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We propose a security design model in which a potential acquirer approaches a firm with a value-add plan. The target has a single owner, who possesses private information: he alone knows whether his firm is compatible with the plan. The owner agrees that the acquirer will add value but believes that the value-add will not be as much as what the acquirer expects. Although the acquirer can choose any monotone limited liability security to offer along with cash, we show that, under general conditions, any security that is employed always takes the form of nonrecourse debt provided by the seller. Authors have furnished an Internet Appendix , which is available on the Oxford University Press Web site next to the link to the final published paper online [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to develop and validate the business streamlining (BS) model proposed in 2017. Design/methodology/approach: This study/paper develops and validates the qualitatively generated BS model, a conceptual model of service sourcing relationships, by testing it quantitatively. A survey was sent to chief exective officers, chief purchasing officers or facility managers in 764 private or public companies in Sweden with an annual turnover exceeding € 10m. The categories were tested and analyzed by means of factor analysis. Findings: The BS model for managing service sourcing processes was confirmed to be significant overall, meaning that it is applicable irrespective of service sourcing context. The efficiency pursuing (EP) was found to have an interlinking role that calls for a revision of the BS model. Furthermore, the four categories tended to load pairwise. Research limitations/implications: Although this cross-sectional study confirms the relevance of the BS model for managing service-sourcing processes, further studies should examine both the relative significance of its categories in different service-sourcing contexts and why the four main categories tend to pair. Practical implications: The results support that the model is flexible and adaptable to a wide range of service-sourcing circumstances. Irrespective of the relative complexity of facility management (FM) sourcing processes, the categories can be adapted to fit the service sourcing context. Thus, it can be used as a tool to analyze and facilitate strategic decision-making. Originality/value: The paper validates that the BS model can represent the dynamics of different service-sourcing processes, regardless of the complexity of the context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

EU state aid rules are part of the EU's competition policy, a form of soft law developed to nudge states away from public investments in many areas. Rules were used to impose that market competition holds a privileged position, and that enacting social, political, or economic benefits that might stifle competition requires a complicated legal and political negotiation process between the European Commission, Member States, and private companies. Nonetheless, many strategic projects or situations in recent years led to significant state aid. The Commission utilised a variety of means to encourage both private and public investments in EU based digital infrastructure that is critical for public media services and for unified European data space. Despite EU's balancing act between the private and public interests, business interests are dangerously capturing the development in the media data space. To grasp the social and economic contribution of publicly financed productive activities, we approach public broadcasting systems as producers of public wealth of a peculiar kind whose activities and goals are defined by their public purpose, rather than the imperatives of capital and profitmaking. Unifying data spaces with too many design decisions conceded to capitalist production runs the risk of further neglecting social foundations of member states. We argue that the desired digital transformation would be more successful if it moved towards affirmative approaches to public services and public infrastructures, recognising the historical and contemporary contribution of the production of public wealth and public media in member states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Private funding in election campaigns has traditionally been studied in relation to its consequences or to private companies. However, we know little about why individuals privately fund political parties. This paper aims to identify the drivers for such behaviour in the context of the campaign for the 2020 parliamentary elections in Romania. We analysed all 98 individuals who paid extra-large membership fees, made donations, or provided high-value loans to political parties. The results show that the money provided by individuals in campaigns is given for narrow and egoistical interests rather than party-related goals. These include maintaining a favourable status quo, securing further nominations, gaining access to public office, moving from central to local politics, and acting as a smokescreen between companies and parties. These observations are not party-specific but characterize the entire political spectrum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Pravnik is the property of Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of State & Law and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper studies the factors that affect the emergence of water data ecosystems using a case study as a research method. The study is based on interviews conducted with partners in a comprehensive business ecosystem focused on the development of smart water network management. Eleven representatives from six private companies, the waterworks of a city, and three organizations that provide water supply management services for municipalities were interviewed. The paper presents analysis of the interview results focusing on the interviewees' thoughts on the state of water data systems in Finland and on the factors that affect the emergence of water data ecosystems in Finland. The interview results indicate a clear need for water data ecosystems but also obstacles preventing their emergence. Inadequate understanding on the part of customer, a lack of water data, regulations, and underdeveloped agreements were seen to hinder the development of water data solutions. In addition to ecosystem development, the emergence of water data ecosystems requires investment and the development of water data solutions, solution concepts, and demonstrations to show the value of the ecosystem. The results show that ecosystems need a clear rationale and vision, effective management of water data sharing, and mechanisms to ensure the scalability of water data ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considering the difficult procedure of obtaining consent, consent-free health data reuse is believed to be one major contributor towards the creation of thriving health innovation ecosystem. While classic researchers are supported by the GDPR to reuse health data without consent, the innovator’s situation remains unclear, and this uncertainty continues to exist upon the introduction of the EHDS. To shed light on grey areas, positions of GDPR and EHDS on the ability of innovators for consent-free health data reuse were assessed. The study concludes that, while academicians are able to reuse health data without consent, a private company’s ability has been impeded by individual member states’ deviations from Article 9(2) GDPR. Furthermore, in contracts to EHDS (2022) which appeared in favour of innovators through the elimination of consent mechanism, EHDS (2024) with the inclusion of opt-out mechanism, and exclusion of private sector bodies from the Article 35(f), has negatively affected private companies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the study of the professional careers of 439 parliamentary assistants of the 7th parliamentary term (2009–2014), we identify their different career patterns, especially after leaving the European parliament. We show which factors (social, biographical) influence mobility within the field of Eurocracy. We assess the importance of public/private circulation. Beyond the notorious ‘revolving doors’ and the question of the transfer of information from EU institutions to private interests, we show that parliamentary assistants form a group of specialised intermediaries of EU affairs who, after having acquired specific knowledge and know-how at the heart of European policymaking, are able to convert these assets in different sectors (public bureaucracies, private companies, or NGOs), at the EU level or in the member states. Such mobility illustrates the blurring of the public/private divide, and the hybridisation of EU governance. We thus shed new light on the structuring of the field of Eurocracy and the circulation of professionals within it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the legal status of creditors and their representative bodies in bankruptcy cases of limited liability companies. It is noted that one of the main tasks of the Code of Ukraine on bankruptcy procedures is to satisfy the demands of creditors. On the basis of judicial practice, it is determined that the mandatory task of bankruptcy proceedings is the fair satisfaction of the entire set of creditors’ claims in the order of priority established by law. Therefore, proceedings in bankruptcy cases are objectively formed on the basis of creditor competition. Therefore, the purpose of bankruptcy proceedings is to balance the realization of the rights and legitimate interests of the participants in the case. An urgent task is to develop and apply an effective mechanism for the interaction of creditors with other participants in bankruptcy proceedings, to establish at the legislative level and in the practical aspect the proper regulation of the legal status of creditors in order to provide them with effective means of protection against the dishonest behavior of other participants in bankruptcy procedures and to fairly satisfy them requirements It is proposed, in particular, to amend a number of provisions of the Code of Ukraine on Bankruptcy Procedures, in particular, to the second part of Article 90 of the Code of Ukraine on Bankruptcy Procedures and to put it in the wording determined by the author, to return the provisions of the second part of Article 11 of the Law of Ukraine «On Restoring the Debtor’s Solvency or Recognition of bankrupt», etc. Peculiarities of the legal status of secured, current, bankruptcy creditors in bankruptcy cases of limited liability companies are analyzed. Attention is drawn to the fact that with the adoption of the Code of Ukraine on bankruptcy procedures compared to the previous Law of Ukraine «On restoring the debtor’s solvency or declaring him bankrupt», the protection of the rights and legitimate interests of secured creditors has improved by improving the legal regulation of bankruptcy procedures. It was concluded that the creditors interact with each other by convening and holding creditors’ meetings and making a decision to create a representative body - the creditors’ committee, determine its quantitative composition and elect its members. At the same time, creditors of companies must take into account and take into account the rights and legitimate interests of each other, observing the principles of inadmissibility of abuse of procedural rights, competition and legality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Government statistical offices worldwide are under pressure to produce statistics rapidly and for more detailed geographies, to compete with unofficial estimates available from web-based big data sources or from private companies. Commonly suggested sources of improved health information are electronic health records and medical claims data. These data sources are collectively known as real-world data (RWD) because they are generated from routine health care processes, and they are available for millions of patients. It is clear that RWD can provide estimates that are more timely and less expensive to produce—but a key question is whether or not they are very accurate. To test this, we took advantage of a unique health data source that includes a full range of sociodemographic variables and compared estimates using all of those potential weighting variables versus estimates derived when only age and sex are available for weighting (as is common with most RWD sources). We show that not accounting for other variables can produce misleading and quite inaccurate health estimates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the innovation value chain theory, the innovation process of the information and communication technology (ICT) firms is not only decomposed into R&D and commercialisation activities, but also its dynamic characteristics should be included in the evaluation system. To seek the underlying reasons for the inefficiency, a two-stage dynamic network DEA model within the SBM structure has been applied to assess the innovation efficiency along with the R&D capability and commercialisation performance. The results show that the innovation efficiency of the Chinese ICT industry shows a continuous decline due to the constraints of firms' R&D capabilities. Similarly, the heterogeneity exists within the ICT industry; The four sub-industries has its own strengths, but they also exhibit high market efficiency and low R&D efficiency. Private companies show a higher level of R&D and commercialisation than SOEs in both stages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a paucity of literature investigating the simultaneous relationships among R&D, innovation, and exports and assessing the separate roles of R&D and innovation from an empirical perspective. We address this research gap and contribute to the literature by examining the "learning to export" and "learning by exporting" hypotheses in SMEs and large firms. Using instrumental variable (IV) regressions and path analyses, the empirical assessment provides evidence that R&D and innovation should be regarded as two separate constructs. We also find significant mediating effects between R&D and Export via Innovation and between Export and R&D via Innovation only in the large company cohort. SMEs do not show evidence of simultaneity among R&D, innovation, and exporting nor do the results provide support for the "learning by doing" hypothesis in SMEs. Our findings assist in understanding how the variables interact across different firm sizes, which is important for targeted resource support and policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes the optimal combination of ex ante and ex post regulation of an activity in a two-period model. Additional information about the sign and extent of the externality associated with the activity becomes available only once a private party undertakes the activity, but undoing the activity at that stage is costly. We characterize when the regulator should commit not to reevaluate the activity ex post. The case for ex post regulation is strengthened if the private party can signal its private information about the consequences of the activity, but it is weakened if the cost of undoing the activity can be manipulated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the causes of equity pledge, external conduction mechanisms, and economic consequences from the perspective of insurance participation by integrating insurance participation, equity pledge, and stock price crash risk into a unified framework. An empirical analysis of sample data from listed companies in Shanghai and Shenzhen between 2007–2021, indicates that equity pledge reduces the risk of collapse as companies hedge the risk induced by the equity pledge. Further research has revealed that insurance participation can mitigate stock price crash risk brought by equity pledge through a regulatory effect, which is more pronounced for private companies and those with a high shareholding ratio, and companies in manufacturing industry. This is because private companies have a higher demand for capital as their property rights are not state-owned, the degree of separation of powers and agency conflicts is greater in companies held by large shareholders, manufacturing companies usually have stable earnings and cash flow performance, and the financial support provided by insurers for equity pledges at risk can effectively reduce the risk of their collapse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are abnormalities that affect the musculoskeletalsystem, triggered by various risk factors in the work environment. Commonly, MSDs occur due to non-ergonomic working conditions. It arises from chronic exposure to risk factors that can cause injury to the musculoskeletalsystem, this condition will impact on the social and economic aspects of employees. This research was conducted to determine the characteristics of employees, description of the region and the level of musculoskeletal complaints experienced, risk of work positions based on RULA assessment, and the relationship between risk of work positions and the level of musculoskeletal complaints with an analytic cross-sectional design. The study sample was 33 employees of the Engineering Section of private limited company personnel. The research instrument used was a questionnaire. The results show that the majority of the Engineering Department employees at private limited company personnel were 23 years old (36.4%) and had worked for two to three years (33.3%). As many as 48.5% of employees experienced moderate levels of musculoskeletal complaints. Of the 33 respondents, the majority of employees (63.6%) had a low-risk position, nine people (27.3%) had moderate risk, and three (9.1%) had high risk. There is a significant relationship between the risk of work position and the level of musculoskeletal complaints (P < 0.05). There is a significant relationship between the risk of working position and the level of musculoskeletal complaints in personnel of limited liability companies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The value of broad genetic base cultivars is often underestimated in the formal seed system, which primarily emphasizes uniform, monogenotyped varieties to ensure food security. To gather insights on the significance of farmer's varieties, cultivar mixtures, and evolutionary populations, a comprehensive approach involving surveys, focus group discussions, interviews, field observation and literature reviews was undertaken. Current legal frameworks in seed systems and variety handling predominantly serve the interests of seed companies, breeders, and extension officials, with limited consideration for the needs and preferences of farmers. This results in farmer's varieties, characterized by their high genetic variation, as well as cultivar mixtures and evolutionary populations, receiving limited support within the policy framework. These broad genetic base cultivars have been cultivated and preserved by farmers for generations and exhibit resilience to diverse environmental conditions. The formal seed system, which has gained prominence, has separated farmers from a crucial aspect of their agricultural heritage. It is now managed by government offices and private seed companies, necessitating financial contributions from farmers to participate in the seed system. To encourage the cultivation of site-specific varieties with substantial genetic diversity, there is a need to promote these varieties, whether registered or unregistered, through a legal framework that encompasses all agricultural produces, not solely seeds. Such a framework acknowledges the capacity of farmers to independently maintain and cultivate their seeds, contributing to the preservation of genetic diversity and sustainable agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pharmacovigilance helps determine when a treatment might cause novel or unintended effects. Patients, clinicians, regulators, and pharmaceutical companies have a stake in determining how the causality of treatment-induced effects should be established and when effects should be noted in settings from the academic literature to a medicine's label. There have been different approaches to this task in different jurisdictions, with reporting to companies more common in the United States and reporting to regulators more common in Europe. Over time, pharmacovigilance has switched from being primarily a clinical enterprise to being a regulatory one, which has led to the elimination of the names of those suffering from an adverse event and the outsourcing of the job of recording the details of events to private companies, which appears likely to reduce the recognition of adverse events. This article calls for a restoration of clinical input on adverse events aimed at increasing reporting and recognition rates for important behavioral events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article argues that instituting Citizen Boards of Governance (CBGs) is the optimal strategy to democratically contain Big Tech's algorithmic powers in the digital public sphere. CBGs are bodies of randomly selected citizens that are authorized to govern the algorithmic infrastructure of Big Tech platforms. The main advantage of CBGs is to tackle the concentrated powers of private tech corporations without giving too much power to governments. I show why this is a better approach than ordinary state regulation or relying on market mechanisms. My proposal follows from the critique of Big Tech's concentrated powers and explains how this justifies democratizing algorithms in the digital public sphere. My approach thus speaks to a core commitment in democratic theory: enhancing the autonomy of the public sphere from the centers of powers in modern societies, be it corporations or governments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Mağallaẗ Al-Dirāsāt Al-Tārīẖiyyaẗ wa Al-Ḥaḍāriyyaẗ Al-Miṣriyyaẗ is the property of Beni Suef University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Systematic approaches have greatly benefitted investors in publicly traded equities since at least the development of the first index fund in 1971. Private equities pose a far greater challenge for systematic investing due to lack of return data and regulatory filings and to significant illiquidity. Today, however, the availability of alternative data covering private companies, as well as the development of advanced forecasting methods, are facilitating systematic approaches to private equity investing. This article will present a systematic framework for private equity investing and extend the fundamental law of active management to show the benefits of breadth available to systematic investors. It will then demonstrate what public equity data can tell us about skill in private markets. Systematic approaches to private equity investment can be expected to continue to evolve and improve over time and to start to gain market share in this asset class of increasing investor interest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study highlights the positive impact of a stock market listing on workplace safety. We find that workplace injuries in publicly listed firms are lower than those in comparable private firms, and this effect relates to heightened monitoring by the media and regulators. The media pays more attention to public firms' safety issues than to those of private firms, and the reduced media scrutiny due to local newspaper closures leads to greater increases in injuries in public firms. Regulators also monitor public firms more strictly, evidenced by a higher likelihood of nonroutine inspections and larger penalties for detected violations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sharing large digital-first datasets, including for purposes for which they were not originally intended, is a hallmark of the “big data revolution”. Through their routine operations, private commercial companies collect massive amounts of diverse data from their customers, some of which may interest those working in the public sector, such as health researchers. Researchers and government agencies worldwide have been increasingly using data from commercial entities (such as Google, Microsoft, Apple, Facebook/Meta, Twitter/X and Amazon, among others) to generate health-related insights. This article explores ethical issues raised by the practice of commercial companies sharing consumer data with third parties for the purposes of promoting health in the sub-Saharan African (SSA) context. First, as an illustrative example, it examines some of the ways telecommunication (telecom) companies in SSA shared mobility data from cellphone users with public health researchers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Second, it examines a recent debate about the ethical responsibilities of companies that collect, process and share user-generated data, drawing implications for the SSA context. Finally, since this is a relatively understudied subject, we point out some areas where future conceptual and empirical work could contribute to the development of relevant ethics guidance and regulatory governance in SSA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This section presents notices of corporate dissolution. These include notice of winding up of limited liability company to all creditors of and claimants against Aced Properties, LLC, notice of corporation dissolution to all creditors of an all claimants against Ashley Manor, Inc., and notice of dissolution of limited liability company to all creditors of and claimants against Castle's Shoe Shop, LLC.

Purpose: The implementation of the Directive 2015/849 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 May 2015 on the prevention of the use of the financial system for the purposes of money laundering or terrorist financing resulted in the enactment by the Polish Parliament of the Act of March 1, 2018, on the prevention of money laundering and terrorist financing. One of the most important issues identified in the Act was the establishment of the Central Register of Beneficial Owners. The purpose of this paper is to critically analyze the functioning of the Register in Poland from the perspective of three years since its establishment. The text presents the most important problems faced by reporting institutions and obliged entities due to discrepancies in the interpretation of the Act's provisions – especially in terms of the definition of a beneficial owner. Design/methodology/approach: The basic research approach was a comparative content analysis method. The objects of analysis included Polish Laws, Directive of the European Parliament and the Council (EU) 2015/849 and the judgment of the Court of Justice of the European Union. The theoretical legislative assumptions contained in the Acts were compared with reports, studies and communications prepared by public and private institutions. This made it possible to draw conclusions regarding the causes of problems with the functioning of the Register in Poland. Findings: The results of the research showed that the ambiguity of the definition of the beneficial owner leads to a number of problems on the part of reporting institutions, such as companies, foundations and associations. On the other hand, a large part of the data entered in the Register is questioned by obliged entities. The lack of personal data protection is also a problem. Consequently, this reduces the value of the Register as a tool that effectively mitigates the risk of money laundering. Research limitations/implications: The research focused only on the functioning of the Central Register of Beneficial Owners in Poland. The subject of the analysis addressed problems with the definition of beneficial owner, issues of data quality and openness and the process of verifying the Register's data. The technical aspects of the Register operation and the financial penalties imposed by public oversight institutions were not reviewed. Also, no comparison was made with other European Union (EU) member states that have implemented Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council (EU) 2015/849. Originality/value: This study discusses the important issue of regulatory requirements introduced under EU regulations for private companies. Familiarization of companies, NGOs and obliged entities with the conclusions of the study can positively influence the consolidation of the correct interpretative path. In addition, to the best of the author's knowledge, this is the first scientific text that identifies and systematizes the most important problems of the Register's functioning in Poland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Public–private partnerships (P3s) have gained prominence in both developed and developing nations over recent decades. P3 contracts have been used in a broad spectrum of infrastructure sectors in the United States. However, it is important to demonstrate how P3 projects compare in terms of cost and schedule to traditional project delivery methods to make more informed choices when selecting a delivery method in infrastructure construction. This research focused on benchmarking the project performances of P3 highway projects against design-build (DB) and design-bid-build (DBB) highway projects by analyzing cost growth and schedule growth for highway projects undertaken using P3, DB, and DBB project delivery. Statistical tests revealed that P3 highway projects had a mean cost growth of 2.12%, whereas DB projects experienced 8.95% growth, and DBB projects 7.27%. Furthermore, the mean schedule growth for P3 highway projects was 0.59%, compared to 37.94% for DB projects and 31.39% for DBB projects. The research results can provide valuable insights to assist decision-making processes for future projects, which can be particularly useful for government agencies, private companies, and other stakeholders involved in infrastructure development. Furthermore, the stakeholders can make more informed choices when selecting a delivery method with the identified performance comparison findings, potentially reducing the likelihood of project disputes and failures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is devoted to the study of the peculiarities of economic and legal support for the activity of an enterprise that is a resident of Diya City. Based on the analysis, it was concluded that in the conditions of the digital economy there can be economic systems in which there are intra-system organizational economic legal relations and intra-economic legal relations. In intra-system organizational economic relations, their participants are legally equal, therefore management in the form of coordination within the system will be implemented on the basis of economic dominance, which ensures mutually beneficial interaction between the participants of this system. A resident of Diya City, created in the form of a company with limited or additional liability on the basis of an economic contract, can transfer the powers of the executive body to another legal entity. It is expedient to define the requirements for such a legal entity as fully as possible in the Diya City resident statute. The contract for the performance of the powers of the executive body of the resident of Diya City must contain the following essential conditions: subject, price, term of the contract, financial and economic indicators that must be achieved by the resident of Diya City as a result of management, deadlines for their achievement, conditions for control and reporting, grounds for early termination of the contract. Before concluding an agreement on the transfer of powers to the executive body of the resident of Diya City to comply with the legal economic order on the basis of the previous agreement, it is advisable for the parties to organize mutual checks: audit, compliance, due diligence, etc. On the basis of an economic outsourcing contract, including an IT outsourcing contract, a resident of Diya City can involve professional, highly specialized companies in his own economic system. Such a feature of outsourcing as the duration of the relationship between the parties in this relationship will be optional, as it may arise for the implementation of a certain project. Digitization allows the enterprise to move from such organizational forms as management, regulation, control mainly to coordination, because with digitalization, the enterprise creates digital structural units and digital management bodies, and digital (virtual) workplaces become the basis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a detailed study of the evolution of corporate governance in Ukraine and Poland with an emphasis on the peculiarities of the development of legislation in both countries. The author analyzes the historical development of corporate structures, starting from antiquity and the Middle Ages to modern times, paying attention to important stages and changes in legal norms regulating corporate governance in Poland and Ukraine. The article begins with an overview of the early forms of corporate structures in ancient civilizations and traces their development through the main historical periods in Europe. The stages of formation of corporate governance in Poland and Ukraine during the 19th and 20th centuries are considered separately. In Ukraine, the formation of corporate governance was limited by the legal norms of the Russian Empire, and only with the transition to a market economy in the 1990s, a significant development of corporate forms, in particular limited liability companies (LLCs), was noted. In Poland, the development of corporate law was marked by intense changes, especially after the fall of the communist regime and the accession to the European Union, which contributed to the harmonization of Polish corporate law with European standards. The author analyzes in detail the key stages of changes in the legislation of both countries, including the codification of corporate law, adaptation to European norms, as well as the problems that arose at each of the stages. The article also considers the impact of economic and political changes on the development of corporate governance in both countries, emphasizing that although the initial stages of the development of corporate governance in Ukraine and Poland were similar due to geographical and historical proximity, further development in these countries took place differently. Poland has gone through stages of intensive reform and integration with the EU, which significantly influenced the modernization of its corporate law. In Ukraine, significant changes in corporate governance began only in the 1990s and continue to this day, with certain challenges and obstacles on the way to full integration into European legal standards. The article reveals both common and distinctive features in the evolution of corporate law in these countries. The findings of the study allow a better understanding of the influence of historical and political factors on the formation of modern corporate practices and norms in both states. The author concludes that although both countries started their journey in corporate governance from similar foundations, further development was significantly different due to the influence of internal and external factors. Poland was able to successfully adapt its legislation to European standards, while Ukraine is still at the stage of transformation. This emphasizes the need to continue reforms in Ukraine, in particular, for integration into the European legal space, which is critically important for ensuring the stability and transparency of corporate governance in the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article argues that conceptualising corporate purpose as a normative question which can be examined in isolation from its socio-historical context is inappropriate and ultimately futile. Corporate purpose is examined here as historically determined, a social fact, independently from whichever theoretical position might prevail in scholarly debates. Interestingly, corporate law doctrine pertinent to corporate purpose has remained mostly static but fairly open-ended. This has allowed purpose itself to oscillate between shareholder primacy and the balancing of stakeholder interests rather seamlessly as a socio-historical phenomenon. However, the article finds that, where it is used by private business organisation, corporate law has a limited capacity to accommodate purpose oscillations. Those are limited to merely one-dimensional movements representing corporate income distribution choices considered as socially legitimate each time. Using concepts such as Polanyi's 'double-movement' and Gramsci's 'passive revolution', the article argues that, for as long as social dynamics focused on wealth distribution, private corporate purpose had little difficulty in absorbing social critique and in finding a legitimacy basis for the private business corporation. However, more recently, critique has been shifting away from merely distributional trepidations and towards other non-economic concerns caused by economic growth per se. These concerns add new dimensions for corporate purpose oscillations, which cannot be accommodated irrespective of how open-ended corporate law doctrine on purpose might be. The article concludes with an analysis of what this might entail for corporate law as a socially legitimate structure for private business. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on classical contagion models we introduce an artificial cyber lab: the digital twin of a complex cyber system in which possible cyber resilience measures may be implemented and tested. Using the lab, in numerical case studies, we identify two classes of measures to control systemic cyber risks: security‐ and topology‐based interventions. We discuss the implications of our findings on selected real‐world cybersecurity measures currently applied in the insurance and regulation practice or under discussion for future cyber risk control. To this end, we provide a brief overview of the current cybersecurity regulation and emphasize the role of insurance companies as private regulators. Moreover, from an insurance point of view, we provide first attempts to design systemic cyber risk obligations and to measure the systemic risk contribution of individual policyholders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Foco (Interdisciplinary Studies Journal) is the property of Revista Foco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: This study explores the characteristics of worldwide acquisitions of private-equity-backed (PE) private companies. It examines the impact of the subprime crisis, the acquirer's choice of target, and the implications on deal value. Research Design & Methods: This study uses deal-level data on worldwide PE-backed private company acquisitions that were completed between 2000 and 2017. Research methods to test the hypotheses include data visualization, comparative analysis, and regression analysis. Findings: Data visualization indicates that North America was the most popular region for PE-backed private company acquisitions, followed by Europe and Asia. Industry sectors such as the services sector, the technology sector, the manufacturing sector, and the healthcare, and biotechnology sectors were popular. Comparative analysis indicates that financial acquirers preferred targets with larger revenues, larger core profits and operational profitability. Regression analysis indicates that acquirer characteristics such as acquirer type and experience levels, and deal characteristics such as deal location and percentage of stake acquired influence deal size. However, target company information and performance supersede acquirer characteristics. The subprime crisis in 2008 was a minor deterrent in the acquisition activity for both financial buyers and strategic buyers resulting in larger value deals with targets with smaller revenues. Implications & Recommendations: This study provides insights into the importance and relevance of signals in PE-backed private company acquisitions by examining the characteristics of such acquisitions, the acquirer preferences, and the determinants of deal value. Private companies are less visible and less transparent as compared to public companies, making them obscure and difficult to value. Therefore, strategic acquirers and financial acquirers rely on signals to assess the viability of the potential target, with PE backing serving as a notable certification. This study indicates that PE-backing influences deal value and acquirer's preferences. Despite the 2008 financial crisis influencing acquisition activity, both sets of acquirers were able to leverage their experiences into their respective acquisitions. Higher total and relevant experience seemed to work favourably for acquirers, who profited from increased bargaining power. Contribution & Value Added: Firstly, this study enriches and adds to the knowledge of the literature on acquisitions, particularly private company acquisitions and the role played by PE in the same. Next, this study adds to the literature on the subprime crisis and the impact of the crisis on acquisition activity. Further, this article provides insights into strategic decision-making by the two dominant acquirers-strategic acquirers, and financial acquirers- when they are limited by a target pool and the interpretation of signals by the target. Finally, the examination of PE-backed private company acquisitions adds to the study and practice of entrepreneurial finance by examining the role of PE as a signal to deal with quality to encourage acquisitions of privately held targets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PT. LogisMe Berkat Bersama (LBB) is a Limited Liability Company (PT) engaged in the business of providing Business-to-Business (B2B) warehousing and logistics solutions. LogisMe has the tagline "One Stop Logistics Solutions" with end-to-end solution coverage starting from the provision of warehousing and logistics operational equipment such as forklifts, material handling and cleaning equipment, provision of spare parts and technicians in order to meet the maintenance needs of these operational equipment, warehouse racking design, warehouse and logistics operational consultant services to the provision of a digital platform for monitoring units rented by customers in real-time. This document outlines the implementation of a risk management strategy for the business plan of LogisMe, a Material Handling Rental Services startup company. The framework adopted is based on the ISO 31000:2018 standard and focuses on integrating risk manage. the report is returned to the risk mitigation supervisor to be checked that it has met the requirements and stored in the company's cloud repository, disseminated to all employees and company stakeholders. Monitoring is carried out to understand and prevent risks that occur as a strategy to gain a competitive advantage for the company. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research explores how managers implement integrated reporting (IR) in their organisations and its impact on practices. We use 25 semi‐structured interviews with top and middle managers of early adopters' private companies to examine the conditions under which managers initially made sense of IR long before its institutionalisation. Conceptually drawing from practice theory, we show how top and middle managers make sense of (practical intelligibility) IR and how this influences core operational practices. The analysis shows that IR practices can be more or less totalitarian, revealing the importance of the institutional pressures and teleo‐affective structures held and promoted by the managers in charge. This research offers a counterpoint to studies that suggest that accounting has a limited impact when practised in a less totalitarian form. It also highlights the importance of affective aspects and the crucial role of managers in these aspects. Given the rapid changes in the regulatory context, understanding how managers make sense of integrated tools is of utmost importance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Arab Journal for Scientific Publishing is the property of Research & Development of Human Recourses Center (REMAH) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper aims to explore differences between the perception of dark traits in formal leaders and levels of workplace stress among employees working in family and non-family businesses. Furthermore, we assess if the company nature (family-owned versus non-family-owned) moderates the relationship between the employees' perception of dark triad traits in their formal leaders and their workplace stress levels. The empirical evidence is provided by a sample of 220 Portuguese employees who responded to a questionnaire that included their perceptions of their formal leaders' dark triad traits and workplace stress measures. All respondents are employed in small and medium-sized private companies, holding no management responsibilities and under formal hierarchical supervision. The initial ideas that family firms' employees perceive higher levels of dark triad traits in their formal leaders than non-family firms' employees and that they also show higher levels of workplace stress than non-family firms' employees were confirmed. The results also support the notion that higher perceptions of dark triad traits in formal leaders are related with higher levels of workplace stress of employees and that the company nature significantly moderates this relationship. These findings enhance the research literature by addressing two often overlooked aspects in the comparison between family and non-family firms. Additionally, they provide valuable insights into the relationship between dark triad traits in formal leaders and employee workplace stress levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Hereditary cancer is estimated to account for up to 10% of the worldwide cancer burden; 5% of all thyroid cancers are thought to be genetic. Inheritance of a deleterious mutation in genes associated with a high lifetime risk of developing cancer. Cancer-predisposing genes can promote the initiation and progression of thyroid cancer by enhancing the activation of major signaling pathways through oxidative stress mechanisms. Aim: Identification of the possible link between familial susceptibility to cancer and the level of oxidative stress in thyroid cancer patients. Methods: Patients with thyroid cancer (with and without genetic predisposition) were investigated. Study participants were treated in Limited Liability Company (LLC) "Oncology Scientific Research Center" (Tbilisi, Georgia). The study group was collected between 2020 and 2021. In patients' blood, the thyroid hormones content (free Triiodothyronine (fFT3), free Thyroxine (fFT4), bound Triiodothyronine (FT3), bound Thyroxine (FT4), Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)), and oxidative stress intensity (total activity of non-enzymatic antioxidant system (TAA) and the lipid peroxidation product, malondialdehyde (MDA), content) were investigated. Results: The difference in free and bound forms of T3 and T4 levels in the blood serum between patients with thyroid cancer (Group 2 and Group 3) and the control group (Group 1) was not statistically significant (F1,2=0.5, p1,2=0.8, F1,3=2.31, p1,3=0.16). In patients with thyroid cancer the TSH level significantly increased compared to the control group (Group 1) (TSH (mean ± Std error): Group 1– 1.21 ± 0.12, Group 2–2.45 ± 0.11 (F1,2=107, p1,2<0.001), Group 3–2.47 ± 0.17 (F1,3=150, p1,3<0.001)) and the MDA levels increased by 4–5 fold. In patients with thyroid cancer from families with cancer aggregation(Group 2), the level of TAA statistically significantly decreased (F1 − 2=200; p1 − 2<0.001), in patients without genetic predisposition to cancer(Group 3), the level of TAA did not change compared to the control (F1 − 3= 2.13; p1 − 3=0.15), Conclusions: Oxidative stress plays a critical role in tumorigenesis, and antioxidant/oxidant imbalance may contribute to the malignant transformation of normal tissue. In patients with familial susceptibility to cancer mutations of several genes, which are involved in the regulation of oxidative metabolism, may contribute to the disruption of the redox balance, increase the level of oxidative stress, and contribute to the development of thyroid cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

West Java has a quite dense population, 65% of the population in West Java are Sundanese. In addition, there are also other tribes, namely the Javanese, which are also found in many areas in West Java. This study aims to analyze differences in employees' personal values and work cultures based on Sundanese and Javanese ethnicity in West Java. The determination of the two tribes is because most of the population in West Java Province are Sundanese and Javanese. The specific objectives of this study are to analyze the differences between Sundanese and Javanese employees in 1) the hedonistic values, 2) the value of empathy, 3) the value of self-actualization, 4) the integrity, 5) professionalism, 6) satisfaction, and 7) exemplary. The data analysis technique used in this study was descriptive and two-sample independent non-parametric test with the Mann-Whitney, Kolmogorov Smirnov, and Run Woldfowitz tests, using the SPSS version 25. Sample analysis was carried out using criteria consisting of 75 employees of private sector companies using questionnaires in West Java, including Bandung, Purwakarta, Karawang, Subang, and Cianjur. The output of this study indicates that Sundanese and Javanese employees in West Java have different but equally good personal values and work cultures. The personal values consist of 3 main dimensions -- namely hedonism, empathy, and self-actualization, while the work culture consists of integrity, professionalism, satisfaction, and exemplary. The most significant difference is shown in the dimension of integrity where the Sundanese show adherence to company rules, while the Javanese are more honest at work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aimed to investigate the impact of satisfaction with the work group according to its dimensions (psychological satisfaction, social satisfaction and professional satisfaction with the work group) on organizational conflict according to its dimensions (self-conflict, conflict with colleagues and conflict at the organizational level) by applying it to private sector companies in the capital, Sana'a. The quantitative method was adopted through the descriptive analytical approach, and a questionnaire was used as the main tool for collecting data. A purposive sampling was used for selecting from private sector companies in the capital. The questionnaire form was distributed to 171 individuals working in it . The study came out with a set of results, perhaps the most important of which is the presence of a decrease in the level of satisfaction with the work group and an increase in the level of organizational conflict. It wad also found that there is statistically significant effect of satisfaction with the work group according to the axes (psychological satisfaction with the work group and professional satisfaction with the work group) on organizational conflict, while satisfaction with the work group according to the social satisfaction axis did not have a statistically significant effect on organizational conflict. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article develops the concept of the digital blender to comprehensively address the extent to which digital technologies further authoritarian practices and power beyond the state. By focusing on the primarily commercial nature of digital technologies, and their reciprocal transformational political economic embeddedness, the digital blender allows to highlight the role of private companies in enabling practices that are detrimental to democratic values and processes, irrespective of the formal regime-type context of a given polity, and less confined by national borders. While previous discussions primarily focus on digital technologies as mere tools at the discretion of their master, this relational perspective allows for the incorporation of transnational non-state actors and dynamics in constituting and contesting manifestations of authoritarian power beyond the state. These dynamics will be illustrated and discussed in light of insights into recent incidents involving companies such as Cambridge Analytica, Meta Platforms Inc., and the NSO Group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Because the asset value of a private company is not observable, the structural model has not been developed for a private company. For this reason, this paper attempts to develop the Merton's structural model for the private company by using the dividend discount model (DDM). In this paper, we obtain closed–form formulas of risk–neutral equity and liability values, default probability, optimal debt amount, and optimal portfolio, prices of bonds, prices of Margrabe options with default risk for the private company. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Alauddin Law Development Journal is the property of Alauddin Law Development Journal (ALDEV) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Alauddin Law Development Journal is the property of Alauddin Law Development Journal (ALDEV) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Cadernos de Dereito Actual is the property of Asociacion Xuristas en Accion and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Purpose: The digital transformation wave has significantly impacted various industries, including Human Resources (HR). Private companies in Oman have embraced digital technologies to streamline their HR services, enhance efficiency, and improve employee experiences. This research paper aims to explore and analyzed the digital transformation initiatives undertaken by private companies in Oman to modernize their HR services. Design/methodology/approach: The study were employed a mixed-methods approach, combining qualitative and quantitative research methods. Primary data were collected through interviews and surveys conducted with HR professionals and employees from selected private companies in Oman. Secondary data were gathered from industry reports, academic journals, and reputable online sources. Findings/results: The findings indicates that in terms of current level of digitalization the 90 percent of the respondents agreed that the department heads were optimistic and committed to transform their HR services in to fully digital, although some organization are not yet started while others are partially operated it is part of the plan to adopt fully in five years' time. However, the challenges were mostly pointed out to the top management support and lack of skills and knowledge of the employee to use the necessary tools, although a free training can be applied but 80 percent that is how the respondents sees as the most challenging. For the benefits 80 percent of them agreed that it will reduce back logs, safety storing of employee files. Practical implications: The challenges were mostly pointed out to the top management support and lack of skills and knowledge of the employee to use the necessary tools, although a free training can be applied but 80 percent that is how the respondents sees as the most challenging. For the benefits 80 percent of them agreed that it will reduce back logs, safety storing of employee files. Originality/value: This study investigated the digital integration of HR services of private companies in Oman as well and their challenges experience during the implementation. This study will contribute to those company who are ready to change and adopt technology in there operation, willing to embrace positive change toward success. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]