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Polyelectrolyte complexes (PECs) of Xylan (Xyl) and Chitosan (Ch) were investigated as coating materials to enhance paper properties for food packaging applications. These complexes were blended with different contents of micro/nanofibrillated cellulose (M/NFC) (5–20 wt% of total dry coating weight) to explore potential synergistic effects. The rheological strength and gel properties of the resulting Xyl/Ch PEC-M/NFC formulations were assessed. Coated papers underwent comprehensive analyses, including examinations of morphology, oxygen and water vapor barrier properties, mechanical strength, and printing characteristics. The addition of M/NFC resulted in increased shear viscosity and yield stress of the coating formulations. Additionally, it enhanced the surface wettability of the coated papers, leading to higher contact angles when measured with water and castor oil. Xyl/Ch PEC coated paper exhibited a drastic reduction in Gurley air permeability and development of enhanced barrier properties compared to the base paper. On the other hand, the printing properties, including gamut area, gamut volume and optical density of the Xyl/Ch PEC coated papers, were superior to those of papers coated only with starch. These results demonstrate the promising potential of Xyl/Ch PEC-M/NFC coating formulations for enhancing paper properties and their suitability for food packaging applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research progress of screen-printing technology for electronic textile preparation was summarized. The technology principle of screen-printing technology was introduced. The influence of screen-printing parameters on the electrical conductivity and printing quality of electronic textiles was analyzed. The research and application of screen-printing technology in the field of electronic textiles were explained, including human body monitoring, electromagnetic shielding, energy collection and storage, human-computer interaction interface, etc. The future research direction of electronic textiles prepared by screen-printing technology was prospected. It is considered that the potential applications of electronic textiles should be explored in the future according to the needs of users. Screen printing technology should be combined, the linkage between electronic equipment should be strengthened and electronic textile system should be constructed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the growing global need for housing and infrastructure, 3D concrete printing (3DCP) has emerged as an innovative construction method offering several potential benefits including design flexibility, speed, and sustainability. However, enhancing the reliability of 3DCP involves managing a variety of parameters that influence various aspects of the 3D printed structure. Process parameters like nozzle velocity, nozzle diameter, nozzle height, and material flow velocity have a major impact on the structural stability and filament shape. This project aimed to develop fast and accurate data-driven models for predicting and classifying filament shape based on process parameters. A print experiment systematically varied process parameters across 144 samples. The resulting filament geometry (width, height, contact width) was measured and classified by quality. Models were trained on this data to predict filament width, contact width, filament height, and classify filaments. These models can be utilized with any buildable material -- a material with a high enough yield stress to bear the weight of upper layers without significant deformation. This condition does not restrict this study's scope as it is a prerequisite for all 3DCP applications. The models' robustness and generalizability were confirmed through validation on literature data across various printable materials and setups. These data-driven models can aid in optimizing parameters, generating variable width filaments, and printing non-planar layers. By linking print inputs to filament outputs, this comprehensive modeling approach advances 3DCP research for more reliable and versatile concrete printing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the growing global need for housing and infrastructure, 3D concrete printing (3DCP) has emerged as an innovative construction method offering several potential benefits including design flexibility, speed, and sustainability. However, enhancing the reliability of 3DCP involves managing a variety of parameters that influence various aspects of the 3D printed structure. Process parameters like nozzle velocity, nozzle diameter, nozzle height, and material flow velocity have a major impact on the structural stability and filament shape. This project aimed to develop fast and accurate data-driven models for predicting and classifying filament shape based on process parameters. A print experiment systematically varied process parameters across 144 samples. The resulting filament geometry (width, height, contact width) was measured and classified by quality. Models were trained on this data to predict filament width, contact width, filament height, and classify filaments. These models can be utilized with any buildable material - a material with a high enough yield stress to bear the weight of upper layers without significant deformation. This condition does not restrict this study’s scope as it is a prerequisite for all 3DCP applications. The models’ robustness and generalizability were confirmed through validation on literature data across various printable materials and setups. These data-driven models can aid in optimizing parameters, generating variable width filaments, and printing non-planar layers. By linking print inputs to filament outputs, this comprehensive modeling approach advances 3DCP research for more reliable and versatile concrete printing.

In light of the growing interest in printed batteries, we recently demonstrated the possibility of employing industrial gravure printing in battery manufacturing. Gravure is the most appealing printing technique for the low-cost production of functional layers, but it is rarely investigated since the necessity to use diluted inks makes it difficult to obtain proper functionality, especially in the case of composites, and an adequate mass loading of the printed layer. For this reason, the ink formulation represents one of the main challenges; ruling on it could strongly boost the use of such a technique in industrial manufacturing. It is known that a viable method for obtaining good gravure printing quality is based on the Capillary number approaching unity. Taking into account such methods for the choice of ink and the process parameters, here a study of the printing quality influence on the functionality and the performances of the gravure printed layer is proposed in the case of an LFP-based cathode for Li-ion batteries. Good printing quality is necessary to obtain proper layer functionality, but specific parameters have to be considered for achieving high performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urea as a dye stabilizer, swelling, and disaggregation agents is a key role in silk printing of cotton fabric. Nonetheless, applications of urea cause environmental problems due to the high ammonia nitrogen emission. The oligomer containing urea linkage has been produced by heating the mixture of urea and sulfamic acid in melt state at 140–150 °C. The printing paste was prepared using urea and the urea-linkage oligomers (ULO) in different concentrations (10, 15, 20, and 25 ml) and applied to the cotton fabric, the print quality was studied, respectively. The color strength of the printed fabrics was evaluated in term of CIE Lab values. The wash and abrasion fastness were indicated according to the known standard. The print quality that enhanced sharpness was compared with microscopic images. The presence of OH and NH2 active functional groups at both ends of urea oligomers has provided suitable conditions for crosslinking with the binder and has been confirmed to improve the quality of wash and abrasion stability which are the main features of the printed fabrics. According to the results, the hue and chroma of the printed fabrics in the presence of urea oligomers were considerably improved in contrast to the samples printed with the paste containing urea. Moreover, the urea-linkage addition could dramatically increase the sharpness and cleanness of the printed fabrics via key effect on the rheological properties of the printing paste. The printed fabric in the presence of 20 g of urea oligomers had the best printing quality. In general, the application of the ULO as a urea's replacement can reduce the environmental problems and leading to the green process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nozzle technologies for 3D concrete printing have been evolving to balance the conflicting demands of buildability and pumpability. This study introduces a simplified approach that eliminates the need for pumping by developing a customized system, the parameters of which were evaluated. The effect of process parameters (i.e., the flow rates of liquid and solid materials) and mixture proportions (i.e., the ratios of powder to sand and liquid to solid) on the extrudability and print quality was explored. Furthermore, the mechanical properties and microstructure of concrete printed using the Quick Nozzle Mixing system were examined. Results show that Quick Nozzle Mixing Technology not only enables high-quality printing but also exhibits the potential for achieving better process efficiency and higher aggregate content. The water-to-solid ratio is a critical factor influencing extrudability and buildability. Due to anisotropy caused by this new method, printed concrete has a lower strength than cast concrete. • Pump-free 3D concrete printing using quick nozzle mixing is first implemented. • This technology simplifies concrete production and allows for high aggregate content. • Powder-to-sand ratios affect the process parameters and the final printing quality. • This print process tends to weaken interlayers and filament exteriors. • This approach will progress the automation of 3D concrete printing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some documents face the problem of damage as a result of their short life span, and it is worth noting here that the global trend and also in the Arab Republic of Egypt recently is moving towards the use of polymers as an alternative to traditional paper materials in many important documents, and this corresponds to facing many challenges, including print quality when printing on Polymeric materials, and one of the most famous modern printing methods is liquid electro photographic technology such as Indigo printers, which combine the two traditional litho-offset printing methods in terms of using a rubber medium to transfer the image in printers and the electro photographic digital printing in terms of the mechanism of exposure to the image using the electrostatic image, so it is called digital offset printing. It was necessary to determine the most suitable polymeric materials used in the Arab Republic of Egypt to print on it using liquid electrophotography to obtain the required print quality (color measurement, density, point growth), and to achieve this goal, experiments were carried out using many polymeric materials on the HP Indigo 7800 printer, and results were reached. Experiments to that ores (special synthetics resin paper) SSRP, Poly art material does not accept liquid electro photographic printing, and it was the best print quality on Teslin polymers SP even though it was lower than the standard values of ISO 12647-2, although SYNAPS polymers OM gave good results in Some quality measurements, as there are no reference values for the quality measurements of polymer materials, and accordingly the researcher concluded that it is not recommended to print on materials (SSRP, Poly art) using liquid electrophotography, as it is not acceptable to print on it with this printing technique, and that the best material is when using The liquid electro photographic technique is Teslin polymers SP, as it was the most suitable polymeric material used in the Arab Republic of Egypt to print on it with this technology in terms of quality.

The use of micro-/nanofibrillated celluloses (M/NFCs) is often considered for the enhancement of paper properties, while it is still challenging to use them in lower weight gain coatings. This work explores how they might be used on the paper surface to improve the printing quality. In this regard, M/NFCs were produced using different pre-treatment methods, including mechanical (m-MFC), enzymatic (e-MFC), TEMPO-mediated oxidation (t-NFC) and cationization (c-NFC), and uniform coating formulations were developed through the cooking of starch and M/NFCs simultaneously. The formulations, at 6–8% of total solid concentration, were applied to the paper surface by roll coating, resulting in a dry coating weight of 1.5 to 3 g/m 2 . Besides M/NFCs, other components such as starch betainate (a cationic starch ester; SB), Pluronics® (a triblock co-polymer), precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC) and betaine hydrochloride (BetHCl) were also used in the M/NFC-based coating formulations to observe their combined influence on the printing quality. The presence of M/NFCs improved the paper printing quality, which was further enhanced by the increase in cationic charge density due to the presence of BetHCl/SB, and also by Pluronics®. The cationic charge of c-NFC was also found to be effective for improving the gamut area and optical density of coated papers, whereas whiteness was often reduced due to the quenching of the brightening agent. BetHCl, on the other hand, improved the printing quality of the coated papers, even though it was more effective when combined with M/NFCs, PCC and Pluronics®, and also helped to retain paper whiteness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to study the influence of scanning strategy on the printing quality and properties of the formed parts,unidirectional scanning along one axis (X-scan),unidirectional scanning with 90° rotation in each layer (XY-scan),strip partition scanning strategy with direction changes in each layer (S-scan), checkerboard partition scanning strategy with direction changes in each layer (C-scan) were chosen to print 18Ni300 maraging steel by selective laser melting (SLM) process.The effects of different scanning strategies on the surface morphology, relative density,microstructure and mechanical properties of printed parts were studied systematically. The anisotropy of tensile properties of different scanning strategies in different forming directions was analyzed. The results show that the print quality and properties of the partition scanning strategies are better than that of X scanning strategy and XY scanning strategy. The reason is that during the printing process, the partition scanning strategy can divide each layer of laser scanning into multiple areas for printing, which improves the condensing rate for each layer. Compared with X scanning strategy and XY scanning strategy, the scanning direction of the partition scanning strategy changes periodically, which not only helps to fill the bulge and lap gap of the upper layer, but also reduces the heat accumulation and improves the performance of the sample.

Creation of new digital technologies let automate the reproduction of text and graphic information, led to the creation and development of the digital printing. Digital printing is a technology for producing prints in the printer based on the original layout, created as corresponding codes with a computer. One of the technologies of digital printing is a computer-to-press and one of the devices in this direction is risograph. The risograph printing quality is worse than offset printing. The text is printing with medium sharpness and images remind photos in old newspapers and require special preparation. But risograph is the most profitable solution for small and medium circulations from 50 up to 1000 sheets. Wide usage of risograph printing in typographies demands increase performance of the equipment with the high print quality of digital images. To improve the quality of risographic printing, the creation of methods is required to form the initial indicators of the original layout (clarity, correct transmission of halftones, contrast). At the same time, the result of obtaining high-quality images obtained by printing on a risograph is affected by surface microgeometry and the physical and mechanical properties of paper. So, the optical density of the ink layer on the print is largely determined by the structure of the sections of paper, in particular, absorbency and porosity. To obtain high-quality images on prints, it is necessary not only to customize the original layout, but also to select paper with such characteristics that would allow you to get the best result when printing on a risograph. Since the risograph occupies an intermediate place in quality between copying equipment and laser printing, a laser print is taken as the standard for print quality. And one of the tasks of the quality of risographic prints is to increase it to the quality of laser printing.

Improving the printability of paper is still a relevant challenge, despite the fast development of digital communications. While it is well-known that cationic starches enhance ink density, their commercial paper-grade forms are limited to ethers with low degree of substitution. This work addresses the underexplored potential of highly substituted cationic starch for paper coating and its combination with tri-block polymers, namely Pluronics (P123 and F127), taking advantage of their supramolecular interactions with amylose chains. For that purpose, cationic starch ether and ester (starch betainate), both with a degree of substitution of 0.3, were synthesized by alkaline etherification and by transesterification, respectively. Paper without any surface treatment was subjected to one-side bar coating with suspensions encompassing those products and Pluronics, besides other common components. Black, cyan, yellow and magenta inks were printed on all coated papers through an inkjet printer. Key properties of printing quality such as the gamut area, gamut volume, optical density, print-through, inter-color bleed and circularity were measured in a controlled temperature-humidity environment. For instance, a formulation with cationic starch (ether/ester) and P123 improved the gamut area by 16–18% in comparison to native starch-coated paper sheets. Interestingly, the individual assessment of each component showed that cationic starch ether, starch betainate and P123 only improved the gamut area by 5.6%, 8.9% and 6.8%, respectively. Finally, but not less importantly, starch betainate was found to quench optical brightening agents to a lesser extent than cationic starch ethers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Polytechnic is the property of Journal of Polytechnic and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The use of micro-/nanofibrillated celluloses (M/NFCs) is often considered for the enhancement of paper properties, while it is still challenging to use them in lower weight gain coatings. This work explores how they might be used on the paper surface to improve the printing quality. In this regard, M/NFCs were produced using different pre-treatment methods, including mechanical (m-MFC), enzymatic (e-MFC), TEMPO-mediated oxidation (t-NFC) and cationization (c-NFC), and uniform coating formulations were developed through the cooking of starch and M/NFCs simultaneously. The formulations, at 6–8% of total solid concentration, were applied to the paper surface by roll coating, resulting in a dry coating weight of 1.5 to 3 g/m2. Besides M/NFCs, other components such as starch betainate (a cationic starch ester; SB), Pluronics® (a triblock co-polymer), precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC) and betaine hydrochloride (BetHCl) were also used in the M/NFC-based coating formulations to observe their combined influence on the printing quality. The presence of M/NFCs improved the paper printing quality, which was further enhanced by the increase in cationic charge density due to the presence of BetHCl/SB, and also by Pluronics®. The cationic charge of c-NFC was also found to be effective for improving the gamut area and optical density of coated papers, whereas whiteness was often reduced due to the quenching of the brightening agent. BetHCl, on the other hand, improved the printing quality of the coated papers, even though it was more effective when combined with M/NFCs, PCC and Pluronics®, and also helped to retain paper whiteness.

Starch and derivatives thereof have proven their usefulness in paper coating processes. Among these derivatives, cationic starch has been widely used in the paper industry as a flocculation, dispersion and ink fixing agent. In another context, nanoscale cellulosic materials have been shown to improve the strength, retention of fillers, the barrier properties of packaging paper products, and printing qualities. This review summarizes the recent studies on the general components used in paper coating, describes the conventional and alternative synthetic processes of cationic starches and nanocellulose, and deals with their current and potential applications in papermaking, focusing primarily on surface treatments. Moreover, environmental applications have been considered to expand the understanding and usefulness of these materials. Further research on modified polysaccharides is encouraged to replace, in a feasible way, petro-based components of coating formulations, and to provide paper surfaces with new properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article use Gallium liquid metal as raw material，explore the direct writing process of gallium liquid metal，including the effects of extrusion speeds nozzle height，printing speed and printing temperature on the printing quality, obtained the influence of various parameters on the width of the wire and the stability of printing. The experimental results show that when nozzle diameter D = 0, 6 mm，high quality liquid metal products can be printed under the optimal process parameters： extrusion speed Q = 2 mm3/s，nozzle height h= 0,13 mm，printing speed v= 40 mm/ssprinting temperature TE: (30 PC，60 °C)，Proposed the cross sectional morphology theoretical model of the liquid metal wire and normalize the parameters. The results show that normalized height kK is positively linear related to the wire size in the interval(0, 15，0, 28), normalized speed v" is positively linear related to the wire size in the interval(0. 109，0, 202)，and determined the stable forming interval of liquid metal direct writing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Materials Engineering / Cailiao Gongcheng is the property of Journal of Materials Engineering Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A spray-based 3D concrete printing parameter design model to design and optimize printable concrete is proposed. The effects of different relatable printing parameters, such as nozzle travel speed (V), spray nozzle diameter (A), and spray standoff distance (D) on spray-based 3D printability and printing quality are investigated systematically. The hydration mechanism of spray-based 3D printed concrete is then explored in terms of mechanical performance, layer moisture content, micromorphology, and pore structure. The experimental results show that the printing quality of the printed concrete can be effectively improved by optimizing the relatable printing parameters. Based on the three key printing performance indexes of layer thickness, surface flatness, and rebound rate, the spray-based 3D concrete printing parameters design model β = f (V,A,D) is proposed. In the high-precision zone of β [0.7,1], the printing parameter V 70 A 8 D 60 (β = 0.71) is selected to further verify the effectiveness of the model. It shows that the spray-based 3D printing process with appropriate printing parameters ensures the excellent hydration process of the printed concrete. Compared with those of the cast counterpart, the flexural, compressive, and splitting strengths of spray-based 3D printed V 70 A 8 D 60 specimens increase by 5.67–14.48 %, 15.79–29.79 %, and 19.95–37.27 %, respectively. Further, high-pressure spraying in the spray-based 3D printing process optimizes the pore structure of the printed concrete with a 69.4 % decrease in total porosity. An "Olympic rings" convex structure with different accuracy grade parameters in the β model is designed and fabricated to demonstrate the feasibility and practical applicability of the currently proposed parametric design model. • A spray-based 3D concrete printing parameter design model β = f (V,A,D) is proposed. • Spray-based 3D printing parameters significantly affect the printing quality. • Proper printing parameters optimize the pore structure of printed concrete. • "Olympic Rings" structure verifies the applicability of parametric design model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paper performance qualities strongly depend on the origin of cellulose fibers. Awareness of environmental issues and sustainable development has led to the increase in the use of recycled printing papers. Recovered fibers are often used as a substitute for virgin wood fibers in the production of certain types of papers. As recovered fibers cannot provide the same quality level of paper products as virgin wood fibers, alternative sources of virgin cellulose fibers need to be identified. The aim of this research was to analyze the printability of laboratory papers made of different contents of straw pulp. Therefore, the printing papers were formed using straw pulp of three different cereal species (wheat, barley, and triticale) and mixing them with recycled newsprint in different weight ratios. The printability of these laboratory papers was analyzed by classifying dot reproduction quality based on four dot reproduction attributes. Printed dot reproduction greatly affects the quality of reproduction in graphic products, as dots are the most important element in multi-color reproduction of texts and images. It was confirmed that laboratory papers containing straw pulp provide the same or even better dot reproduction quality than laboratory control papers formed only of recycled newsprint.

The objective of this work was the development of a methodology to parametrize wire + arc additive manufacturing (WAAM), aiming dimension repeatability, and tolerances. Parametrization of WAAM is a difficult task, because multiple parameters are involved and parameters are inter-dependent on each other, making overall process complex. An approach to study WAAM would be through operational maps. The choice of current (Im) and travel speed (TS) for the desirable layer width (LW) determines a parametrization that leads to either more material or less material to be removed in post-operations, which is case study chosen for this work. The work development had four stages. First stage, named ‘mock design’, had the objective of visualizing the expected map and reduce further number of experiments. At the second stage, ‘pre-requisite for realistic operational map’, the objective was to determine the operating limits of TS and Im with the chosen consumables and equipment. Within the ‘realistic operational map’ stage, a design for the experiments was applied to cover a parametric area (working envelope) already defined in the previous stage and long and tall walls were additively manufactured. Actual values of LW (external and effective layer width) were measured and an actual operating envelope was reached. According to the geometry-oriented case study, a surface waviness index (SWindex) was defined, determined, and overlapped in the envelope. It was observed that the walls with parameters near the travel speed limits presented higher SWindex. This operational map was further validated (fourth stage) by selecting a target LW and finding corresponding three parametric set (covering the whole range of operational map) to produce walls on which geometry characterization was carried out. After geometry characterization, obtained LW was compared with the target LW (the maximum values were very tied, with deviations from +0.3 to 0.5 mm), with a SWindex deviation at the order of 0.05. Both results evidence high reproductivity of the process, validating the proposed methodology to parametrize WAAM.

This study investigated ink penetration through imaging technology, first by gray and contour mapping and then calculating the ink penetration depth by programing. Next, a series of further analyses were carried out, including average ink permeability, ink distributions, and printability of different uncoated inkjet paper with different parameters. The impact on ink penetration of the microstructure and hydrophilicity of the uncoated paper was also studied. The experimental results indicated that paper specimens with sizing agent were resistant to the ink, resulting in a slow and shallow ink penetration. Paper containing filler had a more hydrophilic surface and porous structure, leading to a faster and deeper ink penetration. However, the calendering operation could make the paper structure more compact and reduce the porosity and penetration depth. When an appropriate combination of sizing agent, filler content, and the calendering process was utilized, a more stable hue could be produced with improvements in optical density, saturation, and color.

A prominent obstacle in scaling up tissue engineering technologies for human applications is engineering an adequate supply of oxygen and nutrients throughout artificial tissues. Sugar glass has emerged as a promising 3D-printable, sacrificial material that can be used to embed perfusable networks within cell-laden matrices to improve mass transfer. To characterize and optimize a previously published sugar ink, we investigated the effects of sucrose, glucose, and dextran concentration on the glass transition temperature ( T g ), printability, and stability of 3D-printed sugar glass constructs. We identified a sucrose ink formulation with a significantly higher T g (40.0 ± 0.9°C) than the original formulation (sucrose-glucose blend, T g  = 26.2 ± 0.4°C), which demonstrated a pronounced improvement in printability, resistance to bending, and final print stability, all without changing dissolution kinetics and decomposition temperature. This formulation allowed printing of 10-cm-long horizontal cantilever filaments, which can enable the printing of complex vascular segments along the x-, y-, and z-axes without the need for supporting structures. Vascular templates with a single inlet and outlet branching into nine channels were 3D printed using the improved formulation and subsequently used to generate perfusable alginate constructs. The printed lattice showed high fidelity with respect to the input geometry, although with some channel deformation after alginate casting and gelation-likely due to alginate swelling. Compared with avascular controls, no significant acute cytotoxicity was noted when casting pancreatic beta cell-laden alginate constructs around improved ink filaments, whereas a significant decrease in cell viability was observed with the original ink. The improved formulation lends more flexibility to sugar glass 3D printing by facilitating the fabrication of larger, more complex, and more stable sacrificial networks. Rigorous characterization and optimization methods for improving sacrificial inks may facilitate the fabrication of functional cellular constructs for tissue engineering, cellular biology, and other biomedical applications., Competing Interests: No competing financial interests exist., (© Brenden N. Moeun et al. 2023; Published by Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.)

A series of modified guar gums with s-triazine group (TSG) was successfully prepared using monochlorotriazine sulfanilic acid as modifier under certain conditions. The flowability, viscoelasticity, and thixotropy of TSG solutions were thoroughly studied through steady shear, dynamic strain sweep, and structural recovery tests. The results indicated that TSG exhibited better flowability, more viscous effects, and higher viscosity recoverability compared with guar gum (GG). The flow and viscous characteristics of TSG increased with increasing degree of modification. As thickeners in reactive printing of cotton, the paste add-on, color yield, and penetration of TSG were 54-80, 15-60, and 31-48% higher, respectively, compared with GG. TSG could obtain desirable large patterns with bright and even color as well as fine patterns with good outline sharpness, especially 0.4-1.0TSG. TSG has great potential as a substitute for sodium alginate in reactive printing of cotton. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the advantages of fast hardening, high early strength, excellent bonding strength and room temperature curing, magnesium phosphate cement (MPC) is highly preferable for powder-based 3D concrete printing. In this paper, a systematic approach via comprehending parametric analysis, visualizing techniques (SEM, XRD and X-Ray CT) and mechanical testing is developed to evaluate and optimize printability and printing quality of powder-based 3D MPC printing. The test printing results show that appropriately mapped proportions of ingredients will orient the specific properties towards the target objectives through navigating different combinations of proportions comprehensively. Specifically, 1,2-propylene glycol is able to significantly increase the viscosity of the binder, and Surfynol 465 can substantially reduce the surface tension of the binder. 25 wt% quartz sand can remarkably improve spreadability and surface flatness of the powder bed. In addition, the penetration and diffusion of the binder in the powder bed is effectively controlled by appropriate content of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) due to the properties of high viscosity and good film-forming, thus remarkably improves printing accuracy. The compactness and hydration degree of the powder-based 3D printed MPC are optimized by 5 wt% PVA (MPC5) with the total porosity reduced by 2.86% compared to that of MPC0 (without PVA). High printing precision of the printed complex geological canyon river model indicates that MPC with appropriate contents of modulators, such as 1,2-propylene glycol and Surfynol 465 for binder and PVA and quartz sand for base powder, is desirable powder-based 3D printable material. • MPC is desirable powder-based 3D printable material. • Design approach of binder and powder components for printable MPC are provided. • PVA can improve the hydration degree and printing accuracy of printed MPC. • Complex model is powder-based 3D printed to verify the high printing precision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

3D concrete printing is a rapidly emerging technology. This study presents theoretical formulations for concrete extrusion resistance as a function of nozzle parameters. Results show that the extrusion resistances are related to the extrusion velocity of concrete and the cone angle and length of the nozzle. Lowering the extrusion velocity and nozzle length can reduce the extrusion resistance in the nozzle. Based on the results, a nozzle was customized to investigate the effects of print parameters, namely, printing speed (50–200 mm/s), printing height (5–40 mm), and extrusion velocity (96–288 mm/s), on printing quality. The reduction of printing speed increased the limits of layer thickness. Finally, the relationship among nozzle dimensions, print parameters, and filament dimensions was found, which can be used to pre-estimate the printing quality before printing and help preset appropriate printing parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Frozen storage of 3D printing ink is an inevitable trend, but it may impair the processing properties of surimi ink. Antifreeze peptides (AFPs) show potential application foreground in 3D printing. In this study, the rheological properties in 3D printing extrusion, recovery and stabilization stage were investigated of surimi ink with AFPs during FT cycles, and linking the printability, resolution and shape fidelity, respectively. Moreover, the evaluation method of 3D printing quality during freeze-thaw (FT) cycles including printability, resolution, and shape fidelity of surimi ink after FT was firstly established by the line of suspension and 1D patterns, 2D patterns, and 3D models. The results showed that the rheological properties of ink were significantly improved due to optimum addition of AFPs during FT cycles. The yield stress (τ 0), consistency index (K), and shear-thinning index (n), of 2% AFPs ink at FT 4 times were 185.93 Pa, 2.506 × 105 Pa•sn, and 0.062, respectively, in the extrusion stage. In the recovery stage, the recovery time (T) and gelation time (Tgel) were 26.14 s and 174.83 s. In the stabilization stage, the ink has properties similar to solids, the interaction strength of molecular (A) and the number of molecular interactions (z) were 1.994 × 103 Pa s1/z and 9.488. It demonstrated best printability, resolution, and shape fidelity, even supporting 23-layer 3D printing structures. This research firstly constructed a new approach for the application of AFPs in 3D printing of frozen foods. • The evaluation method of ink printing quality was firstly constructed. • Rheological properties and print quality were influenced by FT cycles. • 2% AFP ink is the optimum formulation for 3D printing after FT cycles. • Suspension line is a quantitative indicator of continuous printing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paper performance qualities strongly depend on the origin of cellulose fibers. Awareness of environmental issues and sustainable development has led to the increase in the use of recycled printing papers. Recovered fibers are often used as a substitute for virgin wood fibers in the production of certain types of papers. As recovered fibers cannot provide the same quality level of paper products as virgin wood fibers, alternative sources of virgin cellulose fibers need to be identified. The aim of this research was to analyze the printability of laboratory papers made of different contents of straw pulp. Therefore, the printing papers were formed using straw pulp of three different cereal species (wheat, barley, and triticale) and mixing them with recycled newsprint in different weight ratios. The printability of these laboratory papers was analyzed by classifying dot reproduction quality based on four dot reproduction attributes. Printed dot reproduction greatly affects the quality of reproduction in graphic products, as dots are the most important element in multi-color reproduction of texts and images. It was confirmed that laboratory papers containing straw pulp provide the same or even better dot reproduction quality than laboratory control papers formed only of recycled newsprint. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Digital printing technique is used for a wide variety of substrates, one of which are PVC foils. Samples used in this research were printed by digital ink jet printing technique using Mimaki JV22 printing machine and J-Eco Subly Nano inks. As printing substrates, two different types of materials were used (ORACAL 640 - Print Vinyl and LG Hausys LP2712). A test card consisting of fields of CMYK colours was created and printed, varying the number of ink layers applied. Samples were exposed to light after the printing process. Spectrophotometric measurements were conducted before and after the light treatment. Based on spectrophotometricaly obtained data, colour differences ΔE2000 were calculated. Results showed that increasing number of layers, as well as the right choice of substrates, can improve the behaviour of printed product during exploitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During xerographic printing processes, the electric charge properties of the paper surface are essential to obtain effective toner transfer and high image quality. Surface and volume resistance are indispensable to the accumulation of the surface charge and different resistance values generate different electrical fields with optical drum, and have a significant effect on toner transfer efficiency. In this paper, surface sizing was investigated to improve the surface properties for better toner transfer and image quality. Styrene acrylate emulsion (SAE) latex was successfully synthesized and fully characterized with a Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometer, a laser particle analyzer and a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results showed that under the conditions of emulsifier dosage at 3 wt%, initiator concentration at 0.5 wt% and the reaction temperature at 80°C, the monomer conversion can reach 80%. The effects of various factors including initiator dosage, emulsifier dosage and monomer ratio on the sizing performance were studied. The effects of different ratios of SAE to starch on surface and volume resistance of paper were also systematically investigated. The differences in electric properties of various paper samples were quantified and their influence on paper-toner adhesion and print quality was clarified. Relationships between electrical properties of paper and paper-toner adhesion force, and thus print quality were established. Strategies to improve printing performance through effective control of paper electrical properties were also developed. It is concluded that the best printing quality and toner adhesion were achieved when the ratio of SAE to starch is between 1:10 and 2:10. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vibrations of a loaded multilayered polymeric film have been investigated numerically by assuming that the film consists of three layers. The upper and lower layers are stiff and do not deform in the transverse direction, while the internal layer can get deformed in that direction. The first eigenmodes are analysed and graphical findings of their investigation are presented. Experimental tests on the loaded multilayered polymeric material PET+PAP+LDPE (PET+PAP+LDPE denotes three-layered material made from PET - Poly-Ethylene Terephthalate, PAP - PAPer and LDPE - Low Density Poly-Ethylene) have been performed by exciting this material by forced vibrations. The first eigenmodes have been obtained by using the method of digital speckle photography, and it has been determined that eigenmodes change with the change of the excitation frequency. The obtained results of numerical investigations are compared with the experimental ones. The obtained study results are applied in determining the characteristics and qualities of packaging materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Tekstilec is the property of University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Natural Sciences & Engineering, Department of Textiles and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Textile & Apparel / Tekstil ve Konfeksiyon is the property of Tekstil ve Konfeksiyon and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Surface treatment is an important step of papermaking, namely for improving the final product quality. For uncoated printing and writing papers (P&W), surface sizing is becoming a common practice for controlling paper surface characteristics and liquid spreading and absorption. This work aims at evaluating the potential of assessing and controlling paper surface chemistry, by analyzing the impact of the application of different surface sizing formulations both on the chemical surface characteristics of the modified paper samples and on the final printing quality. For that, blends of cationic starch and minor quantities (5%, 10%, and 20% w/w) of four distinct copolymers of styrene were used, resulting in a total of 12 different surface sizing formulations. A sample surface sized only with cationic starch was taken as reference. Surface chemical properties were determined by using contact angle measurements and inverse gas chromatography. Finally, the inkjet printing quality was evaluated. The results revealed that the surface sizing treatments tested have a substantial influence on the surface energetics and partially explain the differences detected in the inkjet printing quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Processing parameters affect printing quality of 3D printed composite cement material. • Printing line width decreases with printing speed increasing, best speed is 50 mm/s. • Printing thickness of each layer tends to a certain value after leveling stage. • Printing quality of intermittent printing is higher than that of continuous printing. • Intermittent printing needs special treatment at the discontinuity. The adaptive processing parameters are the important factors affecting the printing quality of the 3D printed composite cement-based materials. The printing line width decreases with increasing printing speed under the same nozzle diameter conditions, the best printing speed is 50 mm/s. The concrete needs to go through the leveling stage with slower speed at the beginning stage to keep less deformation; after this stage, with the extension of concrete hardening time, the printing thickness of each layer tends to a certain value , which is basically consistent with the height of the nozzle from the printing layer platform. The printed quality of intermittent printing with joints is higher than that of continuous printing without joints, but it likely to cause stress concentration at the discontinuity, which needs special treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As observed, the described approach to computer-aided error detection in printed matter proves itself to be exact and reliable. Our prototype printing error detection computer program has also undergone extreme testing in an industrial environment. The problem of excessive detection duration will have to be solved by an optimization of the registration and interpolation procedures. When considering the coarse image registration, a solution in the frequency domain seems appealing, where the translational and rotational information can be extracted from the phase and amplitude spectra, respectively. Fine image registration must be optimized even more. One of the ways we are presently researching tries to minimize the quantity of data included in the computation, at each iteration. We can do this by using images with lower resolution or taking into registration only an image's segment. Afterwards, the obtained registration parameters would be applied to the original-size images. For the time being, a second optimization attempt with partial images seems the most promising. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]