Search

Mediteranski šumski ekosustavi u Hrvatskoj su od velike vaţnosti zbog ekoloških funkcija koje pruţaju. Zbog velike osjetljivosti ove regije na oneĉišćujuće tvari prisutnih u atmosferi, bitno je pratiti stanje šumskih ekosustava te kako oni reagiraju na njih. Cilj je bio uspostaviti ekološko praćenje u mediteranskim šumama, odrediti koncentracije iona prispjelih atmosferskim taloţenjem, koncentracije prizemnog ozona i fiziološke parametre stabla, odrediti biokemijske pokazatelje oksidativnog stresa te utvrditi uzroĉno-posljediĉne veze izmeĊu fizioloških parametara stabala i atmosferskih unosa. Sva mjerenja, uzorkovanja i analize raĊena su prema priruĉnicima MeĊunarodnog programa za procjenu i motrenje utjecaja zraĉnog oneĉišćenja na šume (UNECE - ICP Forests). Najveće koliĉine atmosferskoga taloţenja utvrĊena su u šumi hrasta crnike. Opterećenja dušikovim spojevima nisu prošla literaturne granice. Koncentracija ozona na svim plohama bila su blizu ili dosegla 100 ppb. Najmanja osutost utvrĊena je na plohi hrasta crnike s < 10 % dok je na ostale tri bila > 40 %. Najveći postotak prirasta bio na plohi alepskog bora. Ispitivanjem odnosa okolišnih varijabli i pokazatelja zdravstvenog stanja šuma (osutost i prirast) utvrdilo se da je osutost znaĉajno povezana sa sadrţajem vode u tlu, dok je prirast bio povezan s sunĉevim zraĉenjem, vlagom i sa parametrima ozona. Korištenjem metode analize sluĉajne šume (eng. Random forest analysis) naglasile su da su parametri ozona bili najvaţniji prediktori koji utjeĉu na rast stabala. UtvrĊene su znaĉajno manje koliĉine klorofila u hrastovim vrstama u znaĉajno osutim stablima (osutost > 25 %), dok je za borove vrste utvrĊeno bilo obrnuto. Akumulirani H2O2 odrazio se na prisutnost lipidne peroksidacije u svim vrstama. Znaĉajne razlike utvrĊene su za znaĉajno osuta stabla hrasta crnike i alepskog bora dok je za hrast medunac utvrĊeno za stabla male osutosti. UtvrĊene su aktivacije antioksidativnih enzima u svim vrstama. Aktivacija enzima askorbat peroksidaze mogla bi se smatrati kao indikatorom stresa za ispitivane vrste. Iako nisu uoĉena vidljiva oštećenja, utvrĊeno je da su biljke bile pod stresom. Mediterranean forest ecosystems in Croatia are of very high significance because of ecological functions they provide. Due to the high sensitivity of this region to air pollutants present in the atmosphere, it is important to monitor the state of forest ecosystems and how they react to them. The aims of this research were to establish environmental monitoring in Mediterranean forest ecosystems, to determine the concentrations of atmospheric deposition and ground-level ozone, the physiological parameters of trees, to determine biochemical indicators of oxidative stress caused by abiotic sources of stress and finally to establish cause-and-effect relationships between physiological parameters of trees and atmospheric inputs. All measurements, sampling and analysis were done according to International co-operative programme on assessment and monitoring of air pollution effects on forests (ICP Forests) manuals. The highest amount of atmospheric deposition was in the holm oak forest. Nitrogen critical loads did not cross literature limit. Ozone on all four plots was found to be close to or reached 100 ppb. The lowest defoliation was determined on the holm oak plot with < 10% while on the other three it was > 40%, and the highest growth percentage was on Aleppo pine plot. The relationship between environmental variables and forest health indicators (defoliation and growth) was found that defoliation was significantly correlated with soil water content at different depths, while growth was correlated with solar radiation, moisture and with all ozone parameters. Using random forest analysis highlighted that ozone parameters were the most important predictors influencing the tree growth. Significantly lower contents of chlorophyll were found in oak species in significantly defoliated trees (defoliation > 25%) and for pine species was vice versa. Accumulated H2O2 was reflected in the presence of lipid peroxidation in all species. Significant differences were found for significantly defoliated holm oak and Aleppo pine trees, while for pubescent oak it was found for low defoliated trees. Activation of all examined antioxidative enzymes in all species was determined. Ascorbate peroxidase enzyme activity could be considered as an indicator of stress in trees for examined species. The plants were found to be under stress although no visible damage was observed.

U današnje vrijeme fleksotisak se nametnuo kao tehnika tiska broj jedan u svijetu tiskarske industrije. U samim počecima fleksotisak nije smatran kvalitetnom tiskarskom tehnikom. Ipak, tijekom godina njegova kvaliteta je rasla te je postajao sve zastupljeniji u tiskarskoj industriji. Konstantnim unapređivanjem tehnologije i inovacijama kvaliteta proizvoda koju fleksotisak može isporučiti je značajno napredovala. Izrazito veliku primjenu ima kod tiska ambalažnih materijala, etiketa, papira, filmova te raznih folija. Proces tiska sastoji se od mnogo segmenata koji moraju biti precizno i kvalitetno odrađeni kako bi krajnji proizvod zadovoljio kupca. Kroz teoretski dio rada, čitatelj se može upoznati sa segmentima koji čine fleksotisak. Od principa rada, sustav za obojenje, bojila, tiskovnih ploča, rastriranja, graviranja aniloks valjaka, montažnih traka pa do deformacija koje se javljaju prilikom tiska. Eksperimentalni dio rada sastoji se od istraživanja dva parametra. Ispituje se kako određena tvrdoća montažne trake u kombinaciji s određenom tvrdoćom tiskarske ploče utječe na gustoću obojenja (eng. Density) te na prirast raster tonske vrijednosti, RTV-a. Istraživanje se vrši na LDPE podlozi. Prilikom istraživanja koriste se dvije tiskarske ploče proizvođača DuPont - Cyrel Easy ESE i Cyrel Easy DPR. Tiskarske ploče montirane na temeljne cilindre u kombinaciji s pet različitih tvrdoća montažnih traka. Mjerenje u svrhe istraživanja odrađeno je pomoću uređaja X-Rite eXacta advanced, koji je ujedno spektrofotometar i denzitometar. Dobiveni rezultati prikazani su pomoću grafova i tablica.

Understanding the influence of the current climate on the distribution, composition, and carbon storage capacity of Mediterranean tree species is key to determining future pathways under a warmer and drier climate scenario. Here, we evaluated the influence of biotic and environmental factors on earlywood (EW) and latewood (LW) growth in Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis Mill.). Our investigation was based on a dense dendrochronological network (71 sites), which covered the entire distribution area of the species in the Iberian Peninsula (around 119.652 km$^2$), and a high-resolution climate dataset of the Western Mediterranean area. We used generalized linearmixed models to determine the spatial and temporal variations of EW and LW across the species distribution. Our results showed an intense but differentiated climatic influence on both EW and LW growth components. The climatic influence explained significant variations across the environmental gradients in the study area, which suggested an important adaptation through phenotypic plasticity and local adaptation to varying climatic conditions. In addition, we detected a clear spatial tradeoff between efficiency and safety strategy in the growth patterns across the species distribution. Additionally, in more productive areas, the trees presented a higher proportion of EW (more efficient to water transport), while, in more xeric conditions, the LW proportion increased (more safety to avoid embolisms), implying an adaptation to more frequent drought episodes and a higher capacity of carbon depletion. We therefore concluded that Mediterranean forests adapted to dryer conditions might be more efficient as carbon reservoirs than forests growing in wetter areas. Finally, we advocated for the need to consider wood density (EW/LW proportion) when modeling current and future forest carbon sequestrations.

Brancin, lubin (Dicentrarchus labrax) je značajna uzgojna vrsta u Sredozemlju. Ženke dostižu spolnu zrelost u dobi od 3-5 godina, dok mužjaci sazrijevaju u dobi od 1-2 godine. Uzgojni ciklus od nasada mlađi do konzumne veličine (prelazi 300 g), u 2 ili 3 god ulazi s punom zrelošću, a to podrazumijeva da dolazi do sazrijevanja gonada. Ukupna potrošnja hrane u akvakulturi mora osigurati dovoljnu količinu energije za metabolizam održavanja, metabolizam rasta i metabolizam proizvodnje rasplodnih stanica. Proizvodni rezultati se procjenjuju kroz preživljavanje, prirast i potrošnju hrane. Prirast i potrošnja hrane su usko povezani, a učinkovitost hranidbe se procjenjuje faktorom konverzije hrane. Prirast osim somatskog tkiva, kod spolno zrelih jedinki, obuhvaća i prirast gonada. U fazi pripreme za mrijest, rast gonada doprinosi ukupnom prirastu biomase, dok se mrijestom taj prirast gubi. Gubitak biomase zbog mrijesta ima utjecaj na promjenu evidencijskog stanja uzgajane biomase i na porast efektivne/ekonomske konverzije hrane. Svrha ovog rada je bila utvrditi utjecaj mrijesta brancina u kaveznom uzgoju na promjene biomase i konverziju. Uz to su prikupljeni i proizvodni podaci o biomasi i utrošku hrane. Utvrđena je značajna razlika između spolova u ukupnoj duljini i težini brancina u drugoj godini života, dok u trećoj godini nije bilo razlike i to nam ukazuje da je teško predvidjeti utjecaj spola na prosječnu veličinu. GSI u trećoj godini uzgoja između mužijaka i ženki se značajno razlikovao te bi prilikom mrijesta gubitak težine trebao biti značajno pod utjecajem spola ribe. Razlika u VSI u vrijeme mrijesta između mužijaka i ženki uzrokovana je razlikama u veličini gonada. Na relativnu veličinu gonada kod brancina u kaveznom uzgoju utjecaj imaju spol i veličina. Sea bass, sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) is a significant breeding species in the Mediterranean. Females reach sexual maturity at the age of 3-5 years, while males mature at the age of 1-2 years. The growing cycle from young to consumer size (exceeding 300 g), in 2 or 3 years enters with full maturity, which means that the gonads mature. Total food consumption in aquaculture must provide sufficient energy for maintenance metabolism, growth metabolism and reproductive cell production metabolism. Production results are assessed through survival, growth and food consumption. Growth and food consumption are closely related, and feeding efficiency is assessed by food conversion factor. In addition to somatic tissue, growth in sexually mature individuals includes gonadal growth. In the phase of preparation for spawning, the growth of gonads contributes to the total growth of biomass, while spawning loses this growth. Loss of biomass due to spawning has an impact on the change in the record status of cultivated biomass and on the increase of effective / economic conversion of food. The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of sea bass spawning in cage farming on biomass changes and conversion. In addition, production data on biomass and food consumption were collected. There was a significant difference between the sexes in the total length and weight of the veterans in the second year of life, while in the third year there was no difference and this indicates that it is difficult to predict the impact of sex on average size. The GSI in the third year of breeding differed significantly between males and females and should be significantly influenced by sexual fish during weight loss. The difference in VSI at spawning time between males and females is caused by differences in gonad size. The relative size of the gonads in sea bass in cage farming is influenced by sex and size.

Mramorni rak (Procambarus virginalis, Lyko 2017) je invazivna strana vrsta slatkovodnog raka u Hrvatskoj i svijetu. Predstavlja prijetnju autohtonim vrstama rakova jer je mogući vektor širenja patogena Aphanomyces astaci, Schikora, 1906, uzročnika bolesti račje kuge, koja je smrtonosna za autohtone vrste. Iako ovaj patogen ne uzrokuje značajnu smrtnost kod mramornih rakova, obrana od njega zahtijeva ulaganje energije u imunosni sustav što ograničava njezinu dostupnost za procese kao što su rast i razmnožavanje. Cilj istraživanja je bio ispitati kako opetovano zaražavanje juvenilnih jedinki mramornog raka patogenom A. astaci utječe na njihov prirast dužine i težine. Prvi dio istraživanja sastojao se od uzgoja patogena i zaražavanja manjeg broja juvenilnih jedinki različitim koncentracijama zoospora kako bi se utvrdile optimalne (subletalne) koncentracije za daljnje zaražavanje. U drugom dijelu zaražavanje je provedeno na većem broju jedinki, te su analizirane razlike u prirastu dužine i težine između kontrolne skupine i dvije skupine zaražavane odabranim koncentracijama zoospora. Po završetku eksperimenta, jedinke su usmrćene i iz kutikule i uropoda im je izolirana DNA u čijim uzorcima se provjeravala prisutnost patogena. Rezultati pokazuju da zaražavanje subletalnim koncentracijama patogena ima značajan utjecaj na prirast dužine i težine kod mramornih rakova, te ukazuju da postoji kompromis između ulaganja energije u rast i imunosni sustav kod ove vrste. Marbled crayfish (Procambarus virginalis, Lyko 2017) is an emerging invasive alien species in Croatia and globally. It threatens native species of crayfish because it is carrier of pathogen Aphanomyces astaci, Schikora 1906, the causative agent of crayfish plague which is a highly lethal disease for native crayfish. Although marbled crayfish is generally resistant to crayfish plague, defence from it requires investment of energy in immune system. This consequently leads to trade-offs with other processes like growth and reproduction. The main goal of this research was to determine whether repeated infection of juvenile marbled crayfish with pathogen A. astaci affects their growth rate. In the first part of the research, optimal (sublethal) concentrations for further infections were determined. In the second part, infection trials using two different zoospore concentrations were performed repeatedly on a higher number of individuals and differences in growth rates were compared between control group and two experimental groups. At the end of the experiment, crayfish were killed and DNA was isolated from cuticle and uropods and tested for the presence of A. astaci by PCR. Results showed that pathogen infection had significant effect on growth rate of marbled crayfish which indicates that trade-offs between energy investment in growth and immune response occur in this species.

Cilj predmetnog istraživanja bio je utvrditi utjecaj redoslijeda janjenja (1.-5.) na porodnu masu i prirast janjadi travničke pramenke. Istraživanje je provedeno na 94 janjeta oba spola odbitih u prosječnoj dobi od oko 70 dana. Prosječna porodna masa, masa pri odbiću, ukupni prirast i prosječni dnevni prirast bili su redom 4, 49 kg, 20, 64 kg, 16, 07 kg i 225, 76 g. Svi istraživani pokazatelji rasta janjadi povećavali su se s rednim brojem janjenja njihovih majki (od prvog do četvrtog) iako razlike u utvrđenim prosjecima nisu bile statistički značajne(P>0.05).

Cilj ovog rada bio je opisati nastanak ugljikohidrata topivih u vodi (UTV) u voluminoznoj krmi te prikazati njihov utjecaj na kvalitetu fermentacije u silosu, hranidbenu vrijednost krme i proizvodnost životinja. U biljnoj masi su UTV (glukoza, fruktoza, saharoza i fruktani), produkt fotosinteze kojim biljke prevode sunčevu energiju u kemijsku. Sadržaj UTV u voluminoznoj krmi ovisi o brojnim čimbenicima poput čimbenika biljke, gospodarenja usjevom i mikroklimatskih čimbenika. Tijekom fermentacije u silosu, UTV su važan supstrat za rast i razvoj anaerobnih bakterija mliječno kiselinskog vrenja. S povećanjem sadržaja UTV u krmi, može doći do povećanja konzumacije ST, veće proizvodnje mlijeka, linearnog povećanja iskorištenja N iz obroka i manjeg izlučenja N iz organizma. Hranidba krmom višeg sadržaja UTV (oko 200-400 g UTV kg-1 ST) povećava prirast janjadi u tovu. Zaključeno je da su UTV značajna organska komponenta hranjive vrijednosti voluminozne krme koja povećava kvalitetu fermentacije biljne mase u silosu, hranjivu vrijednost krme, proizvodnju mlijeka i prirast janjadi u tovu, ali ne nužno i konzumaciju ST voluminozne krme.

Growth and structure of Italian alder (Alnus cordata /Loisel/ Duby) trees were analyzed in a linear plantation established by planting two-year-old seedlings at Fruška Gora (Serbia). The aim of this paper is to point out the growth characteristics and the structure of the Italian alder linear plantation at age 11 and 16 years and contribute to the knowledge of adaptive and productive potential of the species in the available plantation in Serbia.The spacing between the trees was 7 m (200 trees per hectare). The plantation is located on anthropogenically changed pedunculate oak and hornbeam site at 125 m above sea level. On the basis of 35 measured trees at age 11 and 16 years, the top height was 15 and 21 m, and the Lorey’s mean height 13.4 and 19.5 m. The dominant diameter was 32.4 cm at age 11 and 59.4 cm at age 16 years. The mean quadratic diameter was 25.1 and 47 cm.The productivity of the plantation is high. At age 11 years, the basal area was 9.9 m2∙ha−1, and the standing volume 107.2 m3∙ha−1 while at age 16 years, it was 34.7 m2∙ha−1 and 305.1 m3∙ha−1, respectively. In the period from 11 to 16 years of age, the periodic annual increment in diameter was 4.4 cm∙year−1, height 1.22 m∙year−1, and in basal area and volume 4.9 m2∙ha−1·year−1and 39.6 m3·ha−1·year−1, respectively, pointing to fast growth of Italian alder.Despite the limits due to a small sample and the fact that the linear plantation was analyzed, we generalise the ­following conclusion: the measured growth characteristics at age 11 and 16 years of Italian alder trees show that the species can grow fast and could be usable in similar areas., Analizirani su rast i struktura linijskog zasada talijanske johe (Alnus cordata /Loisel/ Duby) na Fruškoj gori (Srbija). Cilj ovoga rada je da ukaže na elemente rasta i strukturu linijskog zasada talijanske johe u starosti 11 i 16 godina, i time doprinese upoznavanju adaptivnog i proizvodnog potencijala ove vrste u raspoloživom zasadu u Srbiji.Zasad je osnovan dvogodišnjim sadnicama s međusobnim razmakom 7 m, odnosno sa 200 stabala po hektaru, na antropogeno izmijenjenom staništu lužnjaka i graba, na nadmorskoj visini 125 m. Na temelju usporednog dendrometrijskog premjera 35 stabala u dobi 11 i 16 godina, dominantna visina iznosila je 15 i 21 m, a srednja visina po Loraju 13,4 i 19,5 m. Dominantni promjer iznosio je 32,4 cm u 11. godini, a 59,4 cm u 16. godini, dok je srednji promjer iznosio 25,1 cm i 47 cm. Na temelju izračuna da se po hektaru nalazi 200 stabala u 11. godini temeljnica je iznosila blizu 10 m2∙ha−1, a volumen preko 100 m3∙ha−1, a u 16. godini temeljnica je iznosila blizu 35 m2∙ha−1, a volumen preko 300 m3∙ha−1 (Tablica 1). Debljinska struktura stabala u zasadu je unimodalna u obje životne dobi (Tablica 2, Slika 1), a visinska struktura iskazana grupiranjem visina u stupnjeve širine 3 m, ima opadajući oblik u 11. godini i zvonasti unimodalni oblik u 16. godini (Tablica 3, Slika 2). Parametri modela ovisnosti visina stabala o njihovim početnim prsnim promjerima i značajke njegove ocjene ukazuju da se u dobi 11 godina 55% varijabilnosti visina može pripisati njihovim prsnim promjerima, dok je u dobi 16 godina ovisnost manje izražena (Tablica 3, Slika 3). Stupanj vitkosti opada sa starošću. U dobi 11 godina stupanj vitkosti je bio u rasponu 38–79, prosječno 54, a u dobi 16 godina u rasponu je 31–64, prosječno 43 (Tablica 4, Slika 4). U razdoblju od 11. do 16. godine tečajni prirast promjera iznosio je 4,4 cm∙god−1, visine 1,22 m∙god−1, a temeljnice i volumena po hektaru 4,9 m2∙ha−1·god−1 i 39,6 m3·ha−1·god−1 (Tablica 6). Oblik raspodjele tečajnog prirasta prsnih promjera, temeljnice i volumena stabala je sličan, sa slabo izraženom desnom asimetrijom i platikurtičnim rasporedom, a tečajni prirast visina stabala karakterizira izražena lijeva asimetrija i neizražen platikurtični raspored. U razdoblju 11.–16. godine stupanj vitkosti se prosječno smanjuje za veličinu 2,25 godišnje, uz raspon od 0,68–4,10 (Tablica 7). Zavisnost tečajnih prirasta promjera, temeljnice i volumena o njihovim početnim veličinama u 11. godini dobro opisuje linearni model, gdje se 50–70% varijabliteta može pripisati njihovim početnim veličinama. Tečajni prirast visina nije uvjetovan njihovim visinama u dobi 11 godina. Međutim, promjena stupnja vitkosti u razdoblju 11–16 godina ima jasno izražen negativan linearan trend, odnosno stabla s većim stupnjem vitkosti u dobi 11 godina također su imala i veći pad (Tablica 8). Uz sva ograničenja za generalizaciju zaključaka zbog malog uzorka stabala i linijskog zasada značajke rasta u 11. i 16. godini dobi ukazuju da talijanska joha ima karakteristike brzog rasta i može predstavljati potencijalno primjenjivu vrstu u sličnim područjima.

The study deals with the analysis of production costs, as well as the net area in the production of the herd of organizational structures at the pig farm. The question arises of the optimum production structure in the cooperative household, which is mainly oriented to the production of Pigmeat. In this paper, a concrete model of linear programming for the optimal organizational structure of the herd of pig farms of the net effective area was defined. The research covered the cooperative farm “1.Decembr” in Žitorađa in Toplički district. For 2013, the production technology of agricultural animals was followed, and economic results were analyzed. In the observed period of one year. It was found that there were 28,252 throats on the farm. Total agricultural growth in 2013 amounted to 664,920 kg, in the amount of 781,569.7 €. Total death: piglets on wolves 6,315 throats, stuffed pigs 3,425 throats, 17,150 kg, tooth 928 throats, 40,980 kg, pigs 67 throats 13,930 kg, immature 3 throat 890 kg. Studija se bavi analizom obrta stada svinjogojske farme u proizvodnji svinjskog mesa u Srbiji, kao i neto efektivne površine oprimalne organizacione structure tovljenika u farmskim uslovima. Postavlja se pitanje optimalne structure proizvodnje na zadružnom gazdinstvu, koja je uglavnom orijentisano na proizvodnji tovnih svinja. U radu je definisan i urađen konkretan model linearnog programiranja za optimalnu organizacionu strukturu stada svinjarske farme neto efektivne površin., Istraživanje je obuhvatilo zadružnu farmu “1. Decembr” u Žitorađi u Topličkom okrugu. Za 2013 godinu praćena je tehnologija proizvodnje tovljenika na farmi, i analizirani su ekonomski rezultati. Tokom jednogodišnjeg posmatranog perioda.Utvrđeno je da je na farmi uzgoj tovljenika bio je 28.252 grla. Ukupni prirast na farmi, u 2013. godini bio je 664.920 kg, u iznosu od 781.569,7 €. Ukupno uginuće: prasadi na sisi 6.315 grla, zalučena prasad 3.425 grla, 17.150 kg, tovnih svinja 928 grla, 40.980 kg, krmače 67 grla 13.930 kg, nerastova 3 grla 890 kg.

V diplomski nalogi smo spremljali rast in razvoj odraslih vrtnic v prvem letu po presajanju na novo lokacijo. Sadike v mirovanju smo februarja 2017 presadili iz rozarija hortikulturnega centra Biotehniške fakultete v Biljah pri Novi Gorici v novo zasnovan rozarij pred Biotehniško fakulteto v Ljubljani. Od začetka marca smo opazovali uspešnost presajanja vseh sadik vrtnic. V aprilu in maju istega leta smo opravili tri opazovanja prirasta izbranih sort vrtnic iz različnih skupin. V pokus smo vključili 20 različnih sort vrtnic: prekrovne vrtnice (4), mnogocvetne vrtnice (4), popenjave vrtnice (4), debelne vrtnice (4) ter plezavke (4). Meritve smo izvedli 19. aprila, 3. maja in 22. maja ter vsakič zabeležili število enoletnih poganjkov daljših od 5 cm in skupno dolžino enoletnih poganjkov na dveh do treh rastlinah izbranih sort. Nato smo iz dobljenih podatkov izračunali povprečno dolžino enoletnega prirasta na posamezni rastlini in povprečno število enoletnih poganjkov pri izbranih sortah. Iz pridobljenih podatkov smo izpeljali tudi povprečni enoletni prirast pri določeni skupini vrtnic. Ugotovili smo razlike v povprečni dolžini enoletnih poganjkov in številu enoletnih poganjkov med posameznimi sortami in skupinami vrtnic. Pri vseh terminih meritev so prekrovne vrtnice v povprečju razvile največ enoletnih poganjkov (v prvem terminu 19, drugem 35 in tretjem 40 poganjkov), najmanj pa so jih oblikovale debelne vrtnice (v prvem terminu 1, drugem 8 in tretjem 13 poganjkov). Najdaljše poganjke so v prvem in drugem terminu razvile mnogocvetne vrtnice (v prvem 10,69 cm in drugem terminu 12,81 cm), v tretjem terminu pa popenjave vrtnice (27,42 cm). Najkrajše poganjke so v vseh terminih razvile debelne vrtnice (v prvem terminu 7,13 cm, drugem 7,93 cm in tretjem 16,15 cm). Vse vrtnice so zelo dobro prenesle presajanje na novo lokacijo. In the graduation thesis we presented the growth and development of established roses in the first year after transplanting to a new location. In February 2017, we transplanted dormant plants from the rosarium of Horticultural centre of Biotehnical Faculty in Bilje Nova Gorica to a newly designed rosarium in front of the Biotehnical Faculty in Ljubljana. From the beginning of March, we observed the success of transplanting of all rose plants. In April and May 2017 we carried out monitoring of the growth of selected rose cultivars from different groups. Twenty (20) different rose cultivars were observed: groundcover roses (4), floribundas (4), climbing roses (4), tree roses (4) and ramblers (4). The measurements were performed on April 19th, May 3rd and May 22nd, and each time we recorded the number and total length of annual shoots longer than five centimeters on two to three plants of each cultivar. We calculated the average length of annual shoots and the average number of shoots per cultivar and rose groups. We determined differences in average annual shoots length and average number of annual shoots among different cultivars and rose groups. At all samplings, groundcover roses on average developed the most annual shoots (in the first term 19, the second 35, and in the third 40 shoots) and tree roses developed the least shoots (in the first term 1, the second 8, and the third 13 shoots). The longest annual shoots were measured on floribundas at the first and second sampling (10,69 cm and 12,81 cm, respectively) and on climbing roses in the third term (27,42 cm). In all terms tree roses developed the shortest shoots (7,13 cm, 7,93 cm and 16,15 cm on progressive samplings). All roses reacted to transplanting to a new location very well.

In this study, the effects of first thinnings having different intensities in oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) plantation areas were investigated in terms of diameter and height growth of trees. Sample plots were chosen from oriental beech plantation areas which are within the boundaries of Maçka–Yeşiltepe and Vakfıkebir districts of Trabzon province, Turkey. With removing of 0%, 10%, 25% and 40% of basal area in a hectare of stands which are in sapling stage, sample plots were established by applying thinnings which are in four different intensities (control, light, moderate, strong). After the thinning applications, basal areas were calculated by measuring diameters and heights of trees in established sample plots in order to reveal stand growth. The effects of thinnings were revealed related to some stand characteristics (average diameter, basal area, average height, relative diameter increment, etc.) and determined chosen trees. The effect of thinning intensity on average diameter, basal area, and volume values is statistically important in every two plantations. 2-year results showed that thinning increased the diameter increment significantly, and the increase in diameter increment was positively correlated with the thinning intensity in both experiments. Moreover, increments of diameter, height, basal area, and volume were higher in Maçka-Yeşiltepe experiment than in Vakfıkebir experiment. But, the values of moderate and strong thinning intensities applied in Vakfıkebir were close to each other. When all the results are evaluated, application of strong thinning intensity for Yeşiltepe sample plot, the moderate thinning intensity for Vakfıkebir sample plot is seen appropriate by us in terms of both stand development., U ovom su istraživanju proučavani učinci prve prorjede različitih intenziteta u plantažnim područjima azijske bukve (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) vezano za povećanje promjera i visine stabala. Odabrane su primjerne plohe u plantažnim područjima azijske bukve unutar granica okruga Maçka–Yeşiltepe i Vakfıkebir u pokrajini Trabzon, Turska. Primjerne plohe utvrđene su prorjedom u četiri različita intenziteta (kontrolni, slaba, umjereni, jaka), uklanjanjem 0%, 10%, 25% i 40% temeljnice po hektaru sastojine u fazi mladika. Nakon prorjeđivanja, temeljnica je izračunata mjerenjem promjera i visine stabala u utvrđenim primjernim plohama kako bi se utvrdio rast sastojine. Utvrđeni su učinci prorjede povezani s određenim karakteristikama sastojine (prosječni promjer, temeljnica, prosječna visina, relativni debljinski prirast, itd.) i određenim odabranim stablima. Učinak intenziteta prorjede na prosječni promjer, vrijednost temeljnice i volumena pokazao se kao statistički važan u svakoj od dvije plantaže. Dvogodišnji rezultati pokazali su da je prorjeda značajno povećala debljinski prirast, a povećanje debljinskog prirasta je u pozitivnoj korelaciji s intenzitetom prorjede u oba eksperimenta. Štoviše, prirast promjera, visine, temeljnice i volumena bio je veći u eksperimentu u Maçka-Yeşiltepeu nego u eksperimentu u Vakfıkebiru. Međutim, vrijednosti umjerenog i jakog intenziteta prorjede u Vakfıkebiru bile su bliske. Nakon procjene svih rezultata, smatramo da je primjena jakog intenziteta prorjede u primjernoj plohi u Yeşiltepeu i umjerenog intenziteta prorjede u primjernoj plohi u Vakfıkebiru prikladna u smislu razvoja sastojine.

Cilj istraživanja bio je utvrditi utjecaj dodavanja različitih koncentracija arome vanilije u krmne smjese na proizvodne pokazatelje odlučene prasadi. Istraživanje je provedeno na 30 prasadi (starosti oko 40 dana) i trajalo je 37 dana. Prasad je podijeljena u tri skupine: kontrolna i dvije pokusne skupine. Pokusnoj skupini 1 u krmnu smjesu dodana je aroma vanilla buttercream u koncentraciji od 0, 05%, dok je pokusna skupina 2 konzumirala smjesu u koju je dodano 0, 1% arome vanilla buttercream. Završno vaganje pokazalo je nešto više srednje vrijednosti kod pokusnih skupina, u odnosu na kontrolnu skupinu. Pokusna skupina 2 imala je najviše srednje vrijednosti tjelesnih masa (24, 45 kg) u odnosu na pokusnu 1 skupinu (24, 28 kg) i kontrolnu skupinu (23, 5 kg). Statistički značajnih razlika nije bilo. Kontrolna skupina imala je najmanji prirast od (13, 99 kg), nešto veći prirast imala je pokusna skupina 1 (14, 37 kg) dok je pokusna skupina 2 mjerila najviši prirast (14, 43 kg). Najniža konverzija hrane za kg prirasta izmjerena je u pokusnoj skupini 2 (1, 81 kg/kg), u odnosu na pokusnu skupinu 1 (1, 84 kg/kg), dok je u kontrolnoj skupini izmjerena najviša konverzija hrane za kg prirasta (1, 89 kg/kg).

Rogovi kod porodice Bovidae predstavljaju sekundarno spolno obilježje jednog ili oba spola. Kod muflonske divljači rogovi se uglavnom pojavljuju kod muškog spola, a u iznimnim slučajevima mogu se pojaviti i kod ženki, ali mnogo manji nego kod mužjaka. Analizom rogova mogu se dobiti važne informacije o životu jedinke i populacije. U istraživanjima opisanim u analiziranoj literaturi klima i okolišni čimbenici pokazali su se značajnim za rast rogova uz ostale čimbenike poput selekcije, trofejnog lova, veličine populacije, dobne strukture unutar populacija, i drugih. Cilj ovog istraživanja je testirati može li se ovisnost duljine drugog segmenta, odnosno godišnjeg prirasta rogova muflona (Ovis aries musimon Pall.) iz lovišta Garjevica objasniti okolišnim čimbenicima (temperaturom i padalinama). U istraživanju su kao prediktori za model prirasta roga korištene minimalna i maksimalna proljetna temperatura (ožujak, travanj, svibanj) te prosječna količina padalina za proljetni period. U modelu su analizirane duljine drugog segmenta roga, a uzorkovane su 83 trofeje muflona, stečenih u državnom otvorenom lovištu broj: VII/15 – „ZAPADNA GARJEVICA“, u periodu od 1992. do 2002. godine. Velika varijabilnost prirasta roga unutar istih kalendarskih godina, uz iste okolišne uvjete, te nedovoljan broj prediktora rasta uključenih u model, ukazuju na neadekvatnost ovakvog pojednostavljenog modela za opis rasta rogova muflona na ovom području. Horns in the Bovidae family represent the secondary sex characteristic of one or both sexes. At wild mouflons, horns usually occurs in male sex, but in exceptional cases they may occur in female sex but much less often than in males. By analyzing horns, important information about the life of the individual and the population can be obtained. In the studies described in the analyzed literature, climate and environmental factors have proved to be significant for the growth of horns along with other factors such as selection, trophy hunting, population size, age structure in the population and others. The objective of this study is to test whether the dependence of the length of the second segment, or the annual growth of mouflons horns (Ovis aries musimon Pall.) from the Garjevica hunting ground can be explained by environmental factors (temperature and precipitation). In the study, the minimum and maximum spring temperatures (March, April, May) and the average rainfall for the spring period were used as predictors for the horn growth model. In the model it was analyzed the lengths of the second horn segment, and 83 trophies of mouflon were sampled, obtained in the state open hunting ground number: VII / 15 - "ZAPADNA GARJEVICA", in the period from 1992 to 2002. The high variability of horn growth within the same calendar years, with the same environmental conditions, and the insufficient number of growth predictors involved in the model, indicate the inadequacy of such a simplified model for describing the growth of mouflons horns in this area.

Cilj raziskave je bil ugotoviti lastnosti sesnega obnašanja v skupinskih prasitvenih boksih in ugotovitve primerjati s konvencionalnimi, t.j. individualnimi prasitvenimi boksi. V raziskavo je bilo vključenih 129 pujskov iz 10 različnih gnezd. Opazovanje je bilo razdeljeno na dve ponovitvi. Tekom laktacije smo pujske označili in opazovali njihov položaj na vimenu svinje. Proučevali smo stabilnost sesnega reda, prirast pujskov, pojav navzkrižnega sesanja ter stopnjo smrtnosti. V raziskavi smo ugotovili, da se je sesni red v skupinskih boksih in pri pujskih, ki so sesali navzkrižno, vzpostavil po prvem tednu starosti, ko je verjetnost sesanja na istem sesku znašala 50-60 %, medtem ko je bil sesni red v individualnih boksih vzpostavljen do 3. dneva laktacije, ko je stabilnost sesnega reda znašala 0,40-0,50 in se na podobni ravni ohranjala do konca laktacije. Prirast je bil tekom laktacije primerljiv med skupinami. V prvem tednu je pri vseh skupinah naraščal, pri čemer so v zaključku prvega tedna pujski iz individualne reje kazali boljše rastne razmere, ampak razlike v večini niso statistično značilne (p ≥ 0,05). Tekom laktacije je poginilo 14 pujskov (t.j. 11 % smrtnost), pri čemer je bil pogin prisoten zgolj v skupinskih boksih. The aim of this study was to research the properties of the suckling behaviour in the group farrowing systems and compare the results with conventional ones, i.e. individual farrowing systems. A total of 129 piglets from 10 different litter were included in the study. The observations were divided into two repetitions. During lactation, piglets were marked and its position on the udder of the sows was determined. The stability of suckling order, piglet´s weight gain, the occurrence of cross-sucking, and the mortality was studied. The suckling order in the group farrowing system, as well as by the cross-sucklers, was established after the first week of age, when the probability of suckling on the teat was 50-60 %, while the suckling order in the individual system was established until the 3rd day of lactation, when the stability of the suckling order was 0.40-0.50 and as such maintained until the end of the lactation period. The weight gain was comparable between groups during lactation. In the first week, the weight gain was in general increased, however better growth conditions of piglets were showed in individual farrowing systems at the end of the first week - the differences were not statistically significant (p ≥ 0.05). During the lactation period 11% mortality (14 piglets in total) of the piglets was recorded, whereby the piglets’ loss was present only in the group farrowing system.

Pitanje prašičev v manjših konvencionalnih rejah predstavlja nezanemarljiv delež slovenske prašičereje. Pri pitanju pa so zelo pomembni proizvodni rezultati, ki jih dosegamo. V diplomski nalogi sem spremljala vpliv prehrane in tudi nekatere vplive okolja na prirast in na lastnosti klavnih trupov. Na kmetiji Zaverl smo spremljali prašiče pitance in vplive na njihovo težo. Na kmetiji sami pridelujemo nekatera krmila in sami mešamo krmne mešanice za vse kategorije pitancev. V posameznih krmilih smo analizirali v vsebnost hranilnih snovi in mineralov, izračunali krmne mešanice, ter jih analizirali. V pripravljenih krmnih mešanicah smo preverili tudi meljavo. Rezultati so pokazali, da uhlevitev, velikost nastanitvenih boksov in temperatura v hlevu ustrezni in niso imeli večjega vpliva na rezultate pitanja. Ugotovili smo, je je bila sestava krmnih mešanic ustrezna in sestavljena glede na priporočila za pitanje prašičev v posameznih kategorijah, ustrezna je bila tudi velikost delcev krmnih mešanic. Glede na danska priporočila bi lahko krmila še bolj fino zmleli, s čimer bi lahko zagotovili boljšo konverzijo. Zaključimo lahko, da nobeden od vplivov na pitanje, ki smo jih spremljali, ni imel večjega vpliva na proizvodne rezultate. Povprečni doseženi prirasti so bili 824 g/dan, kar je več kot predvideva Rejski program za kmetije. Prašiči so dosegli tudi dobro mesnatost, v povprečju 60 %, kar je večino uvrstila v razred S. Pridobljeni rezultati bodo v bodoče v veliko pomoč na naši kmetiji, saj bomo lahko na podlagi dobljenih rezultatov še izboljšali proizvodne cilje. Pig-fattening on smaller conventional farms represents a substantial proportion of Slovenian pig farming. The production results achieved in fattening are extremely important. In this diploma thesis, I monitor the impact of the diet, as well as certain environmental influences on the growth and the characteristics of carcasses. We monitored fattening pigs and the impacts on their weight at the Zaverl farm. On the farm, we produce some of the feedingstuffs ourselves and we mix compound feedingstuffs for all categories of fattening pigs. We analysed the content of nutrients and minerals in individual feedingstuffs, calculated compound feedingstuffs and analysed them. We also examined the particle size in prepared feedingstuffs. The results showed that the housing, the size of the stalls and the temperature in the pigsty were suitable and did not have a significant impact on the results of fattening. We found that the particle size and the composition of compound feedingstuffs were appropriate and that they were composed according to the recommendations for pig-fattening in individual categories. According to Danish recommendations, feedingstuffs could be more finely grinded, which might give us better conversion. We can conclude that none of the impacts on fattening that we were monitoring had any significant effect on the production results. The average gains achieved were 824 g/day, which is higher than envisaged in the Slovenian Breeding Programme for Farms. The pigs also achieved a good lean meat percentage, 60% on average, which classified most of them in class S. The results we got will be very helpful for the future work on our farm, because they allow us to improve our production goals.

Proučevanje reagiranje posameznih drevesnih vrst na različne stopnje presvetlitve, razvoj krošnje, prirastki

Various stressors significantly increase urinary excretion of chromium (Cr), suggesting that Cr may be physiologically linked to the responses to control stress. The aim of this study was to determine the physiological responses of buffalo calves to increased Cr supply under low ambient temperature. In a randomized complete block design, twenty-four Murrah buffalo calves were assigned to 4 treatments for a period of 120 days. Treatments included either no supplemental Cr (control), 0.5 mg of supplemental Cr/kg DM, 1.0 mg of supplemental Cr/kg DM, or 1.5 mg of supplemental Cr/kg DM. Buffalo calves were monitored daily for physiological variables, dry matter intake (DMI) and fortnightly for body mass change. Blood samples were collected at fortnightly intervals and analyzed for the biomarkers of immunity and plasma trace mineral concentration. At the end of the 120 day experimental period, a 7 day metabolic trial was conducted. The average temperature-humidity index (THI) and relative humidity (RH) during the study were 58.10 units and 52.0% respectively. Physiological variables, DMI and growth performance did not differ among all treatments. 1.5 mg Cr/kg DM increased B and T-cell proliferation, neutrophil phagocytic activity and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) value, whereas plasma total immunoglobulin (TIg) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) concentrations were the highest in the 1.0 and 1.5 mg Cr/kg DM group. Nutrient digestibility, nitrogen (N) metabolism and trace mineral bioavailability did not differ between treatments, while the bioavailability of Cr showed a positive correlation with supplemental Cr level. The results suggest that in cold conditions, increased Cr supply can improve immune response without affecting physiological response, growth performance and nutrient utilization in buffalo calves., Različiti stresori značajno povećavaju izlučivanje kroma (Cr) mokraćom što naznačuje da Cr može biti fiziološki vezan s odgovorom za kontrolu stresa. Cilj je ovog rada bio odrediti fiziološke odgovore u bivolje teladi na povećani dodatak Cr u uvjetima niske temperature okoliša. Prema metodi slučajnog odabira skupina, 24 Murrah bivolska teleta bila su raspodijeljena u četiri skupine koje su bile različito tretirane u razdoblju od 120 dana. Životinjama jedne skupine dodavano je 0,5 mg Cr/kg suhe tvari, druge skupine 1,0 mg Cr/kg suhe tvari, a treće skupine 1,5 mg Cr/kg suhe tvari, dok kontrolnoj skupini Cr nije bio dodavan. U teladi su dnevno bile promatrane fiziološke varijable, uzimanje suhe tvari te svaka dva tjedna promjena tjelesne mase. Uzorci krvi bili su uzimani u razmacima od 14 dana i pretraženi na biomarkere imunosti i koncentraciju minerala u tragovima u plazmi. Na kraju pokusnog razdoblja od 120 dana proveden je sedmodnevni metabolički pokus. Prosječni indeks temperature i vlažnosti tijekom istraživanja iznosio je 58,10 jedinica dok je relativna vlažnost bila 52,0 %. Fiziološke varijable, uzimanje suhe tvari i prirast reducirajućeg željeza nisu se razlikovali među skupinama. Količina od 1,5 mg Cr/kg suhe tvari povećala je proliferaciju B- i T-limfocita, fagocitoznu aktivnost neutrofila i vrijednost antioksidacijske sposobnosti, dok su koncentracije ukupnih imunoglobulina plazme i imunoglobulina G (IgG) bile najveće u skupinama koje su dobivale 1,0 odnosno 1,5 mg Cr/kg suhe tvari. Nutritivna probavljivost, metabolizam dušika (N) i biološka raspoloživost minerala u tragovima nisu se razlikovali među skupinama. Biološka raspoloživost Cr bila je u korelaciji s razinom njegova dodatka. Rezultati upućuju na zaključak da povećani dodatak Cr u hladnoći može poboljšati imunosni odgovor bez utjecaja na fiziološki odgovor, prirast i hranidbenu iskoristivost u bivolje teladi.

Sedes materiae diplomskega dela je usmerjen v obravnavo stvarnopravnih institutov vertikalne in horizontalne prirasti v luči gradnje čez mejo nepremičnine in povečanja vrednosti tuje nepremičnine. Stvarnopravni zakonik (SPZ) je s 1. januarjem 2003 uveljavil izjemno pomembno novost za področje nepremičninskega prava, ker je zakonodajalec v določbi 8. člena povzel vsebino klasičnega rimskopravnega načela superficies solo cedit. Postavitev načela povezanosti zemljišča in objekta kot temeljnega načela nove slovenske nepremičninske ureditve je med drugim narekovala uvedbo pravnega dejstva prirasti kot novega načina pridobitve lastninske pravice na podlagi zakona (ex lege), ker to načelo onemogoča vertikalno delitev stvarnopravnih položajev na isti nepremičnini. V skladu z navedenim je zakonodajalec v določbi 54. člena SPZ, ki v naslovu izrecno uporablja pojem prirast, eksplicitno zapisal, da se lastninska pravica na nepremičnini razširi na premičnino, ki je postala sestavina nepremičnine. Pravkar navedeno akcesijsko pravilo iz 54. člena SPZ se primarno realizira tudi pri gradnji čez mejo nepremičnine in pri povečanju vrednosti tuje nepremičnine. Vendar so izkušnje iz obdobja veljavnosti Zakona o temeljnih lastninskopravnih razmerjih (ZTLR) spodbudile zakonodajalca, da je v določbah 47. in 48. člena SPZ predvidel še posebno pravno ureditev za ta dva dejanska stanova. V primerjavi z določbami 48. člena SPZ je obravnava 47. člena SPZ zanimivejša za razpravo, zlasti zaradi tretjega odstavka 47. člena, ker je zakonodajalec v njem predvidel možnost prestavitve meje v graditeljevo korist v sodnem nepravdnem postopku. V tretjem in četrtem odstavku predmetnega člena so tudi določeni kriteriji, na podlagi katerih mora sodišče sprejeti takšno odločitev. Na temelju takšne sodne odločbe o določitvi nove meje zaradi gradnje čez mejo nepremičnine de facto pride do razširitve graditeljeve lastninske pravice v horizontalni smeri. Pravna teorija takšno situacijo poimenuje kot horizontalno prirast, čeprav graditelj ne pridobi lastninske pravice samodejno oziroma na temelju zakona (ex lege). V diplomskem delu pojasnim, da uporaba termina prirast po mojem mnenju ni ustrezna, ker lahko pride do lastninskih premikov v horizontalni smeri le s sodno odločbo (oziroma z upravno odločbo ali s pravnim poslom v primeru izvensodne ureditve nastalega pravnega razmerja). Za razliko od 47. člena SPZ analiza specialnega zakonskega besedila 48. člena SPZ ni tako atraktivna, ker zakonodajalec v njem ohranja vertikalno enotnost stvarnopravnih položajev na isti nepremičnini oziroma načelo superficies solo cedit. Iz vsebine določb 48. člena SPZ namreč lahko povzamem, da je v ospredju specialna ureditev zastaranja obligacijskopravnih zahtevkov, zato je mogoče zaključiti, da le – te nimajo stvarnopravne, temveč obligacijskopravno naravo. Glede na to, da je z vidika SPZ tako v primeru gradnje čez mejo nepremičnine kot tudi v primeru povečanja vrednosti tuje nepremičnine v ospredju vprašanje pridobitve lastninske pravice oziroma lastninskih premikov, je začetno poglavje namenjeno pojmu lastninske pravice, njenim omejitvam ter načinom njene pridobitve, vendar zgolj v obsegu, ki je potreben za razumevanje sedes materiae. Le – temu sledi pojasnitev načel, ki »krojijo usodo« tega področja in opredelitev temeljnih pojmov nepremičninske prirasti. Pred samo analizo vertikalne in horizontalne akcesije v luči gradnje čez mejo nepremičnine in povečanja vrednosti tuje nepremičnine je podana še splošna opredelitev pojma prirasti na področju nepremičnin, vključno z navedbo civilnopravnih posledic. Prav tako je osrednja materija podkrepljena z relevantno sodno prakso. Sedes materiae of this diploma thesis presents legal concepts of property law – vertical and horizontal accession in the light of construction over the boundary of a real estate and increased value of a real estate. Slovenian positive Law of Property Code brings extremely important novelty regarding the immovable property law regime. In the article 8 the legislator is legalizing the basic legal principle of integration of land and building, which was known in Roman law as superficies solo cedit. One of its logical consequences is introduction of the legal fact accession, which is the new title for acquisition of the property rights on the basis of an act (ex lege). The principle superficies solo cedit does not allow vertical division of property legal position in respect of the same real estate. Therefore, the legislator enforces and describes the general (basic) characteristic of the legal term vertical accession in Article 54 of the Law of Property Code. Arising from this legal rule vertical accession means that property right on the real estate is extended to all components, which are permanently coupled with this real estate. This accession rule from the Article 54 of the Law of Property Code is also primarily realised in the cases of construction over the boundary of a real estate and increased value of a real estate. In spite of that the legislator is providing special regulation for this two circumstances in the legal provisions, which are laid down in Articles 47 and 48 of the Law of Property Code. Experiences from the past regulation of property law, which was included in the Law on Basic Property Relations, have encouraged the legislator that is provided this two special articles. Analysis and comparison of these two articles show that legal rules, which are found in the Article 47 (construction over the boundary of a real estate), are more interesting for discussion. Between them special attention is focused on third paragraph of this article, because the legislator in this paragraph anticipates a possibility to transpose the boundary in the judicial non contentious proceeding in behalf of constructor. In the third and fourth paragraph of the Article 47 of the Law of Property Code are also included the criteria under which the court decides. On the basis of this judgment the property right of constructor de facto is extended in horizontal way. The experts in law define this situation as horizontal accession, although the constructor does not acquire the property right automaticly respectively on the basis of an act (ex lege). In diploma thesis I explain that the use of term accession is not suitable for this situation, because the only valid titles for the property transfer in horizontal way are the contract or the judgment. In comparison with the Article 47 the special legal rules, which are found in the Article 48, are not so attractive for analysis. In this article the legislator preserves vertical unity of property legal position on the same real estate respectively the principle superficies solo cedit. From the content of legal rules, which are laid down in the Article 48 of the Law of Property Code, it is resumed that in the forefront is the special regulation of limitation of the obligatory claims. Because of that it is concluded that this article has prevailed obligatory and not property nature. By both legal concepts (construction over the boundary of a real estate and increased value of a real estate) is in the forefront the question about the acquisition of the property rights respectively the movement of property legal position. Therefore, the initial chapter is intended to the concept of right of ownership, its limitations and its titles for acquisition. The following chapter explains the principles and the terms, which are crucial for the understanding of central concepts of this diploma thesis. Before the analysis of vertical and horizontal accession in the light of construction over the boundary of a real estate and increased value of a real estate the term accession on the immovable legal area is defined in general, including the legal consequences in civil law. Central sedes materiae is also corroborated with relevant case law.

This paper evaluates the effects of two different feeds on production results and economic performance in the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) farming. The first group (O-1) was fed with a standard complete pelleted feed, and the second group (O-2) was fed with combined feed consisting of 75 % pellets and 25 % of sardines. Better results were obtained with the O-2 group, while the O-1 group achieved results characteristic for local farming conditions and feed quality. Experimental group O-2 had significantly higher (p lt 0,01) growth rate when compared to group O-1. Considering current feed and final product (fish) prices in the market, better results in terms of cost-effectiveness were obtained (E>0,00) in O-2 group of trout fed with the combined meal. U radu je ispitivan uticaj ishrane kalifornijske pastrmke (Oncorhynchus mykiss) sa dva obroka različitog sastava na proizvodno-ekonomske rezultate. Eksperiment je postavljen sa dve grupe kalifornijske pastrmke: O-1 hra- njena je standardnom kompletnom peletiranom hranom i O-2 koja je hranjena kombinovanim obrokom. Bolji rezultat je ostvaren kod O-2 grupe, dok je O-1 grupa postigla rezultate karakteristične za kvalitet domaće hrane i uslove držanja u našoj zemlji. Ogledna grupa O-2 imala je signifikantno veći (p lt 0,01) ukupni prirast u odnosu na O-1. Pri važećim tržišnim cenama hraniva i konzumne ribe kao finalnog proizvoda, bolji ekonomski rezultati (E=2,06) postignuti su korišćenjem kombinovanog obroka kod O-2 grupe. .

The aim of this paper was to determine how forage triticale in diets for fattening broilers influence the body weight and weight gain of broiler chickens for fattening. The survey was conducted on 400 chickens for fattening provenance Ross 308 for a period of 42 days. On this occasion, four groups of chickens were formed, with 100 chickens being treated in each group, as follows: K (classic mixture for fattening broilers) and O-I (mixtures with triticale variety Kg 20), O-II (mixtures with triticale Favorit) and O-III group (mixtures with triticale Trijumf). The highest average body mass in the groups of chickens (male, female and chicks of both sexes), was scored by broiler chickens of O-II-group. The minimum food consumption for 42-day-old chicks was achieved by group O-I (4.275 kg), and the most by O-II group (4.359 kg). Chickens of O-II- and III-O-group had the best feed conversion, while the chickens of O-I-group had a slightly poorer feed conversion. The mortality of the groups of chickens for the entire period of the study was the lowest in O-II-group, at 2.0%, and the highest mortality was found in O-III-group (6.0%). The production index was the highest in O-II-group (202.726) and the lowest in O-I-group. The results achieved in this research indicate that the use of tested triticale cultivars significantly affected the weight gain and body mass of chicks and have nutritional and economic justification. Cilj ovog rada je bio da se utvrdi kako tritikale u smešama za tov brojlera utiče na telesnu masu i prirast brojlerskih pilića u tovu. Istraživanje je obavljeno na 400 pilića za tov provenijencije Ross 308 za 42 dana. Tom prilikom formirane su četiri grupe pilića, sa po 100 pilića u svakoj grupi hranjene različitim smešama: K (standardna smeša za tov brojlera) i O-I (smeša sa sortom tritikalea Kg 20), O-II (smeša sa sortom tritikalea Favorit) i O-III grupa (smeša sa sortom tritikalea Trijumf). Najveću prosečnu telesnu masu kod ispitivanih grupa pilića (muških, ženskih i pilića oba pola), postigli su brojlerski pilići O-II grupe. Najmanji utrošak hrane 42. dana starosti ostvarili su pilići O-I (4,275 kg), a najveći O-II grupe (4,359 kg). Kod pilića O-II- i O-III grupe konverzija hrane bila je najpovoljnija, dok je kod pilića O-I grupe bila nešto lošija konverzija hrane. Mortalitet ispitivanih grupa pilića za ceo period ispitivanja bio je najmanji kod O-II grupe i iznosio je 2,0%, a najveće uginuće ustanovljeno je kod O-III grupe (6,0%). Proizvodni indeks bio je najveći kod O-II grupe (202,726), a najmanji kod O-I grupe (180,044). Rezultati dobijeni u ovom istraživanju, ukazuju na to da upotreba ispitivanih sorti tritikalea značajno utiče na prirast i telesnu masu pilića i ima nutritivno i ekonomsko opravdanje.

Ograđeni prostor Šeprešhat namijenjen je intenzivnomu uzgoju običnoga jelena u kontroliranim uvjetima. Svrha je takva uzgoja proizvodnja visokovrijednoga baranjskoga jelena s mogućnošću distribucije kvalitetnoga rasplodnoga materijala u druga lovišta Republike Hrvatske. Uzgoj je jelena započeo još 2002. godine s prvim hvatanjima i ispuštanjima teladi u ograđeni prostor. Ograđeni prostor Šeprešhat u međuvremenu se postupno širio te od početnih 53 ha danas ima 380 ha. Prostor je razdijeljen na 11 polja u kojima se provodi uzgoj u separacijama uz primjenu pregonskoga pašarenja. Istraživanja su provedena od 2005. do 2009. godine. U tom su razdoblju praćeni razvoj fonda jelenske divljači, kontrolirano parenje, reprodukcija odnosno prirast, tjelesna težina posebno mlađih jedinki, sastav i količina utrošene hrane za prihranu, troškovi i prihodi. U istraživanom razdoblju osnovan je matični fond jelena i košuta od selektiranih grla. Na temelju praćenja prirasta utvrđeni su koeficijenti prirasta u rasponu od 0,75 do 0,85. Utvrđen je optimalni omjer za parenje 1 jelen na 10 – 20 košuta. Naime iz iskustva, a i iz literature u ovakvu načinu uzgoja najčešće se navodi do 20, pa čak i do 30 ženki na jednoga jelena rasplodnjaka. Tako su pojedina grla (3 i više godina) nerijetko parila 15 – 20 ženki, i to vrlo uspješno s preko 80 % prirasta u navedenom razdoblju u ograđenom prostoru Šeprešhat. Podaci iz nekih drugih lokaliteta s grlima istoga baranjskoga genetskoga podrijetla potvrđuju navedene rezultate te možemo tvrditi da brojem ženki 15 – 20 po jelenu ne dolazi do opadanja prirasta. Praćenjem razvoja jedinki od teladi do zrelih grla pokazao se najveći prirast do starosti 15 – 18 mjeseci. U prihrani najviše je zastupljena peletirana hrana, koja je ujedno i najveći trošak tijekom godine. Prihodi su neznatni u prvim godinama dok se formira selektirani matični fond, no nakon toga su postignuti zapaženi rezultati prodajom žive divljači, a još se može povećati odstrelom trofejno vrijednih selektiranih jelena i mesom također selektiranih grla, posebno teladi., The controlled breeding of wild game has been carried out for many years as part of hunting management programs for commercially important game species. The controlled breeding of red deer in the Šeprešhat polygon is the result of long-term game management in open hunting grounds, scientific research, monitoring the state of game in hunting grounds, and supply and demand. One of the reasons for controlled breeding of red deer in Croatia is certainly the reduction in population abundance of this species in the majority of hunting grounds after the Homeland War. The second reason was the intended aim of increasing the trophy quality of deer game, due to devastation of the gene fund. Issues such as the appearance of disease and parasites (giant liver fluke) demand controlled breeding and production of a healthy population that will replace the loss of the natural population. Research to monitoring growth intervals, body and trophy development, breeding technology and the justification of this type of breeding and protection of red deer was carried out in parallel with the targeted breeding of red deer. The primary objective of management at the Šeprešhat polygon is the breeding of high quality Baranja red deer, with the possibility of distributing high quality breeding stock to other hunting grounds in the Republic of Croatia. The population of red deer in Baranja has very high genetic potential, and for this reason, it was used earlier in relocations to other parts of Croatia, the neighboring countries, and even to New Zealand. Researching the controlled breeding of red deer was carried out in the period 2005–2009 at the Šeprešhat polygon. The Šeprešhat polygon is part of the state-owned Podunavlje-Podravlje hunting ground in Baranja. Breeding of game in this polygon began in 2001, for the purpose of studying and preserving the gene fund of the red deer. The polygon originally had only 53 ha, but was gradually expanded with the addition of two fields. Therefore, in 2002, it was expanded to 58 hectares and to 66 ha in 2003. Today, the breeding grounds cover an area of 88 ha, additional areas of 56 ha, and in the most recent expansion of an area for the maturation of trophy red deer of 237 ha, resulting in a total area of 380 ha. The analysis of results of the five-year study of controlled game breeding in the Šeprešhat polygon proves that the establishment of breeding grounds was made, given the population dynamics, growth intervals and potential for the sale of live game, as well as the commercial hunting of high quality trophy heads. It should be stressed that the breeding of deer game is a long process and that the first results can only be expected after five years, after the breeding stock is formed and stabilized and normal reproduction begins. The population dynamics of the red deer fund from the start of establishment of the breeding stock to the first significant results of the live game is shown in Table 1. During the five year selection of red deer for mating, only three to four of the most promising male deer (stags) were given the opportunity to mate each year. Each was placed in a separate polygon with fertile females (hinds) including young hinds participating in mating for the first time, in the ratio 1:11 to 1:16, (Table 2). The results indicate that the optimal mating ratio is one stag to ten to twelve hinds. With an increase in the sex ratio, the growth interval coefficient is reduced. This is unfavorable as the goal is to obtain the highest possible calves. One of the main parameters in the selection of young is the weight of the calf at the age of 3 weeks. The minimum level is 10 kg for a female calf and 12 kg for a male calf, as all weights beneath this are unsuitable for further breeding. Measurements also indicated that the highest growth interval of body weight was achieved at the age of 15 to 18 months (Fig. 1). One of the most important segments of maintaining good animal condition, good reproduction and good growth interval is securing sufficient and high quality food throughout the year. Though grass mixtures were sown in the polygon, in effect establishing pastures thereby allowing for the principle of polygon grazing, cultures were sown on additional surfaces to produce food for the game. Nonetheless, the backbone of the diet is the food provided to the game at the feeding sites. In line with the number of game animals in the breeding ground (according to the normative diet and real needs), some 200 tones of various foods, minerals and vitamin supplements were provided each year (Fig. 2 and 3), which represents an expense of HRK 361 000. Feed was the most significant financial expense in the management project, and accounted for 86% of the total breeding ground costs (excluding professional staff salaries and utility expenses) (Fig. 4). With revenues generated by the sale of live game and trophy hunts from the Šeprešhat polygon, a positive balance can only be expected in the coming period, which is indicated by the analysis of operations in 2009, the first year that revenues exceeded expenditures. Based on the research conducted, it can be concluded that the breeding of red deer in the Šeprešhat polygon is justified, as is the conservation of the gene fund of the Baranja red deer and its relocation to other hunting grounds for the purpose of improving trophy quality and for the economic justification of controlled deer breeding.

Differences in demonstration of fattening and traits of body development in young cattle from three genotype groups are investigated: Domestic Simmental breed (G1) and its crosses F1 gen. With Limousine (G2) and Charolais breed (G3). Sample included total of 96 heads, 32 in each group. The greatest body mass at birth was realized by Charolais crosses (41,8 kg) and the lowest calves of domestic Simmental breed (40,5 kg), significance of differences established was at the level of p (lt) 0,05. Genotype had significant effect (p (lt) 0.01) on body mass and age at the end of fattening, as well as average life daily gain. Charolais and Limousine crosses at the ages of 446 and 443 days achieved higher body masses at the end of fattening (621 kg and 590 kg) compared to Domestic Simmental breed (477 days and 579 kg). The effect of genotype on traits of body development was highly significant (p (lt) 0.01) for all traits except height to rump (p (lt) 0.05). The highest values of height to withers and rump (131,8 cm and136,1 cm) and cannon circumference (23,1 cm), and the lowest for breast depth (70,8 cm) and breast girth (198,9 cm) were realized by young cattle of Domestic Simmental breed. The most favourable body development from the commercial aspect was realized by Charolais crosses with the highest determined values of breast depth (74,5 cm), carcass length (157,7 cm) and breast girth (202,5 cm). Limousine crosses are characterized by the lowest height to withers and rump (126,7 cm and 134,3 cm), the lowest values of carcass length (155,3 cm) and cannon circumference (21,9 cm), whereas in regard to breast depth (73,5 cm) and girth (202,1 cm) they take intermediary position. Proučavane su razlike u ispoljenosti tovnih i osobina telesne razvijenosti između junadi tri genotipske grupe: domaće simentalske rase (G1) i njenih meleza F1 gen. sa limuzin (G2) i šarole rasom (G3). Uzorkom je obuhvaćeno ukupno 96 grla, po 32 u svakoj grupi. Najveću telesnu masu pri rođenju ostvarili su melezi šarolea (41,8 kg) a najmanju telad domaćeg simentalca (40,5 kg) uz značajnost razlika na nivou p (lt) 0,05. Genotip je ispoljio signifikantan uticaj (p (lt) 0.01) na telesnu masu i starost na kraju tova, kao i na prosečan životni dnevni prirast. Melezi šarolea i limuzina pri manjoj starosti (446 i 443 dana) postigli su veće telesne mase na kraju tova (621 kg i 590 kg) u odnosu na domaću simentalsku rasu (477 dana i 579 kg). Uticaj genotipa na osobine telesne razvijenosti je visoko signifikantan (p (lt) 0.01) za sve osobine izuzev visine krsta (p (lt) 0.05). Najveće mere visine grebena i krsta (131,8 cm i 136,1 cm) i obima cevanice (23,1 cm), a najmanje izraženu dubinu grudi (70,8 cm) i obim grudnog koša (198,9 cm) ostvarila su junad domaće simentalske rase. Najpoželjniju razvijenost sa komercijalnog stanovišta ostvarili su melezi šarolea kod kojih su utvrĐene najveće dubine grudi (74,5 cm), dužine trupa (157,7 cm) i obimi grudi (202,5 cm). Meleze limuzina karakteriše najmanja visina grebena i krsta (126,7 cm i 134,3 cm), najmanja dužina trupa (155,3 cm) i obim cevanice (21,9 cm), dok prema dubini (73,5 cm) i obimu grudi (202,1 cm) zauzimaju intermedijernu poziciju.

V poskusu smo primerjali rastne, pitovne in klavne lastnosti prašičev (n=240), ki smo jih razdelili v poletno (POL) in zimsko (ZIM) skupino. V POL skupini je bila povprečna temperatura (T) 26,4 °C, medtem ko je bila v ZIM skupini 20,1 °C in je variirala med 7,0 °C in 32,2 °C. Vsi pujski so bili pripeljani iz farme Pristava pri povprečni starosti 70 dni in 26 kg. V času poskusa smo merili mikroklimatske pogoje v hlevih, beležili dnevno porabo krme (na skupino), spremljali rast in merili debelino hrbtne slanine (DHS) (pri starosti 71, 146 in 180 dni). Prašiči so bili nato pri starosti 181 dni zaklani v klavnici po standardnem postopku. V ZIM skupini smo izmerili višje vrednosti CO2 in nižjo koncentracijo O2 v primerjavi z POL skupino. Prašiči POL skupine so imeli skozi vsa obdobja pitanja slabšo konzumacijo krme v primerjavi z ZIM skupino. Zaradi slabše konzumacije v celotnem obdobju pitanja so imeli prašiči POL skupine nižji dnevni prirast, kar se je odrazilo v nižji živi masi ob zakolu in nižji masi klavnega trupa. Naši rezultati kažejo, da so nizke T in s tem povečana konzumacija vplivali na značilno poslabšanje konverzije (P=0,000) v ZIM skupini. Prav tako pa smo pri prašičih ZIM skupine ob zakolu zaznali višjo maso toplih polovic (MTP) in nižji odstotek mesnatosti (M). In the experiment we compared growth, feeding and slaughtering characteristics of pigs (n=240), which were divided into summer (SUM) and winter (WIN) group. The average Temperature (T) in the SUM group was 26.4 °C. The average T in the WIN group was 20.1 °C and it varied between 7.0 °C and 32.2 °C. All of the pigs had been brought from the pig farm in Pristava at the average age of 70 days and mass of 26 kg. During our experiment we measured the microclimatic conditions in pig stables, the consumption of pig fodder (per group), growth and thickness of fatback (BF) at the age of 71, 146 and 180 days. The pigs were then slaughtered in a slaughterhouse following the standard procedure at the age of 181 days. In comparison with the SUM group, the WIN group had higher values of CO2 and a lower concentration of O2. The consumption of pig fodder in the SUM group was smaller than the consumption in the WIN group. Due to the smaller consumption in the entire period, the pigs from the SUM group had a lower daily growth, which could be seen from lower living mass and lower mass of the carcase when the pigs were slaughtered. The results show that increased consumption due to low T resulted in a lower feed conversion rate (P=0.000) in the WIN group. When the pigs were slaughtered we also established a higher mass of hot carcase weight (HCW) and a lower lean-meat percentage (LM%).

Podizanjem Nacionalne kolekcije od 58 sorata maslina u Vodnjanu omogućena su nova znanstvena istraživanja s ciljem stvaranja novih rentabilnijih tehnologija u maslinarstvu. U diplomskom radu analizirano je 58 sorti masline. Cilj rada bio je utvrditi vegetativni prirast različitih sorti masline, te prikazati odgovarajućom statističkom metodom značajnost u vegetativnom prirastu između pojedinih sorti između 2013. i 2014. godine. Temeljem statističke obrade podataka utvrđena je opravdana razlika u vegetativnom prirastu različitih sorata masline.

V diplomskem delu je celovito obravnavano stvarnopravno načelo povezanosti zemljišča in objekta (superficies solo cedit) in njegova aplikacija v zakonskih določbah. V posameznih poglavjih sem se najprej osredinil na teoretične razlage, institutom pa so dodani tudi primeri iz sodne prakse, tako da je jasno razvidno, kako se pravna pravila uporabljajo v sodbah sodišč. Omenjeno načelo pomeni, da je vse, kar je po namenu trajno spojeno ali je trajno na nepremičnini, nad ali pod njo, sestavina nepremičnine, razen če zakon določa drugače. Gre za ključno pravilo nepremičninskega prava tako v našem, kot tudi v sorodnih pravnih redih. V zakonu so določene tudi izjeme od načela, katerih se podrobneje dotaknem v posameznih poglavjih. Gre za institute gradnje čez mejo nepremičnine, stavbno pravico in etažno lastnino. Načelo povezanosti zemljišča in objekta je obravnavano tako po sedaj veljavnem Stvarnopravnem zakoniku, kot tudi po prejšnjih predpisih, ki se v praksi še vedno uporabljajo – gre za Zakon o temeljnih lastninskopravnih razmerjih in Občni državljanski zakonik. Veliko sodne prakse je izhajalo in še vedno izhaja ravno iz teh pravnih virov, zato je vključitev in razlaga njunih pravnih pravil o gradnji na tujem svetu, v katerih se odraža načelo superficies solo cedit, nujno potrebna. V diplomskem delu so pojasnjeni tudi temeljni pojmi Stvarnopravnega zakonika, v vsebino katerih poseže vpliv omenjenega načela, gre za pojme stvari, sestavine in nepremičnine. Posebej obravnavam tudi posamezne institute, ki predstavljajo aplikacijo načela povezanosti zemljišča in objekta, poleg že omenjenih izjem gre predvsem za institut povečanja vrednosti nepremičnine in institut prirasti. Zaradi vključitve ureditve po Občnem državljanskem zakoniku in Zakonu o temeljnih lastninskopravnih razmerjih, je prikazan tudi razvoj stvarnega prava na območju Republike Slovenije, saj je tako vsebina določb omenjenih predpisov bolj jasna, njihova razlaga in uporaba v sodni praksi pa bolj razumljiva. This thesis discusses the real property principle of integration of land and building (superficies solo cedit) and its application within the statutory provisions. In the individual chapters, we focus on the theoretical interpretations and examples from the case law are added to the institutes so that it is clear how the legal rules apply in court judgments. This principle means that everything which is permanently coupled or is permanently on the property, above or below, is a component of property, unless otherwise regulated by law. This is the key rule of real estate law, both in our as well as in similar jurisdictions. The Act also sets out exceptions to the principle, which are discussed in the individual chapters. It is an institute of construction across the boundary of real estate, building rights and condominium. The principle of integration of land and building is regulated both under the current Law of Property Code as well as under the previous regulations, which is still used in practice – The Law on Basic Property Relations and The General Civil Code. Many parts of the case law used to derive and it still derives precisely from these legal sources, so the integration and interpretation of their legal rules of construction on an foreign land, in which the principle of superficies solo cedit is reflected, is nessessary. The thesis also explains the basic concepts of the Law of Property Code, the contents of which is influenced by the above principle, and it is about the concepts of things, components and real estate. Specifically addressed are also individual institutes which represent an application of the principle of integration of land and building, in addition to the already mentioned exceptions it is mostly about the institute of increased value of a property and institute of growth. Because of the inclusion of the arrangements under The General Civil Code and The Law on Basic Property Relations, also the development of substantive law on the territory of the Republic of Slovenia is shown, so that the content of the provisions of these regulations is more clear and their interpretation and application in the judicial practice more understandable.

The goal of this research was to investigate the effect of various levels of organic selenium (selenized yeast) on the weight gain and feed utilization of chicken in fattening. The experiment was carried out on 120 chicken of line hybrid Hybro-PN, divided into four groups (treatments), lasting six weeks. All groups of chicken were fed complete mixtures, while selenium was added to feed in the form of selenized yeast, in quantities of 0 (Group I); 0.3 (II) 0.6 (III), or 0.9mg/kg (IV). Chicken were measured, and care was taken to keep groups uniform (Groups: I - 36.17g; II - 37.01g; III - 37.16g, and IV 36.59g). During the experiment, every seven days, body weight of all animals was measured, as well as feed consumption for each experimental group. At the end of fattening, the highest body weight was established for chicken in Group III (2647.50g), followed by chicken in Groups II and IV (2595.89 and 2526.55g). Mentioned values were statistically significant (PO.01) by chicken and groups (2309.lg). Average daily feed consumption during the whole fattening period was highest in Group III, and lowest in Group I. For the last week of fattening it amounted to 196.38g (Group III), i.e. 179.41g (Group I). However, for chicken in Groups II and IV, these values were somewhat lower, as compared to chicken in Group III (190.50 and 185.15g). Food consumption per 1 kg gain was lowest in groups fed rations with added organic selenium (Group II - 1.65; III and IV - 1.67). Chicken in group I had the worst feed conversion (1.73). Ispitivan je uticaj različitih nivoa organskog selena (selenizirani kvasac) na prirast, telesnu masu i iskorišćavanje hrane pilića u tovu. Ogled je izveden na 120 pilića provenijence Hybro-PN podeljenih u četiri grupe, u trajanju od šest nedelja. Sve grupe pilića hranjene su potpunim smešama, a selen je dodavan u hranu u formi seleniziranog kvasca u količini od 0 (I) 0,3 (II); 0,6 (III) ili 0,9mg/kg (IV-grupa). Najveću telesnu masu na kraju tova imali su pilići III grupe (2647,50g), a zatim pilići II i IV (2595,89 i 2526,55g). Navedene vrednosti su pokazale statističku značajnost (P lt 0,01) u odnosu na piliće I grupe (2309,lg). Prosečan dnevni utrošak hrane tokom celog perioda tova bio je najveći u III grupi, a najniži kod pilića I grupe. U poslednjoj nedelji tova iznosio je 196,38g (III grupa), odnosno 179,41g (I grupa). Međutim, kod pilića II i IV grupe ove vrednosti su bile nešto niže u odnosu na piliće III grupe (190,50 i 185,15g). Utrošak hrane za kg prirasta bio je najmanji u grupama koje su hranjene obrocima sa dodatkom organskog selena (II-1,65; III i IV-1,67). Pilići I grupe su ostvarili najlošiju konverziju hrane (1,73).

The paper presents results of investigations of the effect of a preparation based on natural zeolite on production results of fattening lambs. The experiment was performed on two groups of lamps (control – K and experimental – O), 15 animals per group, and for a duration of 90 days. The diet ration consisted of sheeps’ milk, a compound mix for fattening lambs, and meadow hay. Lambs of the experimental group, contrary to those of the control group were administered preparations based on natural zeolite. The preparation Min-a-Zel® S (in the form of 25% suspension) was administered to lambs from birth until the 14th day of life, directly into the mouth, once daily (before the morning meal), 10 ml each. Min-a-Zel Plus was administered starting from the 15th day by adding it to the fodder mix (0.5%). Feeding was ad libitum. The average body mass of lambs at the end of the experiment, according to the sequence of treatments (K:O), was 24.40:26.94 kg (P

O toleranci lesnih gliv na bakrove pripravke poročajo že 50 let. Te glive predstavljajo grožnjo z bakrovimi pripravki zaščitenemu lesu v uporabi. Po drugi strani pa bi te glive lahko uporabili za okolju prijazno mikoremediacijo odsluženega, z bakrovimi pripravki zaščitenega, lesa. Ti odpadki predstavljajo vsako leto večje probleme. Za učinkovit postopek bioremediacije potrebujemo cenen vir hranilnih snovi. Ena izmed rešitev, ki se že uporablja v številnih biotehnoloških procesih (biobeljenje, biopulpanje),je koruzna omakalna vodica (CSL). Želeli smo ugotoviti, kako koruzna omakalna vodica vpliva na rast izbranih izolatov in razkroj z bakrovimi pripravki zaščitenega lesa. Izvedli smo presejalni test, kjer smo CSL dodali v hranilno gojišče. Sterilizirane vzorce, impregnirane s CCB pripravkom, smo izpostavili na bakrove učinkovine dovzetnim (Antrodia vaillantii, Leucogyrophana pinastri), in nedovzetnim glivam (Postia placenta, Gloephylum trabeum, Trametes versicolor, Hypoxylon fragiforme). Rezultati obeh eksperimentov so pokazali, da je prisotnost CSL zmanjšala odpornost tolerantnh gliv. Kontrolni in impregnirani vzorci, prepojeni s CSL, so bili manj razkrojeni kot vzporedni, neprepojeni vzorci. Some fungi are very tolerant on copper compounds which are one of the most frequently used wood preservatives and this phenomenon has been known for more than 50 years. Fungi present a threat to wood impregnated with copper compounds. On other hand, wood treated with copper compounds represent a big environmental problem. To avoid environmental pollution bioremediation method could be used to decay used impregnated wood. Bioremediation processes requirecheap and effective nutrient sources, containing significant amounts of nitrogen, e.g. corn steep liquor (CSL). To elucidate fungal copper tolerance in a nitrogen-rich environment, experiments were performed on a nutrient medium and with wood. CSL was added to nutrient medium containing different copper concentrations. Sterilized CCB-impregnated and control CSL-supplemented specimens were exposed to copper-tolerant (Antrodia vaillantii, Leucogyrophana pinastri) and copper-sensitive (Postia placenta, Gleophyllum trabeum, Trametes versicolor, Hypoxylon fragiforme) fungal species according to the mini block procedure. The result of both experiments showed inhibited growth of the copper-tolerant fungi on nutrient medium containing copper and decreased decay of CCB-preserved wood.

Svrha provedenog istraživanja bila je procijeniti opravdanost upotrebe nusproizvoda tvornica etanola (DDGS) u tovu pilića, prateći njihove tovne karakteristike. Pokus se sastojao od tri skupine jednodnevnih tovnih pilića (3x40) hibrida Cobb 500, kojima je u krmnu smjesu dodavana različita razina DDGS-a (0, 15 i 25 %), od početka do kraja tova. Pokus je trajao 42 dana. Praćeni su tjelesna masa pilića, utrošak hrane te iskoristivost hrane za kg prirasta. Utvrđene su statistički vrlo značajne razlike (P>0,01) između skupina u ukupnom prirastu, gdje je kontrolna skupina imala najviši prirast. Utrošak hrane za kg prirasta bio je viši u pokusnim skupinama (11-15 %) u odnosu na kontrolnu skupinu. Cijena koštanja kg prirasta, što se hrane tiče, bila je najniža u pokusnoj 2 skupini (88,75 %) u odnosu na kontrolnu skupinu. Dobiveni rezultati pokazuju ekonomsku opravdanost korištenja DDGS – a u tovu pilića pri udjelu od 25 % u krmnoj smjesi., The purpose of the study was to evaluate the possibility of using by-products of ethanol factories (DDGS) in chicken. The experiment was composed of three groups of day-old broilers (3x40), hybrid Cobb 500, which had added to the feed mixture DDGS (0, 15 and 25 %) from the beginning to the end of fattening. The experiment lasted 42 days. Monitored were values of body mass of chickens, feed intake and feed utilization per kg gain. There were statistically very significant differences (P> 0.01) among groups in total gain, where the control group had the highest growth. Feed consumption per kg of gain was higher in the experimental groups (11-15 %) compared to the control group. The cost of kg of gain, as feed is concerned, was the lowest in the experimental group 2 (88.75 %) compared to the control group. The results show the economic justification for the use of DDGS of 25% in the feed mix for the fattening of chickens.

U radu je istraženo preživljenje posađenih biljaka te varijabilnost prirasta zelene duglazije na lokalitetu „Breznik“. Pri tome su kao kategoričke varijable korištene vrsta tla na kojima je pokus sađen (pseudoglej i kiselo tlo) te način proizvodnje sadnica koje su potom sađene na terenu. Sadnice za osnivanje tog pokusa proizvedene su na tri načina: A starosti 3 godine (2+1), B starosti 2 godine (2+0), C starosti 4 godine (2+2). Preživljenje biljaka najbolje je bilo na kiselom, a s obzirom na način proizvodnje sadnica najbolje rezultate pokazala su stabla B načina proizvodnje, a sadnice C najlošije. Prirasti visina i prsnog promjera polučili su vrlo slične rezultate uspjeha. Do prve i druge izmjere (1980., i 1985.) najbolje piraste ostvarila su stabla na kiselom tlu, dok su do zadnje izmjere veće priraste imala stabla na pseudogleju. Što se tiče načina proizvodnje sadnica najbolji rezultat (za sva razdoblja) ostvaren je sadnicama B načina proizvodnje. Analizom volumnog prirasta dobiveni rezultati slični su podacima o prirastu visina i promjera. U prve dvije izmjere (1980., i 1985.) bolji uspjeh imala su stabla na kiselom tlu dok su, ako promatramo zadnju izmjeru (2010.) veći prirast volumena imala stabla na pseudogleju. Volumen prema načinima proizvodnje sadnica pokazao je da stabla B načina proizvodnje imaju najveći srednji volumen (za sva razdoblja). Izračunati volumeni pojedinici površine (hektaru) pokazuju da najbolji uspjeh imaju pokusi na kiselom tlu B načina proizvodnje sadnica, a najlošiji uspjeh imala su stabla na pseudogleju C načina proizvodnje sadnica. Time možemo zaključiti kako zelenoj duglaziji više odgovara kiselo tlo (šumsko tlo) i proizvodnja sadnica bez presadnje u starosti od 2 godine što u ovom radu predstavljaju sadnice s oznakom B. Zelena duglazija ima veliki produkcijski potencijal u kratkom vremenskom intervalu, te je kao takva pogodna za osnivanje kultura i plantaža u kontinetalnom dijelu RH na neobraslim šumskim i nešumskim površinama.

Provedeno je istraživanje kako bi se procijenila mogućnost upotrebe nusproizvoda tvornica etanola (DDGS) u tovu pilića. Pokus se sastojao od tri skupine jednodnevnih tovnih pilića (3x40) tip Cobb 500, kojima je u krmnu smjesu dodavana različita razina DDGS-a (0, 15 i 25%), od početka do kraja tova. Pokus je trajao 42 dana. Praćena je tjelesna masa pilića, utrošak hrane te iskoristivost hrane za kg prirasta. Utvrđene su statistički značajne (P>0, 01) razlike između skupina u prirastu, gdje je kontrolna skupina imala najviši prirast. Utrošak hrane za kg prirasta bio je viši u pokusnim skupinama (11-15%) u odnosu na kontrolnu skupinu. Cijena koštanja kg prirasta, što se hrane tiče, bila je najniža u pokusnoj 2 skupini (88, 75%) u odnosu na kontrolnu skupinu.

Osnovni cilj ovog istraživanja je bio da se ispita mogucnost terapije puerperalnih endometrita krmaca, intrauterinom aplikacijom sterilne suspenzije manan-oligosaharida (MOS) i uporede dobijeni rezultati sa rezultatima klasicne terapije primenom metakrezol sulfonske kiseline sa metanolom (Lotagen, Byk Gulden, Germany). Mananoligosaharidi su prebiotici koji imaju sposobnost da sprece adherenciju patogenih bakterija za površinu sluzokože, kao i da neutrališu njihove toksine, a da pri tome ne oštete tkivo. Postavljena je pretpostavka da je moguce izlecenje krmaca obolelih od endometritisa nakon prašenja uz manji procenat recidiva i ispoljavanje pozitivnih efekata na prirast prasadi usled blagovremene normalizacije produkcije mleka. Ispitivanje je izvedeno na 4 ogledne i jednoj kontrolnoj grupi krmaca sa po 10 plotkinja u svakoj. Ogledne grupe su sacinjavale krmace kod kojih je 2 -3 dana po prašenju, uocen purulentni vaginalni iscedak i koje imaju smanjen apetit. Plotkinje su bile hranjene prema standardnim normativima (AOC tablice, 1993). Klinicka procena zdravstvenog stanja krmaca je vršena na dan terapije i nakon 2-5 dana. Od krmaca oglednih grupa su prikupljani uzorci sadržaja uterusa za citološka i mikrobiološka ispitivanja, a neposredno posle toga vršena je jednokratna aplikacija sterilne suspenzije MOS preparata ili Lotagena. Posle 2-5 dana, uziman je kontrolni ispirak. Za terapiju je korišcen preparat na bazi manan-oligosaharida (YCW – Yeast Cell Wall, Alltech, Fermin, Senta) u kolicinama od po 5, 10 i 20 grama (prva, druga i treca grupa) suspendovanog u 100ml fiziološkog rastvora. Plotkinjama cetvrte grupe je aplikovan Lotagen (Byk Gulden, Germany), u kolicini od 100ml i koncentraciji od 2 %. Preparati za citološke analize su bojeni metodom May-Grunwald Giemsa, a njiihova analiza je vršena metodom direktne svetlosne mikroskopije pomocu mikroskopa Olympus BH-2, (Japan) imerzionim objektivom na ukupnom uvecanju od 1000 x. Odreivano je prisustvo neutrofilnih i eozinofilnih granulocita, limfocita, makrofaga, epitelnih celija i bakterija, kao i njihova struktura. Bakteriološko ispitivanje je izvedeno standardnom mikrobiološkom tehnikom na Columbia agar (CM331, Oxoid, Basingstoke, UK) sa dodatkom 5% ovcije krvi i MacConkey agar (CM115, Oxoid). Ploce su inkubirane u aerobnim uslovima na temperaturi od 37 oC, tokom 24-48h... The main goals of these investigations were to explore possibilities for therapy of sows suffering from puerperal endometritis by intra uterine application of sterile mannan-oligosaccharide (MOS) suspension and to compare obtained results with standard therapy with Lotagen (Byk Gulden, Germany). Mannan-oligosaccharides are prebiotics that may prevent bacterial adhesion to mucosal surfaces and to neutralize their toxins without causing tissue damage. It was postulated that this therapeutical approach may result in successful curing of diseased sows, lower percent of recidivism and positive effects on piglet’s growth due to improved milk production. A trial was conducted on four experimental and one control group of sows consisting of 10 animals each. Experimental groups were formed of sows with purulent vaginal discharge 2-3 days post farrowing along with reduced apatite. Animals were fed standard food mixtures (AOC Tables, 1993). Clinical examination was performed on the day of therapy and 2-5 days latter. Uterus content samples for bacteriological and cytological examination were collected on the day of first clinical examination and immediately after that, sterile MOS suspension or Lotagen were administered by means of catheter. After 2-5 days, a second sampling was performed. We have used MOS-based product (Yeast Call Wall, Batch No 6.9.175, Alltech, Fermin, Senta) in the amounts of 5, 10 and 20g (I, II and III group) suspended in 100ml of saline. Sows from the group IV were treated in the same way by 100ml of 2% Lotagen solution. Smears for cytological analyses were stained by May-Grunwald Giemsa method and analyzed by means of direct light microscopy (Olympus BH-2, Japan), using immersion objective and at total magnification of 1000 X. We have determined presence of neutrophylles, eosinophylles, lymphocytes, monocytes, epithelial cells and bacteria as well as their structure. Bacteriological examination was performed by standard plating procedures on Columbia agar (CM331, Oxoid, Basingstoke, UK) with addition of 5% ovine blood and MacConkey agar (CM115, Oxoid). Plates were incubated in aerobic conditions at 37 0C over 24-48hrs. Isolated bacteria were multiplied in pure culture on CM3 agar (Oxoid) and identification was performed on the basis of colony morphology, microscopic appearance, catalase and oxidase tests and biochemical characteristics...