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Raziskave, ki se osredotočajo na vpliv prehrane na rast in razvoj otrok preko daljšega časovnega obdobja so redke. V magistrski nalogi smo na vzorcu 81 otrok (36 deklic in 45 dečkov), vključenih v študijo Moje mleko 2, po posameznih meritvenih obdobjih (pri 1, 3 in 7 letu starosti) ovrednotili antropometrični status otrok, (izključno) dojenih različno dolgo (manj oz. več kot 6 mesecev). Določili smo njihovo stopnjo hranjenosti in raziskali, kako njihove matere upoštevajo smernice Svetovne zdravstvene organizacije (angl. World Health Organisation, WHO) glede optimalnega trajanja obdobja dojenja. V povprečju so matere izključno dojile 5,5 (1) mesecev in delno dojile 12,2 (6,7) mesecev. Nekoliko manj kot polovica mater je upoštevala smernice WHO glede priporočene dolžine obdobja dojenja. Med skupinama različno dolgo dojenih otrok ni bilo značilnih razlik v telesni višini, telesni masi in centilnih vrednostih telesne višine in mase. Dlje časa dojeni otroci imajo v povprečju značilno nižji indeks telesne mase (ITM) in centilne vrednosti ITM (c_ITM) v primerjavi z otroki, dojenimi krajši čas. Večina razlik med skupinama gre na račun sprememb v telesni masi. Številčno je skupni odstotek prekomerno hranjenih in debelih otrok v skupini otrok, dojenih krajši čas, višji kot v skupini otrok, dojenih daljši čas. Research focusing on the impact of early nutrition on children's growth and development over time is scarce. In this master’s thesis, we evaluated the anthropometric status of children (exclusively) breastfed for different lengths of time (less than or more than 6 months) at different measurement periods (1, 3 and 7 years of age) in a sample of 81 children (36 girls and 45 boys) included in the My Milk 2 study. We determined their weight status and investigated how their mothers adhered to the World Health Organisation (WHO) guidelines on the optimal duration of breastfeeding period. On average, mothers exclusively breastfed for 5,5 (1,0) months and partially breastfed for 12,2 (6,7) months. Slightly less than half of mothers followed the WHO guidelines on the recommended length of the breastfeeding period. There were no significant differences in body height, body weight and centile values for height and weight between the groups of children breastfed for different lengths of time. Children breastfed for longer periods had significantly lower Body Mass Index (BMI) and centile BMI (c_BMI) values compared to children breastfed for shorter periods. Most of the differences between the two groups are due to changes in body weight. Numerically, the overall percentage of overweight and obese children is higher in the group of children breastfed for a shorter period than in the group of children breastfed for a longer period.

Zaradi obsežnega razvoja informacijsko-komunikacijske tehnologije in znatnega izboljšanja njene dostopnosti v zadnjih dveh desetletjih, se je pomemben del medosebnih interakcij, predvsem med otroki in mladostniki, prestavil v kibernetski prostor. To je poleg mnogih pozitivnih funkcij odprlo prostor tudi za razvoj odklonskih ravnanj v novih razsežnostih in premik dela nasilja v to novo okolje. V pričujoči doktorski disertaciji se osredotočamo na specifično obliko nasilja, ki jo v angleščini poznamo pod pojmom bullying, v kibernetskem prostoru, in sicer iz metodološkega vidika. Da bi ugotovili, kako raziskano je področje in kako zagotoviti kakovost raziskovanja t. i. kibernetskega vrstniškega nadlegovanja, smo: 1) pregledali obstoječe prispevke s poudarkom na slovenskem območju, 2) identificirali pomanjkljivosti dotedanjega empiričnega raziskovanja, 3) proučili raznolike izraze, ki jih za označevanje tega konstrukta uporabljajo slovenski avtorji in podali predlog za enotno uporabo, 4) pregledali in podali predlog za enotno uporabo definicije konstrukta, iz katere naj bi izhajali tudi enotni konceptualizacija in operacionalizacija, 5) utemeljili smiselnost izbire načrta integracije metod, ter 6) povzeli ključna priporočila za raziskovanje glede na identificirane posebnosti občutljive tematike. Zadane cilje smo dosegli s podrobnim pregledom obstoječe literature in metodološko analizo empiričnih prispevkov, vsebinsko analizo sekundarnih kvantitativnih podatkov, pridobljenih z anketnim vprašalnikom, metodološko analizo tega anketnega vprašalnika, kvalitativnimi podatki fokusnih skupin s ciljno populacijo mladostnikov in intervjujev s pedagogi. Smiselnost tako pridobljenih zaključkov smo preverili s strokovno oceno pomembnejših ugotovitev s strani strokovnjaka varne rabe interneta otrok in strokovnjakinjo metodologije. Naša dognanja utemeljujejo potrebo po uskladitvi izraza, definicije in konceptualizacije v nadaljnjem raziskovanju ter izpostavljajo priporočilo izvedbe integracije metod za zagotovitev veljavnosti in zanesljivosti raziskovanja kibernetskega vrstniškega nadlegovanja. Due to the extensive development of information and communication technology and the significant improvement of its accessibility in the last two decades, a substantial part of interpersonal interactions, especially between children and adolescents, has shifted to cyberspace. Besides many positive functions, this also opened up a space for developing deviant behavior in new dimensions and moving part of the violence to this new environment. In this doctoral dissertation, we focus on a specific form of violence, known in English as bullying, in cyberspace, mainly from a methodological point of view. To find out how well-researched the field is and how to ensure the quality of the cyberbullying research, we: 1) reviewed the existing literature with an emphasis on the Slovenian area, 2) identified the gaps of current empirical research, 3) examined the various terms used by Slovenian authors to label this construct and proposed suggestions for uniform use, 4) reviewed and proposed a suggestion for the uniform use of the definition of the construct, from which the uniform conceptualization and operationalization should also be set, 5) justified the meaningfulness of conducting the mixed methods research design, and 6) summarized the key recommendations for research according to the identified peculiarities of the sensitive topic. The set goals were achieved through a detailed review of existing literature and methodological analysis of empirical contributions, content analysis of secondary quantitative data obtained with a survey questionnaire, methodological analysis of this questionnaire, qualitative data from focus groups with the target population of adolescents, and interviews with pedagogical workers. The meaningfulness of our conclusions was verified by a professional evaluation of the most important findings by an expert in safe internet use and an expert in methodology. Our findings justify the need to use consistent terms, definitions, and conceptualization in further research and highlight the recommendation to implement the integration of methods to ensure the validity and reliability of cyberbullying research.

Uvod: Osteoartritis je ena najpogostejših revmatičnih bolezni in ena od bolezni, ki povzročajo največ invalidnosti po svetu. Za osteoartritis roke je značilna bolečina v sklepih, oteklina, jutranja togost, deformacija, omejena gibljivost in izguba moči grobega in/ali finega prijema, kar vodi do težav pri opravljanju vsakodnevnih aktivnosti, zmanjša čas produktivnega dela in zniža sposobnost opravljanja le-tega. Namen: Namen diplomskega dela je zbrati priporočila in dokaze o učinkovitosti intervencij, ki podpirajo izvajanje okupacije v delovnoterapevtski obravnavi pri osebah z osteoartritisom roke. Metode dela: Izveden je bil pregled literature s področja obravnave oseb z osteoartritisom roke v delovni terapiji s poudarkom na intervencijah, ki podpirajo izvajanje okupacije. Iskanje je potekalo med novembrom 2021 in majem 2022 v elektronskih bazah podatkov PubMed, OTseeker, the BMJ, ScienceDirect, Cochrane Library in SAGE journals s ključnimi besedami ‘hand osteoarthritis’, ‘exercise’, ‘activity’ in ‘occupational therapy’. Rezultati: V končni pregled literature je bilo vključenih sedem člankov. Štirje so ugotavljali učinkovitost intervencij, ki podpirajo izvajanje okupacije, trije pa so se osredotočili na sestavo programa oziroma priporočil. Razprava in zaključek: Delovnoterapevtska obravnava pri osebah z osteoartritisom roke, ki zajema intervencije, ki podpirajo izvajanje okupacije, bi morala potekati v obdobju, ko ni prisotnega vnetja in bolečine, hkrati pa izvajanje ne sme povzročati bolečine, ki je prisotna več kot 2 uri po koncu izvajanja. Pred začetkom obravnave bi moralo biti izvedeno ogrevanje v obliki toplih obkladkov, parafinske kopeli, nizko intenzivnih vaj ali nizko intenzivne aerobne vadbe. Enotnih priporočil glede časa, intenzivnosti, števila ponovitev in števila obravnav dnevno/tedensko še ni. Izvajanje intervencij, ki podpirajo izvajanje okupacije, pozitivno vpliva na zmanjšanje bolečine in togosti, pri izboljšanju moči prijema pa rezultati niso enotni. Izvajanje intervencij, ki podpirajo izvajanje okupacije, je stroškovno upravičena strategija, ki bi jo bilo smiselno upoštevati kot standard v delovnoterapevtski obravnavi osebe z osteoartritisom roke. Introduction: Osteoarthritis is one of the most common rheumatic diseases and one of the leading causes of disability worldwide. Osteoarthritis of the hand is characterised by joint pain, swelling, morning stiffness, deformity, limited mobility and decrease of grip and/or pinch strenght, which leads to difficulties when performing task of every day life, loss of productive work time and decreased ability to perform manual activites Purpose: The aim of this diploma work is to collect recommendations and evidence on the effectiveness of interventions to support occupations in occupational therapy treatment of people with hand osteoarthritis. Methods: A literature review on the management of people with hand osteoarthritis in occupational therapy was conducted, focusing on interventions to support occupations. The search was conducted between November 2021 and May 2022 on the electronic databases PubMed, OTseeker, the BMJ, ScienceDirect, Cochrane Library and SAGE journals with the keywords 'hand osteoarthritis', 'exercise', 'activity' and 'occupational therapy'. Results: Seven articles were included in the literature review. Four focused on the effectiveness of interventions to support occupations, and three focused on the design of the programme or recommendations. Discussion and conclusion: Occupational therapy treatment for people with hand osteoarthritis, which includes interventions to support occupations, should take place during a period when inflammation and pain are not present, and should not cause pain that is persist for more than 2 hours after the end of therapy. A warm-up period of warm compresses, paraffin baths, low-intensity exercises or low-intensity aerobic exercise should be carried out before treatment. There are no general recommendations on time, intensity, number of repetitions and number of treatments per day/week. Interventions to support occupations have a positive impact on reducing pain and stiffness, but results are mixed when it comes to improving grip strength. Interventions to support occupations are a cost-effective strategy that should be considered as standard in occupational therapy management of people with hand osteoarthritis.

Priporočila za zobozdravstveno obravnavo bolnikov z rakom glave in vratu (RGV) v Sloveniji, zdravljenih z obsevanjem sledijo priporočilom The Royal College of Surgeons of England v sodelovanju z The British Society for Disability and Oral Health, dopolnjujejo Priporočila za obravnavo bolnikov z rakom glave in vratu v Sloveniji in hkrati upoštevajo obstoječe zmožnosti slovenskega zdravstvenega sistema. Namen priporočil je prepre-čevanje oz. zmanjšanje zapletov v ustni votlini, ki nastanejo zaradi obsevanja. Opredeljujejo način zobozdravstvene oskrbe pred, med in po zdravljenju raka na vseh treh nivojih zobozdra-vstvene oskrbe, kar zagotavlja njeno pravočasnost in dostopnost. Priporočila predstavljajo poenoteno mnenje vseh deležnikov na področju zobozdravstvene obravnave bolnikov z RGV v državi. Recommendations for the dental treatment of patients with head and neck cancer (HNC) in Slovenia treated with radiation follow the recommendations and guidelines of the Royal College of Surgeons of England created in association with the British Society for Disability and Oral Health, the Recommendations for the treatment of patients with head and neck cancer in Slovenia and at the same time consider the existing capabilities of the Slovenian health care system. The recommendations aim to prevent or reduce complications in the oral cavity due to radiation therapy. They define the dental care before, during and after radiation therapy at all three levels of dental care, which ensures the timeliness and accessibility of dental care. The recommendations represent a unified opinion of all stakeholders in the field of dental treatment of HNC patients in the country.

Zlomi prsno-ledvene hrbtenice (PLH) predstavljajo širok spekter poškodb. Zdravljenje je odvisno od vrste poškodbe, splošnega stanja poškodovanca ter morebitnih pridruženih bolezni hrbtenice. Skupna ocena teh dejavnikov narekuje strategijo zdravljenja, ki je zaradi nejasnih in včasih nasprotujočih si podatkov v literaturi nemalokrat težavna. Kljub številnim odprtim vprašanjem pa v mnogih primerih lahko le hitra in usklajena veriga postopkov od začetne oskrbe na terenu do končne rehabilitacije zagotovi dober izid zdravljenja. Prispevek zato predstavi priporočila Vertebrološkega združenja Slovenije za obravnavo bolnikov z zlomom PLH. Zajemajo celotno verigo oskrbe, od oskrbe na terenu in v urgentnem centru do diagnostičnih postopkov in klasifikacije ter kirurškega zdravljenja, končno po do rehabilitacije in ambulantnega spremljanja zdravstvenega stanja poškodovanca. Posebna pozornost se posveča poškodbam z nevrološko prizadetostjo, osteoporotičnim zlomom in zlomom pri ankilozirajočih boleznih hrbtenice, ki so zaradi starajočega se prebivalstva v porastu. Namen priporočil je postaviti minimalne standarde oskrbe zlomov PLH v slovenskem prostoru. Zato priporočila temeljijo na empiričnih znanjih, upoštevajo pa tudi regionalne posebnosti slovenskega prostora.

Namen magistrskega dela je ugotoviti, na kakšen način lahko učitelji zgodovine pristopijo k obravnavanju občutljivih tem pri osnovnošolcih. V teoretičnem delu smo ugotovili, da ne obstaja natančne definicije v slovenskem ali tujem prostoru, ki bi nam odgovorila na vprašanje, kaj so občutljive teme pri zgodovini. Poučevanje občutljivih tem naj bi bilo ključno za razumevanje sveta, v katerem učenec živi, in je zato že samo po sebi pomemben izobraževalni cilj zgodovine, h kateremu bi morali vsi učitelji strmeti in ga poskušati doseči. V nalogi so opisani primeri občutljivih tem pri pouku zgodovine v Sloveniji (problematika domobranstva, druga svetovna vojna in otroci ter holokavst na Slovenskem) ter primera za pouk zgodovine v Veliki Britaniji (Severna Irska in holokavst). Obstajajo deklaracije, smernice in priporočila za poučevanje in učenje o holokavstu, vendar v njih ne najdemo definicije občutljivih tem ali bolj konkretnega načina za učinkovito poučevanje o drugih občutljivih temah, izjema je holokavst. Rezultati polstrukturiranih intervjujev z učitelji zgodovine in anketni odgovori devetošolcev iz štirih različnih osnovnih šol po Sloveniji so pokazali njihovo mnenje o občutljivih temah. Magistrsko delo dokazuje, da je takšna tema v slovenskem prostoru aktualna in zanimiva, saj so še danes teme, ki slovenski narod delijo na dva različna pola. Predvsem je pomembno, da se učitelji obravnave občutljivih tem pri zgodovini lotijo premišljeno in z željo, da bi s pomočjo učbeniškega gradiva pri učencih vzbudili kritično mišljenje o zgodovinskih dejstvih, dogodkih in virih. The main concept of the master's thesis focuses on finding out how can teachers of history approach to teaching sensitive issues in elementary schools. In the theoretical part of the project we have found out that there is no precise definition in Slovenian or any other areas that would answer the question of what sensitive topics in history are. Teaching sensitive issues is supposed to be the key to understanding the world where the pupil live, therefore, in and of itself, it is an important educational goal in teaching history. All the teachers should strive to achieve this goal. The thesis describes the examples of sensitive issues in history teaching in Slovenia (the issue of home guard, the children in the Second World War, the Holocaust in Slovenia) and two examples for history teaching in the United Kingdom (Northern Ireland and the Holocaust). There are declarations, guidelines and recommendations for teaching and learning about the Holocaust, but there is no definition of sensitive topics, and there is no concrete way to teach effectivelly about sensitive topics except the Holocaust. In this survey the results of semi-structured interviews with history teachers and the ninth-grade students in four different elementary schools in Slovenia reveal their opinions about sensitive issues. The master's thesis proves that teaching sensitive issues is a topical and interesting theme in Slovenia, because the topics even now devide Slovenian nation into two different poles. But above all it is important that teachers thoughtfully present sensitive topics in history using the textbook material in order to encourage students to think critically about historical facts, events and sources.

Dojenje je naraven in najprimernejši način hranjenja dojenčkov, saj preprečuje pojav zaostanka v razvoju, zdravstvenih zapletov ter smrti otrok, prinaša pa tudi številne prednosti doječim materam. Namen diplomskega dela je bil opraviti pregled literature o pomembnih sestavinah humanega mleka, vplivu dojenja na otroke in njihove matere ter dejavnike, ki vplivajo na odločitev za dojenje. Humano mleko vsebuje pomembna hranila in funkcionalne komponente, ki otroka ščitijo pred okužbami in vnetji, potrebne pa so tudi za njegovo nadaljnjo rast ter razvoj. S pogostim dojenjem se zmanjša število hospitalizacij in stroškov zdravljenja, povečajo pa se razpoložljiva sredstva zdravstvenih ustanov. Kljub mnogim pozitivnim učinkom in priporočilom, naj bodo otroci izključno dojeni v prvih 6 mesecih življenja, trenutni podatki o dojenju po svetu niso spodbudni. Za izboljšanje stanja bo v prihodnosti potrebno predvsem množično ozaveščanje širše javnosti, saj je zavedanje o prednostih, ki jih ta način hranjenja prinaša otrokom in njihovim materam, eden izmed pomembnih dejavnikov pri odločitvi za dojenje. Pri zaščiti dojenja in uspešnem poteku ima lahko precejšnjo vlogo tudi poostren nadzor nad mlečnimi nadomestki ter dovolj izobraženo zdravstveno osebje. Pomemben korak k napredku v zadnjem času predstavljajo še Novorojencu prijazne porodnišnice, Dojenju prijazne zdravstvene ustanove in Dojenju prijazna mesta. Breastfeeding is natural and most appropiate way of infant feeding, as it prevents developmental delay, health issues and infant death, though it also positively contributes to breastfeeding women. The aim of this thesis was to review the literature of important human milk components, to discover how big o fan impact breastfeeding has on mothers and children, and what are the factors with a significant role in decision to breastfeed. Human milk contains several crucial nutrients and functional components with an ability to prevent infections and inflammations, while they also carry an important role in child growth and development. Frequent breastfeeding contributes to fewer hospitalisations and lower health costs while it also contributes to the increase of hospital's financial resources. Despite an enormous evidence of positive effects and recommendations to exclusively breastfeed in first 6 months, the current breastfeeding situation in the world is rather insufficient. For future improvement mass awareness will be needed as understanding the importance of breastfeeding largely influences the decision to breastfeed. A tighter control over infant formula and clinician's education also plays an important role in breastfeeding protection and its duration. Furthermore, The Baby Friendly Initiative and Breastfeeding friednly cities represent a large step towards increasing the number of breastfeeding.

V Sloveniji vsako leto zboli zaradi raka želodca okrog 450 bolnikov, od tega ima tri četrtine bolnikov ob postavitvi diagnoze razširjeno ali razsejano bolezen. Zato je pomembno, da imamo razvito sodobno multidisciplinarno zdravljenje. Onkološki inštitut je na poti pridobitve evropske onkološke akreditacije, ki jo podeljuje priznana Evropska organizacija onkoloških inštitutov (OECI), katere član je tudi Onkološki inštitut Ljubljana. Namen tega projekta je razvoj kliničnih poti, ki bodo omogočile celostno obravnavo bolnikov z rakom. Slovenskih priporočil za zdravljenje adenokarcinoma želodca trenutno nimamo, zato smo bili primorani sprejeti te, ki jim bomo sledili na Onkološkem inštitutu. V teh priporočilih, zaradi drugačne narave bolezni, ni zajeto zdravljenje raka ezofagogastričnega stika.

Uvod: Magnetno resonančno slikanje predstavlja v medicini velik napredek za diagnosticiranje veliko različnih bolezenskih procesov. Kljub svojim prednostim lahko predstavlja ogroženost za paciente in osebje, zato morajo biti zaposleni na radioloških oddelkih primerno izobraženi za delo v magnetno resonančnem okolju. Za zagotavljanje varnosti na MR-diagnostikah se uporabljajo tudi različna priporočila in smernice, po svetu pa obstajajo tudi različna izobraževanja za radiološke inženirje. Namen: Namen našega diplomskega dela je bil, da ugotovimo, kakšna priporočila in izobraževanja iz MR-varnosti v svetu obstajajo, ali jih imamo tudi v Sloveniji in kakšno je mnenje radioloških inženirjev v Sloveniji o njihovi potrebi pri nas. Pridobili smo tudi njihove predloge in mnenja o možnostih za izboljšave na tem področju. Metode dela: Teoretični del diplomske naloge zajema pregled strokovnih člankov na temo MR-varnosti, pregled različnih priporočil za MR-varnost ter knjig in priročnikov o magnetno resonančnem slikanju. V programu 1ka smo sestavili spletni vprašalnik, ki je bil namenjen radiološkim inženirjem na diagnostikah po Sloveniji. Podatke smo obdelali z Microsoft Excel Office ter programom za analizo, ki ga vsebuje spletni program 1ka. Rezultati: Izobraževanje iz MR-varnosti je imelo ob pričetku dela 45 % vprašanih radioloških inženirjev, 86 % vprašanih inženirjev bi se želelo udeležiti izobraževanja iz MR-varnosti, 48 % anketiranih pa se zdi prav, da bi to znanje letno obnavljali in preverjali. Svoje znanje iz MR-varnosti bi anketirani radiološki inženirji najbolj želeli izpopolniti na področju o varnostni implantatov, ukrepov v primeru nesreč in kontrastnih sredstvih. Razprava in zaključek: Postopki za zagotavljanje MR-varnosti na diagnostikah po Sloveniji so podobni postopkom, opisanim v tujih priporočilih in smernicah. Pri nas obstajajo predvsem interna izobraževanja s področja MR-varnosti. Radiološki inženirji v Sloveniji si želijo izobraževanj iz MR-varnosti in menijo, da bi jim pripomogla k njihovemu kvalitetnejšemu delu. Pripravili smo tudi osnutek priporočil za izobraževanja iz MR-varnosti za radiološke inženirje v Sloveniji. Introduction: Magnetic resonance imaging represents a major advance in medicine for diagnosing many different disease processes. Despite its advantages, it can pose a threat to patients and staff, so radiology staff must be appropriately trained to work in a magnetic resonance imaging environment. Various recommendations and guidelines are also used to ensure safety on MRI diagnostics, and there are also various trainings for radiological engineers around the world. Purpose: The purpose of our diploma was to find out what recommendations and education from MRI security exist in the world, whether we have them in Slovenia and what is the opinion of radiological engineers in Slovenia about their need in our country. We also obtained their suggestions and opinions on the possibilities for improvements in this area. Methods: The theoretical part of the thesis includes a review of professional articles on MRI safety, a review of various recommendations for MRI safety and books and manuals on magnetic resonance imaging. In the 1ka program, we compiled an online questionnaire, which was intended for radiological engineers in diagnostics in Slovenia. The data were processed with Microsoft Excel Office and the analysis program contained in the 1ka web program. Results: 45 % of the surveyed radiology engineers had MRI training at the beginning of their work, 86 % of the surveyed engineers would like to attend MRI safety training, and 48 % of the respondents think it is right to renew and check this knowledge annually. The surveyed radiological engineers would most like to improve their knowledge of MRI safety in the field of implant safety, emergency measures and contrast agents. Discussion and conclusion: The procedures for ensuring MRI safety in diagnostics in Slovenia are similar to the procedures described in foreign recommendations and guidelines. In our country, there are mainly internal trainings in the field of MRI security. Radiological engineers in Slovenia want training in MRI safety and believe that it would help them to work better. We have also prepared draft recommendations for MRI safety training for radiological engineers in Slovenia.

General introduction of unconditionally and conditionallyautomated vehiclesis expected to have a highly positive impact on the society, from increased accessibility to mobility androad traffic safety, to decreased environmental and economic negative impacts. However, there are several obstacles and risks slowing down the adoption of this technology, which are primarily related to the human–machine interaction (HMI) and exchange of control between the vehicle and the human driver. In this article, we present key takeaways for HMI design of take-over requests (TOR) that the vehicle issues to inform the driver to take over control of the vehicle. The key takeaways were developed based on the results of a user study, where directional tactile-ambient (visual) and auditory-ambient (visual) TOR user interfaces (UI) were evaluated with regards to commonly used take-over quality aspects (attention redirection, take-over time, correct interpretation of stimuli, off-road drive, brake application,lateral acceleration, minimal time-to-collision and occurrence of collision). 36 participants took part in the mixeddesign study, which was conducted in adriving simulator. The results showed that drivers’ attention was statistically significantly faster redirected with the auditory-ambient UI, however using the tactile-ambient UI resulted in less off-road driving and slightly less collisions. The results also revealed that drivers correctly interpreted the directional TOR stimuli more often than the non-directional one. Based on the study results, a list of key takeaways was developed and is presented in the conclusion of the paper. The results from this study are especially relevant to the TOR UI designers and theautomotive industry, which tend to provide the most usable UI for ensuring safer end efficient human-vehicle interaction during the TOR task.

V magistrskem delu smo se osredotočili na pomen vključevanja otrok s posebnimi potrebami pri predmetu šport in primernost njihovega ocenjevanja. Za otroke s posebnimi potrebami je prilagojena telesna dejavnost zelo pomembna. Predstavljenih je nekaj primerov dobrih praks poučevanja otrok s posebnimi potrebami, ki so jih delili učitelji športa iz različnih slovenskih osnovnih šol. Oblikovali smo tudi primere prilagoditev različnih vsebin, ki jih pri predmetu obravnavamo. Te prilagoditve so zaradi specifičnih značilnosti vsake skupine otrok s posebnimi potrebami oblikovane za vsako skupino posebej. Poleg tega pa je prilagoditev vsebin in standardov znanja predpogoj za prilagoditev ocenjevanja. Ker se veliko učiteljev, ki poučuje otroke s posebnimi potrebami, znajde v stiski, ko je otroke treba oceniti, smo predstavili tudi prilagoditve in priporočila za ocenjevanje otrok s posebnimi potrebami. The master’s thesis aims to present children with special needs and their inclusion in the regular education system and the appropriateness of their assessment. The focus is on the importance of including children with special needs in physical education. Adapted physical activity is very important for children with special needs. Some examples of good practice in teaching children with special needs that were shared by physical education teachers from different elementary schools in Slovenia are presented. Furthermore, we formulated examples, showing how to adapt various contents of the subjects’ curriculum. Each group of children with special needs has its specific characteristics. These adaptations are therefore formulated separately for each individual group. The adaptation of contents and standards of knowledge are also a prerequisite for the adaptation of evaluation. Numerous teachers of children with special needs find themselves in a difficult position when evaluating. This is why a presentation of adaptations and recommendations for assessment children with special needs is also included.

Slovenska priporočila za obravnavo bolnikov z kronično odpovedjo prebavil so povzeta so po smernicah Evropskega združenja za klinično prehrano in metabolizem (angl. ESPEN; European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism) in prilagojena slovenskim izkušnjah zdravljenja odpovedi prebavil. Pretežni del bolnikov z odpovedjo prebavil predstavljajo bolniki s sindromom kratkega črevesa (SKČ), zato je poudarek priporočil na diagnostiki, obravnavi in zdravljenju bolnikov s SKČ. Namen priporočil je vzpostavitev bolj učinkovite prepoznave in obravnave bolnikov z odpovedjo ter vzpostavitvi temeljnih strokovnih izhodišč za zdravljenje teh bolnikov v Sloveniji. Dejavnost zdravljenja kronične odpovedi prebavil z parenteralno prehrano na domu pri odrasli pacientih je bila v Sloveniji formalno vzpostavljena leta 2008, v 13 letih smo zdravili več kot 230 pacientov, v začetku leta 2021 je v 2 centrih (OI Ljubljana, UKC Ljubljana) v zdravljenje vključeno 95 odraslih bolnikov. Pred 6 leti Smo paciente v programu zdravljenja odpovedi prebavil v okviru OI LjubljanA vključili v evropski register premljanja bolnikov na Parenteralni prehrani na domu (PPD), v okviru ESPEN., Onkologija : strokovno-znanstveni časopis za zdravnike, Vol 25 No 1 (2021)

Uvod: Digitalno trženje omogoča zelo dobro razumevanje potrošniških potreb. Kljub dejstvu, da potrošniki vse več časa namenjajo uporabi spletnih družbenih omrežij, farmacevtska industrija sodeč po digitalni dozorelosti zaostaja za drugimi reguliranimi industrijskimi panogami, kot sta bančništvo in zavarovalništvo. Namen: Naš namen v tej nalogi je bil oblikovati priporočila o učinkovitem upravljanju javnih podob na spletnih družbenih omrežjih, oceniti doslednost in učinkovitost farmacevtskih podjetij pri izvajanju teh priporočil in določiti nabor tematik objavam, na katere so se potrošniki najpogosteje odzivali. Metode: Izvedli smo analizo računalniško posredovane razprave (348 objav) na spletnih dnevnikih Facebooka, Twitterja in LinkedIna, ter njihovih partnerskih podjetij Sprout social in Buffer med 31. 7. 2019 in 1. 2. 2020. Na podlagi teh objav smo izluščili priporočila o učinkovitem upravljanju javnih podob na spletnih družbenih omrežjih. Sledila je analiza računalniško posredovane razprave 10 farmacevtskih podjetij na javnih podobah Facebooka, Twitterja in LinkedIna. Podatke za analizo smo pridobili z neposrednim pregledom objav in javnih podob podjetij ter z uporabo programskih oprem Fanpage karma in Facebook performance quadrant report. Z uporabo programskih oprem QDA Miner Lite in Microsoft Excel smo izvedli kodiranje besedil in drugih oblik računalniško posredovane komunikacije. Rezultati: 25 priporočil o uspešnem upravljanju javnih podob na spletnih družbenih omrežjih smo oblikovali na podlagi rezultatov pregleda spletnih dnevnikov. Najpogosteje zabeležena priporočila smo uvrstili v kategorijo uporabe grafičnih elementov (42,2 %). Upravitelji javnih podob so najbolj dosledno izvajali priporočilo o dodajanju logotipov k videoposnetkom (83,2 %), najmanj dosledno pa priporočilo o uporabi zgodb (0 %). Določili smo povprečne stopnje angažiranosti sledilcev farmacevtskih javnih podob, ki so bile 0,056 % na Facebooku, 0,026 % na Twitterju in 0,051 % na LinkedInu. Obeleževanje praznikov in svetovnih dni je bila skupna tematika najbolj uspešnih objav farmacevtskih javnih podob. Zaključki: Farmacevtska podjetja ne izvajajo priporočil o učinkovitem upravljanju javnih podob na spletnih družbenih omrežjih dosledno. Stopnje angažiranosti sledilcev farmacevtskih javnih podob so še vedno podpovprečne v primerjavi z drugimi industrijami. Introduction: Digital marketing enables marketers to gain a better understanding of consumer needs. In terms of digital maturity, the pharmaceutical industry lags behind other regulated industries, such as banking and insurance, despite the fact that consumers spend more and more time on digital media. Aim: Our purpose was to generate recommendations for the successful management of online social network profiles, to evaluate the consistency and efficiency of pharmaceutical companies in implementing these recommendations and to identify common topics amongst posts with the highest engagement on pharmaceutical online social network profiles. Methodology: We carried out a computer-mediated discourse analysis (348 posts) on the blogs of Facebook, Twitter and LinkedIn including the blogs of their partner companies Sprout social and Buffer between 31. 7. 2019 and 1. 2. 2020. We generated recommendations on how to successfully manage an online social network profile based on the analysis. This was followed by a computer-mediated discourse analysis of 10 pharmaceutical company's profiles on Facebook, Twitter and LinkedIn. We obtained the data through a manual review of posts and profiles and with the use of the Fanpage karma and Facebook performance quadrant report software. Text and other forms of computer-mediated communication were encoded with the use of the QDA Miner Lite and Microsoft Excel software. Results: Based on the results of the blogs review we identified 25 recommendations on how to successfully manage an online social network profile. The category with the highest frequency of recommendations was the Graphic elements category (42,2 %). The most regularly implemented recommendation was the recommendation about adding logos to videos (83,2 %), while the least frequently implemented one was the recommendation about the usage of stories (0 %). We determined the average engagement rate on pharmaceutical online social network profiles which were 0.056% for Facebook, 0.026% for Twitter, and 0.051% for LinkedIn. Celebrating holidays and international days was the most common topic of the most successful posts on pharmaceutical online social network profiles. Conclusion: Pharmaceutical companies aren't implementing recommendations on effective management of online social network profiles consistently. The average engagement rate on pharmaceutical online social network profiles is still lower compared to other industries.

Uvod: Telesna dejavnost v nosečnosti blagodejno vpliva na zdravje nosečnice in izboljšuje njeno fizično ter psihično pripravljenost na porod. Kljub pozitivnim učinkom vadbe v nosečnosti se zanjo odloči le majhen delež nosečnic. Dejavnik, ki morda vpliva na nizek delež telesno aktivnih nosečnic in obenem povečuje dvom v varnost telesne vadbe v nosečnosti, je morebitno tveganje za plod. Namen: Z raziskavo želimo ugotoviti, kakšen je odziv ploda na telesno vadbo. Ugotoviti želimo, ali se srčni utrip, saturacija, krvni tlak in telesna temperatura nosečnice povišajo ali znižajo do še varne meje ter kako to vpliva na srčni utrip in število gibov ploda, v odvisnosti od vrste vadbe in telesne aktivnosti nosečnic pred nosečnostjo. Metode dela: V prvem delu smo pregledali slovensko in tujo strokovno in znanstveno literaturo. V drugem delu smo izvedli eksperimentalni del, kjer smo pri sodelujočih nosečnicah izvajali meritve srčnega utripa, saturacije, krvnega tlaka in telesne temperature, plodovega srčnega utripa in plodovih gibov pred vadbo in po končani vadbi. Meritve smo izvajali na vadbah dveh različnih narav in intenzitet. Pred pričetkom raziskave smo pridobili dovoljenje Komisije Republike Slovenije za medicinsko etiko in prav tako pridobili soglasje vsake sodelujoče nosečnice. Rezultati: Vzorec je zajemal 31 nosečnic z gestacijsko starostjo 20–37 tednov. Med primerjavo izmerjenih vrednosti pred in po telesni vadbi smo zaznali statistično značilne razlike v telesni temperaturi (p = 0,005) in sistoličnem krvnem tlaku (p = 0,007) po končani telesni vadbi. Pri primerjavi rezultatov med dvema različnima vadbama nismo zaznali nobenih statistično pomembnih razlik. Pri primerjavi rezultatov nosečnic glede na telesno aktivnost pred nosečnostjo smo zaznali razliko v saturaciji pred telesno vadbo (p = 0,041). Razprava in zaključek: Iz ugotovitev naše raziskave lahko razberemo, da vadba v nosečnosti, ki se izvaja po najnovejših smernicah in priporočilih ter jo vodijo licencirani vaditelji, nima bistvenega vpliva na vitalne funkcije nosečnice in ploda. Iz tega lahko sklepamo, da slednja ne predstavlja tveganja za nosečnico ali plod. Vadba v nosečnosti pozitivno vpliva na zdravje in počutje posameznice in njenega otroka, zato je v nosečnosti promocija telesne vadbe bistvenega pomena. Introduction: Physical activity in pregnancy has a beneficial effect on pregnant woman’s health and improves her physical and mental preparedness for childbirth. Despite the positive effects of exercise in pregnancy, very low percentage of pregnant women decide to exercise. A factor that may have an influence on the low percentage of physically active pregnant women and increases doubt in safety of exercise in pregnancy is potential risk for the fetus. Purpose: With this research we want to determine fetal response to exercise. We want to determine whether pregnant women’s heart rate, saturation, blood pressure and body temperature increase or decrease to a still safe limit and how this effects fetal heart rate and the fetal movement, depending on the type of exercise and physical activity of pregnant women before pregnancy. Methods: Firstly, we reviewed Slovenian and foreign professional and scientific literature. Secondly, we performed an experimental part where we performed measurements of pregnant women’s heart rate, saturation, blood pressure and body temperature, fetal heart rate and fetal movements before and after exercise. Measurements were made during exercises of two different levels and intensity. Before starting the research, we obtained the consensus of National Medical Ethics Committee and we also obtained consents of each participating pregnant woman. Results: 31 pregnant women with gestational age between 20 and 37 weeks were included in the sample. Statistically significant differences were detected during the comparison of measured values before and after exercises in women’s body temperature (p = 0.005) and systolic blood pressure (p = 0.007) after the exercise. No statistically significant differences were observed when comparing the results between two different workouts. In the comparison of results in relation to physical activity before pregnancy we detected a difference in saturation before exercise (p = 0,041). Discussion and conclusion: The findings of our research show that exercise during pregnancy, which is carried out according to the latest guidelines and recommendations and is run by licensed trainers, does not have a significant impact on the vital functions of the pregnant woman and the fetus. Based on our findings we can conclude that the latter does not pose a risk to the pregnant woman or fetus. Exercise in pregnancy has a positive impact on the health and well-being of an individual and her child, so promoting exercise in pregnancy is essential.

Sodobne knjižnice in njihova dejavnost se morajo prilagajati informacijskim potrebam uporabnikov. Pri tem morajo omogočiti uporabnikom popolno svobodo odločanja in uporabe knjižničnih storitev ter sistemov. Da bi splošne knjižnice dosegale omenjena novodobna merila, jih je potrebno povezati in voditi. Za to so splošne knjižnice organizirane v območja, kjer je za določeno območje zadolžena osrednja območna knjižnica. Ključnega pomena pri podajanju informacij tako uporabniku kot tudi preostalim splošnim knjižnicam v območju je spletna stran osrednje območne knjižnice. Namen magistrske naloge je analizirati in ovrednotiti spletne strani osrednjih območnih knjižnic, tako da smo odgovorili na vprašanji, ali spletne strani osrednjih območnih knjižnic ustrezajo oblikovno in vsebinsko priporočilom za oblikovanje spletnih strani in ali spletne strani osrednjih območnih knjižnic ustrezno predstavljajo svoje razširjene naloge. Pri raziskavi smo uporabili ekspertno študijo kot raziskovalno metodo. Rezultati raziskave so pokazali, da so osrednje območne knjižnice v večjem delu sledile priporočilom za oblikovanje spletnih strani. Pri prezentaciji svojih razširjenih nalog so imele določene pomanjkljivosti, kot sta ažurnost programa za izvajanje območnosti in ažurnost podstrani za območnost. Na podlagi rezultatov je mogoče ustvariti nove smernice pri skrbi za spletne strani knjižnic. Modern libraries and their activities must adapt to the information needs of users. In doing so, the user should be allowed complete freedom of choice and use of library services and system. In order for public libraries to meet the mark of modern standards, they need to be connected and managed. For such public libraries, they are organized into areas where the central regional library is in charge for a given area. The website of the central regional library is of key importance in providing information to both the users and the rest of the public libraries in the area. The purpose of the master's thesis is to analyze and evaluate the websites of the central regional libraries, so that we answered the questions whether the websites of central regional libraries meet the design and content recommendations for the designing of websites, also presenting their extended tasks. In the research, we used an expert study as a research methodology. The results of the research showed that the central regional libraries follow the recommendations for designing websites in several parts. When presenting its extended tasks, they had some shortcomings, such as the up-to-dateness of the regional program and the up-to-dateness of the regional sub-sites. Based on the results, it is possible to create new guidelines for caring for library websites.

Namen diplomske naloge je bil opraviti pregled literature o vplivu uživanja alkohola v času nosečnosti na zarodek oz. plod ter v času dojenja na dojenčka. Zanimala nas je presnova alkohola v nosečnosti, prenos alkohola preko posteljice na zarodek oz. plod ter med dojenjem preko humanega mleka na dojenčka. Alkohol preko krvnega obtoka matere prečka posteljico in koncentracija alkohola se v krvnem obtoku ploda približa materini ter povzroča negativne učinke na razvoj živčnega sistema zarodka oz. ploda. Alkohol je znan teratogen in uživanje med nosečnostjo pri otroku povzroča več prirojenih težav, imenovanih spekter fetalnih alkoholnih motenj. Alkohol je toksičen ter teratogen v vseh obdobjih nosečnosti in priporočljivo se mu je izogniti, saj varna količina uživanja kot tudi varno obdobje, ko ne bi pustila trajnih zdravstvenih posledic na otroku, še nista znana. Dojenje je najbolj naraven način prehranjevanja za dobro rast in razvoj otroka. V kolikor doječa mati uživa alkohol, se ta izloča v mleko in doseže podobno koncentracijo, kot jo ima mati v krvi. Uživanje alkohola med dojenjem ima negativen učinek na spanje, razvoj ter vedenje otroka. V pregledani literaturi priporočila o uživanju alkohola med nosečnostjo priporočajo abstinenco, medtem ko se priporočila o uživanju alkohola med dojenjem med seboj nekoliko razlikujejo, vendar je zopet najvarnejša popolna abstinenca. The aim of this thesis was to review the literature concerning the impact of alcohol consumption during pregnancy on the embryo or fetus and on the infant during lactation. We were interested in the metabolism of alcohol during pregnancy, the transfer of alcohol through the placenta to the embryo or fetus and during lactation through human milk to the infant. Alcohol crosses the placenta through the mother's bloodstream and the concentration of alcohol in the bloodstream of the fetus is comparable to the mother's, which can cause negative effects on the development of the of the embryo's oz. fetus' nervous system. Alcohol is a known teratogen, the consumption of which during pregnancy causes several congenital problems in the child, called the fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. Alcohol is toxic and teratogenic in all stages of pregnancy and it is recommended to be avoided, as there is no known minimum safe amount of consumption as well as a safe period that would not leave lasting consequences on the health of the child. Breastfeeding is the most natural way of eating for good growth and development of a baby. If a mother consumes alcohol during lactation, it is excreted in the milk and reaches a similar concentration as in the mother's bloodstream. Drinking alcohol during lactation has a negative effect on the baby's sleep, development and behavior. In the reviewed literature, it is recommended for pregnant mothers to practice abstinence of alcohol consumption, while the recommendations on alcohol consumption during lactation slightly differ, but again, complete abstinence is the safest option.

Uvod: Magnetno resonančno slikanje je dandanes nepogrešljiva diagnostična metoda. Odlikuje jo odlična kontrastna ločljivost med mehkimi tkivi in odsotnost ionizirajočega sevanja. Kljub veliki uporabnosti magnetno resonančnega slikanja pa lahko slednje v določenih primerih predstavlja tudi nevarnost za pacienta. Obstajajo primeri, v katerih obravnavana oseba ne sme opraviti preiskave na magnetu. Vsi vsadki, na katere vpliva magnetno polje in električni tok, ne smejo priti v bližino magnetno resonančnega polja. Nikoli ne smemo predvidevati stopnjo varnosti predmeta, če le ta ni določena in dokumentirana. Obstaja veliko potencialnih nevarnosti: Nevarnosti magnetnega polja izvirajo iz statičnega magnetnega polja, radio-frekvenčnega (RF) elektromagnetnega polja in gradienta magnetnega polja. Namen: Namen našega diplomskega dela je ugotoviti, na kakšen način radiološki inženirji preverjajo ustreznost implantatov za MR slikanje, pri pacientih po diagnostikah v Sloveniji. Metode dela: Teoretični del diplomske naloge sloni na sistematičnem pregledu strokovnih člankov objavljenih na spletu, tujih priporočil o MR varnosti ter knjižnih virov na temo magnetno resonančne diagnostike. Za potrebe empiričnega dela diplomske naloge smo s pomočjo programa 1ka izdelali anketni vprašalnik. Vprašanja zajemajo področje obravnave šestih različnih vrst vsadkov, področje obravnave vsadka neznanega izvora ter področje MR varnosti na oddelku. Anketni vprašalnik smo poslali ekipam na MR diagnostikah po Sloveniji. Podatke smo obdelovali z Microsoft Excel Office ter s programom za analizo podatkov, ki ga vsebuje spletni program 1ka. Rezultati: Vseh 100% radioloških inženirjev, ki so reševali vprašalnik, je pri svojem delu obravnavalo pacienta z ortopedskim vsadkom in pacienta z intravaskularno žilno opornico. 86% oseb je obravnavalo pacienta z vstavljenim srčnim spodbujevalnikom, 73% pacienta z intrakranialnim klipom anevrizme, 95% pacienta z umetno srčno zaklopko ter 82% pacienta s kohlearnim (polževim) vsadkom. 68% radioloških inženirjev je obravnavalo pacienta z vstavljenim vsadkom neznanega izvora (vsadek brez dokumentacije). Nadaljevanje vprašalnika je bilo pogojeno z odgovori na prvo vprašanje. Razprava in zaključek: Po analizi rezultatov smo ugotovili, da je delo radioloških inženirjev na MR diagnostikah po Sloveniji, primerljivo s smernicami iz tujih priporočil. Delo se ujema s smernicami na področju izvajanja ukrepov za zmanjšanje popačenj zaradi vsadka, področju obravnave in zagotavljanja varnosti pacientov z različnimi vrstami vsadkov. Pripravili smo tudi osnutek slovenskih priporočil o MR varnosti, ki temelji na analizi vprašalnika in tujih priporočil. Introduction: Nowadays, magnetic resonance imaging is one of the most important diagnostic methods. It is distinguished by its superior contrast of soft tissue and the lack of ionising radiation. Despite its usefulness, it can still be the source of many dangers for a patient. There are cases in which a person concerned cannot be subject of the examination procedure. Any implant which can be affected by magnetic or electric field, must not come close to the magnetic force field. We must never assume the object’s safety level if the latter is not determined or documented. There are a lot of potential dangers, for example: some of them originate from the static magnetic field, radiofrequent electromagnetic (RF) field and gradient magnetic field. Purpose: The purpose of our diploma work is to identify ways of suitability testing for implanted medical devices used by radiographers throughout MRI diagnostics in Slovenia. Methods: The theoretical part of our diploma work is based on the systematic examination of expert written articles published on the internet, foreign guidelines on MR safety and book sources on magnetic resonance diagnostic. For the needs of the empirical part of the diploma work, we made a questionnaire with the help of an online program called 1ka. The questions cover six different types of implants, field of treating an unknown implant, and the field of the department’s MR safety. The questionnaire was sent to teams working in the MR departments across Slovenia. The received data was then processed via program 1ka and Microsoft Excel Office. Results: 100% of radiographers who filled out the form stated that they have experience in examining patients with implanted orthopaedic implants and patients with implanted intravascular stents. 86% of radiographers had examined patients with implanted pacemakers in the past, 73% of radiographers had examined patients with intracranial aneurysm clips, 95% radiographers examined patients with implanted artificial heart valves, and 82% of radiographers had examined patients with implanted cochlear implants. 68% of them have experience with examining patients with implanted medical device of unknown origin (without official documentation). Follow-up questions were based on previous answers. Discussion and conclusion: Analysis has shown that the work of Slovenian radiographers throughout MRI diagnostics in Slovenia is comparable to the widely acknowledged foreign MRI Safety Guidelines. Their work corresponds to the guidelines in the field of implementation of measures reducing distortions caused by implants, in the field of assuring MRI safety of the patients with different implanted medical devices, in the field of dealing with implanted medical devices of unknown origin. We have also prepared a draft of Slovenian MRI Safety Guidelines based on analysis of the foreign guidelines and our questionnaire.

Ocenjevanje znanja je pomemben in kompleksen del učnega procesa in hkrati ena najtežjih učiteljevih nalog. V prvem delu smo opredelili pojem ocenjevanje znanja, pregledali zakonodajo na tem področju ter opisali njegove namene in delitve. V nadaljevanju smo se osredotočili na ustno ocenjevanje znanja. Opisali smo značilnosti ustnega ocenjevanja znanja, na podlagi literature pa oblikovali predloge za njegovo učinkovito pripravo in izvedbo. Na koncu teoretičnega dela smo se posebej posvetili pripravi in izvedbi ustnega ocenjevanja znanja pri pouku geografije. V empiričnem delu smo izvedli kvalitativno metodo raziskovanja. Intervjuvali smo šest učiteljic geografije in pridobili vpogled v ustno ocenjevanje znanja pri geografiji. Ugotovili smo, da se učiteljice, posebej na začetku učiteljske poti, ne počutijo dovolj suverene pri njegovi izvedbi in se soočajo z raznimi težavami. V ta namen smo v zaključnem delu na podlagi literature in izsledkov raziskave oblikovali predloge za izvajanje ustnega ocenjevanja znanja pri pouku geografije. Knowledge assessment is an important and complex part of the learning process and at the same time one of the most difficult tasks for the teacher. In the first part of the present work the concept of knowledge assessment is defined together with a description of its purposes and systemization, and the applicable legislation is reviewed. The present work is focused on oral assessment of knowledge. We have described the characteristics of oral assessment of knowledge, and based on the literature, formulated suggestions for its effective preparation and implementation. Concluding the theoretical part, the work was focused on the preparation and implementation of oral assessment of knowledge in geography classes. The empirical part was based on a qualitative research method. Six female geography teachers were interviewed to obtain insights into oral assessment of geography knowledge. We have found that teachers do not feel sufficiently confident in their implementation of assessment and face various difficulties, especially at the beginning of their teaching career. Accordingly, based on the relevant literature and findings of our research, the final part of this work delivers suggestions on how to perform oral assessment of knowledge in geography lessons.