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In October 2022, New Brunswick Minister of Education and Early Childhood Development Dominic Cardy publicly resigned and widely disclosed his disappointment with Premier Blaine Higgs' leadership. Using Cardy's unprecedented public resignation letter as a primary source, this paper explores the inner workings of neoliberal governance and privatization in public education and critically analyzes data manipulation, governance shifts, and problematic conservative "hands-offism." Applying a rhizomatic methodological framing and theoretically drawing from Bourdieu and Passeron's (1977) conceptualization of symbolic violence and Gilmore's (2008) notion of "organized abandonment," we argue that neoliberal governance and privatization disproportionately affect vulnerable communities and weaken democratic processes. To understand these complexities, we utilize a rhizomatic analysis, simultaneously considering historical and geographical contexts, governance structures, and political narratives. We conclude that neoliberal governance and privatization are inherently symbolically violent, as they are used in tandem to perpetually defund and dismantle public institutions.

I argue that wrong of plagiarism does not primarily stem from the plagiarist's illicit misappropriation of academic credit from the person she plagiarized. Instead, plagiarism is wrongful to the degree to which it runs counter to the purpose of academic work. Given that this is to increase knowledge and further understanding plagiarism will be wrongful to the extent that it impedes the achievement of these ends. This account of the wrong of plagiarism has two surprising (and related) implications. First, it follows from this account of the wrong of plagiarism that replication plagiarism might not be an academic wrong at all. (Replication plagiarism consists of the direct quotation or paraphrase of another's work without attribution. The replication plagiarist thus plagiarizes primary sources, purloining for her own benefit the ideas of their authors). Second, even if replication plagiarism is still held to be an academic wrong, it will be a lesser wrong than bypass plagiarism. (Bypass plagiarism occurs when one quotes from, or provides a paraphrase of, a primary source, but although one cites the primary source one did not identify the quotation or provide the initial paraphrase oneself. Instead, one took the quotation, or drew upon an existing paraphrase, from a secondary source--and one did so without citing the secondary source to credit it as the source of one's information about the primary source). Holding that bypass plagiarism is worse than replication plagiarizes reverses the usual assessment of the relative wrong of these two types of plagiarism.

This study draws upon faculty interviews conducted in 2019 and 2021 to document dramatic shifts in primary source instruction of undergraduate students during the COVID-19 pandemic. Synthesizing these data, it analyzes how faculty cultivated pedagogical practice, developed practical approaches to teaching with primary sources, and adjusted goals for student learning outcomes. The study also identifies lessons that may be learned from the pivot to remote and hybrid instruction, including ways to support new and emerging instruction practices; developing instructor training programs; better showcasing collections of digital primary sources; and adopting a trauma-informed approach to outreach in the years to come.

Folklife, a type of inquiry that focuses on "ways of life" as its central lens, is constantly changing. Rather than focus on cultural loss or salvaging, folklife inquiry is more powerful when it is positioned to offer insights about human experience through the sharing of personal lived histories in safe and supportive environments. At Vermont Folklife, much like museums, libraries, and historical societies, often serves as a bridge between schools and other learning spaces that want to bring community members and their life experiences into their classrooms. This article examines some of the learning activities featured in the "Teaching with Folk Sources Curriculum Guide."

In this story collected and shared as part of the OurStoryBridge online short-form oral history project from the Tremonton City Library in Tremonton, Utah, Parry recalls learning Shoshone history and culture from stories that his grandmother, Mae Timbimboo, told him. Parry recounts his excitement in elementary school when he heard that Shoshone history would be an upcoming topic. But Parry's delight turned to shock and concern when none of the stories his grandmother taught him, such as how the coyote stole fire or how the eagle became bald, were mentioned in his class. Instead, this rich heritage was narrowed down to the events of the Bear River Massacre, the largest mass murder of Native Americans by U.S. Army forces in the American West.

As Social Studies teachers with decades of combined experience and as teacher educators at a predominantly white midwestern university, the authors center their curriculum around teaching challenging and whole histories, analyzing primary sources, and creating classroom community spaces where difficult dialogues can safely happen. While the authors primarily work with preservice and early career teachers in their 16-week Social Studies in the Elementary Curriculum and Teaching and Learning Social Studies in the Secondary School Methods courses, the authors feel all Social Studies educators should use strategies that get students to think deeply about historical events and their effect on present-day social issues.

Learning to read primary scientific literature (PSL) is an important part of developing scientific literacy skills. First-year students entering college often have little previous exposure to PSL and therefore face initial barriers in learning how to engage with PSL. Annotations have been shown to be a useful tool in undergraduate education and have potential for guiding students in developing higher-level reading strategies. In this study, we collected both qualitative and quantitative data to test the hypothesis of whether annotated PSL aids in the development of reading strategies for novice students learning to read PSL. Our qualitative results showed that annotations help students (i) break down PSL into manageable pieces, (ii) summarize the text, (iii) identify key information, and (iv) distinguish between different sections of PSL. Quantitatively, we saw no significant influence of annotations on the development of reading strategies for students learning to read PSL. Overall, our study provides a window into better understanding of specific strategies that students employ in reading PSL. Collectively, we suggest incorporating annotated PSL with some scaffolding social activities as an effective strategy to bring novice readers up the on-ramp of scientific literacy.

The 2019 coronavirus disease pandemic and distrust for popular media have highlighted the need for effective methods of direct communication of biomedical science to the public. It is presently unclear how well nonexperts can learn from primary scientific sources and what factors predict such learning in the general public. The present study examined three modalities for learning about biomedical science directly from study investigators: primary scientific articles, annotated primary scientific articles presented online with interactive learning features, and TEDTalks about scientific studies presented by a study investigator. Each modality presented the same study, "Sleep Drives Metabolite Clearance from the Adult Brain" (L. Xie, H. Kang, Q. Chen, Y. Liao, et al., Science 342:373--377, 2013, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1241224). Knowledge about the study's scientific content was assessed before and after the randomly assigned learning modality using multiple-choice questions. Participants included a sample of college psychology students and a sample of community-dwelling older adults. Cognitive tests were used to assess individual differences in working memory, processing speed, science literacy, and semantic knowledge. Surveys were used to assess trust in science and scientists, attitudes toward science, and attitudes toward cognitive tasks. Results indicated that both younger and older adults can learn basic biomedical science from a primary source. Knowledge gains were observed in all three learning modalities with no evidence of age group differences. Notably, the largest learning gains for undergraduates and older adults were observed in the primary scientific article condition, followed by the TEDTalk, and the annotated paper. Baseline knowledge about the science study topic and adoption of "scientific attitudes" (e.g., open-mindedness) predicted learning across age groups and learning modalities. These findings suggest that science educators, communicators, and outreach professionals should consider methods of promoting science literacy in the general public through direct access to primary scientific sources.

This study examines the legacy of ancient cultures by comparing the logical principles of Chinese and Greek mythology. Using the structural analysis method of Levi-Strauss and a narrative literature review methodology (based on a review of 69 articles), we identified seven factors, including fate, heroism, gods, nature, ethics, symbolism, and allegory. Our findings suggest that, despite cultural differences, ancient Chinese and Greek mythology share similarities that continue to influence contemporary writing. These issues have both practical and theoretical ramifications for authors, historians, and consumers interested in the connection between mythology and literature. However, this study has several shortcomings, including a lack of primary sources and an emphasis on Chinese and Greek civilizations. Future research could examine the legacies of other ancient societies as well as the impact of mythology on various literary genres. This study contributes to the ongoing discussion regarding the significance of historical and cultural legacies and their continued relevance in contemporary society.

Local history has its point in providing information to local communities for the exemplary process. However, there are not many studies of local history to be implemented in history learning. Thus, the purpose of this study was to find the values of character education in the material for the struggle of K.H. Ahmad Hanafiah in defending Indonesian independence in the Lampung Residency and its implementation in learning local history. The method used is a qualitative research method with historical studies. This study uses primary and secondary sources and uses interviews as reinforcement. The results of the study are: (1) K.H. Ahmad Hanafiah as a local figure who fought to defend Indonesia's independence in Lampung Residency, (2) The values of character education contained in the material include: religious attitude, hard work, curiosity, love for the homeland, national spirit, and independence, (3) These character values can be implemented in local history learning through the Class XI lesson plans covering the stages of planning, implementation, and evaluation in high school. It is hoped that students can imitate the figure of a K.H. Ahmad Hanafiah, especially for those who live in the Lampung area, and apply it in their lives both now and in the future. History learning has a central role in instilling the values of national character because the scope of the material taught contains heroic, exemplary, patriotism, and nationalism values. [Note: The page range (62-71) shown on the PDF is incorrect. The correct page range is 62-72.]

Introduction to Primary Literature (IPL) courses can be early-career precursors to undergraduate research experiences, whereby students can become familiar with potential mentors and their research toward better alignment with student/faculty interests and goals. IPL courses have been shown to increase student science self-efficacy and understanding of the nature of science to levels congruent with students entering Course-based Undergraduate Experiences (CUREs) and Faculty-Led Research Experiences (FLREs), which may increase the number and diversity of students engaging in these high-impact activities. Further research is needed to understand how an IPL course can impact students' science identity, defined as the extent to which one relates to science, which has been associated with student success and persistence in STEM degree programs. This study employed a quasi-experimental, mixed methods approach to explore the impacts of engaging with the products of research through reading primary research articles, communicating scientifically, and interacting with scientists of various levels on the science identities of undergraduate students enrolled in a seminar-style biology IPL course at a large, private, research-intensive institution in the Northeastern United States. Pre- and post-course surveys, as well as a focus group interview, were used to collect student information and measure the science identity of participants. Interpretation of the quantitative data and themes drawn from the qualitative responses are presented herein, notably that students became more confident in their abilities to understand science and scientific literature and in their competence as scientists in training.

Purpose: The years 1960-1970 were decisive years in the development of Swiss vocational education and training (VET). The post-World War II economic boom, technological innovations and the debate concerning equal opportunities and the democratisation of education put the VET system under pressure. Reforms were thus undertaken to increase the attractiveness of the system and to respond to the urgent shortage of qualified workers at the time. At the same time, reforms were adopted increasing the theoretical and general knowledge content of VET and improving the quality of training. The aim of our article is to describe these reforms and to show how they relate to a certain image of the future of society. Method: Our article is based on an analysis of historical documents written between 1960 and 1972 in Switzerland on the subject of VET. These documents will, firstly, be used for a historical reconstruction of the situation and of the major challenges of the time; and secondly, they will be subjected to a discourse analysis in order to identify the main arguments that characterised the public debate at the time. Results: Our article shows how the reforms undertaken take shape on the basis of a certain image of the future of society and of VET held at the time: an image characterised by constant and rapid changes, increasing insecurity, need for adaptation and flexibility, complexification and specialisation of the work tasks. Conclusion: The article will also underline how the responses to the challenges posed by this image of the future will be at the origin of five trends that will characterise the evolution of Swiss VET until today--a trend towards "academisation," with more academic and general content; a trend towards "pedagogisation," with increased pedagogical attention to curricula and teacher training; "differentiation," with the creation of new certifications; permeability, with the opening of vocational tracks to higher education; and "learnerisation," with the gradual change of the figure of the apprentice from a "worker" to a "learner." Far from being limited to the evolution of Swiss VET, these five trends describe movements that recent studies by CEDEFOP show also at the European level.

The purpose of this paper is to present a theoretical examination on the importance of writing in history teaching in schools to age groups 7-16 year old. It presents a discussion and an overview of best and meaningful practice in history teaching when using written historical sources as evidence for analyses in the classroom. It also looks at how educators can support pupils' own writing in history lessons in effective ways. The paper attempts to do this by reporting on various pedagogical research work conducted specifically on writing in history and its many facets when it comes to history learning in schools. The author offers various pedagogical recommendations based on her own as well as others' research work on the written word in history teaching. The paper looks at written sources from four different aspects. It discusses written sources as primary historical sources in themselves and how they can be made more palpable, that is more tangible and easier to use for pupils. It then looks at secondary written sources, that is, historians' interpretation of history and how these can be presented to pupils, followed by how primary written sources can also produce opportunity to practice the skill of detecting bias. Lastly pupils' own writing is discussed and how their writing in history can be made better.

In 2005 the Hungarian school-leaving examination system underwent a significant transformation. In case of history the aim was to give a greater role to the development of students' knowledge acquisition and source analysis skills by more focusing on students' work with historical sources in classes. However, it was clear that the achievement of these goals would also depend on the new exam tasks. Those determine whether the reform will be able to get real change. So I carefully examined those tasks of the past fifteen years exams that contained primary sources. I wanted to give an accurate picture of which types of tasks were most frequent and how they could be assessed in terms of the original objectives of the reform and the competency requirements of the school leaving examination. Based on the conclusions drawn from the results of the investigation, I formulate proposals for changing the composition of the exam tasks and preparing for writing the tasks.

Deaf education officially began in Portugal in 1823, with Pedro Aron Borg, at the invitation of D. João VI and his daughter, D. Isabel. In Brazil, it began in 1857, when Édouard Adolfo Huet Merlo founded the first institution, with the consent of D. Pedro II. The Royal Institute for the Deaf-Mute and the Blind in Lisbon and the Imperial Institute for Deaf-Mutes in Rio de Janeiro shared the objective to promote the intellectual and professional development of deaf students. This study intends to identify similarities and differences in pedagogical proposals of the first deaf education institutions in the two countries during the nineteenth century. The study presents a documentary investigation that follows a qualitative approach. The research findings concluded that there were significant differences in how deaf education originated in Portugal and Brazil, and in their approaches to language acquisition. Nevertheless, there were many common aspects, including the administrative organisation of the institutes, the pedagogical proposal design, and the appointment of former students as specialised tutors of younger deaf students. In both countries, the main purpose of the schools was to prepare deaf students for adulthood through professional training.

Seventh-grade students engaged in a guided historical inquiry about slavery, freedom, and unfreedom. The teacher carefully intertwined historical content, close reading, critical thinking, and text-based writing -- both extemporaneous and refined-- during Social Studies. Students scrutinized primary sources to build their historical schemas over the course of a week. They then engaged in the writing process during a week-long assessment. Students formulated emerging historical understandings through extemporaneous text-based writing, which were later used to draft, revise, and resubmit evidentiary and narrative essays. Findings revealed disparate degrees of criticality, complexity, and clarity between narrative and evidentiary essays. Teachers and researchers can gain rich, nuanced understandings from close examinations of students' reading, thinking, and revised writing.

To identify potential needs for primary source collections, this study examines course descriptions and student learning outcomes from the University General Course Catalog of the University of Nevada, Reno. Primary source collection development analysis has not been a focus for librarianship literature. This study uses OpenRefine to analyze words and phrases related to philosophy, history, and primary source resources. Specific locations, time periods, and topics were identified as potential collections for future acquisitions. The findings presented here are specific to one university, but the development of this analysis process can help other academic libraries identify potential topics and resources for their collection development.

The proposal to turn the so-called Cartoon Crisis into the obligatory history curriculum of the primary school system has been debated publicly over the years. Pros and cons regarding its integration into a teaching environment have been put forward. Since 2021, the proposal has also been formally debated as a bill and put to vote in the Danish parliament two times -- each time voted down by the current government. Despite the bill's defeat, I present here a number of principled arguments for making the so-called Cartoon Crisis (including the actual drawings) an obligatory teaching subject in the Danish school system. The arguments can be summed up as an encouragement to 'Teach the Crisis'. Choosing not to include the Crisis and its primary sources in the teaching will only instal the proverbial elephant in the classroom and is probably a short-term solution for the cultural, social, and political challenges that Denmark will meet in the future.

Cisgender women were not permitted to join the armed forces until the Women's Armed Service Integration Act passed in 1984. During the Civil War, some people assigned female at birth enlisted as men. They used "male" names and wore short haircuts, pants, and other traditional "male clothing." Many stories of these soldiers have been lost, but some were reported in newspapers after the Civil War, recorded in personal diaries, and preserved in photographs. In this article, the authors share one possible implementation of a set of curricular materials titled "From Farmer to Soldier," based on the life of Sarah Rosetta/Lyons/Edwin Wakeman, one of many individuals who presented themselves as men and joined the armed forces. All too often, the existence and contributions of LGBTQ+ people are excluded from the elementary curriculum. In this article, the authors propose including LGBTQ+ content within the history of the U.S. Civil War. Teaching about soldiers like Wakeman offers a more complete and accurate representation of America's diverse society, teaches children about gender expansiveness, and fosters their ability to critically examine mainstream America's history narratives.

The digitization of library and archive collections over the last two decades has enabled efforts to reform history education through the integration of primary sources. Currently the Library of Congress provides one of the largest digital collections of its kind. The authors' project, with support from the Library, provides social studies teachers with explicit guidance for teaching historical thinking. The authors, a group of university-based researchers and experienced social studies classroom teachers, conducted an iterative, action research study to identify learning trajectories in history education. In this article, the authors describe their process, introduce the learning trajectories matrix, and provide suggestions for integrating it into the classroom.

This article explores how primary sources can be used to teach students about race and racism. Researchers co-taught a general education class on Critical Race Theory and utilized a combination of primary and secondary sources. This article includes a review of relevant literature that informed the development of this class and one major assignment in particular, examples of student work and evidence of their learning, and next steps for social studies teachers at all levels to teach about resistance.

Teaching with primary sources provides educators with opportunities to expose students to authentic analysis, critical thinking, and perspective taking. When students are exposed to primary sources in the classroom, they can examine the point of view of the source, what information they can gain from the source, what information is missing, and the possible bias, think about why the source was created, and consider the narrative surrounding a particular source. By providing students with opportunities to examine and analyze primary sources, teachers can foster organic and authentic inquiry-based learning experiences in the classroom and give them the skills that they need to be participatory and informed citizens. An investigation employing the SOURCES Framework for Teaching with Primary and Secondary Sources affords educators just that opportunity. In order to be properly prepared for college, career, and civic life, students need to be provided the necessary skills to think critically about the sources they will encounter throughout their lives and be given multiple and sustained opportunities to engage with a range and variety of primary sources in authentic ways and to create original, evidence-based narratives. The authors of this article present a student-centered SOURCES investigation that allows students an opportunity to examine immigration journeys to Ellis Island framed around two related essential questions: What did immigrants experience during their journey to Ellis Island? and What was it like for immigrants as they arrived in the United States?

Using historical thinking for analyzing the teaching and learning of secondary school history, this paper contributes to literature and debates on the pedagogical potential of museums in this endeavor. Despite the existence of museums and expansive literature on their historical significance in various world settings, there has not been much effort to connect history teaching and learning to this institution. Drawing our arguments from literature on historical thinking and museum studies, we explore the value of museums in the teaching and learning of secondary school history. We commend the inherent value in museums if their educational programs are packaged effectively for this purpose. Apart from connecting learners to cognitive activities as well as fostering an understanding and application of its disciplinary competencies, museums also engage with elements of historical thinking. Disciplinary competencies of history include critical thinking, extrapolation, evaluation of sources and detection of bias. Elements of historical thinking which makes museums stand out as potentially significant in secondary school pedagogy are empathy, historical significance, primary source evidence, cause and consequence and continuity and change. However, despite their esteemed pedagogical value, operationalizing teaching and learning of history using various museums facilities comes with several challenges which include high cost of organizing lessons, a strain on the school timetable, complexities associated with logistical and legal demands of out of school visits. Nonetheless, several innovations can be used to deal with such challenges.

This lesson used the correspondence of Charles Darwin as an exploration of nature of science (NOS) in a historical context. Specifically, we used his original correspondence about his "provisional hypothesis" of pangenesis as a novel way to explore a scientist's social community. Darwin's community of friends and colleagues in the natural sciences at the time of his writing of his 1868 book Variations formed the basis of this lesson. One basic descriptor of NOS, science as a human endeavor, was used to drive explicit reflection. These letters were rich in detail regarding the idea of science as a community of practice. Our elementary education students' responses indicate the letters surprised them in how personal the correspondents were with one another and how reliant Darwin was on his friends and colleagues for input on his work. Darwin became human as students imagined Darwin's mental state and how he wrestled with his idea and made it public. Students learned that despite Darwin's fame, his idea of pangenesis lacked empirical evidence and thus received little support. They discovered an eminent scientist who was insecure and nervous and who worked hard to develop, study, and publicize his novel idea. This contrasts with popular views of major scientific figures as natural geniuses rather than their success resulting from labor and perseverance.

The complexities of the civil rights movement are rarely presented in elementary social studies. Year after year, students repeat the same decontextualized "I Have a Dream" crafts and assignments, tasks that do little to help students understand the country's history of racism or the racial dynamics of today. Instead of perpetuating the myth that a select handful of heroic figures made change on their own, educators should situate these figures within collective struggles for justice and interrogate what these figures stood for and stood against. In this article, the author contends that teachers can challenge the oversimplified narrative of Martin Luther King Jr. typically taught in elementary schools through an inquiry into the Memphis Sanitation Strike. Designed for students in grades 3-5, this inquiry includes children's literature and a four-part primary source investigation following the C3 inquiry arc.

Popular music has existed in American education since the 1700s. However, biases related to race and class, and concern for student morality have often led educators to eliminate or suppress these musics in the classroom. Progressive teachers and students themselves sometimes advocated for popular styles, which eventually made their way into the curriculum after they were no longer popular in mainstream society. Once accepted, music educators tended to approach popular styles inauthentically and as a tool for introducing classical forms. These practices led to curricularization that is contrary to the informal nature of musicing in these genres. In this review, I synthesize primary and secondary sources to examine the history of popular music education in the United States and tensions between Western art music and popular genres in the P-12 curriculum. This essay will contribute to the history of music education, help teachers understand present practices and attitudes, and discuss implications for popular music instruction today.

This case study of the Russian Empire, based on the analysis of more than 100 primary sources in the form of textbooks on domestic history (uchebniki otechestvennoi istorii) and archival documentation, is intended to help understand the evolution of the formation of domestic history as a school subject as an integral part of the imperialist state's historical policy. The essence of the work was an attempt to periodise the development of the educational narrative as one of the components influencing the mentality of the Russian population - or rather, certain segments of it - and the extent of this phenomenon from the point of view of postcolonial studies. Special attention was also paid in the text to considerations based on discourse analysis of how the history of rulers-tsars gradually became the history of the people-Russians.

Jane Frazee, an American music educator, administrator, and author has contributed to music education in the United States. This article surveys the impact of her efforts from 1960 to 2015. A pioneer member and past president of the American Orff-Schulwerk Association (AOSA), she taught music to children and adults using the Orff approach and has presented at workshops, clinics, and conferences throughout the United States, as well as internationally. She authored several books and Orff arrangement collections, and her articles have been published in prestigious professional journals and other publications. This paper addresses Frazee's early life, training, influential individuals, teaching of children and adults, and her work with AOSA. Her roles in the founding and administration of Orff certification and graduate programs in music education in Minnesota are discussed. Lastly, Frazee's role as an author and the influences of her publications on music educators in the United States were also examined. Although retired from teaching and administration, Frazee continues to publish and inspires current and future generations of music educators.

The purpose of this historical investigation was to contribute to the growing body of knowledge about women in music education by means of documenting the life and career of Genevieve F. Hargiss (1912-1995), a lesser known yet exemplary twentieth-century music educator. Through the investigation of primary source materials including Hargiss's personal scrapbooks, interviews, and her scholarly publications, as well as newspaper articles and oral histories, this paper explores Hargiss's contributions to the field of music education from 1929 to 1982. This study argues that Hargiss made a lasting impact in her field through her innovative, research-based improvements to professional teacher-training programs and elementary general music programs in Kansas, Arizona, and across the U.S. Hargiss blazed a trail for women in the field of music education through her excellence in performing, research, mentoring, and teaching; a brilliant educator and scholar -- "not just for her time, but for any time."

Primary sources are the foundations of historical research because they are artifacts representing first-hand accounts or connections to the event, time, or place being investigated. The reality is that many IDT researchers do not have training in historical source analysis, nor do many researchers know where to find primary sources in the field of IDT, or how to conduct historical research if interested. Thus, this article retraces the history of the Association for Educational Communication and Technology's archive, and reveals where primary sources are located. The article details the history of the AECT archive to understand its significance in research. Next, a description on how to begin an archival visit, how archives function, and how to research within the archive is given -- including examples. Last, the authors discuss the importance of historical archive preservation and research to the field of IDT.

Evidence-based practice (EBP) is a three-dimensional approach to professional services in which high-quality and current research evidence is integrated with practitioner expertise along with client values to inform assessment and treatment decisions. The primary objective of this study is to promote the importance of EBPs for speech-language-pathologies to their students' clinical practices. A cross-institute collaboration on EBP in-class assignment was conducted at the National University in Malaysia and Rockhurst University in the United States. This assignment required students to choose and explore a research article online and write a synopsis of the article and reflections about its findings for clinical application. The findings show that both groups of students learned how to access EBP, and this assignment helped them better understand EBP in the field of speech language pathology. Students from the United States reported that they had more of a base of knowledge about EBP than their peers in Malaysia. Findings from this study could help the local governance and speech-language pathology associations in Malaysia and the United States and university programs in both countries understand the current practice and professional development needs of speech therapists in both countries.

Social studies teachers have to create an environment where students are empowered to discuss contemporary issues, such as racism and social injustices. This means students are provided activities that allow them to develop historical empathy skills: perspective recognition, contextualization, and using evidence to make informed decisions. In this article, the researcher discusses a qualitative study in an 11th grade U. S. history class in an urban high school. As a part of the study, an eight-day unit was implemented about the experiences of African Americans in the United States at the turn of the 20th century. Students analyzed primary sources that described these experiences in order to understand how racist policies and attitudes of the early 20th century impacted African Americans and how certain enduring issues, such as racism, have roots in the past. Data were collected from coding students' completed document analysis sheets, first-person perspective narratives, and historical dialogues. Findings indicated that students benefitted from activities that foster students' historical empathy skills, as they were able to connect affectively and cognitively with historical figures. This study presents the importance of including culturally responsive curriculum and counter-narratives in the 21st century social studies classroom.

Analysis of primary sources has been recognised to have a significant impact on the development of students' historical thinking. This study explored US history teachers' attitudes and practices to using primary sources by interviewing six history teachers and observing 29 history lessons between August and November 2016 in Indiana and California. The main focus of the study was on the views of International Baccalaureate (IB) Diploma Programme and Advancement Placement (AP) history teachers. Results indicated that all teachers valued the use of primary sources and most of them used sources frequently. Notable was the deficiency of source evaluation in AP and Regular history lessons in those schools which did not offer the IB Programme. The IB teachers mentioned source evaluation as a part of the source work throughout, and emphasised the importance of the IB format and other pedagogical support provided by the International Baccalaureate Organization in the use of sources.

Synthesizing academic literature into new knowledge through writing is a core skill that doctoral students engaged in research must learn. However, developing efficacy in synthesis skills as an academic writer is a culturally and cognitively demanding process that occurs over many years, requires abstraction, and draws upon critical reading skills. Doctoral reading is an invisible part of training, despite large reading loads in doctoral coursework. Further, reading, writing, and researching skills are co-constructed at the doctoral level as previously described by Kwan (2008). The purpose of this essay is to describe how the primary author used her experience as an EdD student, science teacher, and writer to develop a method that addresses doctoral reading challenges. The novel method described here combines categorical reading strategies with social collaborative annotation (SCA). This method centers on active, categorial reading to deconstruct arguments in the primary literature by identifying claim, evidence, reasoning, implications, and context (CERIC), which can serve as a critical reading pedagogy in existing courses, reading clubs, and seminars. Combining CERIC with SCA tools--ranging from homemade variations of Google Suite to purposeful annotation software, such as Hypothes.is.--can support an efficient doctoral reading process. This essay illustrates several worked examples and explores how this process supports retrieval, engagement, collaboration, inclusion, and community, particularly in online learning environments. Significant implications of this work are to make hidden reading expectations explicit and transform professor-centered transmission models of learning to student-centered sociocultural models of learning. The essay proposes next steps for testing the approach's effectiveness in online doctoral learning.

Primary Scientific Literature (PSL) has been used in undergraduate classrooms as a way to engage students with the research process and to increase science literacy. Most curricula lack any formal training for undergraduates to critically read PSL even though most undergraduate science courses require students to engage with PSL at some level. In addition, there are limited studies exploring the process by which expertise in reading PSL develops in undergraduates. In this study, we adapted behaviors that expert and novice PSL readers exhibit into a quantitative assessment tool, the PSL Reading Strategies Assessment, to evaluate undergraduates' development of reading strategies when learning to read PSL. Factor analysis and reliability measures were implemented to determine the structure of our assessment tool. Our results show the PSL Reading Strategies Assessment is sensitive enough to measure differences among student populations, suggesting that it can be used as a diagnostic tool to guide instructors and researchers as they change curricula, implement new teaching strategies, and strive to develop students' science literacy. Moreover, our data show that developing expert-like reading strategies in students learning to read PSL is not easy. Simply reading a PDF does little to promote the development of reading strategies in students learning to read PSL.

Background: Previous research has indicated positive changes in student perceptions of primary literature using the CREATE primary literature approach (a collection of guide tools for reading primary literature). Objective: The objective of this research was to examine how a modification of the CREATE approach relates to student perceptions of primary literature and STEM career interest in psychological sciences courses. Method: The CREATE approach was modified for use as a one-time project and assessed in (1) two course levels (introductory-level and senior level) and (2) two course deliveries (face-to-face and online). Participants filled out a survey with six factor perceptions of primary literature and STEM careers before and after project administration. Results: After project completion, there was a significant increase in perceptions of primary literature (five of the six factors), but not STEM career interest. Conclusion: There were significant increases over time (pre- to post-survey) in five of the six factors of perceptions of primary literature, but there was no change in the "thinking like a scientist" factor or STEM career interest. Teaching Implications: This one-time project can concurrently be administered with textbook-based curriculum in online or face-to-face psychological sciences courses to introduce students to primary literature.

Nearly 20 years after the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks on New York, Washington D.C., and Shanksville, PA there is a yearly ritual in a majority of US Schools. On the anniversary each year, teachers and students across the US learn about the attacks and memorialize the events. In many classrooms this is done through witnessing the events much like in 2001 for most of the world -- through watching news or documentary footage of the events. In this article I use Hall's concepts of encoding and decoding as well and socio-cultural theories to read these media representations both in the context of 2001 and again 20 years later to understand how these events are placed into broader narratives of US history. Many teachers today focus on the shock and horror of the events, an approach I argue is problematic as the affective response is emphasized over the historical context and consequences. Instead of using these media to foster collective memory, they could instead be viewed as primary sources to inquire into the historical context of the events and response in the form of the Global War on Terror. This approach would allow students to better understand the events leading to the attacks and the impact that the resulting responses by the US and other Western nations have had on their lives and the lives of others around the globe (e.g., Islamaphobia). After 20 years of conflict after these attacks it is time to both remember the victims of 9/11 as well as understand why it happened and the global toll of the response.

This study aims at determining perceptions and experiences of prospective social studies teachers who create learning and teaching activities using historical evidence. We used the case study methodology in our study and collected data from activities created by prospective teachers, research stories, focus group interviews, and observations. We evaluated the data obtained using content analysis and presented in tables. Our results demonstrated that while prospective teachers qualified internet sources as more reliable before the implementation, their opinion changed and they selected (primary) sources belonging to that time as reliable sources after the implementation. Moreover, participants highlighted that the use of historical evidence offers important pedagogical benefits such as learning without memorization, in-depth, and permanent learning. Based on these observations, we suggest that the use of evidence should become part of lessons from the first stages of education.

Critical literacy is widely accepted as an important element of culturally relevant pedagogy. In this article, we detail results of a study into how six teachers in rural Eastern Canada purposefully incorporated critical literacy into teaching and learning activities in their classrooms from a culturally relevant pedagogical stance. Findings highlight teachers' intentional planning that embeds critical literacy, critical literacy in the wider community, and use of multimodal practices in teaching for critical literacy. The critical literacy practices of these teachers reflect their thinking about knowledge and knowledge construction as one key aspect of their culturally relevant pedagogy.

What makes a successful student teaching experience? The purpose of this 18-month long project was to improve social science educator preparation through embedding skills and practices of teaching with primary sources into teacher preparation coursework associated clinical experiences. This project involved professional development opportunities for school-based mentor teachers and prospective social studies teachers in our teacher preparation program. Concurrently, we sought to examine a variety of factors that may impact the relationships between partnering schools and universities, as well as mentors and pre-service teachers. Participants in this study were pre-service secondary social studies teachers from a large Research-1 university in the Southeast United States, as well as their corresponding mentor teachers. Grounded in historical thinking, teaching with primary sources, and the C3 framework, the researchers in this study employed a qualitative case study design to answer the research questions. Findings suggest that explicit alignment between university coursework and clinical experiences has promising impact, but the relationship between mentor and pre-service teacher remains critical to the implementation of high impact strategies.

This article presents activities for pairing three graphic novels with primary sources to teach the civil rights movement to teens. Reading civil rights-related graphic novels, and reviewing corresponding primary sources, can provide students with a deeper understanding of this tragic time in U.S. history and provoke discussions about racial issues.

This study explores how undergraduates, as historical thinkers, learn to interact with history and construct their understanding of the past, and examines the role that primary and secondary sources play in narrative construction and revision. Using the African American civil rights movement as a content focus, participants used images to create initial narratives that reflected their understanding of the movement. Half the participants then read an essay on the movement written by a prominent historian, and the other half examined 18 primary sources that reflected the historian's interpretation of the movement. Participants then each created a second narrative, again selecting images to depict their understanding of the movement. The results of the study suggest that even as students work with primary sources, they need an effective narrative framework based on recent scholarship to forge powerful counter-narratives that transcend outdated interpretations and historical myths. In terms of teaching and learning about the lengthy struggle for racial justice in the United States, simply encouraging teachers and students to 'do history' and conduct their own online research is unlikely to change persistent narrative structures that continue to enable and excuse systemic racism.

This paper analyzes 'The Review of Instruction in Subjects at Kharkov Imperial University', an official document that regulated the organization of the educational process in Kharkov Imperial University. The work provides an insight into the evolution of modifications to the titles of this historical source for the entire period it was published. It examines the document's substantive and formal characteristics such as structure, format, and data presentation. A quantitative analysis of data from the document helped establish a list of disciplines and courses taught at the university and measure the weekly academic load of students in Kharkov Imperial University (in hours), which made it possible to also measure this load across terms and for instructors as well. The study helped establish certain distinctive characteristics of the document -- more specifically, the fact that it contained recommendations regarding scholarly and scholarly-instructional study guides that instructors were to use in their work. Such recommendations were eventually replaced with a list of recommended literature for each course taught at the university. The present paper also provides dynamic data on the quantitative composition of the teaching workforce in each specific department. The authors established the scholarly-pedagogical potential of Kharkov Imperial University in the period between Nicholas's University Statute of 1835 and Alexander's University Statute of 1863. It was established that, in addition to their primary duties at the university, professors also gave public lectures, which had them adapting their courses to the needs and interests of the public. As a rule, giving public lectures was not a burden on instructors, as it was voluntary in nature. Among other matters, the authors researched the nonacademic component of university education -- more specifically, the teaching of the "pleasing arts". Based on this, a conclusion was drawn that the model of higher education in the Russian Empire in the 19th century was focused on the all-round development of a person.