare and medication for administrative and police officials, etc. It is concluded that all these benefits and privileges attracted more qualified, professionally trained, and experienced personnel to serve in the remote Russian territories of Central Asia.

Copyright of GeSec: Revista de Gestao e Secretariado is the property of Sindicato das Secretarias e Secretarios do Estado de Sao Paulo (SINSESP) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Love is a rich topic for recent moral philosophers, theologians, writers and social justice activists. Yet, normative concepts of love embedded in modern law are seldom closely examined by legal theorists. This article is the first to illustrate that the concept of unconditional love plays significant roles across diverse areas of the positive law. Relying on a stipulated ethical understanding of unconditional love as a durable, constant, loyal, faithful, generous and self-sacrificing love, I demonstrate that, for better or worse, law can serve unconditional love's paramount demands. Significant categories of contemporary legal regulation are explicable to the communities bound by them because the evocative notion that some familial love is and ought to be 'unconditional' is socially pervasive. I do not advocate for the problematic concept of unconditional love but demonstrate that the law embeds it in two ways. One way is by affording opportunities for individuals voluntarily to exercise the felt imperatives of unconditional love (eg through prison visitation rights and spousal testimonial privileges). The other is by imposing duties of unconditional love that may run strongly counter to individuals' choices and preferences (eg by restricting access to safe abortion and requiring parental support of adult children). I suggest that derelict and gender-biased governments may shun their own social welfare responsibilities by imposing on private individuals caregiving duties that bespeak unconditional love. Attention to the powerful unconditional love concepts embedded throughout the law can foster an improved understanding of the norms and politics of marriage and family governance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clinical psychologists are increasingly urged to recognize and understand the significance of societal factors such as marginalization experiences, within themselves and among the individuals and communities they serve. At the same time, there is a dearth of research in the field to guide this pursuit, and especially so in European contexts. We conducted an online survey (N = 646) to assess the social identities of clinical psychologists (graduate and trainees) in Germany and their incorporation of societal challenges in therapy and training. Overall, our sample was demographically rather homogenous and privileged: Clinical psychologists tended to be white (91%), nonmigrant (77.6%), female (74.5%), cis‐gender (93.8%), heterosexual (75.4%), able‐bodied (56.0%), and grew up in families with an academic background (68%). Although the majority of participants expressed a tendency to contemplate their identity when it came to their psychotherapeutic practices and believed that discussing societal challenges in therapy was pertinent, only a small proportion (~5%) reported actively introducing related subjects during therapy sessions or taking them into account during initial case conceptualization (~8%). The majority of participants indicated a lack of coverage of related topics in standard clinical psychological curricula. Greater perceived competence in addressing these topics was linked to clinicians initiating discussions about marginalization or discrimination in therapy. We explore the implications for future training aimed at fostering equitable, effective, and diversity‐sensitive therapeutic practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of XVIIe Siècle is the property of Presses Universitaires de France and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article is a deliberate gesture of attempting to establish a dialogue with the social, extracting its content and arising from the author's (intimate) experiential perspective, while being aware of the many advantages, as well as traps, in employing this particular format. In the context of questioning social class relations and private-professional positions within them, the author discloses her own personal timeline of transitioning between different social classes, while also uncovering the intellectual (psychological) and emotional impact of this 'transition' – everything from pride to success to insecurity and shame. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Low Countries became a centre of printmaking in the early modern period. Printmaking was a disruptive image-technology because it produced images as multiples on an unprecedented scale. With its success also came problems. One was that copying became a problem as it had not been before in the visual arts. This article discusses three approaches used by early modern printmakers to dealing with the problems presented by copying and the fact that prints came in multiples. The first was to acquire privileges as legal protection against copying. Privileges are usually seen as the predecessors of copyright, but here it is argued that this is only part of the story and that they also served as a claim of reliability. A second approach was to take full advantage of the opportunities presented by the fact that prints came in multiples, and to produce images as efficiently as possible, in effect endlessly copying the same images. A third approach was to purposefully ignore the technological possibilities of printmaking and instead produce small print runs or slightly different states of one image. These approaches, it is argued, were related both to technological possibilities and to changing ideas about the (visual) arts, showing how the meanings of concepts such as 'invention' and 'skill' were shifting at this time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: This article examines a series of conflicts between the city of Bruges and its main outport Sluys brought before the Council of Flanders and the Great Council of Malines around the turn of the sixteenth century. Although Bruges' commercial successes declined during this period, the previously consolidated hierarchical relationships with Sluys persisted as the courts continuously judged in Bruges' favour. This contribution attempts to expose the underlying legal dynamics that determined Bruges' continued primacy over its outport. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Studia Historica Brunensia is the property of Masaryk University, Faculty of Arts and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective/context: In the context of the installation of cabildos in the viceroyalty of the New Kingdom of Granada, this article studies the transition of two towns inhabited by «free people» to the status of villas: the parroquia of Guasimal de Cúcuta and the sitio of San José de La Marinilla. This process shows how the fact that the Catholic monarchy gave the jurisdictional quality of villa to specific towns fostered a virtuous circle in which various local and metropolitan agencies became intertwined and promoted a policy of negotiated integration, which ceded autonomy in local government. Methodology: Based on primary documentary sources detailing the establishment and functioning of chapter governments, we analyze the process of administrative cession in jurisdictional terms and, in general, the establishment of provincial governments in towns in the viceroyalty of the New Kingdom of Granada. Originality: The examination of the documentation allows us to reveal the materialization of a historical process of generalized integration in Hispanic America, induced by the ministers of Charles III, which gave jurisdictional qualities to mestizo population groups, seeking to benefit the royal rents of the economic growth that these populations were experiencing and to determine the new municipal political architecture in the time of the Bourbons. Conclusions: In the cases analyzed, we can see how, in search of administrative rationality, the crown negotiated the granting of autonomy to parroquias and towns of «free people» as a policy of integration that should strengthen centralization and increase productivity to achieve income and economic growth. It can also be seen how the patricians were diligent in giving institutionality to the new republics, guided by royal regulations that even embraced strengthening the branches of propios y arbitrios (such as health and coercion, among others).

Copyright of Bajo Palabra: Journal of Philosophy is the property of Bajo Palabra: Journal of Philosophy and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Using the example of Brno, one of the leading royal cities in Moravia (as one of the lands of the Czech Crown), the author outlines methodological issues related to the study of the so-called heraldic burghers. In towns located on the territory of Bohemia, Moravia and Bo-hemian Silesia, they constituted a kind of transitional group between the townspeople and nobility, based on a royal privilege granting them a coat of arms, occasionally supplemented with an actual ennoblement. However, admission to lower nobility was conditioned by ac-ceptance from the relevant noble community. Most of the privileged burghers thus preferred to live in the city, making their living by practicing occupations typical of the urban en-vironment. For her study, the author uses sources of Brno provenance for the early modern period, when this class of burghers was created in connection with the so-called closing of the noble estates, as well as sources of provincial provenance previously processed in thor-ough editions and monographs. The urban sources include not only written materials, but also preserved burgher epitaphs and possibly also burgher seals. The author pays particular attention to the social and professional composition of the armorial burghers, their share in the city administration and, last but not least, to the creation and inheritance of their coats of arms.

The article attempts to identify the economic prerequisites for the emergence of printing in the Czech Republic. The author analyzes the economic development of Czech cities in the post-Hussite period, analyzes the main privileges that cities were given or confirmed by their owners, as well as the development of crafts and trade in them.

The advanced interest in preventing, investigating and combating corruption crimes is determined by the fact that this phenomenon destroys the principles of good governance, legality and social equity, endangers the rule of law, hinders state and economic development, devalues human rights and endangers morality of the society. Under these conditions, the fight against the phenomenon of corruption occupies the first place in the agenda of many governments and international organizations. Strong calls are being heard in all parts of the world for the proper fight against acts of corruption and the implementation of policies focused on the development of good governance systems to avoid undermining current and potential efforts to prevent and combat corruption. In this article, we carry out an analysis of the circumstances to be established in the process of investigating corruption crimes. We also pay special attention to the problems related to the proof of corruption by the state prosecutor in the process of examining criminal cases regarding acts of corruption in the court of first instance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Through the titles in the jurisdictions of Urraca I of León, it is possible to know both the work of internal reorganization of the territory and the dimensionality of the potestas publica and the private ties that the queen exercised. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The most important symbols of the Roman state were undoubtedly the Vestal Virgins. They embodied the continuity of the res publica for centuries. As the guardians of the eternal flame throughout Roman history, they managed to secure a very high social position. Their social and sacred role was recognised and exploited by Roman political life. The best example of this was Augustus, who regarded the ancient priestly order as an important pillar of his own system. Through them, the princeps sought to demonstrate that the Imperium Romanum could recover from a bloody civil war and uphold the ideal that had already endured for 700 years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Dilemas Contemporáneos: Educación, Política y Valores is the property of Dilemas Contemporaneos: Educacion, Politica y Valores and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Using the example of Brno, one of the leading royal cities in Moravia (as one of the lands of the Czech Crown), the author outlines methodological issues related to the study of the so-called heraldic burghers. In towns located on the territory of Bohemia, Moravia and Bohemian Silesia, they constituted a kind of transitional group between the townspeople and nobility, based on a royal privilege granting them a coat of arms, occasionally supplemented with an actual ennoblement. However, admission to lower nobility was conditioned by acceptance from the relevant noble community. Most of the privileged burghers thus preferred to live in the city, making their living by practicing occupations typical of the urban environment. For her study, the author uses sources of Brno provenance for the early modern period, when this class of burghers was created in connection with the so-called closing of the noble estates, as well as sources of provincial provenance previously processed in thorough editions and monographs. The urban sources include not only written materials, but also preserved burgher epitaphs and possibly also burgher seals. The author pays particular attention to the social and professional composition of the armorial burghers, their share in the city administration and, last but not least, to the creation and inheritance of their coats of arms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the impact of the concept of Magdeburglawontheeconomic, political and cultural development of Ostrohin the 16th-17th centuries. The author establishes that today there are many issues which require through research and resolution, inparticular, the introduction of a clear division of administrative functions between state authorities and local self-government bodies, improvement of the system and structure of local self-government bodies, and creation of an appropriate legislative framework. It is believed that it is impossible to solve these problems without a clear and systematic analysis of the mainstages of formation of local self-government in the contex to historical data on Magdeburg law. The author establishes that Magdeburg law is a medieval type of law under which cities were partially exempted from the power of the central royal administration or the power of a feudal lord and, as a result, were able to self-governon a corporate basis. Thanks to the privileges of Magdeburg law, cities for the first time received self-government, their own mayor, mayor, councilors, shopkeepers, their own courts, and the right to create their own craftsmen's shops. The article confirms the idea that Magdeburg law is perhaps the clearest evidence that Ukrainian cities form any centuries were in a single political, cultural and economic space on a par with the leading cities of Europe. This thesis is confirmed by the history of the Magdeburg in many centers of our country, including the largest educational center of sixteenth-century Volhynia, the legendary city of Ostroh. Despite the outstanding importance of Ostroh in the socio-political and cultural life of Ukraine at the turn of the Middle Agesand the Modernera, the formation of the Magdeburg in this city has long been misinterpreted due to the lack of historical sources. The adoption of the concept of Magdeburg law provided Ostroh with a unique opportunity to develop local trade and, most importantly, the educational sphere. A characteristic feature of Magdeburg law in Ukrainian cities at the end of the sixteenth century was the transformation of its norms due to the influence of current factors of socio-economic development, as well as ancient Russian traditions of urban organization and law. Thus, the Magdeburg law did not initiate a new process of establishing local government in Ukraine, but only modified to a certain extent the existing norms of life and management of local affairs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Material guarantees create material rights with superior characteristics. One is absolute, that is, the right holder can enforce material rights against anyone. It is as if nothing can beat the holder’s position of material guarantee in the event of a conflict with concurrent creditors and creditors holding privileges. However, this absolute character can be weakened by law. In certain circumstances, such as the right to collect the cost of saving the collateral object, the position of the creditor holding the material guarantee must surrender to the creditor with the privilege. Creditors can even threaten their position by not getting full repayment because the object of the material guarantee is to pay the bill from the creditor who holds the privilege first. The problem analyzed in this article concerns the principle of justice associated with weakening the characteristics of material rights in material guarantees for privileges. This study uses statutory, conceptual, and case approaches. The result of this study is that the creditor’s bills of the holder of the privilege arising from the salvage of collateral objects must take precedence over the bills of creditors of property security holders. This is considered fair, whereby the salvage of collateral causes creditors to remain in their preferred creditor position. Keywords: Justice; Absolute; Material Rights; Material Security; Privileges.

This article explores the possibilities and limits of urban constitutionalism and its relation to the rule of law for fifteenth century Bruges. Late medieval Bruges was a city of great prominence where several important trade flows came together. Providing adequate justice was a top priority for the aldermen. Scholars have traditionally stressed the importance of privileges in providing this security. Privileges granted a theoretical protection but also entailed other deviations from the general rule. The grant of privileges lay the foundation of an unequal treatment of merchants. This article argues that, though these privileges were essential in protecting merchants, the aldermen of Bruges did not grant far-reaching procedural advantages to merchant communities. In doing so, the aldermen of Bruges ensured that certain basic notions, such as access to the aldermen of Bruges, equal opportunities before this court and the prevalence of Flemish law over foreign law, were present. In the city's belief that proper justice equalled the common good, some embryonic notions of the rule of law become apparent. However, we should not overextend this argument. The city depended on these merchant communities. Therefore, the city was more susceptible to the leverage of the merchant communities, than, for example, the state. Bruges refused demands for procedural advantages for the most part of the fifteenth century, but once the presence of these communities became indispensable, the city had to give in and alter its legal framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current expansion of hate speech in different areas of public life poses a challenge for educators committed to developing their praxis from an intercultural approach. In this sense, the social privileges enjoyed by part of the population are exploited through these discourses with political and economic objectives that are incompatible with collective justice. To delve deeper into this issue, a participatory research study was carried out among 52 adolescents and nine educators with the aim of identifying the scenarios, agents and strategies related to these discourses, as well as to create collective strategies to address this social problem. Over a period of 9 months, dialogic workshops were conducted to identify relevant issues that would facilitate a pedagogical approach to addressing hate speech. This article presents results that clarify the role of privilege in educational reflection and action in the face of hate speech. It concludes with some reflections, questions and possible guidelines to promote critical literacy in educational scenarios that help question hate speech when it is based on the defence of inequality through naturalised privileges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Studia Historica. Historia Medieval is the property of Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of this paper is to analyse the affairs/activities in which the Directorate for Maritime Transport was engaged during a twenty-year period (1925 – 1941) and (1945 – 1949). The tasks conducted by this central state authority for all maritime activities on the seacost territory were diverse. For instance, the following subject matters were within its jurisdiction: a) maritime domain management; b) coastal navigation surveillance; c) improvement of shipping and naval architecture; d) fisheries and sport fishing; e) the design, construction and maintenance of seaports, berths and other maritime facilities; f) cooperation with seafarers and other affairs. In short, research based on an analysis of part of the rich archival materials from the State Archives in Split and Croatian legal and maritime affairs history reveals its numerous, but to the wider scientific and professional public insufficiently known, activities in the field of maritime administration. The Kingdom of SHS, the Kingdom of Yugoslavia and the Federal People’s Republic of Yugoslavia built an organisational system of maritime administration modelled on the Austrian Central Maritime Administration in Trieste, founded in 1850. Regarding the legal status of the maritime domain, the Directorate, in carrying out everyday activities, implemented the provision according to which the coastline (shore) is indeed a common good for general use, where no real property rights can be acquired on it, and where it can be granted for use by means of privilege (concession). A conclusion is drawn that the Directorate performed the tasks of the disposal, management, and supervision of the maritime domain in an appropriate and conscientious manner.

This article presents an analysis of privileges as one of the instruments used for the colonization of the New World. Based on an original dataset comprising more than five hundred prerogatives granted by the Spanish Crown, this article applies network analysis to reconstruct and map the concession of privileges by the Habsburg monarchy during the first half of the 16th century. In a high uncertainty scenario, we depict privileges as a necessary cost assumed by the monarchy to solve the principal-agent problem by building up a structure to facilitate information flow, enabling the remote governance of overseas territories.

Copyright of Prudentia Iuris is the property of Pontificia Universidad Catolica Argentina and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In 1436, the free shippers received a written confirmation of their privileges from Philip the Good, following their help in suppressing a rebellion of tradesmen in Ghent. This contribution aims to explain the privileges of the free shippers in more detail through a substantive and formal analysis of the charter of 1436. One of the most important sentences in this charter turns out to be the most enigmatic as well: the free shipper from Ghent were said to have been 'founded' on the Scheldt, the Lieve and the Lys. This verb appears to imply that the free skippers had the right to exercise control over these waterways; moreover, the free shippers believed that their corporation had been created for the sole purpose of steering the economic traffic on these waterways. Supposedly, their privileges already existed as customary law, and this charter provided them with written proof. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Material guarantees create material rights with superior characteristics. One is absolute, that is, the right holder can enforce material rights against anyone. It is as if nothing can beat the holder's position of material guarantee in the event of a conflict with concurrent creditors and creditors holding privileges. However, this absolute character can be weakened by law. In certain circumstances, such as the right to collect the cost of saving the collateral object, the position of the creditor holding the material guarantee must surrender to the creditor with the privilege. Creditors can even threaten their position by not getting full repayment because the object of the material guarantee is to pay the bill from the creditor who holds the privilege first. The problem analyzed in this article concerns the principle of justice associated with weakening the characteristics of material rights in material guarantees for privileges. This study uses statutory, conceptual, and case approaches. The result of this study is that the creditor's bills of the holder of the privilege arising from the salvage of collateral objects must take precedence over the bills of creditors of property security holders. This is considered fair, whereby the salvage of collateral causes creditors to remain in their preferred creditor position. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the article, on the example of the conflict of the Courland governor P.A. Valuev with the Baltic nobility, happened in 1857, the legal status of the Baltic nobility in the Russian Empire is considered. The main issue considered in the work is the problem of the relationship between the imperial center and the national outskirts in the middle of the 19th century, which, in turn, is closely related to the results of the Northern War (1700-1721), which ended for Russia with a victory over Sweden and the annexation of the former part of the Swedish kingdom Estonia and Livonia. The local aristocracy received guarantees from the highest Russian authorities to preserve all privileges, which put it in a slightly different position than the nobility of the inner Russian provinces. Under Catherine II, when Courland was incorporated into Russia, these privileges were extended to the Courland barons. In the XIX century, under Nicholas I and Alexander II, all the "rights and liberties" of the Baltic nobles were also invariably confirmed. As a result, there was a situation in which the German barons considered themselves bound by personal obligations personally with the Russian monarch. This situation, typical of medieval feudal Europe, ran counter to the Russian patrimonial socio-political model, which irritated the Russian elite. The special position of the Courland nobility eventually led to a clash with the governor P.A. Valuev, who, acting within the framework of general imperial legislation, tried to establish general imperial orders in the province. Governor-General of the Baltic Region A.A. Suvorov, Interior Minister S.S. Lanskoy and Emperor Alexander II himself were involved in the clash. And although Valuev's position ultimately triumphed, and his opponent, Baron Gan, was forced to leave the post of Courland leader of the nobility, in general, this did not change the situation in any way. The model of “center-outskirts” relations considered in the article allows a deeper analysis of the difficulties that the local administration in the Baltic region faced when trying to unify the local administration system with the general imperial one. The main conclusion of the article can be considered the thesis that the Russian central government, represented by the governor and the governor-general, did not dare to drastically break the existing management model, in which the local elite (nobility) had a significant impact on the situation in the region. Courland, along with other Baltic provinces, remained a special territory in the political and legal landscape of the Russian Empire.

A list of hundreds of law review articles written by faculty members on the subject of "evidence"---narrowly defined to include only those topics covered by the Federal Rules of Evidence or its state clones. Readers who find their articles missing should notify the author who will add them to the next supplement.

Basilicas enjoy their own discipline both in canon law and in ecclesiastical law. A church can be considered basilica, major or minor, by immemorial custom or by conferral of the title by the ecclesiastical authority. A careful analysis of the current legislation, which also considers the legislative evolution that has taken place on the matter, allows us to understand the ratio that led the Legislator to make specific provisions on this type of sacred places, which represent further occasions of grace whereby the faithful may receive the necessary spiritual help, for the benefit of the salus animarum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aims at shedding light on the issue of the legal regulation of diplomatic immunities and privileges and the requirements of the mission entrusted to him with several advantages, and the problems they raise for misuse by members of permanent diplomatic missions, as they are protected from the rules of public international law, including criminal judicial procedures of the sending state. The issue that the research discusses, emerges from the political and other changes that have occurred in the international community, most notably, ways to deal, especially after the Second World War, to restrict criminal judicial immunity, the threat to national security forced some countries to exercise their jurisdiction actually via some diplomats, and therefore it was necessary to stand on the knowledge of the limits of immunity judicial criminal granted to the diplomatic envoy. The study finds that those enjoying many diplomatic immunities and privileges, including what is judicial, some of which are related to personal freedom and others, based on the requirements of their job, in addition to that immunity does not mean escaping responsibility, and the consequent is the difference in the courts that adjudicate the pending case. The study recommends amending the text of the Convention to suit the developments and developments in Article (27) by placing special restrictions on electronic correspondence and enacting international legislation that confirms that the envoy enjoys immunities and privileges during his transit from the third country by placing this on his passport. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Studia Historica Brunensia is the property of Masaryk University, Faculty of Arts and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Studia Luridica Montenegrina is the property of University of Donja Gorica, Faculty of Legal Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)