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Extrusion‐based 3D printing technology is currently demonstrating considerable potential in the field of tissue engineering scaffolds, enabling the construction of in vitro models with complex structures and functions using a wide range of biomaterials and cells at a low cost. In recent years, researchers have spent considerable effort developing novel bio‐inks and employing a greater variety of cell sources to enhance biological compatibility and functionality. However, the majority of current bio‐ink materials are unprintable due to their low viscosity and long curing time, as well as insufficient shape fidelity before the secondary cross‐linking process. The study aims to bridge this gap by optimizing the material ratios and predicting the printing process before work. This article presents new strategies for the design, fabrication, and analysis of a new composite bio‐ink material. The optimal ink ratios are verified by a design of experiments (DOE) experimental design and evaluation metrics for printing printability (Pr) values. A machine learning model is used to predict the ink printing area and determine the printing process parameters. The influence mechanism of ink materials with different concentrations of poly (ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) ratios on printed fibers is investigated. Finally, the optimal results are used as an example to demonstrate the printability of multilayer stents. Thus, the design approach allows for the rapid and cost‐effective exploration of novel ink ratios, while also providing higher fidelity and more accurate process metrics for the fabrication of tissue structures with multidimensional variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Miniaturization and flexibility are becoming the trend in the development of electronic products. These key features are driving new methods in the manufacturing of such products. Printed electronics technology is a novel additive manufacturing technique that uses active inks to print onto a diverse set of substrates, realizing large-area, low-cost, flexible and green manufacturing of electronic products. These advantageous properties make it extremely compatible with flexible electronics fabrication and extend as far as offering revolutionary methods in the production of flexible electronic devices. In this paper, the details of a printing process system are introduced, including the materials that can be employed as inks, common substrates, and the most recently reported printing strategies. An assessment on future setbacks and developments of printed flexible electronics is also presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on 3D printing technology, this paper investigates the effects of the printing process and reinforcement materials on the performance of 3D-printed glass bead insulation mortar. In order to improve and enhance the performance of the mortar, two sets of tests were designed for research and analysis. Firstly, by changing the direction of the interlayer printing strips, the anisotropy of the specimens in different paths was analyzed, and then the effect of different dosages of different fibers on the performance of 3D-printed glass bead insulation mortar was investigated by adding reinforcing materials. The results show that the path a specimen in the X direction's compressive strength is the best; in the Y direction, flexural strength is the best; the path b specimen in the Y direction's compressive strength is the best; in the Z direction, flexural strength is the best, but the compressive and flexural strengths are lower than the strength of the specimen without 3D printing (cast-in-place specimen); and adding reinforcing materials mortar not only has high strength but also has good printability and excellent thermal insulation. This paper provides a theoretical basis and reference value for the popularization and application of 3D printing thermal insulation mortar technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ObjectiveThis study analyzes the risk points in the quality control of bioink and the main processes of bioprinting, clarifies and explores the quality control and supervision model for bioprinting medical devices, and provides theoretical and practical guidance to ensure the safety and effectiveness of bioprinting medical devices. MethodsThe quality control risk points throughout the bioprinting process were comprehensively analyzed, with a particular focus on bioprinting materials and key processes. The regulatory model and methods for bioprinting medical devices were examined. This research concentrated on critical technologies such as extrusion, laser-assisted, and in situ bioprinting, assessing their potential for clinical applications and regulatory challenges. ResultsBioink from different sources should meet regulatory requirements. It is essential to ensure aseptic handling of raw materials and to validate sterilization under "worst-case" conditions. ConclusionAs bioprinting technology advances rapidly, corresponding research into materials, processes, and quality risk control should be conducted to ensure the concurrent development of the regulatory system. This will continuously contribute to the orderly progression of the entire industry and human health.

The printing company's process performance depends on the possibility of providing requested products and managing the existing constraints of fixed machine layouts and high setup times between different products. Process inefficiencies caused by these factors reflect on throughput, production times, and resource utilization. The changes that improve one part of the production system usually affect other parts, needing additional optimization, and it is very useful to test the feasibility of proposed solutions with simulation before implementation. This paper presents a new algorithm for continuous improvement of enterprises performance, combining the lean approach with cellular manufacturing, and simulation. The performance is observed in a way that a certain setup influences the system in its entirety, rather than on a specific part of that system. The results are presented through models developed within the production optimization phase, representing various ways in which the continuous improvement algorithm can unfold. Each of them comes with its advantages and disadvantages, all intending to create more efficient production processes that generate less production waste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Bulletin of the Chinese Ceramic Society is the property of Bulletin of the Chinese Ceramic Society Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Additive manufacturing (AM) is a field with both industrial and academic significance. Computer-aided optimisation has brought advances to this field over the years, but challenges and areas of improvement still remain. Design to execution inaccuracies, void formation, material anisotropy, and surface quality are examples of remaining challenges. These challenges can be improved via some of the trending optimisation topics, such as artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML); STL correction, replacement, or removal; slicing algorithms; and simulations. This paper reviews AM and its history with a special focus on the printing process and how it can be optimised using computer software. The most important new contribution is a survey of the present challenges connected with the prevailing optimisation topics. This can be seen as a foundation for future research. In addition, we suggest how certain challenges can be improved and show how such changes affect the printing process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyethylene terephthalate-1,4-cyclohexane dimethyl ester (PETG) can be used as a preferred polymer material for 3D printing due to its excellent properties, which has been favored by scholars. In this paper, the printing process of PETG was studied, and it was found that the printing direction, printing thickness, printing temperature, printing speed and filling density, and other process parameters would have a significant impact on the performance of the product. The modification of 3D printed PETG material was studied by blending modification methods such as fiber, polymer, and graphene to improve the fatigue resistance, mechanical and thermal properties of the material. The application research of 3D printing PETG in biomedicine, machining and marine fields as well as the feasibility study of recycling were reviewed in detail. Finally, the development prospect of 3D printing PETG in the future was predicted. It is expected to provide guidance for the industrial application of 3D printed PETG materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the resilience of traditional concrete dams compared to 3D printed concrete dams (3DPC) when subjected to debris flow. Three types of dams, namely check dams, arch dams, and curve dams, were numerically analyzed using a three-dimensional Coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian (CEL) methodology. The research focused on critical factors such as impact force and viscous energy dissipation to compare dam performance. Additionally, the study examined the printing and service phases of 3DPC models, determining potential failure modes and analyzing printing parameters. The results demonstrated that 3DPC dams outperformed traditional concrete dams, with filament deposition orientation, perpendicular to the debris flow direction, identified as a pivotal factor. Infill percentage and pattern were also found to influence the behavior of 3DPC models. Notably, curved dams exhibited superior performance based on dam geometry. These findings have significant potential for advancing the development of resilient dam structures capable of withstanding debris flow impacts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several studies have shown the potential of strain-hardening cementitious composites (SHCC) as a self-reinforcing printable mortar. However, papers published on the development of three-dimensional printable SHCC (3DP-SHCC) often report a discrepancy between the mechanical properties of the cast and printed specimens. This paper evaluates the effect of each successive phase of the printing process on the mechanical properties of the composite. To this end, materials were collected at three different stages in the printing process, i.e., after each of mixing, pumping, and extruding. The collected 3DP-SHCC materials were then cast in specimen moulds and their mechanical properties after curing were obtained. The resulting findings were juxtaposed with the mechanical properties of the specimens derived from a fully printed 3DP-SHCC element, and our findings indicate that while the density and the compressive strength are not significantly influenced by the printing process, the flexural and tensile strength, along with their associated deflection and strain, are strongly affected. Additionally, this research identifies the pumping phase as the primary phase influencing the mechanical properties during the printing process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Additive manufacturing (AM) is a field with both industrial and academic significance. Computer-aided optimisation has brought advances to this field over the years, but challenges and areas of improvement still remain. Design to execution inaccuracies, void formation, material anisotropy, and surface quality are examples of remaining challenges. These challenges can be improved via some of the trending optimisation topics, such as artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML); STL correction, replacement, or removal; slicing algorithms; and simulations. This paper reviews AM and its history with a special focus on the printing process and how it can be optimised using computer software. The most important new contribution is a survey of the present challenges connected with the prevailing optimisation topics. This can be seen as a foundation for future research. In addition, we suggest how certain challenges can be improved and show how such changes affect the printing process.

Herein, different kinds of methods for buildability quantification of 3D concrete printing are reviewed, including experimental approaches, analytical modelling, and numerical simulations. A brief introduction on printing process is first given. This discusses the material properties in different stages. Material printability, which encompasses pumpability, extrudability and buildability, is then discussed. Subsequently, a brief review of the experimental and analytical models for buildability quantification is presented and they're discussed. An overview on the numerical tools for 3DCP is then given. These numerical models can quantify structural buildability and optimize the printing parameters, therefore, providing a more economical solution for buildability quantification. In the end, a summary and discussion on the limitations of numerical tools for buildability quantification are provided, as well as recommendations for their improvement.

Traditional printed products have to some extent affected the development of smart structures and their application in multiple fields, especially in harsh environments, due to their complex mechanisms and control principles. The 4D printing technology based on magnetically controlled smart materials exploits the advantages of magnetically controlled smart materials with good operability and security, and its printed smart structures can be obtained under magnetic field drive for unfettered remote manipulation and wireless motion control, which expands the application of printed products in complex environments, such as sealed and narrow, and has broad development prospects. At present, magnetically controlled smart material 4D printing technology is still in its infancy, and its theory and application need further in–depth study. To this end, this paper introduces the current status of research on magnetically controlled smart material 4D printing, discusses the printing process, and provides an outlook on its application prospects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The competition for shared resources in printing manufacturing system may lead to deadlock, which could cause unnecessary downtime and bring vast economic loss for enterprises. Supervisor is widely studied in the literature to solve the deadlock control problem. With the objective of improving the robustness of reconfigurable printing manufacturing system (RPMS), this paper designs a new Agent- Resource- Workstation (ARW) model with a supervisor. A new reconfiguration of workstation models (NRWMs) is proposed based on ARW model. The supervisors can control reconfiguration behavior of NRWMs by limiting the time and frequency of interaction between workstation models. Then, formal verification is performed by process algebra to show its external behavior. We use the mCRL2 tool to carry out simulation experiments on NRWMs and provide the experimental results. The results show that robust deadlock control policy for the RPMS is secure and effective.

In this review, the main processes, principles and equipment suitable for cereal-based 3D printing were introduced, and the printing characteristics and application of cereal-based raw materials in 3D printing were summarized, including the main factors affecting the printing quality. Moreover, the prospects and challenges of cereal-based 3D printing was also discussed.

The performance, stability, and lifespan of lithium-ion batteries are influenced by variations in the flow of lithium ions with temperature. In electric vehicles, coolants are generally used to maintain the optimal temperature of the battery, leading to an increasing demand for temperature and humidity sensors that can prevent leakage and short circuits. In this study, humidity and temperature sensors were fabricated on a pouch film of a pouch-type battery. IDE electrodes were screen-printed on the pouch film and humidity- and temperature-sensing materials were printed using a dispenser process. Changes in the capacitance of the printed Ag-CNF film were used for humidity sensing, while changes in the resistance of the printed PEDOT:PSS film were used for temperature sensing. The two sensors were integrated into a single electrode for performance evaluation. The integrated sensor exhibited a response of ΔR ≈ 0.14 to temperature variations from 20 °C to 100 °C with 20% RH humidity as a reference, and a response of ΔC ≈ 2.8 to relative humidity changes from 20% RH to 80% RH at 20 °C. The fabricated integrated sensor is expected to contribute to efficient temperature and humidity monitoring applications in various pouch-type lithium-ion batteries.

Several studies have shown the potential of strain-hardening cementitious composites (SHCC) as a self-reinforcing printable mortar. However, papers published on the development of three-dimensional printable SHCC (3DP-SHCC) often report a discrepancy between the mechanical properties of the cast and printed specimens. This paper evaluates the effect of each successive phase of the printing process on the mechanical properties of the composite. To this end, materials were collected at three different stages in the printing process, i.e., after each of mixing, pumping, and extruding. The collected 3DP-SHCC materials were then cast in specimen moulds and their mechanical properties after curing were obtained. The resulting findings were juxtaposed with the mechanical properties of the specimens derived from a fully printed 3DP-SHCC element, and our findings indicate that while the density and the compressive strength are not significantly influenced by the printing process, the flexural and tensile strength, along with their associated deflection and strain, are strongly affected. Additionally, this research identifies the pumping phase as the primary phase influencing the mechanical properties during the printing process.

Traditional printed products have to some extent affected the development of smart structures and their application in multiple fields, especially in harsh environments, due to their complex mechanisms and control principles. The 4D printing technology based on magnetically controlled smart materials exploits the advantages of magnetically controlled smart materials with good operability and security, and its printed smart structures can be obtained under magnetic field drive for unfettered remote manipulation and wireless motion control, which expands the application of printed products in complex environments, such as sealed and narrow, and has broad development prospects. At present, magnetically controlled smart material 4D printing technology is still in its infancy, and its theory and application need further in–depth study. To this end, this paper introduces the current status of research on magnetically controlled smart material 4D printing, discusses the printing process, and provides an outlook on its application prospects.

This article presents a numerical simulation of a printhead model for drop-on-demand (DoD) inkjet printers. A three-dimensional droplet model is provided for the numerical study of inks, ejection parameters, droplet movement, and the analysis of droplet impacts on the surface. This work is devoted to the analysis of different droplet ejection settings during the printing process, when the behavior of the droplet directly affects the accuracy of the printing process itself. A numerical model was also developed to investigate the effect of various settings on droplet stability, including printhead size and nozzle orifice, motion parameters (pulse strength and droplet ejection amplitude) and fluid properties. The results reflect the behavior of the ink droplet over time. The behavior of the drop was tested at different waveform ejection parameters and a mass turnover was observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the study on the pattern design and techniques of Chinese Folk color printed fabrics was less, the research focused on the change of color printing process on pattern style, composition and color characteristics caused by fabrics, dyes, dyeing methods and uses under the influence of different regional cultures. Based on the color printed fabric with different styles and techniques which were retained throughout the country in modern times, as well as the relevant historical data research, the concept and category of cut--out patterning color printing fabric were analyzed by the methods of textual research and analogy analysis from the perspective of historical development. It is pointed out that the colorful folk colored printed cloth contains rich traditional cultural value. The inheritance and innovation of its production technology can provide useful inspiration on related innovative printing design and help to solve the lack of the national design on present domestic textile printing pattern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recent development of micro-fabrication technologies has provided new methods for researchers to design and fabricate micro metal coils, which will allow the coils to be smaller, lighter, and have higher performance than traditional coils. As functional components of electromagnetic equipment, micro metal coils are widely used in micro-transformers, solenoid valves, relays, electromagnetic energy collection systems, and flexible wearable devices. Due to the high integration of components and the requirements of miniaturization, the preparation of micro metal coils has received increasing levels of attention. This paper discusses the typical structural types of micro metal coils, which are mainly divided into planar coils and three-dimensional coils, and the characteristics of the different structures of coils. The specific preparation materials are also summarized, which provides a reference for the preparation process of micro metal coils, including the macro-fabrication method, MEMS (Micro-Electro-Mechanical System) processing technology, the printing process, and other manufacturing technologies. Finally, perspectives on the remaining challenges and open opportunities are provided to help with future research, the development of the Internet of Things (IoTs), and engineering applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to limit the environmental impact of packaging applications by promoting the recycling of waste products and the use of sustainable materials in additive manufacturing technology. To this end, a commercial polylactide acid (PLA)-based filament derived from waste production of bio-bags is herein considered. For reference, a filament using virgin PLA and one using a wood-based biocomposite were characterized as well. Preliminary testing involved infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The effect of printing parameters (namely bed temperature, layer thickness, top surface layers, retraction speed, and distance) on the final aesthetics of 3D printed parts was verified. The results allow us to attest that the thermal properties of recycled polymer are comparable to those of virgin PLA and biocomposite. In the case of recycled polymer, after the extrusion temperature, bed temperature, and printing speed are estabilished the lowest allowable layer thickness and an appropriate choice of retraction movements are required in order to realize 3D-printed objects without morphological defects visible to the naked eyes. In the case of wood biocomposite, the printing process was complicated by frequent obstructions, and in none of the operating conditions was it possible to obtain an aesthetically satisfying piece of the chosen geometry (Lego-type bricks) Finally, mechanical testing on the 3D printed parts of each system showed that the recycled PLA behaves similarly to virgin and wood/PLA filaments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Food & Machinery is the property of Food & Machinery Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Solution‐processable polymer‐based materials allow the fabrication of flexible, light‐weight, and large‐area thermoelectric devices (TEDs). However, solution fabrication processes of polymer‐based materials involve the drying of an organic solvent, which induces an unfavorable material orientation and hinders the formation of a thick thermoelectric layer. These limitations significantly deteriorate the performance of polymer‐based TEDs. In this paper, a polymer‐based TED, fabricated by solvent‐free printing (SFP)—a technique that eliminates the solvent drying process—is reported. A carbon nanotube (CNT)–polymer composite, which is a typical polymer‐based thermoelectric material, has been fabricated by a two‐step process. The deposition of a suspension, composed of CNTs and a liquid polymer precursor, on a substrate is followed by the solidification of the liquid polymer precursor via a cross‐linking reaction. This technique does not involve the drying of organic solvents. Therefore, thermoelectric materials with random material orientation and thicknesses of greater than 1 mm are obtained. The SFP‐fabricated polymer‐based TED exhibits an electric power that is more than four orders of magnitude higher than that of a thin‐layered TED fabricated via a conventional solution process. This work facilitates the realization of various applications of polymer‐based TEDs, such as wearable power sources that can convert body heat to electricity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Facile printing process for solution‐processed metal oxide thin‐film transistors (TFT) is a promising technology to provide various human interactive devices such as flexible displays and wearable sensors. A simple spontaneous direct printing approach for the electrode (ITO) with directly patterned metal oxide semiconductors (IZO) will be presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to develop an understanding of the factors affecting print quality in sublimation printed polyester fabrics for quantifying print quality in Polyester Fabrics. Polyester knitted fabric was subjected to sublimation printing on a commercial sublimation printing machine. Print quality (PQ) analyses were performed by analyzing the quality of printed fabric. This research work provides some insight into effect of printing parameters on the print quality of sublimation printed fabrics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recent development of micro-fabrication technologies has provided new methods for researchers to design and fabricate micro metal coils, which will allow the coils to be smaller, lighter, and have higher performance than traditional coils. As functional components of electromagnetic equipment, micro metal coils are widely used in micro-transformers, solenoid valves, relays, electromagnetic energy collection systems, and flexible wearable devices. Due to the high integration of components and the requirements of miniaturization, the preparation of micro metal coils has received increasing levels of attention. This paper discusses the typical structural types of micro metal coils, which are mainly divided into planar coils and three-dimensional coils, and the characteristics of the different structures of coils. The specific preparation materials are also summarized, which provides a reference for the preparation process of micro metal coils, including the macro-fabrication method, MEMS (Micro-Electro-Mechanical System) processing technology, the printing process, and other manufacturing technologies. Finally, perspectives on the remaining challenges and open opportunities are provided to help with future research, the development of the Internet of Things (IoTs), and engineering applications.

To improve printing results, a printing form can be functionalized and the material transferring behavior can be adjusted. In this work, a flexographic printing form is divided into three different areas: first the elevated, material transferring structures (1); second the rising edges between the printing form substrate and the elevated structures (2); and third the transition area (3) between (1) and (2). These three areas are laser functionalized by inserting a defined micropattern. Subsequently, the printing results are investigated and categorized into groups. The groups indicate which functionalized surfaces (1, 2, and 3) have what kind of influence on the printing result. As part of a low cost and efficient approach to manufacture polymeric optical waveguides, a way is presented to show how the waviness of printed conditioning lines can be reduced significantly by laser functionalizing to improve the quality of the waveguides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human mistakes are the main cause of most of the production failures and rejections for bad impressions in the printing industry, for this reason the industry has been working on the development and design of complementary equipment with the aim of reducing the rejections caused by these errors using human-centered design that allows focusing on reducing these mistakes, improving interaction and cooperation between the user, the machine and the process. Contextual research showed that there is currently qualitative evidence regarding the improvement of prints by having a machine video inspection system, but there is no quantitative analysis of the true cost-benefit that exists from having a video inspection and justify its implementation. Therefore this work defines a preliminary study of a video inspection system, used as a complementary equipment to a flexographic rotary printing machine, to improve the printing process focus on machine-human interaction, in a printing company of Mexico City after a notable need for an effective improvement in the printing process in order to reduce waste in production and in rejections for poorly printed jobs. Five representative jobs will be selected, and the cost per meter of linear printing will be evaluated, to give a value to the waste, later the decrease due to production and rejections of a run will be counted for each of the five selected jobs, with and without the system of video inspection, and finally with a comparative analysis of costs, the profitability of the equipment will be determined, obtaining as a result the viability of the equipment, which is directly related to the value of the decrease, since there is an equilibrium point between this value and the value of the equipment, where from there the implementation of the video inspection system is justified; due to the current situation of COVID 19, it was not possible to carry out the necessary measurements to validate the system. Therefore, only the proposed methodology will be described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study analyzes the risk points in the quality control of bioink and the main processes of bioprinting, clarifies and explores the quality control and supervision model for bioprinting medical devices, and provides theoretical and practical guidance to ensure the safety and effectiveness of bioprinting medical devices., Methods: The quality control risk points throughout the bioprinting process were comprehensively analyzed, with a particular focus on bioprinting materials and key processes. The regulatory model and methods for bioprinting medical devices were examined. This research concentrated on critical technologies such as extrusion, laser-assisted, and in situ bioprinting, assessing their potential for clinical applications and regulatory challenges., Results: Bioink from different sources should meet regulatory requirements. It is essential to ensure aseptic handling of raw materials and to validate sterilization under "worst-case" conditions., Conclusion: As bioprinting technology advances rapidly, corresponding research into materials, processes, and quality risk control should be conducted to ensure the concurrent development of the regulatory system. This will continuously contribute to the orderly progression of the entire industry and human health.

Ceramic additive manufacturing (C-AM) is highlighted as a technology that can overcome the inherent limitations of ceramics such as processability and formability. This process creates a structure by slicing a 3D model and stacking ceramic materials layer-by-layer without mold or machining. C-AM is a technology suitable for the era of multiple low-volume because it is more flexible than conventional methods for shape complexity and design modification. However, many barriers to practical use remain due to process speed, defects, and lack of knowledge. This review focuses on studies to overcome the limitations of C-AM in terms of process and materials. The C-AM process has been advanced through various studies such as model/equation-based parameter control and high-speed sintering using external energy. Besides, by improving and fusing existing technologies, high-precision high-speed printing technology has been improved. A variety of material studies have been made of manufacturing ceramic structures with superior properties using preceramic polymers and composite materials. Through these studies, C-AM has been applied to various fields such as medicine, energy, environment, machinery, and architecture. These continued growths and diverse results demonstrate the importance and potential of C-AM based ceramic manufacturing technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents various constructions of flexible textile humidity resistive sensor prototypes which can be used in textronic clothing applications and can be easily integrated with fabric. They can be also used as sensors applied to sheets in hospitals and nursing homes, as well as in special medical clothing, especially for protecting elderly people. The author describes a method of manufacturing such sensors by three different techniques, such as embroidery, printing and sputtering (PVD). Also presented are electrical properties of the textile sensors under various environmental conditions. The resistance of the sensors was studied in a wide range of humidity, from 30 to 90%, and at temperatures of 30 °C and 40 °C. The author then chose the right type of textile substrate on which the sensors should be made. A microscopic examination of the upper electroconductive layer of the prototype sensors was also conducted. These novel methods of sensor creation for humidity measurement on flexible textile substrates and their comparison could be used for clothing functionalisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three‐dimensional (3D) printing becomes an attractive technique to fabricate tissue engineering scaffolds through its high control on fabrication and repeatability using the printing parameters. This technique can be combined by the finite element method (FEM), and tissue‐specific scaffolds with desirable morphological and mechanical properties can be designed and manufactured. In this study, the influential 3D printing parameters on the morphological and mechanical properties of polycaprolactone (PCL) filament and scaffold were studied experimentally and numerically. First, the effects of printing parameters and process on the properties of extruded PCL filament were investigated. Then, using FEM, the effects of filament specifications on the overall characteristics of the scaffold were evaluated. Results showed that both the printing process in terms of resting time and remaining time and the printing parameters like pressure, printing speed, and printing path length have influenced the filament properties. In addition, both the filament diameter and elastic modulus had significant effects on the properties of scaffold especially, a 20% increase in the filament diameter caused the scaffold compressive elastic modulus to rise by around 72%. It is concluded that the printing parameters and process must be tuned very well in fabricating scaffolds with the desired morphology and mechanical property. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Infrared (IR) phototransistors are important building blocks for the true integration of flat‐panel optoelectronic detectors. Although significant progress is made in obtaining an InGaZnO active layer with IR response, the utilization of a high‐performance detector still has many challenges due to low efficiency, high power consumption, and lagging detection speed. Herein, a positive‐intrinsic‐negative (PIN) heterostructure phototransistor directly modulating the charges' transfer barrier with low power consumption (1 nW), high efficiency (EQE > 700%), a 200 Hz detecting bandwidth, and high detectivity (1 × 1011 cm Hz1/2 W−1) at an IR wavelength (1.5 µm in the high‐frequency circumstance) is demonstrated. These excellent sensing properties of the PIN phototransistor, together with its advantages of low power consumption and versatility, make the use of a heterostructure a powerful strategy for the development of on‐chip optoelectronic detectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 403‐ppi (pixel per inch) real RGB active‐matrix organic light‐emitting diode (AMOLED) was fabricated without using fine metal mask (FMM). Organic light‐emitting materials were printed on array panel, with a novel process that has the advantages of low cost and high pixel density. The uniformity of the organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) was improved with carefully tuning printing parameters, and good panel performance was achieved. The key to such a process was the design of the hexagonal patterning of the pixels. The image quality of the panel with this hexagonal pixel arrangement was evaluated with a bmp format Pixel Layout Simulation picture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]